diff --git a/data_access_requests/Fediverse-Subject_access_request_response-20230512.txt b/data_access_requests/Fediverse-Subject_access_request_response-20230512.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6ee5aa0 --- /dev/null +++ b/data_access_requests/Fediverse-Subject_access_request_response-20230512.txt @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ + +Greetings ændra! + +Thank you for your message (https://hackers.town/@aendra/110015379039669420) and apologies for our failure to respond until now. The account you messaged is a group-managed Mastodon account held by our research collective and we do not monitor its incoming messages. As a result, we did not see your message until today! + +With respect to your Subject Access Request, we are happy to provide the information you asked for. We have identified several posts from the current and old accounts you mentioned in the data that we have gathered through our scraper. We have, per your request, provided those posts as a CSV (attached in a moment). + +We don't collect IP addresses, so we do not have any information related to that aspect of your request. + +The data was originally acquired by a script which collects data from Fediverse server public timelines including public statuses, server metadata, and federation peers. This means that posts from individual accounts or servers that do not provide public timelines may have been gathered because they were included in the public timelines of other servers. The script does not collect any direct messages, followers only messages, or unlisted messages. In an effort to be transparent, the scraper is also registering as an application with every server that it connects to and the application website contains contact information to facilitate followup. + +You did not request details about the purpose of our work, but we think it might help provide useful context. You've found the public web presence of the Community Data Science Collective already, so we won't reproduce any background about the research collective. The specific project for which the scraper in question is being used aims to test several theories about communication on federated and decentralized social media. At the moment, we have one work-in-progress study using Fediverse data that investigates the effects of defederation events. In any/all of our studies, we do not intend to publish or release identifiable data in any form. + +We appreciate your consideration and patience in this matter. If you have additional questions or would like to discuss any aspects of our work further, please be in touch. + +Sincerely yours, +Aaron Shaw + + + + +Aendra's message: +Under Article 15 of the UK General Data Protection Regulation (#GDPR) I hereby submit a Subject Access Request for ANY and ALL personally identifiable information (PII) you hold on me, which includes (but is not limited to) my usernames (@aendra, formerly @aendra@4estate.media) or IP addresses. Please send any relevant data as ideally a CSV or JSON file, to either @aendra on Keybase, or by emailing an archive encrypted using the public key linked on my profile to data[at]aendra.com. Please also report how that data was originally acquired. +Upon receipt of this message, you have one calendar month to comply as per your statutory duties, regardless of where in the world you or your servers are situated. This is just how #GDPR works, I don't make the rules. diff --git a/dissertation_proposals/Fiers_MTS-Prospectus20230227.pdf b/dissertation_proposals/Fiers_MTS-Prospectus20230227.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d0500d8 Binary files /dev/null and b/dissertation_proposals/Fiers_MTS-Prospectus20230227.pdf differ diff --git a/dissertations/nathante_uw_2021/README.md b/dissertations/nathante_uw_2021/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..60fc699 --- /dev/null +++ b/dissertations/nathante_uw_2021/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,58 @@ +# LaTeX tips for building an electronic thesis or dissertation at the University of Washington + +*Note: these notes are based on [Nathan TeBlunthuis's](User:groceryheist) experience dissertating in 2021. As time goes on, rules and policies might change and render all or part of this advice obsolete.* + +*I use a Makefile and some Linux utilities to build my documents. If you're on a different operating system and want to reproduce my workflow, you might have to install some additional software like [`pdftk`](https://www.pdflabs.com/tools/pdftk-the-pdf-toolkit/ "link to pdftk website") a `make` utility compatible with `GNU make` and [`latekmk`](https://www.ctan.org/pkg/latexmk/ "link to latexmk on ctan").* + +## Front matter ## + +The only hard [formatting requirements](https://grad.uw.edu/for-students-and-post-docs/thesisdissertation/etd-formatting-guidelines/ "link to UW graduate school's ETD formatting guidelines ") for the electronic thesis or dissertation (ETD) are the copyright, title, and abstract pages. You can get Microsoft Word templates for each these pages from the graduate school or, as I did, you can use a [template in a single Word File](http://www2.ee.washington.edu/people/faculty/mamishev/word/ "link to Alex Mamishev's template") maintained by Alex Mamishev, Professor in Electrical Engineering. + +I filled out the template and then exported the copyright, title_page, and abstract as separate `.pdf` files. I build a single pdf with all of my chapters and then use `pdftk` to staple on the front matter: + +``` +pdftk copyright_page.pdf title_page.pdf abstract.pdf ETD_version.pdf cat output diss_ecology_of_online_communities.pdf +``` + + +## Project Organization ## + +You probably want to break your dissertation up into several different `.tex` files. Although I prefer to work on paper-length projects of 8,000 to 14,000 words or so in a single file, for a book or dissertation-length project it clearly makes more sense to keep each chapter in a different file. Building such a large `.tex` project can take awhile. Very long files are more cumbersome to edit, even when using a powerful editor like Emacs. You are likely to publish different chapters as stand-alone articles. Indeed, the central 3 chapters of my dissertation were composed as stand-alone research articles, and two of them were under review when I defended. + +To keep the publication and dissertation versions of these articles in sync, I created a special `git` branch the repositories for each project. The sole purpose of these branches was to make it convenient to merge any changes I made to the articles into the dissertation. +I added the `.tex` files from these project-repositories into my dissertation project using a [symbolic links](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolic_link "link to Wikipedia article on symbolic links"). +I used [`knitr`](https://yihui.org/knitr/ "link to knitr homepage") to build my tables and figures in these projects, but I did not find it necessary to include the knitr source code in my dissertation project. +So when I edited these chapters, I worked on the `knitr` files (`.Rtex`) in the project repositories. To bring these changes into the dissertation, I ran knitr and then, in a manual step, edited the resulting `*.tex` files to turn them from stand-alone LaTeX projects into `memoir` chapters, as described below. I then used the `\input` LaTeX command to insert the contents of `.tex` files into the main document. + +I realize I could have used a more careful organization of my LaTeX projects to avoid the manual step. *C'est la vie.* +For simplicity, I didn't include all the project-specific repositories here and just copied the final `.tex` files instead. +If you need some help reproducing this workflow in your project, please reach out to [Nate](User:groceryheist). + + +## Using the `Memoir` Package ## + +I use the [`memoir`](https://ctan.org/pkg/memoir "link to memoir on ctan") LaTeX package to format my dissertation as a book. You may have encountered `memoir` before if you've used the latex templates in the `cdsc_tex` repository that [Mako](User:Mako) maintains. Memoir really shines for book length projects such as your dissertation, and like a book, it is aware of when pages are on the right or the left side of the book. It comes with some attractive formatting styles, creates a fancy table of contents, and lets you insert section-specific bibliographies. + +Following the required front matter, my dissertation opens like an academic book, with a table of contents, a list of tables and a list of figures. Memoir generates these automatically with the spell: + +``` +\tableofcontents +\listoffigures +\listoftables +``` + +Following these tables and lists, I have an "Acknowledgments" section and a "Dedication." I created these with the `\chapter*` command. `\chapter` starts a new chapter on the next right-hand page and adds the chapter to the table of contents. `\chapter*` does the same, but leaves the chapter out of the table of contents. I also used `\chapter*` to insert prefaces for each chapter that note if the chapter is published, has been presented and credit my collaborators. + +### Converting Articles into `Memoir` Chapters ### + +As described above, I used the `\input` command to insert a `.tex` file for chapter into the main document. Each stand-alone article has its own LaTeX preamble, which begins with a `\documentclass` command and ends with `\begin{document}.` Since I built my dissertation as a single document, I stripped the preambles from each chapter file and added any dependencies from any of my projects to the preamble of the main file (`ETD_version.tex`). I also removed `\end{document}` and `\printbibliography` commands from the end of the file. + +Finally, chapters don't normally have abstracts, and the `\abstract` command doesn't work to insert an abstract in each chapter. Fortunately, you can use the `\chapterprecishere` command provided by `memoir` to insert an abstract at the beginning of the chapters. + +### References ### + +Normally, a dissertation or other book-length project has a single bibliography at the end. So even though your articles will have their own bibliographies, you'll want to consolidate them. Fortunately, `memoir` will do this be default. You'll just need a single `\printbibliography` command after your last chapter. + +To help show off all the work I did during my PhD that's related to my dissertation project, I included some papers as appendices. Since these were stand-alone papers that weren't really part of the dissertation, I printed separate bibliographies for each using the `\refsection` command. Putting an appendix in a separate `\refsection` makes `\printbibliography` print only the citations that were used within the appendix. + +I didn't bother creating a new `.bib` file for the dissertation. I just added symbolic links to the `.bib` files for my different articles to the project and used the `\addbibresource` command. I get a lot of `Duplicate entry key` warnings from `biblatex` this way, but it's doesn't affect the `.pdf` output. diff --git a/dissertations/nathante_uw_2021/references.bib b/dissertations/nathante_uw_2021/references.bib deleted file mode 100644 index b9d661b..0000000 --- a/dissertations/nathante_uw_2021/references.bib +++ /dev/null @@ -1,2448 +0,0 @@ - -@inproceedings{ackerman_answer_1990, - title = {Answer {{Garden}}: {{A Tool}} for {{Growing Organizational Memory}}}, - shorttitle = {Answer {{Garden}}}, - booktitle = {Proceedings of the {{ACM SIGOIS}} and {{IEEE CS TC}}-{{OA Conference}} on {{Office Information Systems}}}, - author = {Ackerman, M. S. and Malone, T. W.}, - year = {1990}, - series = {{{COCS}} '90}, - pages = {31--39}, - publisher = {{ACM}}, - address = {{New York, NY}}, - abstract = {Answer Garden allows organizations to develop databases of commonly asked questions that grow ``organically'' as new questions arise and are answered. It is designed to help in situations (such as field service organizations and customer ``hot lines'') where there is a continuing stream of questions, many of which occur over and over, but some of which the organization has never seen before. The system includes a branching network of diagnostic questions that helps users find the answers they want. If the answer is not present, the system automatically sends the question to the appropriate expert, and the answer is returned to the user as well as inserted into the branching network. Experts can also modify this network in response to users' problems. Our initial Answer Garden database contains questions and answers about how to use the X Window System.}, - isbn = {978-0-89791-358-4}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/Q6XN2KED/Ackerman and Malone - 1990 - Answer Garden A Tool for Growing Organizational M.pdf} -} - -@article{ackerman_sharing_2013, - title = {Sharing {{Knowledge}} and {{Expertise}}: {{The CSCW View}} of {{Knowledge Management}}}, - shorttitle = {Sharing {{Knowledge}} and {{Expertise}}}, - author = {Ackerman, Mark S. and Dachtera, Juri and Pipek, Volkmar and Wulf, Volker}, - year = {2013}, - month = aug, - journal = {Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW)}, - volume = {22}, - number = {4-6}, - pages = {531--573}, - issn = {0925-9724, 1573-7551}, - abstract = {Knowledge Management (KM) is a diffuse and controversial term, which has been used by a large number of research disciplines. CSCW, over the last 20 years, has taken a critical stance towards most of these approaches, and instead, CSCW shifted the focus towards a practice-based perspective. This paper surveys CSCW researchers' viewpoints on what has become called `knowledge sharing' and `expertise sharing'. These are based in an understanding of the social contexts of knowledge work and practices, as well as in an emphasis on communication among knowledgeable humans. The paper provides a summary and overview of the two strands of knowledge and expertise sharing in CSCW, which, from an analytical standpoint, roughly represent `generations' of research: an `object-centric' and a `people-centric' view. We also survey the challenges and opportunities ahead.}, - language = {en} -} - -@inproceedings{adamic_knowledge_2008, - title = {Knowledge Sharing and Yahoo Answers: Everyone Knows Something}, - shorttitle = {Knowledge Sharing and Yahoo Answers}, - booktitle = {Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on {{World Wide Web}}}, - author = {Adamic, Lada A. and Zhang, Jun and Bakshy, Eytan and Ackerman, Mark S.}, - year = {2008}, - month = apr, - series = {{{WWW}} '08}, - pages = {665--674}, - publisher = {{Association for Computing Machinery}}, - address = {{Beijing, China}}, - abstract = {Yahoo Answers (YA) is a large and diverse question-answer forum, acting not only as a medium for sharing technical knowledge, but as a place where one can seek advice, gather opinions, and satisfy one's curiosity about a countless number of things. In this paper, we seek to understand YA's knowledge sharing and activity. We analyze the forum categories and cluster them according to content characteristics and patterns of interaction among the users. While interactions in some categories resemble expertise sharing forums, others incorporate discussion, everyday advice, and support. With such a diversity of categories in which one can participate, we find that some users focus narrowly on specific topics, while others participate across categories. This not only allows us to map related categories, but to characterize the entropy of the users' interests. We find that lower entropy correlates with receiving higher answer ratings, but only for categories where factual expertise is primarily sought after. We combine both user attributes and answer characteristics to predict, within a given category, whether a particular answer will be chosen as the best answer by the asker.}, - isbn = {978-1-60558-085-2}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/W97ZJFJS/Adamic et al_2008_Knowledge sharing and yahoo answers.pdf} -} - -@article{barnett_predicting_2017, - title = {Predicting International {{Facebook}} Ties through Cultural Homophily and Other Factors}, - author = {Barnett, George A and Benefield, Grace A}, - year = {2017}, - month = feb, - journal = {New Media \& Society}, - volume = {19}, - number = {2}, - pages = {217--239}, - publisher = {{SAGE Publications}}, - issn = {1461-4448}, - abstract = {This study describes the structure of the international Facebook friendship network and its determinants using various predictors, including physical proximity, cultural homophily, and communication. Network analysis resulted in one group of nations, with countries that bridge geographic and linguistic clusters (France, Spain, United Kingdom, and United Arab Emirates) being the most central. Countries with international Facebook friendship ties tended to share borders, language, civilization, and migration. Physical distance, shared hyperlinks, use of common websites, telephone traffic, cultural similarity, and international student exchange were either weakly or not significantly related to international Facebook friendships.}, - language = {en}, - keywords = {Communication network analysis,cultural homophily,Facebook,international friendship,social media (SNS)}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/LPCY3MMC/Barnett and Benefield - 2017 - Predicting international Facebook ties through cul.pdf} -} - -@incollection{baum_ecological_2006, - title = {Ecological Approaches to Organizations}, - booktitle = {Sage {{Handbook}} for {{Organization Studies}}}, - author = {Baum, Joel A. C. and Shipilov, Andrew V.}, - year = {2006}, - pages = {55--110}, - publisher = {{Sage}}, - address = {{Rochester, NY}}, - abstract = {Our goal is to assess and consolidate the current state-of-the-art in organizational ecology. To accomplish this we review major theoretical statements, empirical studies, and arguments that are now being made. Although we attempt to survey ecological approaches to organizations comprehensively, because ecological research now constitutes a very large body of work, and because other extensive reviews are available (Aldrich \& Wiedenmayer, 1993; Barnett \& Carroll, 1995; Baum, 1996; Baum \& Amburgey, 2002; Baum \& Rao, 2004; Carroll, Dobrev \& Swaminathan, 2002; Galunic \& Weeks 2002; Rao, 2002; Singh \& Lumsden, 1990), we emphasize recent work that challenges and extends established theory and highlight new and emerging directions for future research that appear promising. Our appraisal focuses on two main themes - demographic processes and ecological processes.}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/EGQC2W5I/Baum and Shipilov - 2006 - Ecological approaches to organizations.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/38MBRGMQ/papers.html} -} - -@article{baum_organizational_1994, - title = {Organizational {{Niches}} and the {{Dynamics}} of {{Organizational Founding}}}, - author = {Baum, Joel A. C. and Singh, Jitendra V.}, - year = {1994}, - journal = {Organization Science}, - volume = {5}, - number = {4}, - pages = {483--501}, - publisher = {{INFORMS}}, - issn = {1047-7039}, - abstract = {In this paper we argue that patterns of organizational niche overlap and nonoverlap influence the organizational niches in which entrepreneurs create organizations. Organizational niches characterize the different resource requirements and productive capacities of individual organizations in a population. Depending on which organizational niches are targeted, entrepreneurs will face different competitive landscapes. For a population of day care centers (DCCs), we measure organizational niches and compute organizational niche overlaps in terms of the ages of children they are licensed to enroll. Using weights based on organizational niche overlaps, we disaggregate population density (i.e., the number of DCCs) into overlap density and nonoverlap density to measure the potential for competition and cooperation among DCCs. The overlap density of an organizational niche is equal to population density weighted by the overlaps of the focal organizational niche with all other organizational niches. Conversely, non-overlap density is equal to population density weighted by the absence of overlaps of a focal organizational niche with all other organizational niches. We hypothesize that overlap density will be negatively related to the founding rate. We expect entrepreneurs will be much less likely to target or be capable of founding organizations in crowded parts of the resource space than parts that are less densely populated. We also hypothesize that nonoverlap density will be positively related to the founding rate. This is because differentiated DCCs do not compete directly for resources, and, at the same time, their presence can have facilitative influences through complementary demand enhancement and widening social acceptance of the organization form. Supporting these predictions, a dynamic analysis showed that overlap density had a competitive effect on the founding rate, while nonoverlap density had a positive effect. Parallel effects were obtained when overlap and nonoverlap densities were further disaggregated on the basis of geographic proximity into local and diffuse components. Overall, our findings are consistent with earlier research on organizational founding at the population level, but reveal intrapopulation patterns of mutualism and competition that influence the likelihood of organizations being established in different organizational niches. The key result of this study, that location in a multidimensional resource space, together with the distribution of other competitors and noncompetitors, has a significant impact on founding probabilities serves to illuminate some of the underlying dynamics of competition and mutualism that impact strategic and entrepreneurial processes.}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/E2AGCRNI/Baum and Singh - 1994 - Organizational Niches and the Dynamics of Organiza.pdf} -} - -@article{baumgartner_pushshift_2020, - title = {The {{Pushshift Reddit}} Dataset}, - author = {Baumgartner, Jason and Zannettou, Savvas and Keegan, Brian and Squire, Megan and Blackburn, Jeremy}, - year = {2020}, - month = may, - journal = {Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media}, - volume = {14}, - pages = {830--839}, - issn = {2334-0770}, - copyright = {Copyright (c) 2020 Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence}, - language = {en}, - keywords = {pushift,reddit}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/DHRFJ58I/Baumgartner et al. - 2020 - The Pushshift Reddit Dataset.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/G5E8SQFN/Baumgartner et al_2020_The Pushshift Reddit Dataset.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/A8X5UY9R/2001.html;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/B9FRQR94/7347.html} -} - -@incollection{benkler_peer_2015, - title = {Peer Production: {{A}} Form of Collective Intelligence}, - booktitle = {Handbook of {{Collective Intelligence}}}, - author = {Benkler, Yochai and Shaw, Aaron and Hill, Benjamin Mako}, - editor = {Malone, Thomas W. and Bernstein, Michael S.}, - year = {2015}, - pages = {175--204}, - publisher = {{MIT Press}}, - address = {{Cambridge, MA}}, - isbn = {978-0-262-02981-0}, - language = {en} -} - -@book{benkler_wealth_2006, - title = {The Wealth of Networks: {{How}} Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom}, - author = {Benkler, Yochai}, - year = {2006}, - publisher = {{Yale University Press}}, - address = {{New Haven, CT}}, - keywords = {bookReview,Economics,FOSS,foundations of social computing,import,Innovation,Legal Studies,peer production} -} - -@incollection{bernstein_quantifying_2013, - title = {Quantifying the Invisible Audience in Social Networks}, - booktitle = {Proceedings of the {{SIGCHI Conference}} on {{Human Factors}} in {{Computing Systems}}}, - author = {Bernstein, Michael S. and Bakshy, Eytan and Burke, Moira and Karrer, Brian}, - year = {2013}, - month = apr, - pages = {21--30}, - publisher = {{Association for Computing Machinery}}, - address = {{New York, NY, USA}}, - abstract = {When you share content in an online social network, who is listening? Users have scarce information about who actually sees their content, making their audience seem invisible and difficult to estimate. However, understanding this invisible audience can impact both science and design, since perceived audiences influence content production and self-presentation online. In this paper, we combine survey and large-scale log data to examine how well users' perceptions of their audience match their actual audience on Facebook. We find that social media users consistently underestimate their audience size for their posts, guessing that their audience is just 27\% of its true size. Qualitative coding of survey responses reveals folk theories that attempt to reverse-engineer audience size using feedback and friend count, though none of these approaches are particularly accurate. We analyze audience logs for 222,000 Facebook users' posts over the course of one month and find that publicly visible signals --- friend count, likes, and comments --- vary widely and do not strongly indicate the audience of a single post. Despite the variation, users typically reach 61\% of their friends each month. Together, our results begin to reveal the invisible undercurrents of audience attention and behavior in online social networks.}, - isbn = {978-1-4503-1899-0}, - keywords = {audience,information distribution,social networks} -} - -@article{bilgrei_broscience_2018, - title = {Broscience: {{Creating}} Trust in Online Drug Communities}, - shorttitle = {Broscience}, - author = {Bilgrei, Ola R{\o}ed}, - year = {2018}, - month = aug, - journal = {New Media \& Society}, - volume = {20}, - number = {8}, - pages = {2712--2727}, - publisher = {{SAGE Publications}}, - issn = {1461-4448}, - abstract = {This study explores the social mechanisms involved in online community trust. Drawing on interviews with members from two Norwegian Internet drug forums, the article illustrates how forum members evaluate the trustworthiness of online user-generated drug content, referred to as `broscience'. First, the shared narratives and boundaries within the forums generated a sense of collective identity, where members defined their online surroundings in terms of community trust and collaboration. Second, the subcultural argot within the forums helped members express a level of subcultural competence and authenticity, in which they were able to assess their credibility and initial trustworthiness. Third, the reputation linked to online identities created expectations and predictability as a basis for evaluating members' trustworthiness. These findings touch upon the ambivalence of trust in an online setting and highlight the communal process that caused their ambivalence to be suspended, thereby enabling online community trust.}, - language = {en}, - keywords = {Broscience,drugs,Internet subculture,online community,trust}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/WBMSUCSH/Bilgrei - 2018 - Broscience Creating trust in online drug communit.pdf} -} - -@article{boyd_social_2007, - title = {Social {{Network Sites}}: {{Definition}}, {{History}}, and {{Scholarship}}}, - shorttitle = {Social {{Network Sites}}}, - author = {Boyd, Danah M and Ellison, Nicole B.}, - year = {2007}, - month = oct, - journal = {Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication}, - volume = {13}, - number = {1}, - pages = {210--230}, - publisher = {{Oxford Academic}}, - abstract = {Social network sites (SNSs) are increasingly attracting the attention of academic and industry researchers intrigued by their affordances and reach. This special theme section of the Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication brings together scholarship on these emergent phenomena. In this introductory article, we describe features of SNSs and propose a comprehensive definition. We then present one perspective on the history of such sites, discussing key changes and developments. After briefly summarizing existing scholarship concerning SNSs, we discuss the articles in this special section and conclude with considerations for future research.}, - language = {en}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/6BMGYUAE/Boyd and Ellison - 2007 - Social Network Sites Definition, History, and Sch.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/JK59CLHH/4583062.html} -} - -@inproceedings{brandtzaeg_user_2008, - title = {User {{Loyalty}} and {{Online Communities}}: {{Why Members}} of {{Online Communities}} Are Not {{Faithful}}}, - shorttitle = {User {{Loyalty}} and {{Online Communities}}}, - booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd {{International Conference}} on {{INtelligent TEchnologies}} for Interactive {{enterTAINment}}}, - author = {Brandtz{\ae}g, Petter Bae and Heim, Jan}, - year = {2008}, - publisher = {{ICST}}, - address = {{Cancun, Mexico}}, - abstract = {Online communities are getting increasingly important for several different user groups; at the same time, community members seem to lack loyalty, as they often change from one community to another or use their community less over time. To survive and thrive, online communities must meet members' needs. By using qualitative data are from an extensive online survey of online community users and a representative sample of Internet users, 200 responses to an open question regarding community-loyalty was analyzed. Results show that there are 9 main reasons why community-users decrease in their participation over time or, in simple terms, stop using their online community: 1) Lack of interesting people/friends attending, 2) Low quality content, 3) Low usability, 4) Harassment and bullying 5) Timeconsuming/isolating, 6) Low trust, 7) Over-commercialized, 8) Dissatisfaction with moderators and 9) Unspecified boring. The results, design implications and future research are discussed.}, - isbn = {978-963-9799-13-4}, - language = {en}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/2KNF5QHS/Brandtzæg and Heim - 2008 - User Loyalty and Online Communities Why Members o.pdf} -} - -@article{brown_social_1987, - title = {Social {{Ties}} and {{Word}}-of-{{Mouth Referral Behavior}}}, - author = {Brown, Jacqueline Johnson and Reingen, Peter H.}, - year = {1987}, - journal = {Journal of Consumer Research}, - volume = {14}, - number = {3}, - pages = {350--362}, - publisher = {{Oxford University Press}}, - issn = {0093-5301}, - abstract = {This article presents a network analysis of word-of-mouth referral behavior in a natural environment. The relational properties of tie strength and homophily were employed to examine referral behavior at micro and macro levels of inquiry. The study demonstrates different roles played by weak and strong social ties. At the macro level, weak ties displayed an important bridging function, allowing information to travel from one distinct subgroup of referral actors to another subgroup in the broader social system. At the micro level, strong and homophilous ties were more likely to be activated for the flow of referral information. Strong ties were also perceived as more influential than weak ties, and they were more likely to be utilized as sources of information for related goods.} -} - -@article{burnett_information_2004, - title = {Information {{Exchange}} in {{Virtual Communities}}: A {{Comparative Study}}}, - shorttitle = {Information {{Exchange}} in {{Virtual Communities}}}, - author = {Burnett, Gary and Buerkle, Harry}, - year = {2004}, - month = jan, - journal = {Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication}, - volume = {9}, - number = {JCMC922}, - issn = {1083-6101}, - abstract = {Burnett's (2000) typology of information exchange in virtual communities attempts to provide a framework for examining the range of activities undertaken by participants in such communities. This study is the first in a series to apply the typology to specific virtual communities, in an effort to assess its accuracy against the day-to-day interactions to be found in two online communities. Through a comparison of these two communities using the typology, revisions to the typology are proposed which will allow it to reflect more accurately activities found within the communities. By providing a metric through which to address such questions, the revised typology will allow a richer understanding of virtual communities as social information environments.}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/39C7RSD8/4614481.html} -} - -@article{butler_attraction-selection-attrition_2014, - title = {An Attraction-Selection-Attrition Theory of Online Community Size and Resilience}, - author = {Butler, Brian S. and Bateman, Patrick J. and Gray, Peter H. and Diamant, E. Ilana}, - year = {2014}, - month = sep, - journal = {MIS Q.}, - volume = {38}, - number = {3}, - pages = {699--728}, - issn = {0276-7783}, - abstract = {Online discussion communities play an important role in the development of relationships and the transfer of knowledge within and across organizations. Their underlying technologies enhance these processes by providing infrastructures through which group-based communication can occur. Community administrators often make decisions about technologies with the goal of enhancing the user experience, but the impact of such decisions on how a community develops must also be considered. To shed light on this complex and under-researched phenomenon, we offer a model of key latent constructs influenced by technology choices and possible causal paths by which they have dynamic effects on communities. Two important community characteristics that can be impacted are community size (number of members) and community resilience (membership that is willing to remain involved with the community in spite of variability and change in the topics discussed). To model community development, we build on attraction-selection-attrition (ASA) theory, introducing two new concepts: participation costs (how much time and effort are required to engage with content provided in a community) and topic consistency cues (how strongly a community signals that topics that may appear in the future will be consistent with what it has hosted in the past). We use the proposed ASA theory of online communities (OCASA) to develop a simulation model of community size and resilience that affirms some conventional wisdom and also has novel and counterintuitive implications. Analysis of the model leads to testable new propositions about the causal paths by which technology choices affect the emergence of community size and community resilience, and associated implications for community sustainability.}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/292C8XTF/Butler et al. - 2014 - An Attraction-selection-attrition Theory of Online.pdf} -} - -@article{butler_cross-purposes_2011, - title = {The Cross-Purposes of Cross-Posting: Boundary Reshaping Behavior in Online Discussion Communities}, - shorttitle = {The Cross-Purposes of Cross-Posting}, - author = {Butler, Brian S. and Wang, Xiaoqing}, - year = {2011}, - month = sep, - journal = {Information Systems Research}, - volume = {23}, - number = {3-part-2}, - pages = {993--1010}, - issn = {1047-7047}, - abstract = {Increasingly, online discussion communities are used to support activities ranging from software development to political campaigns. An important feature of an online discussion community is its content boundaries, which are individual perceptions of what materials and discussions are part of the community and what are not, and how that community is related to others within a larger system. Yet in spite of its importance, many community infrastructures allow individual participants to reshape content boundaries by simultaneously associating their contributions with multiple online discussion communities. This reshaping behavior is a controversial aspect of the creation and management of many types of online discussion communities. On one hand, many communities explicitly discourage boundary reshaping behaviors in their frequently asked questions or terms-of-use document. On the other hand, community infrastructures continue to allow such reshaping behaviors. To explain this controversy, we theorize how the extent of boundary reshaping in an online discussion community has simultaneously positive and negative effects on its member dynamics and responsiveness. We test predictions about the conflicting effects of reshaping behaviors with 60 months of longitudinal data from 140 USENET newsgroups, focusing on cross-posting activities as a form of reshaping behavior. Empirical results are consistent with the proposed hypotheses that reshaping behaviors within a discussion community affect member dynamics and community responsiveness in both positive and negative ways. Taken together, the findings highlight the boundary-related design challenges faced by managers seeking to support ongoing activity within online discussion communities.}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/MHIHVXMA/Butler and Wang - 2012 - The Cross-Purposes of Cross-Posting Boundary Resh.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/ZDTPFJP3/Butler and Wang - 2011 - The Cross-Purposes of Cross-Posting Boundary Resh.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/5XCPFJS9/isre.1110.html} -} - -@article{butler_membership_2001, - title = {Membership Size, Communication Activity, and Sustainability: {{A}} Resource-Based Model of Online Social Structures}, - shorttitle = {Membership {{Size}}, {{Communication Activity}}, and {{Sustainability}}}, - author = {Butler, Brian S.}, - year = {2001}, - journal = {Information Systems Research}, - volume = {12}, - number = {4}, - pages = {346--362}, - issn = {1047-7047}, - abstract = {As telecommunication networks become more common, there is an increasing interest in the factors underlying the development of online social structures. It has been proposed that these structures are new forms of organizing which are not subject to the same constraints as traditional social structures. However, from anecdotal evidence and case studies it is difficult to evaluate whether online social structures are subject to the same problems as traditional social structures. Drawing from prior studies of traditional social structures and empirical analyses of longitudinal data from a sample of Internet-based groups, this exploratory work considers the role of size and communication activity in sustainable online social structures. A resource-based theory of sustainable social structures is presented. Members contribute time, energy, and other resources, enabling a social structure to provide benefits for individuals. These benefits, which include information, influence, and social support, are the basis for a social structure's ability to attract and retain members. This model focuses on the system of opposing forces that link membership size as a component of resource availability and communication activity as an aspect of benefit provision to the sustainability of an online social structure. Analyses of data from a random sample of e-mail-based Internet social structures (listservs) indicate that communication activity and size have both positive and negative effects on a structure's sustainability. These results suggest that while the use of networked communication technologies may alter the form of communication, balancing the opposing impacts of membership size and communication activity in order to maintain resource availability and provide benefits for current members remains a fundamental problem underlying the development of sustainable online social structures.}, - copyright = {Copyright \textcopyright{} 2001 INFORMS}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/4ENNLMAH/Butler - 2001 - Membership Size, Communication Activity, and Susta.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/U7AUNAZT/Butler-2001-ISR-Membership_size_communication_activitiy_sustainability.pdf} -} - -@inproceedings{campbell_thousands_2016, - title = {Thousands of {{Positive Reviews}}: {{Distributed Mentoring}} in {{Online Fan Communities}}}, - shorttitle = {Thousands of {{Positive Reviews}}}, - booktitle = {Proceedings of the 19th {{ACM Conference}} on {{Computer}}-{{Supported Cooperative Work}} \& {{Social Computing}}}, - author = {Campbell, Julie and Aragon, Cecilia and Davis, Katie and Evans, Sarah and Evans, Abigail and Randall, David}, - year = {2016}, - month = feb, - series = {{{CSCW}} '16}, - pages = {691--704}, - publisher = {{Association for Computing Machinery}}, - address = {{New York, NY, USA}}, - abstract = {Young people worldwide are participating in ever-increasing numbers in online fan communities. Far from mere shallow repositories of pop culture, these sites are accumulating significant evidence that sophisticated informal learning is taking place online in novel and unexpected ways. In order to understand and analyze in more detail how learning might be occurring, we conducted an in-depth nine-month ethnographic investigation of online fanfiction communities, including participant observation and fanfiction author interviews. Our observations led to the development of a theory we term distributed mentoring, which we present in detail in this paper. Distributed mentoring exemplifies one instance of how networked technology affords new extensions of behaviors that were previously bounded by time and space. Distributed mentoring holds potential for application beyond the spontaneous mentoring observed in this investigation and may help students receive diverse, thoughtful feedback in formal learning environments as well.}, - isbn = {978-1-4503-3592-8}, - keywords = {digital youth.,distributed mentoring,fanfiction,informal learning,Mentoring,online communities}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/D9ZM58VV/Campbell et al. - 2016 - Thousands of Positive Reviews Distributed Mentori.pdf} -} - -@article{carroll_concentration_1985, - title = {Concentration and Specialization: {{Dynamics}} of Niche Width in Populations of Organizations}, - shorttitle = {Concentration and {{Specialization}}}, - author = {Carroll, Glenn R.}, - year = {1985}, - month = may, - journal = {American Journal of Sociology}, - volume = {90}, - number = {6}, - pages = {1262--1283}, - issn = {0002-9602}, - abstract = {This paper departs from the common practice of focusing on large, generalist organizations and shows that new organizational insights are obtined by adopting a broader, ecological perspective. The newspaper publishing industry is examined as an illustration. The ecological focus shows that many small, specialized organizations operate successfully in this industry, despite apparently high levels of local concentration. A resource-partitioning model is advanced to explain the interorganizational relationships between generalist and specialist organizations. Statistical tests of the model using historical data on 2,808 American local newspaper organizations show the merit of using the ecological perspective for analyzing industries.}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/G38AK5SZ/Carroll - 1985 - Concentration and specialization Dynamics of nich.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/8PG3QCP3/228210.html} -} - -@article{carroll_why_2000, - title = {Why the Microbrewery Movement? {{Organizational}} Dynamics of Resource Partitioning in the {{U}}.{{S}}. Brewing Industry}, - shorttitle = {Why the {{Microbrewery Movement}}?}, - author = {Carroll, Glenn R. and Swaminathan, Anand}, - year = {2000}, - journal = {American Journal of Sociology}, - volume = {106}, - number = {3}, - pages = {715--762}, - issn = {0002-9602}, - abstract = {The number of small specialty brewers in the U.S. beer brewing industry has increased dramatically in recent decades, even as the market for beer became increasingly dominated by mass-production brewing companies. Using the resource-partitioning model of organizational ecology, this article shows that these two apparently contradictory trends are fundamentally interrelated. Hypotheses developed here refine the way scale competition among generalist organizations is modeled and improve the theoretical development of the sociological bases for the appeal of specialist organizations' products, especially those related to organizational identity. Evidence drawn from qualitative and quantitative research provides strong support for the theory. The article offers a brief discussion of the theoretical and substantive issues involved in application of the model to other industries and to other cultures.}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/X2ITSCRL/Carroll and Swaminathan - 2000 - Why the microbrewery movement Organizational dyna.pdf} -} - -@book{castells_rise_1996, - title = {Rise of {{The Network Society}} ({{Information Age Series}})}, - author = {Castells, Manuel}, - year = {1996}, - edition = {First}, - publisher = {{Wiley-Blackwell}}, - isbn = {1-55786-617-1} -} - -@inproceedings{chancellor_norms_2018, - title = {Norms {{Matter}}: {{Contrasting Social Support Around Behavior Change}} in {{Online Weight Loss Communities}}}, - shorttitle = {Norms {{Matter}}}, - booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2018 {{CHI Conference}} on {{Human Factors}} in {{Computing Systems}}}, - author = {Chancellor, Stevie and Hu, Andrea and De Choudhury, Munmun}, - year = {2018}, - month = apr, - series = {{{CHI}} '18}, - pages = {1--14}, - publisher = {{Association for Computing Machinery}}, - address = {{Montreal QC, Canada}}, - abstract = {Online health communities (OHCs) provide support across conditions; for weight loss, OHCs offer support to foster positive behavior change. However, weight loss behaviors can also be subverted on OHCs to promote disordered eating practices. Using comments as proxies for support, we use computational linguistic methods to juxtapose similarities and differences in two Reddit weight loss communities, r/proED and r/loseit. We employ language modeling and find that word use in both communities is largely similar. Then, by building a word embedding model, specifically a deep neural network on comment words, we contrast the context of word use and find differences that imply different behavior change goals in these OHCs. Finally, these content and context norms predict whether a comment comes from r/proED or r/loseit. We show that norms matter in understanding how different OHCs provision support to promote behavior change and discuss the implications for design and moderation of OHCs.}, - isbn = {978-1-4503-5620-6}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/77YDPVB6/Chancellor et al. - 2018 - Norms Matter Contrasting Social Support Around Be.pdf} -} - -@article{chandrasekharan_internets_2018, - title = {The Internet's Hidden Rules: {{An}} Empirical Study of Reddit Norm Violations at Micro, Meso, and Macro Scales}, - shorttitle = {The {{Internet}}'s {{Hidden Rules}}}, - author = {Chandrasekharan, Eshwar and Samory, Mattia and Jhaver, Shagun and Charvat, Hunter and Bruckman, Amy and Lampe, Cliff and Eisenstein, Jacob and Gilbert, Eric}, - year = {2018}, - journal = {Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact.}, - volume = {2}, - number = {CSCW}, - pages = {32:1--32:25}, - issn = {2573-0142}, - abstract = {Norms are central to how online communities are governed. Yet, norms are also emergent, arise from interaction, and can vary significantly between communities---making them challenging to study at scale. In this paper, we study community norms on Reddit in a large-scale, empirical manner. Via 2.8M comments removed by moderators of 100 top subreddits over 10 months, we use both computational and qualitative methods to identify three types of norms: macro norms that are universal to most parts of Reddit; meso norms that are shared across certain groups of subreddits; and micro norms that are specific to individual, relatively unique subreddits. Given the size of Reddit's user base---and the wide range of topics covered by different subreddits---we argue this represents the first large-scale census of the norms in broader internet culture. In other words, these findings shed light on what Reddit values, and how widely-held those values are. We conclude by discussing implications for the design of new and existing online communities.}, - keywords = {community norms,mixed methods.,moderation,online communities}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/2CA9ZVFB/Chandrasekharan et al. - 2018 - The Internet's Hidden Rules An Empirical Study of.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/HUP7XT5H/Chandrasekharan et al_2018_The Internet's Hidden Rules.pdf} -} - -@article{chandrasekharan_quarantined_2020, - title = {Quarantined! {{Examining}} the {{Effects}} of a {{Community}}-{{Wide Moderation Intervention}} on {{Reddit}}}, - author = {Chandrasekharan, Eshwar and Jhaver, Shagun and Bruckman, Amy and Gilbert, Eric}, - year = {2020}, - month = sep, - journal = {arXiv:2009.11483 [cs]}, - eprint = {2009.11483}, - eprinttype = {arxiv}, - primaryclass = {cs}, - abstract = {Should social media platforms intervene when communities repeatedly break rules? What actions can they consider? In light of this hotly debated issue, platforms have begun experimenting with softer alternatives to outright bans. We examine one such intervention called quarantining, that impedes direct access to and promotion of controversial communities. Specifically, we present two case studies of what happened when Reddit quarantined the influential communities r/TheRedPill (TRP) and r/The\_Donald (TD). Working with over 85M Reddit posts, we apply causal inference methods to examine the quarantine's effects on TRP and TD. We find that the quarantine made it more difficult to recruit new members: new user influx to TRP and TD decreased by 79.5\% and 58\%, respectively. Despite quarantining, existing users' misogyny and racism levels remained unaffected. We conclude by reflecting on the effectiveness of this design friction in limiting the influence of toxic communities and discuss broader implications for content moderation.}, - archiveprefix = {arXiv}, - language = {en}, - keywords = {Computer Science - Human-Computer Interaction,Computer Science - Social and Information Networks}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/CB26SNVJ/Chandrasekharan et al. - 2020 - Quarantined! Examining the Effects of a Community-.pdf} -} - -@article{chandrasekharan_you_2017, - ids = {chandrasekharan_you_2017-1}, - title = {You Can't Stay Here: {{The}} Efficacy of Reddit's 2015 Ban Examined through Hate Speech}, - shorttitle = {You Can't Stay Here}, - author = {Chandrasekharan, Eshwar and Pavalanathan, Umashanthi and Srinivasan, Anirudh and Glynn, Adam and Eisenstein, Jacob and Gilbert, Eric}, - year = {2017}, - month = dec, - journal = {Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact.}, - volume = {1}, - number = {CSCW}, - pages = {31:1--31:22}, - issn = {2573-0142}, - abstract = {In 2015, Reddit closed several subreddits-foremost among them r/fatpeoplehate and r/CoonTown-due to violations of Reddit's anti-harassment policy. However, the effectiveness of banning as a moderation approach remains unclear: banning might diminish hateful behavior, or it may relocate such behavior to different parts of the site. We study the ban of r/fatpeoplehate and r/CoonTown in terms of its effect on both participating users and affected subreddits. Working from over 100M Reddit posts and comments, we generate hate speech lexicons to examine variations in hate speech usage via causal inference methods. We find that the ban worked for Reddit. More accounts than expected discontinued using the site; those that stayed drastically decreased their hate speech usage-by at least 80\%. Though many subreddits saw an influx of r/fatpeoplehate and r/CoonTown "migrants," those subreddits saw no significant changes in hate speech usage. In other words, other subreddits did not inherit the problem. We conclude by reflecting on the apparent success of the ban, discussing implications for online moderation, Reddit and internet communities more broadly.}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/5Z8CCRM2/Chandrasekharan et al. - 2017 - You Can'T Stay Here The Efficacy of Reddit's 2015.pdf} -} - -@inproceedings{chang_specialization_2014, - title = {Specialization, Homophily, and Gender in a Social Curation Site: Findings from Pinterest}, - shorttitle = {Specialization, Homophily, and Gender in a Social Curation Site}, - booktitle = {Proceedings of the 17th {{ACM}} Conference on {{Computer}} Supported Cooperative Work \& Social Computing}, - author = {Chang, Shuo and Kumar, Vikas and Gilbert, Eric and Terveen, Loren G.}, - year = {2014}, - month = feb, - series = {{{CSCW}} '14}, - pages = {674--686}, - publisher = {{Association for Computing Machinery}}, - address = {{New York, NY, USA}}, - abstract = {Pinterest is a popular social curation site where people collect, organize, and share pictures of items. We studied a fundamental issue for such sites: what patterns of activity attract attention (audience and content reposting)-- We organized our studies around two key factors: the extent to which users specialize in particular topics, and homophily among users. We also considered the existence of differences between female and male users. We found: (a) women and men differed in the types of content they collected and the degree to which they specialized; male Pinterest users were not particularly interested in stereotypically male topics; (b) sharing diverse types of content increases your following, but only up to a certain point; (c) homophily drives repinning: people repin content from other users who share their interests; homophily also affects following, but to a lesser extent. Our findings suggest strategies both for users (e.g., strategies to attract an audience) and maintainers (e.g., content recommendation methods) of social curation sites.}, - isbn = {978-1-4503-2540-0}, - keywords = {data analysis,social network,topic detection,user profiling}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/RVP6MZ6S/Chang et al. - 2014 - Specialization, homophily, and gender in a social .pdf} -} - -@book{charmaz_constructing_2015, - ids = {charmaz_constructing_2014}, - title = {Constructing Grounded Theory: {{A}} Practical Guide through Qualitative Analysis}, - shorttitle = {Constructing {{Grounded Theory}}}, - author = {Charmaz, Kathy}, - year = {2015}, - edition = {Second}, - publisher = {{SAGE}}, - address = {{Thousand Oaks, California}}, - isbn = {0-7619-7352-4} -} - -@article{chesney_other_2004, - title = {``Other People Benefit. i Benefit from Their Work.'' {{Sharing Guitar Tabs Online}}}, - author = {Chesney, Thomas}, - year = {2004}, - month = nov, - journal = {Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication}, - volume = {10}, - number = {JCMC1012}, - issn = {1083-6101}, - abstract = {This paper reports the results of a study into a public space Internet portal which publishes guitar tabs (tablature) online, to examine what motivates people to participate in this activity and what benefits they get from doing so. A guitar tab is essentially sheet music for guitarists. The study examines why people contribute when it is easier for them not to publish their tabs and simply use the tabs that other people have posted. Answers to this will have implications for businesses wanting to encourage their employees to share their knowledge. An open ended questionnaire was sent to 183 tab publishers with a usable response rate of 39\%, which is considered high for surveys. The questionnaire sought to gather data on motivations, benefits and community interaction. The paper begins with a review of relevant theories of knowledge sharing and publishing, in particular the private-collective model of innovation (von Hippel \& von Krogh, 2003) which is used to analyze the results. Motivations are listed as under two categories, self and altruistic, with the most popular motivation being to share the songs with others, which is from the altruistic category. The most common benefit is personal satisfaction. The results show tab publishing fits with the private-collective model of innovation which means that a tab published online can be seen as a public good, as it is available to all, that has significant private elements. These private elements are the benefits that tab publishers get which the people who only use tabs without contributing their own, do not. The implications of the work are as follows. Enjoyment of the domain seems to be an important factor in motivating knowledge sharing. People who feel like they are part of a community and get satisfaction from being part of a community, will be more likely to contribute. The act of sharing knowledge should be as close to effortless as possible to encourage contributions. The act of preparing (collecting, collating etc.) the material to be shared should have meaning in itself for the person who is preparing it. If the act of sharing leads to increased status in the community people will be more likely to contribute. To encourage knowledge sharing, those who make use of the shared knowledge should be encouraged to give positive feedback to the person who shared it. To date, there has been little empirical work examining online posting forums.}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/JWW5X2DI/4614460.html} -} - -@article{ciampaglia_production_2015, - title = {The Production of Information in the Attention Economy}, - author = {Ciampaglia, Giovanni Luca and Flammini, Alessandro and Menczer, Filippo}, - year = {2015}, - month = may, - journal = {Scientific Reports}, - volume = {5}, - pages = {9452}, - issn = {2045-2322}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/Z5SM58N9/srep09452.pdf} -} - -@article{coleman_social_1988, - title = {Social {{Capital}} in the {{Creation}} of {{Human Capital}}}, - author = {Coleman, James S.}, - year = {1988}, - journal = {American Journal of Sociology}, - volume = {94}, - pages = {S95-S120}, - issn = {0002-9602}, - abstract = {In this paper, the concept of social capital is introduced and illustrated, its forms are described, the social structural conditions under which it arises are examined, and it is used in an analysis of dropouts from high school. Use of the concept of social capital is part of a general theoretical strategy discussed in the paper: taking rational action as a starting point but rejecting the extreme individualistic premises that often accompany it. The conception of social capital as a resource for action is one way of introducing social structure into the rational action paradigm. Three forms of social capital are examined: obligations and expectations, information channels, and social norms. The role of closure in the social structure in facilitating the first and third of these forms of social capital is described. An analysis of the effect of the lack of social capital available to high school sophomores on dropping out of school before graduation is carried out. The effect of social capital within the family and in the community outside the family is examined.}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/8B8X2LBV/Coleman - 1988 - Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/83B63Z3Y/Coleman - 1988 - Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital.html} -} - -@inproceedings{cook_contribution_2009, - title = {Contribution, Commercialization \& Audience: Understanding Participation in an Online Creative Community}, - shorttitle = {Contribution, Commercialization \& Audience}, - booktitle = {Proceedings of the {{ACM}} 2009 International Conference on {{Supporting}} Group Work}, - author = {Cook, Eric and Teasley, Stephanie D. and Ackerman, Mark S.}, - year = {2009}, - month = may, - series = {{{GROUP}} '09}, - pages = {41--50}, - publisher = {{Association for Computing Machinery}}, - address = {{New York, NY, USA}}, - abstract = {This paper presents a qualitative study of attitudes towards participation and contribution in an online creative community. The setting of the work is an online community of practice focused on the use and development of a user-customizable music software package called Reaktor. Findings from the study highlight four emergent topics in the discourse related to user contributions to the community: contribution assessment, support for learning, perceptions of audience and tensions about commercialization. Our analysis of these topics frames discussion about the value and challenges of attending to amateur and professional users in online creative communities.}, - isbn = {978-1-60558-500-0}, - keywords = {amateurs,audiences,commercialization,community of practice,creativity,learning,online community,professionals,user-generated content} -} - -@article{copland_reddit_2020, - title = {Reddit Quarantined: Can Changing Platform Affordances Reduce Hateful Material Online?}, - shorttitle = {Reddit Quarantined}, - author = {Copland, Simon}, - year = {2020}, - month = oct, - journal = {Internet Policy Review}, - volume = {9}, - number = {4}, - publisher = {{Berlin: Alexander von Humboldt Institute for Internet and Society}}, - issn = {2197-6775}, - abstract = {Can we reduce hateful material online through changing platform affordances? Studying Reddit's quarantine function, this paper argues the results of this approach are mixed.}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/KY4RZWR4/Copland_2020_Reddit quarantined.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/SZWA55IE/Copland_2020_Reddit quarantined.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/9KXC37K7/225653.html;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/M6NKY3K2/reddit-quarantined-can-changing-platform-affordances-reduce-hateful-material.html} -} - -@inproceedings{cunha_are_2019, - ids = {cunha_are_2019-1,cunha_are_2019-2}, - title = {Are All Successful Communities Alike? {{Characterizing}} and Predicting the Success of Online Communities}, - shorttitle = {Are All Successful Communities Alike?}, - booktitle = {The {{World Wide Web Conference}}}, - author = {Cunha, Tiago and Jurgens, David and Tan, Chenhao and Romero, Daniel}, - year = {2019}, - month = may, - series = {{{WWW}} '19}, - pages = {318--328}, - publisher = {{Association for Computing Machinery}}, - address = {{New York, NY, USA}}, - abstract = {The proliferation of online communities has created exciting opportunities to study the mechanisms that explain group success. While a growing body of research investigates community success through a single measure - typically, the number of members - we argue that there are multiple ways of measuring success. Here, we present a systematic study to understand the relations between these success definitions and test how well they can be predicted based on community properties and behaviors from the earliest period of a community's lifetime. We identify four success measures that are desirable for most communities: (i) growth in the number of members; (ii) retention of members; (iii) long term survival of the community; and (iv) volume of activities within the community. Surprisingly, we find that our measures do not exhibit very high correlations, suggesting that they capture different types of success. Additionally, we find that different success measures are predicted by different attributes of online communities, suggesting that success can be achieved through different behaviors. Our work sheds light on the basic understanding on what success represents in online communities and what predicts it. Our results suggest that success is multi-faceted and cannot be measured nor predicted by a single measurement. This insight has practical implications for the creation of new online communities and the design of platforms that facilitate such communities.}, - isbn = {978-1-4503-6674-8}, - keywords = {Group Dynamics,Online Communities,Reddit,Success}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/CGBFCUGX/Cunha et al_2019_Are All Successful Communities Alike.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/IYW3WKHV/Cunha et al_2019_Are All Successful Communities Alike.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/PFS6682S/Cunha et al_2019_Are All Successful Communities Alike.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/SMX88EL3/Cunha et al. - 2019 - Are All Successful Communities Alike Characterizi.pdf} -} - -@inproceedings{dabbish_fresh_2012, - ids = {dabbish_fresh_2012-1}, - title = {Fresh Faces in the Crowd: Turnover, Identity, and Commitment in Online Groups}, - shorttitle = {Fresh Faces in the Crowd}, - booktitle = {Proceedings of the {{ACM}} 2012 Conference on {{Computer Supported Cooperative Work}}}, - author = {Dabbish, Laura and Farzan, Rosta and Kraut, Robert and Postmes, Tom}, - year = {2012}, - month = feb, - series = {{{CSCW}} '12}, - pages = {245--248}, - publisher = {{Association for Computing Machinery}}, - address = {{New York, NY, USA}}, - abstract = {Turnover is commonplace in many online groups because of low barriers of entry and exit. In offline settings, turnover can have a negative impact because of reduced attachment to the group as an entity. However, in an online setting, turnover in terms of changes in the visible membership of a group may have a very different impact. Online only a limited amount of information about members and their activities is observable; in particular, it is easier to see the behavior of the subset of members who are active than the potentially larger set who are not. In this paper, we describe an experiment examining the influence of visible membership turnover on commitment to an online group. Our results suggest that increased turnover in an online group may increase social presence, creating perceptions of liveness, in turn leading to increased levels of participation in the group. However, this result holds primarily for groups with a common identity, suggesting that attention to behavior of others may be stronger when people share an identity with those others. Our results extend understandings of attachment in an online setting as well as theory about social tuning.}, - isbn = {978-1-4503-1086-4}, - keywords = {attachment,commitment,identity.,online groups,turnover}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/3IQQP4JM/Dabbish et al. - 2012 - Fresh faces in the crowd turnover, identity, and .pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/GEVF3A53/Dabbish et al. - 2012 - Fresh faces in the crowd turnover, identity, and .pdf} -} - -@inproceedings{danescu-niculescu-mizil_no_2013, - ids = {danescu-niculescu-mizil_no_2013-1}, - title = {No Country for Old Members: User Lifecycle and Linguistic Change in Online Communities}, - shorttitle = {No Country for Old Members}, - booktitle = {Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on {{World Wide Web}} - {{WWW}} '13}, - author = {{Danescu-Niculescu-Mizil}, Cristian and West, Robert and Jurafsky, Dan and Leskovec, Jure and Potts, Christopher}, - year = {2013}, - pages = {307--318}, - publisher = {{ACM Press}}, - address = {{Rio de Janeiro, Brazil}}, - abstract = {Vibrant online communities are in constant flux. As members join and depart, the interactional norms evolve, stimulating further changes to the membership and its social dynamics. Linguistic change\textemdash in the sense of innovation that becomes accepted as the norm\textemdash is essential to this dynamic process: it both facilitates individual expression and fosters the emergence of a collective identity. We propose a framework for tracking linguistic change as it happens and for understanding how specific users react to these evolving norms. By applying this framework to two large online communities we show that users follow a determined two-stage lifecycle with respect to their susceptibility to linguistic change: a linguistically innovative learning phase in which users adopt the language of the community followed by a conservative phase in which users stop changing and the evolving community norms pass them by.}, - isbn = {978-1-4503-2035-1}, - language = {en}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/L532IPRV/Danescu-Niculescu-Mizil et al. - 2013 - No Country for Old Members User Lifecycle and Lin.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/LWECW2QM/Danescu-Niculescu-Mizil et al. - 2013 - No country for old members user lifecycle and lin.pdf} -} - -@article{datta_extracting_2019, - title = {Extracting {{Inter}}-{{Community Conflicts}} in {{Reddit}}}, - author = {Datta, Srayan and Adar, Eytan}, - year = {2019}, - month = jul, - journal = {Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media}, - volume = {13}, - pages = {146--157}, - issn = {2334-0770}, - abstract = {Anti-social behaviors in social media can happen both at user and community levels. While a great deal of attention is on the individual as an `aggressor,' the banning of entire Reddit subcommunities (i.e., subreddits) demonstrates that this is a multi-layer concern. Existing research on inter-community conflict has largely focused on specific subcommunities or ideological opponents. However, antagonistic behaviors may be more pervasive and integrate into the broader network. In this work, we study the landscape of conflicts among subreddits by deriving higher-level (community) behaviors from the way individuals are sanctioned and rewarded. By constructing a conflict network, we characterize different patterns in subreddit-to-subreddit conflicts as well as communities of `co-targeted' subreddits .The dynamics of these interactions also reveals a shift in conflict focus over time.}, - copyright = {Copyright (c) 2019 Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence}, - language = {en}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/6IA9VN8K/Datta_Adar_2019_Extracting Inter-Community Conflicts in Reddit.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/F3MHZ7Z6/3217.html} -} - -@article{datta_identifying_2017, - title = {Identifying {{Misaligned Inter}}-{{Group Links}} and {{Communities}}}, - author = {Datta, Srayan and Phelan, Chanda and Adar, Eytan}, - year = {2017}, - month = dec, - journal = {Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction}, - volume = {1}, - number = {CSCW}, - pages = {37:1--37:23}, - abstract = {Many social media systems explicitly connect individuals (e.g., Facebook or Twitter); as a result, they are the targets of most research on social networks. However, many systems do not emphasize or support explicit linking between people (e.g., Wikipedia or Reddit), and even fewer explicitly link communities. Instead, network analysis is performed through inference on implicit connections, such as co-authorship or text similarity. Depending on how inference is done and what data drove it, different networks may emerge. While correlated structures often indicate stability, in this work we demonstrate that differences, or misalignment, between inferred networks also capture interesting behavioral patterns. For example, high-text but low-author similarity often reveals communities "at war" with each other over an issue or high-author but low-text similarity can suggest community fragmentation. Because we are able to model edge direction, we also find that asymmetry in degree (in-versus-out) co-occurs with marginalized identities (subreddits related to women, people of color, LGBTQ, etc.). In this work, we provide algorithms that can identify misaligned links, network structures and communities. We then apply these techniques to Reddit to demonstrate how these algorithms can be used to decipher inter-group dynamics in social media.}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/52FT8LT8/Datta et al. - 2017 - Identifying Misaligned Inter-Group Links and Commu.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/WKCJHV6R/Datta et al. - 2017 - Identifying Misaligned Inter-Group Links and Commu.pdf} -} - -@article{dellaposta_why_2015, - title = {Why {{Do Liberals Drink Lattes}}?}, - author = {DellaPosta, Daniel and Shi, Yongren and Macy, Michael}, - year = {2015}, - month = mar, - journal = {American Journal of Sociology}, - volume = {120}, - number = {5}, - pages = {1473--1511}, - issn = {0002-9602, 1537-5390}, - language = {en}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/LMVF2MJ5/DellaPosta et al_2015_Why Do Liberals Drink Lattes.pdf} -} - -@article{dvir-gvirsman_media_2017, - title = {Media Audience Homophily: {{Partisan}} Websites, Audience Identity and Polarization Processes}, - shorttitle = {Media Audience Homophily}, - author = {{Dvir-Gvirsman}, Shira}, - year = {2017}, - month = jul, - journal = {New Media \& Society}, - volume = {19}, - number = {7}, - pages = {1072--1091}, - publisher = {{SAGE Publications}}, - issn = {1461-4448}, - abstract = {The study suggests that media consumers favor certain websites not only due to their content but also due to their audience. A new concept is introduced: ``audience homophily,'' which describes one's preference for partisan media websites catering to a homogeneous, likeminded consumership. This attraction is explained in terms of the need for self-consistency, and I suggest that over time such behavior will polarize political identity through a spiral of reinforcement. Based on both a survey-experiment (N\,=\,300) and a panel study combined with web-tracking technology that recorded online-exposure behavior (N\,=\,397), it was found that individuals with more extreme ideology present higher levels of audience homophily and that, longitudinally, audience homophily is somewhat associated with ideological polarization, intolerance, and accessibility of political self-definition.}, - language = {en}, - keywords = {Homophily,network analysis,partisan media,reinforcing-spiral model,selective exposure}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/WEQEAEJ4/Dvir-Gvirsman - 2017 - Media audience homophily Partisan websites, audie.pdf} -} - -@article{ellison_benefits_2007, - ids = {ellison_benefits_2007-1}, - title = {The {{Benefits}} of {{Facebook}} ``{{Friends}}:'' {{Social Capital}} and {{College Students}}' {{Use}} of {{Online Social Network Sites}}}, - shorttitle = {The {{Benefits}} of {{Facebook}} ``{{Friends}}}, - author = {Ellison, Nicole B. and Steinfield, Charles and Lampe, Cliff}, - year = {2007}, - month = jul, - journal = {Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication}, - volume = {12}, - number = {4}, - pages = {1143--1168}, - publisher = {{Oxford Academic}}, - issn = {1083-6101}, - abstract = {This study examines the relationship between use of Facebook, a popular online social network site, and the formation and maintenance of social capital. In addition to assessing bonding and bridging social capital, we explore a dimension of social capital that assesses one's ability to stay connected with members of a previously inhabited community, which we call maintained social capital. Regression analyses conducted on results from a survey of undergraduate students (N = 286) suggest a strong association between use of Facebook and the three types of social capital, with the strongest relationship being to bridging social capital. In addition, Facebook usage was found to interact with measures of psychological well-being, suggesting that it might provide greater benefits for users experiencing low self-esteem and low life satisfaction.}, - language = {en}, - keywords = {CMC,quantitative,SNS,Social capital,survey}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/C6PUU2LZ/Ellison et al. - 2007 - The Benefits of Facebook “Friends” Social Capital.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/I5D8LMF3/Ellison et al. - 2007 - The Benefits of Facebook “Friends” Social Capital.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/CFMJSBYE/4582961.html;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/YZWIMZS9/abstract.html} -} - -@article{faraj_online_2016, - ids = {faraj_special_2016}, - title = {Online Community as Space for Knowledge Flows}, - author = {Faraj, Samer and {von Krogh}, Georg and Monteiro, Eric and Lakhani, Karim R.}, - year = {2016}, - month = dec, - journal = {Information Systems Research}, - volume = {27}, - number = {4}, - pages = {668--684}, - issn = {1047-7047}, - abstract = {Online communities frequently create significant economic and relational value for community participants and beyond. It is widely accepted that the underlying source of such value is the collective flow of knowledge among community participants. We distinguish the conditions for flows of tacit and explicit knowledge in online communities and advance an unconventional theoretical conjecture: Online communities give rise to tacit knowledge flows between participants. The crucial condition for these flows is not the advent of novel, digital technology as often portrayed in the literature, but instead the technology's domestication by humanity and the sociality it affords. This conjecture holds profound implications for theory and research in the study of management and organization, as well as their relation to information technology.}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/4TH94S6Q/Faraj et al. - 2016 - Online Community as Space for Knowledge Flows.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/NCY7A6S4/Faraj et al. - 2016 - Special Section Introduction—Online Community as S.pdf} -} - -@inproceedings{fiesler_growing_2017, - ids = {fiesler_growing_2017-1}, - title = {Growing {{Their Own}}: {{Legitimate Peripheral Participation}} for {{Computational Learning}} in an {{Online Fandom Community}}}, - shorttitle = {Growing {{Their Own}}}, - booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2017 {{ACM Conference}} on {{Computer Supported Cooperative Work}} and {{Social Computing}}}, - author = {Fiesler, Casey and Morrison, Shannon and Shapiro, R. Benjamin and Bruckman, Amy S.}, - year = {2017}, - month = feb, - series = {{{CSCW}} '17}, - pages = {1375--1386}, - publisher = {{Association for Computing Machinery}}, - address = {{New York, NY, USA}}, - abstract = {Online communities dedicated to the creation of fanworks (e.g., fiction or art inspired by media such as books or television shows) often serve as communities of practice for learning communication, artistic, and technical skills. In studying one successful fan fiction archive that was designed and built entirely by (predominantly women) fans, we observed processes of legitimate peripheral participation (LPP) in which some of these fans began in peripheral roles and came to be more involved in the technical aspects of the archive over time. In addition to outlining positive outcomes, we discuss the challenges of supporting learning within this CoP, particularly with respect to the burden on experts. We discuss potential implications and solutions for the problem of expert scarcity in CoPs, and propose that LPP within fan communities can be leveraged for broadening participation in computing among women.}, - isbn = {978-1-4503-4335-0}, - keywords = {broadening participation in computing,communities of practice,computing education,fandom,fanfiction,learning,legitimate peripheral participation,online communities,open source}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/QUSETR8Z/Fiesler et al. - 2017 - Growing Their Own Legitimate Peripheral Participa.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/VRDFMKHZ/Fiesler et al_2017_Growing Their Own.pdf} -} - -@article{fiesler_moving_2020, - ids = {fiesler_moving_2020-1,fiesler_moving_2020-2}, - title = {Moving {{Across Lands}}: {{Online Platform Migration}} in {{Fandom Communities}}}, - shorttitle = {Moving {{Across Lands}}}, - author = {Fiesler, Casey and Dym, Brianna}, - year = {2020}, - month = may, - journal = {Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction}, - volume = {4}, - number = {CSCW1}, - pages = {042:1--042:25}, - abstract = {When online platforms rise and fall, sometimes communities fade away, and sometimes they pack their bags and relocate to a new home. To explore the causes and effects of online community migration, we examine transformative fandom, a longstanding, technology-agnostic community surrounding the creation, sharing, and discussion of creative works based on existing media. For over three decades, community members have left and joined many different online spaces, from Usenet to Tumblr to platforms of their own design. Through analysis of 28 in-depth interviews and 1,886 survey responses from fandom participants, we traced these migrations, the reasons behind them, and their impact on the community. Our findings highlight catalysts for migration that provide insights into factors that contribute to success and failure of platforms, including issues surrounding policy, design, and community. Further insights into the disruptive consequences of migrations (such as social fragmentation and lost content) suggest ways that platforms might both support commitment and better support migration when it occurs.}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/ER8P5AJ2/Fiesler_Dym_2020_Moving Across Lands.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/JHDILSYU/Fiesler and Dym - 2020 - Moving Across Lands Online Platform Migration in .pdf} -} - -@inproceedings{fiesler_reddit_2018, - title = {Reddit Rules! {{Characterizing}} an Ecosystem of Governance.}, - booktitle = {Proceedings of the {{AAAI International Conference}} on {{Web}} and {{Social Media}}}, - author = {Fiesler, Casey and Jiang, Jialun" Aaron" and McCann, Joshua and Frye, Kyle and Brubaker, Jed R.}, - year = {2018}, - pages = {72--81}, - publisher = {{AAAI}}, - address = {{Stanford, CA}}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/34TYXTGB/Fiesler - Reddit Rules! Characterizing an Ecosystem of Gover.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/G9VFI2L7/Fiesler et al. - Reddit Rules! Characterizing an Ecosystem of Gover.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/KT7KNG3J/Fiesler et al. - 2018 - Reddit rules! Characterizing an ecosystem of gover.pdf} -} - -@article{figeac_how_2021, - title = {How Behavioral Homophily on Social Media Influences the Perception of Tie-Strengthening within Young Adults' Personal Networks}, - author = {Figeac, Julien and Favre, Guillaume}, - year = {2021}, - month = jun, - journal = {New Media \& Society}, - pages = {14614448211020691}, - publisher = {{SAGE Publications}}, - issn = {1461-4448}, - abstract = {This study examines how social media and information-sharing behavior can influence young adults' perceptions of changes in tie strength within their own personal networks. By focusing on the extended personal networks (27.56 relationships) of young adults, we show that social media leads them to feel closer to their ``friends'' whom they think of as exhibiting online behaviors similar to their own. This behavioral homophily mainly stems from frequent reactions between friends, when they like or comment upon each other's posts. Such homophily is also related to the sharing of political news and entertaining content, which constitute a salient affordance in the ``pervasive awareness'' of social media and lead users to feel closer to those exhibiting similar content-sharing behavior. This similarity reveals how social media platforms help to shape personal networks over time, particularly by influencing user relationships with weak ties who share similar online behavior.}, - language = {en}, - keywords = {Entertaining content,homophily,information-sharing,personal networks,pervasive awareness,political news,social media,weak ties}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/YAKLRLVE/Figeac and Favre - 2021 - How behavioral homophily on social media influence.pdf} -} - -@misc{foote_agent-based_2018, - title = {An {{Agent}}-{{Based Model}} of {{Online Community Joining}}}, - author = {Foote, Jeremy}, - year = {2018}, - month = jul, - address = {{Evanston, IL}}, - collaborator = {TeBlunthuis, Nathan and Hill, Benjamin Mako and Shaw, Aaron} -} - -@article{foote_how_2020, - title = {How Individual Behaviors Drive Inequality in Online Community Sizes: An Agent-Based Simulation}, - shorttitle = {How Individual Behaviors Drive Inequality in Online Community Sizes}, - author = {Foote, Jeremy and TeBlunthuis, Nathan and Hill, Benjamin Mako and Shaw, Aaron}, - year = {2020}, - month = jun, - journal = {arXiv:2006.03119 [cs]}, - eprint = {2006.03119}, - eprinttype = {arxiv}, - primaryclass = {cs}, - abstract = {Why are online community sizes so extremely unequal? Most answers to this question have pointed to general mathematical processes drawn from physics like cumulative advantage. These explanations provide little insight into specific social dynamics or decisions that individuals make when joining and leaving communities. In addition, explanations in terms of cumulative advantage do not draw from the enormous body of social computing research that studies individual behavior. Our work bridges this divide by testing whether two influential social mechanisms used to explain community joining can also explain the distribution of community sizes. Using agent-based simulations, we evaluate how well individual-level processes of social exposure and decisions based on individual expected benefits reproduce empirical community size data from Reddit. Our simulations contribute to social computing theory by providing evidence that both processes together---but neither alone---generate realistic distributions of community sizes. Our results also illustrate the potential value of agent-based simulation to online community researchers to both evaluate and bridge individual and group-level theories.}, - archiveprefix = {arXiv}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/PMZDH4B2/Foote et al_2020_How individual behaviors drive inequality in online community sizes.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/D57HFTGF/2006.html} -} - -@inproceedings{foote_starting_2017, - title = {Starting Online Communities: Motivations and Goals of Wiki Founders}, - shorttitle = {Starting {{Online Communities}}}, - booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2017 {{CHI Conference}} on {{Human Factors}} in {{Computing Systems}} ({{CHI}} '17)}, - author = {Foote, Jeremy and Gergle, Darren and Shaw, Aaron}, - year = {2017}, - pages = {6376--6380}, - publisher = {{ACM}}, - address = {{New York, NY}}, - abstract = {Why do people start new online communities? Previous research has studied what helps communities to grow and what motivates contributors, but the reasons that people create new communities in the first place remain unclear. We present the results of a survey of over 300 founders of new communities on the online wiki hosting site Wikia.com. We analyze the motivations and goals of wiki creators, finding that founders have diverse reasons for starting wikis and diverse ways of defining their success. Many founders see their communities as occupying narrow topics, and neither seek nor expect a large group of contributors. We also find that founders with differing goals approach community building differently. We argue that community platform designers can create interfaces that support the diverse goals of founders more effectively.}, - isbn = {978-1-4503-4655-9}, - keywords = {peer production,survey,wikis}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/BWAIBPUK/Foote et al. - 2017 - Starting Online Communities Motivations and Goals.pdf} -} - -@article{frey_clustering_2007, - title = {Clustering by {{Passing Messages Between Data Points}}}, - author = {Frey, Brendan J. and Dueck, Delbert}, - year = {2007}, - month = feb, - journal = {Science}, - volume = {315}, - number = {5814}, - pages = {972--976}, - publisher = {{American Association for the Advancement of Science}}, - issn = {0036-8075, 1095-9203}, - abstract = {Clustering data by identifying a subset of representative examples is important for processing sensory signals and detecting patterns in data. Such ``exemplars'' can be found by randomly choosing an initial subset of data points and then iteratively refining it, but this works well only if that initial choice is close to a good solution. We devised a method called ``affinity propagation,'' which takes as input measures of similarity between pairs of data points. Real-valued messages are exchanged between data points until a high-quality set of exemplars and corresponding clusters gradually emerges. We used affinity propagation to cluster images of faces, detect genes in microarray data, identify representative sentences in this manuscript, and identify cities that are efficiently accessed by airline travel. Affinity propagation found clusters with much lower error than other methods, and it did so in less than one-hundredth the amount of time. An algorithm that exchanges messages about the similarity of pairs of data points speeds identification of representative examples in a complex data set, such as genes in DNA data. An algorithm that exchanges messages about the similarity of pairs of data points speeds identification of representative examples in a complex data set, such as genes in DNA data.}, - chapter = {Report}, - copyright = {American Association for the Advancement of Science}, - language = {en}, - pmid = {17218491}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/PVGJU5KN/Frey_Dueck_2007_Clustering by Passing Messages Between Data Points.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/ERM5BMQT/972.html} -} - -@article{frey_emergence_2019, - title = {Emergence of Integrated Institutions in a Large Population of Self-Governing Communities}, - author = {Frey, Seth and Sumner, Robert W.}, - year = {2019}, - month = jul, - journal = {PLOS ONE}, - volume = {14}, - number = {7}, - pages = {e0216335}, - publisher = {{Public Library of Science}}, - issn = {1932-6203}, - abstract = {Most aspects of our lives are governed by large, highly developed institutions that integrate several governance tasks under one authority structure. But theorists differ as to the mechanisms that drive the development of such concentrated governance systems from rudimentary beginnings. Is the emergence of integrated governance schemes a symptom of consolidation of authority by small status groups? Or does integration occur because a complex institution has more potential responses to a complex environment? Here we examine the emergence of complex governance regimes in 5,000 sovereign, resource-constrained, self-governing online communities, ranging in scale from one to thousands of users. Each community begins with no community members and no governance infrastructure. As communities grow, they are subject to selection pressures that keep better managed servers better populated. We identify predictors of community success and test the hypothesis that governance complexity can enhance community fitness. We find that what predicts success depends on size: changes in complexity predict increased success with larger population servers. Specifically, governance rules in a large successful community are more numerous and broader in scope. They also tend to rely more on rules that concentrate power in administrators, and on rules that manage bad behavior and limited server resources. Overall, this work is consistent with theories that formal integrated governance systems emerge to organize collective responses to interdependent resource management problems, especially as factors such as population size exacerbate those problems.}, - language = {en}, - keywords = {Community ecology,Computer software,Forests,Games,Internet,Online encyclopedias,Political theory,Resource management,Social psychology,Video games}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/AXDJPNKE/Frey and Sumner - 2019 - Emergence of integrated institutions in a large po.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/DA5HAVLH/Frey_Sumner_2019_Emergence of integrated institutions in a large population of self-governing.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/Q3FI9DBS/Frey and Sumner - 2019 - Emergence of integrated institutions in a large po.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/4B26ZMHH/article.html;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/4CRK5UUM/article.html;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/8XFADRSX/article.html} -} - -@article{fulk_connective_1996, - title = {Connective and Communal Public Goods in Interactive Communication Systems}, - author = {Fulk, Janet and Flanagin, Andrew J. and Kalman, Michael E. and Monge, Peter R. and Ryan, Timothy}, - year = {1996}, - journal = {Communication Theory}, - volume = {6}, - number = {1}, - pages = {60--87}, - issn = {1468-2885}, - abstract = {This paper extends theories of public goods to interactive communication systems. Two key public communication goods are identified. Connectivity provides point-to-point communication, and communality links members through commonly held information, such as that often found in databases. These extensions are important, we argue, because communication public goods operate differently from traditional material public goods. These differences have important implications for costs, benefits, and the realization of a critical mass of users that is necessary for realization of the good. We also explore multifunctional goods that combine various features and hybrid goods that link private goods to public ones. We examine the applicability of two key assumptions of public goods theory to interactive communication systems. First, jointness of supply specifies that consumption of a public good does not diminish its availability to others. Second, impossibility of exclusion stipulates that all members of the public have access to the good. We conclude with suggestions for further theoretical development.}, - language = {en}, - keywords = {mantaining public goods}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/ZJVU4TGW/Fulk et al. - 1996 - Connective and communal public goods in interactiv.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/8J5CPWLV/4259000.html} -} - -@article{graham_boundary_2019, - title = {Boundary Maintenance and the Origins of Trolling}, - author = {Graham, Elyse}, - year = {2019}, - month = sep, - journal = {New Media \& Society}, - volume = {21}, - number = {9}, - pages = {2029--2047}, - publisher = {{SAGE Publications}}, - issn = {1461-4448}, - abstract = {This article presents a new social framework for understanding the origins of trolling and its expansion from an obscure practice, limited to a handful of boards on Usenet, to a pervasive component of Internet culture. I argue that trolling originated, in the term of sociologists, as a form of boundary maintenance that served to distinguish communities of self-identified online insiders from others beyond the boundaries of their community and to drive outsiders away from their spaces. This framework can help us to better understand the transformations that trolling has undergone in the decades since its inception, as well as the persistence of misogyny and prejudice throughout the history of the practice.}, - language = {en}, - keywords = {Boundary maintenance,Internet communities,Internet history,online harassment,politics of cyberspace,trolling}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/6IN6XJWV/Graham - 2019 - Boundary maintenance and the origins of trolling.pdf} -} - -@article{granovetter_strength_1973, - title = {The {{Strength}} of {{Weak Ties}}}, - author = {Granovetter, Mark S.}, - year = {1973}, - month = may, - journal = {American Journal of Sociology}, - volume = {78}, - number = {6}, - pages = {1360--1380}, - issn = {0002-9602}, - abstract = {Analysis of social networks is suggested as a tool for linking micro and macro levels of sociological theory. The procedure is illustrated by elaboration of the macro implications of one aspect of small-scale interaction: the strength of dyadic ties. It is argued that the degree of overlap of two individuals' friendship networks varies directly with the strength of their tie to one another. The impact of this principle on diffusion of influence and information, mobility opportunity, and community organization is explored. Stress is laid on the cohesive power of weak ties. Most network models deal, implicitly, with strong ties, thus confining their applicability to small, well-defined groups. Emphasis on weak ties lends itself to discussion of relations between groups and to analysis of segments of social structure not easily defined in terms of primary groups.}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/GM6GICWI/225469.html} -} - -@inproceedings{grevet_combating_2013, - title = {Combating Homophily through Design}, - booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on {{Computer}} Supported Cooperative Work Companion}, - author = {Grevet, Catherine}, - year = {2013}, - month = feb, - series = {{{CSCW}} '13}, - pages = {57--60}, - publisher = {{Association for Computing Machinery}}, - address = {{New York, NY, USA}}, - abstract = {Social networking has allowed us to be in constant contact with friends from many different backgrounds, yet we are unaware of many of our friends' perspectives and opinions. Networks are highly homophilous, meaning that people tend to associate with others similar to them. This leads to homogenous clusters. How should we design social media to facilitate constructive exchanges rather than polarize individuals? In my work, I propose to look at whether users are currently aware of the homophily phenomenon in their online networks and exploring social network designs to break homophily.}, - isbn = {978-1-4503-1332-2}, - keywords = {awareness,homophily,social networks,tie strength}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/XFJCI35Y/Grevet - 2013 - Combating homophily through design.pdf} -} - -@inproceedings{grevet_managing_2014, - title = {Managing Political Differences in Social Media}, - booktitle = {Proceedings of the 17th {{ACM}} Conference on {{Computer}} Supported Cooperative Work \& Social Computing}, - author = {Grevet, Catherine and Terveen, Loren G. and Gilbert, Eric}, - year = {2014}, - month = feb, - series = {{{CSCW}} '14}, - pages = {1400--1408}, - publisher = {{Association for Computing Machinery}}, - address = {{New York, NY, USA}}, - abstract = {Most people associate with people like themselves, a process called homophily. Exposure to diversity, however, makes us more informed as individuals and as a society. In this paper, we investigate political disagreements on Facebook to explore the conditions under which diverse opinions can coexist online. Via a mixed methods approach comprising 103 survey responses and 13 interviews with politically engaged American social media users, we found that participants who perceived more differences with their friends engaged less on Facebook than those who perceived more homogeneity. Weak ties were particularly brittle to political disagreements, despite being the ties most likely to offer diversity. Finally, based on our findings we suggest potential design opportunities to bridge across ideological difference: 1) support exposure to weak ties; and 2) make common ground visible while friends converse.}, - isbn = {978-1-4503-2540-0}, - keywords = {facebook,homophily,politics,relationship management,self- censorship,social media,tie strength}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/8VK4PWVX/Grevet et al. - 2014 - Managing political differences in social media.pdf} -} - -@inproceedings{guha_birds_2015, - title = {Do {{Birds}} of a {{Feather Watch Each Other}}? {{Homophily}} and {{Social Surveillance}} in {{Location Based Social Networks}}}, - shorttitle = {Do {{Birds}} of a {{Feather Watch Each Other}}?}, - booktitle = {Proceedings of the 18th {{ACM Conference}} on {{Computer Supported Cooperative Work}} \& {{Social Computing}}}, - author = {Guha, Shion and Wicker, Stephen B.}, - year = {2015}, - month = feb, - series = {{{CSCW}} '15}, - pages = {1010--1020}, - publisher = {{Association for Computing Machinery}}, - address = {{New York, NY, USA}}, - abstract = {Location sharing applications (LSA) have proliferated in recent years. Current research principally focuses on egocentric privacy issues and design but has historically not explored the impact of surveillance on location sharing behavior. In this paper, we examine homophily in friendship and surveillance networks for 65 foursquare users. Our results indicate that location surveillance networks are strongly homophilous along the lines of race and gender while friendship networks are weakly homophilous on income. Qualitatively, an analysis of comments and interviews provides support for a discourse around location surveillance, which is mainly social, collaborative, positive and participatory. We relate these findings with prior literature on surveillance, self-presentation and homophily and situate this study in existing HCI/CSCW scholarship.}, - isbn = {978-1-4503-2922-4}, - keywords = {foursquare,homophily,privacy,surveillance,visibility,vision}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/4G3RN2C5/Guha and Wicker - 2015 - Do Birds of a Feather Watch Each Other Homophily .pdf} -} - -@article{halfaker_rise_2013, - title = {The Rise and Decline of an Open Collaboration System: How {{Wikipedia}}'s Reaction to Popularity Is Causing Its Decline}, - shorttitle = {The {{Rise}} and {{Decline}} of an {{Open Collaboration System}}}, - author = {Halfaker, Aaron and Geiger, R. Stuart and Morgan, Jonathan T. and Riedl, John}, - year = {2013}, - month = may, - journal = {American Behavioral Scientist}, - volume = {57}, - number = {5}, - pages = {664--688}, - issn = {0002-7642}, - abstract = {Open collaboration systems, such as Wikipedia, need to maintain a pool of volunteer contributors to remain relevant. Wikipedia was created through a tremendous number of contributions by millions of contributors. However, recent research has shown that the number of active contributors in Wikipedia has been declining steadily for years and suggests that a sharp decline in the retention of newcomers is the cause. This article presents data that show how several changes the Wikipedia community made to manage quality and consistency in the face of a massive growth in participation have ironically crippled the very growth they were designed to manage. Specifically, the restrictiveness of the encyclopedia's primary quality control mechanism and the algorithmic tools used to reject contributions are implicated as key causes of decreased newcomer retention. Furthermore, the community's formal mechanisms for norm articulation are shown to have calcified against changes\textemdash especially changes proposed by newer editors.}, - language = {en}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/7B7AFK58/Halfaker et al. - 2013 - The rise and decline of an open collaboration syst.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/Y9676KNV/The Rise and Decline of an Open Collaboration Syst.pdf} -} - -@book{hannan_organizational_1989, - title = {Organizational Ecology}, - author = {Hannan, Michael T. and Freeman, John}, - year = {1989}, - edition = {First}, - publisher = {{Harvard University Press}}, - address = {{Cambridge, MA}} -} - -@article{hargittai_whose_2007, - title = {Whose {{Space}}? {{Differences}} among {{Users}} and {{Non}}-{{Users}} of {{Social Network Sites}}}, - shorttitle = {Whose {{Space}}?}, - author = {Hargittai, Eszter}, - year = {2007}, - month = oct, - journal = {Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication}, - volume = {13}, - number = {1}, - pages = {276--297}, - publisher = {{Oxford Academic}}, - abstract = {Are there systematic differences between people who use social network sites and those who stay away, despite a familiarity with them? Based on data from a survey administered to a diverse group of young adults, this article looks at the predictors of SNS usage, with particular focus on Facebook, MySpace, Xanga, and Friendster. Findings suggest that use of such sites is not randomly distributed across a group of highly wired users. A person's gender, race and ethnicity, and parental educational background are all associated with use, but in most cases only when the aggregate concept of social network sites is disaggregated by service. Additionally, people with more experience and autonomy of use are more likely to be users of such sites. Unequal participation based on user background suggests that differential adoption of such services may be contributing to digital inequality.}, - language = {en}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/WVFZWUGF/Hargittai - 2007 - Whose Space Differences among Users and Non-Users.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/C5TFC2YY/4583068.html} -} - -@article{helland_diaspora_2007, - title = {Diaspora on the {{Electronic Frontier}}: {{Developing Virtual Connections}} with {{Sacred Homelands}}}, - shorttitle = {Diaspora on the {{Electronic Frontier}}}, - author = {Helland, Christopher}, - year = {2007}, - month = apr, - journal = {Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication}, - volume = {12}, - number = {3}, - pages = {956--976}, - publisher = {{Oxford Academic}}, - abstract = {This study demonstrates how diaspora religious traditions utilized the Internet to develop significant network connections among each other and also to their place of origins. By examining the early Usenet system, I argue that the religious beliefs and practices of diaspora religious traditions were a motivating factor for developing Usenet groups where geographically dispersed individuals could connect with each other in safe, supportive, and religiously tolerant environments. This article explores the new forms of religious practices that began to occur on these sites, focusing on the manner in which Internet technology and the World Wide Web were utilized for activities such as long-distance ritual practice, cyber pilgrimage, and other religiously-motivated undertakings. Through these new online religious activities, diaspora groups have been able to develop significant connections not only among people, but also between people and the sacred homeland itself.}, - language = {en}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/QAMFAZAW/Helland - 2007 - Diaspora on the Electronic Frontier Developing Vi.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/WNQX9GUY/4583017.html} -} - -@inproceedings{hemetsberger_sharing_2004, - title = {Sharing and Creating Knowledge in Open-Source Communities: The Case of {{KDE}}}, - booktitle = {Paper for {{Fifth European Conference}} on {{Organizational Knowledge}}, {{Learning}}, and {{Capabilities}}, {{Innsbruck}}}, - author = {Hemetsberger, Andrea and Reinhardt, Christian}, - year = {2004} -} - -@inproceedings{hessel_science_2016, - ids = {hessel_science_2016-1}, - title = {Science, Askscience, and Badscience: On the Coexistence of Highly Related Communities}, - shorttitle = {Science, Askscience, and Badscience}, - booktitle = {Tenth {{International AAAI Conference}} on {{Web}} and {{Social Media}}}, - author = {Hessel, Jack and Tan, Chenhao and Lee, Lillian}, - year = {2016}, - month = mar, - eprint = {1612.07487}, - eprinttype = {arxiv}, - pages = {11}, - abstract = {When large social-media platforms allow users to easily formand self-organize into interest groups, highly related communities can arise. For example, the Reddit site hosts not just a group called food, but also HealthyFood, foodhacks,foodporn, and cooking, among others. Are these highly related communities created for similar classes of reasons (e.g.,to focus on a subtopic, to create a place for allegedly more ``high-minded'' discourse, etc.)? How do users allocate attention between such close alternatives when they are available or emerge over time? Are there different types of relations between close alternatives such as sharing many users vs. a new community drawing away members of an older one vs. a splinter group failing to cohere into a viable separate community? We investigate the interactions between highly related communities using data from reddit.com consisting of 975M posts and comments spanning an 8-year period. We identify a set of typical affixes that users adopt to create highly related communities and build a taxonomy of affixes. One interesting finding regarding users' behavior is: after a newer community is created, for several types of highly-related community pairs, users that engage in a newer community tend to be more active in their original community than users that do not explore, even when controlling for previous level of engagement.}, - archiveprefix = {arXiv}, - copyright = {Authors who publish a paper in this conference agree to the following terms: 1. Author(s) agree to transfer their copyrights in their article/paper to the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AAAI), in order to deal with future requests for reprints, translations, anthologies, reproductions, excerpts, and other publications. This grant will include, without limitation, the entire copyright in the article/paper in all countries of the world, including all renewals, extensions, and reversions thereof, whether such rights current exist or hereafter come into effect, and also the exclusive right to create electronic versions of the article/paper, to the extent that such right is not subsumed under copyright. 2. The author(s) warrants that they are the sole author and owner of the copyright in the above article/paper, except for those portions shown to be in quotations; that the article/paper is original throughout; and that the undersigned right to make the grants set forth above is complete and unencumbered. 3. The author(s) agree that if anyone brings any claim or action alleging facts that, if true, constitute a breach of any of the foregoing warranties, the author(s) will hold harmless and indemnify AAAI, their grantees, their licensees, and their distributors against any liability, whether under judgment, decree, or compromise, and any legal fees and expenses arising out of that claim or actions, and the undersigned will cooperate fully in any defense AAAI may make to such claim or action. Moreover, the undersigned agrees to cooperate in any claim or other action seeking to protect or enforce any right the undersigned has granted to AAAI in the article/paper. If any such claim or action fails because of facts that constitute a breach of any of the foregoing warranties, the undersigned agrees to reimburse whomever brings such claim or action for expenses and attorneys' fees incurred therein. 4. Author(s) retain all proprietary rights other than copyright (such as patent rights). 5. Author(s) may make personal reuse of all or portions of the above article/paper in other works of their own authorship. 6. Author(s) may reproduce, or have reproduced, their article/paper for the author's personal use, or for company use provided that AAAI copyright and the source are indicated, and that the copies are not used in a way that implies AAAI endorsement of a product or service of an employer, and that the copies per se are not offered for sale. The foregoing right shall not permit the posting of the article/paper in electronic or digital form on any computer network, except by the author or the author's employer, and then only on the author's or the employer's own web page or ftp site. Such web page or ftp site, in addition to the aforementioned requirements of this Paragraph, must provide an electronic reference or link back to the AAAI electronic server, and shall not post other AAAI copyrighted materials not of the author's or the employer's creation (including tables of contents with links to other papers) without AAAI's written permission. 7. Author(s) may make limited distribution of all or portions of their article/paper prior to publication. 8. In the case of work performed under U.S. Government contract, AAAI grants the U.S. Government royalty-free permission to reproduce all or portions of the above article/paper, and to authorize others to do so, for U.S. Government purposes. 9. In the event the above article/paper is not accepted and published by AAAI, or is withdrawn by the author(s) before acceptance by AAAI, this agreement becomes null and void.}, - language = {en}, - keywords = {Computer Science - Social and Information Networks,Physics - Physics and Society}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/2W6YBUBD/Hessel et al_2016_Science, AskScience, and BadScience.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/4FLLXNV9/Hessel et al. - 2016 - Science, AskScience, and BadScience On the Coexis.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/WS6TW26Q/Hessel et al. - 2016 - Science, AskScience, and BadScience On the Coexis.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/3NHVFA3U/1612.html;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/DXX4CJ7T/14739.html;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/YSX2WN2J/13106.html} -} - -@incollection{hill_studying_2019, - title = {Studying Populations of Online Communities}, - booktitle = {The {{Oxford Handbook}} of {{Networked Communication}}}, - author = {Hill, Benjamin Mako and Shaw, Aaron}, - editor = {Foucault Welles, Brooke and {Gonz{\'a}lez-Bail{\'o}n}, Sandra}, - year = {2019}, - month = sep, - pages = {173--193}, - publisher = {{Oxford University Press}}, - address = {{Oxford, UK}}, - abstract = {While the large majority of published research on online communities consists of analyses conducted entirely within individual communities, this chapter argues for a population-based approach, in which researchers study groups of similar communities. For example, although there have been thousands of papers published about Wikipedia, a population-based approach might compare all wikis on a particular topic. Using examples from published empirical studies, the chapter describes five key benefits of this approach. First, it argues that population-level research increases the generalizability of findings. Next, it describes four processes and dynamics that are only possible to study using populations: community-level variables, information diffusion processes across communities, ecological dynamics, and multilevel community processes. The chapter concludes with a discussion of a series of limitations and challenges.}, - isbn = {978-0-19-046051-8}, - language = {en}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/39ZWGGYN/Hill and Shaw - 2019 - Studying Populations of Online Communities.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/BTB3AQGV/oxfordhb-9780190460518-e-8.html} -} - -@inproceedings{hillman_alksjdflksfd_2014, - title = {'alksjdf;{{Lksfd}}': Tumblr and the Fandom User Experience}, - shorttitle = {'alksjdf;{{Lksfd}}'}, - booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on {{Designing}} Interactive Systems}, - author = {Hillman, Serena and Procyk, Jason and Neustaedter, Carman}, - year = {2014}, - month = jun, - series = {{{DIS}} '14}, - pages = {775--784}, - publisher = {{Association for Computing Machinery}}, - address = {{New York, NY, USA}}, - abstract = {A growing trend is the participation in online fandom communities through the support of the blogging platform Tumblr. While past research has investigated backchannels-chatter related to live entertainment on micro-blogging sites such as Twitter-there is a lack of research on the behaviours and motivations of Tumblr users. In our study, we investigate why fandom users chose Tumblr over other social networking sites, their motivations behind participating in fandoms, and how they interact within the Tumblr community. Our findings show that users face many user interface challenges when participating in Tumblr fandoms, especially initially; yet, despite this, Tumblr fandom communities thrive with a common sense of social purpose and exclusivity where users feel they can present a more authentic reflection of themselves to those sharing similar experiences and interests. We describe how this suggests design directions for social networking and blogging sites in order to promote communities of users.}, - isbn = {978-1-4503-2902-6}, - keywords = {backchannels,entertainment,fandoms,fanfiction,micro-blogging,social networking,television,Tumblr}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/HZCLCKCG/Hillman et al. - 2014 - 'alksjdf\;Lksfd' tumblr and the fandom user experi.pdf} -} - -@article{himelboim_valence-based_2016, - title = {Valence-Based Homophily on {{Twitter}}: {{Network Analysis}} of {{Emotions}} and {{Political Talk}} in the 2012 {{Presidential Election}}}, - shorttitle = {Valence-Based Homophily on {{Twitter}}}, - author = {Himelboim, Itai and Sweetser, Kaye D and Tinkham, Spencer F and Cameron, Kristen and Danelo, Matthew and West, Kate}, - year = {2016}, - month = aug, - journal = {New Media \& Society}, - volume = {18}, - number = {7}, - pages = {1382--1400}, - publisher = {{SAGE Publications}}, - issn = {1461-4448}, - abstract = {This study integrates network and content analyses to examine valence-based homophily on Twitter or the tendency for individuals to interact with those expressing similar valence. During the 2012 federal election cycle, we collected Twitter conversations about 10 controversial political topics and mapped their network ties. Using network analysis, we discovered clusters\textemdash subgroups of highly self-connected users\textemdash and coded messages in each cluster for their expressed positive-to-negative emotional valence, level of support or opposition, and political leaning. We found that valence-based homophily successfully explained the selection of user interactions on Twitter, in terms of expressed emotional valence in their tweets or support versus criticism to an issue. It also finds conservative voices to be associated with negatively valenced clusters and vice versa. This study expands the theory of homophily beyond its traditional conceptualization and provides a new understanding of political-issue interactions in a social media context.}, - language = {en}, - keywords = {2012 Election,emotional valence,homophily,political talk,social networks,Twitter}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/QUK4ID26/Himelboim et al. - 2016 - Valence-based homophily on Twitter Network Analys.pdf} -} - -@incollection{hollingshead_fostering_2002, - ids = {hollingshead_fostering_2002-1}, - title = {Fostering Intranet Knowledge Sharing: {{An}} Integration of Transactive Memory and Public Goods Approaches}, - shorttitle = {Fostering Intranet Knowledge Sharing}, - booktitle = {Distributed Work}, - author = {Hollingshead, Andrea B. and Fulk, Janet and Monge, Peter}, - year = {2002}, - pages = {335--355}, - publisher = {{Boston Review}}, - address = {{Cambridge, MA, US}}, - abstract = {Intranets--company Web sites designed for internal use--are an important technological innovation in many organizations that can aid in knowledge management, expertise recognition, and communication. This chapter identifies the conditions under which members of work groups are more likely to contribute to the development of intranets and the conditions under which intranets are more likely to result in more efficient and effective knowledge acquisition and dissemination. To that end, two theories developed to examine nontechnological systems are integrated and extended to intranets and computer-based knowledge systems: the theory of transactive memory and the public goods theory of collective action. Transactive memory theory is useful for predicting how organizational members use intranets to acquire, store, and retrieve knowledge. Public goods theory is useful for predicting which, how much, and when members will contribute and retrieve knowledge on intranets. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)}, - isbn = {978-0-262-08305-8}, - keywords = {Electronic Communication,Expert Systems,Information Systems,Organizational Effectiveness,Theories,Work Teams,Working Conditions}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/D34UXRQE/Hollingshead et al. - Fostering Intranet Knowledge Sharing An Integrati.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/3A3Y658C/2002-17012-014.html} -} - -@misc{hwang_why_2021, - title = {Why Do People Participate in Small Online Communities?}, - author = {Hwang, Sohyeon and Foote, Jeremy D.}, - year = {2021} -} - -@article{johnson_communication_2009, - title = {Communication {{Communities}} or ``{{CyberGhettos}}?'': {{A Path Analysis Model Examining Factors}} That {{Explain Selective Exposure}} to {{Blogs}}}, - shorttitle = {Communication {{Communities}} or ``{{CyberGhettos}}?}, - author = {Johnson, Thomas J. and Bichard, Shannon L. and Zhang, Weiwu}, - year = {2009}, - month = oct, - journal = {Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication}, - volume = {15}, - number = {1}, - pages = {60--82}, - publisher = {{Oxford Academic}}, - abstract = {This study used an online panel of Internet users to examine the degree to which blog users practice selective exposure when seeking political information. The research employed a path analysis model to explore the extent to which exposure to offline and online discussion of political issues, and offline and online media use, as well as political variables and demographic factors, predict an individual's likelihood to engage in selective exposure to blogs. The findings indicate that respondents did practice selective exposure to blogs, predominantly those who are heavy blog users, politically active both online and offline, partisan, and highly educated.}, - language = {en}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/VXJLUSI9/Johnson et al. - 2009 - Communication Communities or “CyberGhettos” A Pa.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/R9C73297/4064810.html} -} - -@inproceedings{jones_rscience_2019, - title = {R/Science: {{Challenges}} and {{Opportunities}} in {{Online Science Communication}}}, - shorttitle = {R/Science}, - booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2019 {{CHI Conference}} on {{Human Factors}} in {{Computing Systems}}}, - author = {Jones, Ridley and Colusso, Lucas and Reinecke, Katharina and Hsieh, Gary}, - year = {2019}, - month = may, - series = {{{CHI}} '19}, - pages = {1--14}, - publisher = {{Association for Computing Machinery}}, - address = {{Glasgow, Scotland Uk}}, - abstract = {Online discussion websites, such as Reddit's r/science forum, have the potential to foster science communication between researchers and the general public. However, little is known about who participates, what is discussed, and whether such websites are successful in achieving meaningful science discussions. To find out, we conducted a mixed-methods study analyzing 11,859 r/science posts and conducting interviews with 18 community members. Our results show that r/science facilitates rich information exchange and that the comments section provides a unique science communication document that guides engagement with scientific research. However, this community-sourced science communication comes largely from a knowledgeable public. We conclude with design suggestions for a number of critical problems that we uncovered: addressing the problem of topic newsworthiness and balancing broader participation and rigor.}, - isbn = {978-1-4503-5970-2}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/QJKUMC2A/Jones et al. - 2019 - rscience Challenges and Opportunities in Online .pdf} -} - -@article{joyce_predicting_2006, - title = {Predicting {{Continued Participation}} in {{Newsgroups}}}, - author = {Joyce, Elisabeth and Kraut, Robert E.}, - year = {2006}, - month = apr, - journal = {Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication}, - volume = {11}, - number = {3}, - pages = {723--747}, - issn = {1083-6101}, - abstract = {Turnover in online communities is very high, with most people who initially post a message to an online community never contributing again. In this paper, we test whether the responses that newcomers receive to their first posts influence the extent to which they continue to participate. The data come from initial posts made by 2,777 newcomers to six public newsgroups. We coded the content and valence of the initial post and its first response, if it received one, to see if these factors influenced newcomers' likelihood of posting again. Approximately 61\% of newcomers received a reply to their initial post, and those who got a reply were 12\% more likely to post to the community again; their probability of posting again increased from 44\% to 56\%. They were more likely to receive a response if they asked a question or wrote a longer post. Surprisingly, the quality of the response they received\textemdash its emotional tone and whether it answered a newcomer's question\textemdash did not influence the likelihood of the newcomer's posting again.}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/KR2VSCNN/Joyce and Kraut - 2006 - Predicting Continued Participation in Newsgroups.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/ZVL66I3I/Joyce and Kraut - 2006 - Predicting Continued Participation in Newsgroups.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/VK44NCYI/4617705.html;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/YXZPKK8E/Joyce and Kraut - 2006 - Predicting Continued Participation in Newsgroups.html} -} - -@inproceedings{kairam_life_2012, - title = {The Life and Death of Online Groups: Predicting Group Growth and Longevity}, - shorttitle = {The Life and Death of Online Groups}, - booktitle = {Proceedings of the Fifth {{ACM}} International Conference on {{Web}} Search and Data Mining}, - author = {Kairam, Sanjay Ram and Wang, Dan J. and Leskovec, Jure}, - year = {2012}, - month = feb, - series = {{{WSDM}} '12}, - pages = {673--682}, - publisher = {{Association for Computing Machinery}}, - address = {{New York, NY, USA}}, - abstract = {We pose a fundamental question in understanding how to identify and design successful communities: What factors predict whether a community will grow and survive in the long term? Social scientists have addressed this question extensively by analyzing offline groups which endeavor to attract new members, such as social movements, finding that new individuals are influenced strongly by their ties to members of the group. As a result, prior work on the growth of communities has treated growth primarily as a diffusion processes, leading to findings about group evolution which can be difficult to explain. The proliferation of online social networks and communities, however, has created new opportunities to study, at a large scale and with very fine resolution, the mechanisms which lead to the formation, growth, and demise of online groups. In this paper, we analyze data from several thousand online social networks built on the Ning platform with the goal of understanding the factors contributing to the growth and longevity of groups within these networks. Specifically, we investigate the role that two types of growth (growth through diffusion and growth by other means) play during a group's formative stages from the perspectives of both the individual member and the group. Applying these insights to a population of groups of different ages and sizes, we build a model to classify groups which will grow rapidly over the short-term and long-term. Our model achieves over 79\% accuracy in predicting group growth over the following two months and over 78\% accuracy in predictions over the following two years. We utilize a similar approach to predict which groups will die within a year. The results of our combined analysis provide insight into how both early non-diffusion growth and a complex set of network constraints appear to contribute to the initial and continued growth and success of groups within social networks. Finally we discuss implications of this work for the design, maintenance, and analysis of online communities.}, - isbn = {978-1-4503-0747-5}, - keywords = {group formation,information diffusion,online communities,social networks}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/NS675EXH/Kairam et al_The Life and Death of Online Groups.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/QZR8T2QH/Kairam et al_2012_The life and death of online groups.pdf} -} - -@incollection{karumur_content_2018, - title = {Content Is {{King}}, {{Leadership Lags}}: {{Effects}} of {{Prior Experience}} on {{Newcomer Retention}} and {{Productivity}} in {{Online Production Groups}}}, - shorttitle = {Content Is {{King}}, {{Leadership Lags}}}, - booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2018 {{CHI Conference}} on {{Human Factors}} in {{Computing Systems}}}, - author = {Karumur, Raghav Pavan and Yu, Bowen and Zhu, Haiyi and Konstan, Joseph A.}, - year = {2018}, - month = apr, - pages = {1--13}, - publisher = {{Association for Computing Machinery}}, - address = {{New York, NY, USA}}, - abstract = {Organizers of online groups often struggle to recruit members who can most effectively carry out the group's activities and remain part of the group over time. In a study of a sample of 30,000 new editors belonging to 1,054 English WikiProjects, we empirically examine the effects of generalized prior work-productivity experience (measured by overall prior article edits), prior leadership experience (measured by overall prior project edits), and localized prior work-productivity experience (measured by pre-joining article edits on a project) on early retention and productivity. We find that (1)generalized prior work-productivity experience is positively associated with retention, but negatively associated with productivity (2) prior leadership experience is negatively associated with both retention and productivity, and (3) localized prior work-productivity experience is positively associated with both retention and productivity within that focal project. We then discuss implications to inform the designs of early interventions aimed at group success.}, - isbn = {978-1-4503-5620-6}, - keywords = {learning transfer,newcomers,online communities,online groups,peer production,prior experience,productivity,resocialization,retention,subgroups,wikipedia,wikiprojects,withdrawal}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/YANJLZCB/Karumur et al. - 2018 - Content is King, Leadership Lags Effects of Prior.pdf} -} - -@article{kavanaugh_community_2005, - title = {Community {{Networks}}: {{Where Offline Communities Meet Online}}}, - shorttitle = {Community {{Networks}}}, - author = {Kavanaugh, Andrea and Carroll, John M. and Rosson, Mary Beth and Zin, Than Than and Reese, Debbie Denise}, - year = {2005}, - month = jul, - journal = {Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication}, - volume = {10}, - number = {JCMC10417}, - issn = {1083-6101}, - abstract = {This study explores the design and practice of the Blacksburg Electronic Village (BEV), a mature networked community. We describe findings from longitudinal survey data on the use and social impact of community computer networking. The survey data show that increased involvement with people, issues and community since going online is explained by education, extroversion and age. Using path models, we show that a person's sense of belonging and collective efficacy, group memberships, activism and social use of the Internet act as mediating variables. These findings extend evidence in support of the argument that Internet use can strengthen social contact, community engagement and attachment. Conversely, it underlines concern about the impact of computer networking on people with lower levels of education, extroversion, efficacy, and community belonging. We suggest design strategies and innovative tools for non-experts that might increase social interaction and improve usability for disadvantaged and underrepresented individuals and groups.}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/IWBLRSS4/4614510.html} -} - -@inproceedings{kiene_surviving_2016, - title = {Surviving an ``{{Eternal September}}'': {{How}} an Online Community Managed a Surge of Newcomers}, - shorttitle = {Surviving an "{{Eternal September}}"}, - booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2016 {{ACM Conference}} on {{Human Factors}} in {{Computing Systems}} ({{CHI}} '16)}, - author = {Kiene, Charles and {Monroy-Hern{\'a}ndez}, Andr{\'e}s and Hill, Benjamin Mako}, - year = {2016}, - pages = {1152--1156}, - publisher = {{ACM}}, - address = {{New York, NY}}, - abstract = {We present a qualitative analysis of interviews with participants in the NoSleep community within Reddit where millions of fans and writers of horror fiction congregate. We explore how the community handled a massive, sudden, and sustained increase in new members. Although existing theory and stories like Usenet's infamous "Eternal September" suggest that large influxes of newcomers can hurt online communities, our interviews suggest that NoSleep survived without major incident. We propose that three features of NoSleep allowed it to manage the rapid influx of newcomers gracefully: (1) an active and well-coordinated group of administrators, (2) a shared sense of community which facilitated community moderation, and (3) technological systems that mitigated norm violations. We also point to several important trade-offs and limitations.}, - isbn = {978-1-4503-3362-7}, - keywords = {newcomers,norms and governance,online communities,peer production,qualitative methods}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/2YPT6BUL/Kiene et al. - 2016 - Surviving an Eternal September How an Online Co.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/S9JX8XE5/Kiene et al. - 2016 - Surviving an “Eternal September” How an online co.pdf} -} - -@article{kiene_technological_2019, - title = {Technological Frames and User Innovation: Exploring Technological Change in Community Moderation Teams}, - shorttitle = {Technological Frames and User Innovation}, - author = {Kiene, Charles and Jiang, Jialun "Aaron" and Hill, Benjamin Mako}, - year = {2019}, - month = nov, - journal = {Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction}, - volume = {3}, - number = {CSCW}, - pages = {44:1--44:23}, - abstract = {Management of technological change in organizations is one of the most enduring topics in the literature on computer-supported cooperative work. The successful navigation of technological change is both more challenging and more critical in online communities that are entirely mediated by technology than it is in traditional organizations. This paper presents an analysis of 14 in-depth interviews with moderators of subcommunities of one technological platform (Reddit) that added communities on a new technological platform (Discord). Moderation teams experienced several problems related to moderating content at scale as well as a disconnect between the affordances of Discord and their assumptions based on their experiences on Reddit. We found that moderation teams used Discord's API to create scripts and bots that augmented Discord to make the platform work more like tools on Reddit. These tools were particularly important in communities struggling with scale. Our findings suggest that increasingly widespread end user programming allow users of social computing systems to innovate and deploy solutions to unanticipated design problems by transforming new technological platforms to align with their past expectations.}, - keywords = {API,bots,chat,computer-mediated communication,discord,moderation,online communities,reddit,social computing,technological change}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/E2PDCY58/Kiene et al. - 2019 - Technological frames and user innovation explorin.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/U7M6IZY4/Kiene et al. - 2019 - Technological Frames and User Innovation Explorin.pdf} -} - -@article{klein_quality_2017, - title = {Quality Standards, Service Orientation, and Power in {{Airbnb}} and {{Couchsurfing}}}, - author = {Klein, Maximilian and Zhao, Jinhao and Ni, Jiajun and Johnson, Isaac and Hill, Benjamin Mako and Zhu, Haiyi}, - year = {2017}, - journal = {Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction}, - volume = {1}, - number = {CSCW}, - pages = {58:1--58:21}, - issn = {2573-0142}, - abstract = {Although Couchsurfing and Airbnb are both online communities that help users host strangers in their homes, they differ in an important sense: Couchsurfing prohibits monetary payment while Airbnb is built around it.We conducted interviews with users experienced on both Couchsurfing and Airbnb ("dual-users") to better understand systemic differences between the platforms. Based on these interviews we propose that, compared to Couchsurfing, Airbnb: (1) appears to require higher quality services, (2) places more emphasis on places over people, and (3) shifts social power from hosts to guests. Using public profiles from both platforms, we present analyses exploring each theme. Finally, we present evidence showing that Airbnb's growth has coincided with a decline in Couchsurfing. Taken together, our findings paint a complex picture of the changing character of network hospitality.}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/WQS43NPP/Klein et al. - 2017 - Quality Standards, Service Orientation, and Power .pdf} -} - -@article{kou_understanding_2018, - title = {Understanding {{Social Roles}} in an {{Online Community}} of {{Volatile Practice}}: {{A Study}} of {{User Experience Practitioners}} on {{Reddit}}}, - shorttitle = {Understanding {{Social Roles}} in an {{Online Community}} of {{Volatile Practice}}}, - author = {Kou, Yubo and Gray, Colin M. and Toombs, Austin L. and Adams, Robin S.}, - year = {2018}, - month = dec, - journal = {ACM Transactions on Social Computing}, - volume = {1}, - number = {4}, - pages = {17:1--17:22}, - issn = {2469-7818}, - abstract = {Community of practice (CoP) is a primary framework in social computing research that addresses learning and organizing specific practices in online communities. However, the classic CoP theory does not provide a detailed account for how practices change or evolve. Against the backdrop of a rapidly changing occupational landscape, it is crucial to understand how people participate in online communities focused on practices that have a volatile nature, as well as how social computing tools can best support them. In this article, we examine user experience (UX) design as a volatile practice that has no coherent body of knowledge and lacks a concrete path for newcomers to become a UX professional. Our study site is the ``/r/userexperience'' subreddit, an online UX community where practitioners socialize and learn. Using a mixed-methods approach, we identified five distinct social roles in relation to knowledge production and dissemination in the online community of volatile practice. We demonstrate that knowledge production is highly distributed, involving the participation and sensemaking of community members of varied levels of experience. We discuss how online platforms support online community of volatile practice and how our findings contribute to the CoP literature.}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/NWK464BS/Kou et al. - 2018 - Understanding Social Roles in an Online Community .pdf} -} - -@book{kraut_building_2012, - ids = {kraut2012building,kraut_building_2012-1}, - title = {Building Successful Online Communities: {{Evidence}}-Based Social Design}, - author = {Kraut, Robert E. and Resnick, Paul and Kiesler, Sara}, - year = {2012}, - publisher = {{MIT Press}}, - address = {{Cambridge, MA}}, - abstract = {Uses insights from social science, psychology, and economics to offer advice on planning and managing an online community.}, - isbn = {978-0-262-29831-5}, - language = {English}, - keywords = {design,foundations of social computing}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/B4XSKAVW/04-kraut10-Newcomers-current.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/CX4KDC3G/01-Resnick10-Intro-current.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/IJCEWA6L/06-Resnick10-Startup-current.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/JEWAVXHG/02-Resnick10-Intro-current.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/RIM4D9KS/05-kiesler10-Regulation-current.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/S6Z28BBS/03-Ren10-Commitment-current.pdf} -} - -@inproceedings{kumar_community_2018, - ids = {kumar_community_2018-1}, - title = {Community {{Interaction}} and {{Conflict}} on the {{Web}}}, - booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2018 {{World Wide Web Conference}}}, - author = {Kumar, Srijan and Hamilton, William L. and Leskovec, Jure and Jurafsky, Dan}, - year = {2018}, - month = apr, - series = {{{WWW}} '18}, - pages = {933--943}, - publisher = {{International World Wide Web Conferences Steering Committee}}, - address = {{Lyon, France}}, - abstract = {Users organize themselves into communities on web platforms. These communities can interact with one another, often leading to conflicts and toxic interactions. However, little is known about the mechanisms of interactions between communities and how they impact users. Here we study intercommunity interactions across 36,000 communities on Reddit, examining cases where users of one community are mobilized by negative sentiment to comment in another community. We show that such conflicts tend to be initiated by a handful of communities---less than 1\% of communities start 74\% of conflicts. While conflicts tend to be initiated by highly active community members, they are carried out by significantly less active members. We find that conflicts are marked by formation of echo chambers, where users primarily talk to other users from their own community. In the long-term, conflicts have adverse effects and reduce the overall activity of users in the targeted communities. Our analysis of user interactions also suggests strategies for mitigating the negative impact of conflicts---such as increasing direct engagement between attackers and defenders. Further, we accurately predict whether a conflict will occur by creating a novel LSTM model that combines graph embeddings, user, community, and text features. This model can be used to create an early-warning system for community moderators to prevent conflicts. Altogether, this work presents a data-driven view of community interactions and conflict, and paves the way towards healthier online communities.}, - isbn = {978-1-4503-5639-8}, - keywords = {antisocial behavior,community,conflict,interaction,intercommunity,society,web}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/3R7J48EQ/Kumar et al_2018_Community Interaction and Conflict on the Web.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/FPJ44933/Kumar et al. - 2018 - Community Interaction and Conflict on the Web.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/U6GYGZDS/Kumar_et_al-2018-Community_interaction_conflict-WWW.pdf} -} - -@article{lakhani_how_2003, - title = {How Open Source Software Works: "{{Free}}" User-to-User Assistance}, - shorttitle = {How Open Source Software Works}, - author = {Lakhani, Karim R. and {von Hippel}, Eric}, - year = {2003}, - journal = {Research Policy}, - volume = {32}, - number = {6}, - pages = {923--943}, - abstract = {Research into free and open source software development projects has so far largely focused on how the major tasks of software development are organized and motivated. But a complete project requires the execution of "mundane but necessary" tasks as well. In this paper, we explore how the mundane but necessary task of field support is organized in the case of Apache web server software, and why some project participants are motivated to provide this service gratis to others. We find that the Apache field support system functions effectively. We also find that, when we partition the help system into its component tasks, 98\% of the effort expended by information providers in fact returns direct learning benefits to those providers. This finding considerably reduces the puzzle of why information providers are willing to perform this task "for free." Implications are discussed.}, - keywords = {Econometrics,FOSS,Innovation}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/TZST9JHU/Lakhani and von Hippel - 2003 - How open source software works.pdf} -} - -@inproceedings{lampe_motivations_2010, - title = {Motivations to Participate in Online Communities}, - booktitle = {Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on {{Human}} Factors in Computing Systems}, - author = {Lampe, Cliff and Wash, Rick and Velasquez, Alcides and Ozkaya, Elif}, - year = {2010}, - pages = {1927--1936}, - publisher = {{ACM}}, - address = {{Atlanta, Georgia, USA}}, - abstract = {A consistent theoretical and practical challenge in the design of socio-technical systems is that of motivating users to participate in and contribute to them. This study examines the case of Everything2.com users from the theoretical perspectives of Uses and Gratifications and Organizational Commitment to compare individual versus organizational motivations in user participation. We find evidence that users may continue to participate in a site for different reasons than those that led them to the site. Feelings of belonging to a site are important for both anonymous and registered users across different types of uses. Long-term users felt more dissatisfied with the site than anonymous users. Social and cognitive factors seem to be more important than issues of usability in predicting contribution to the site.}, - isbn = {978-1-60558-929-9}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/7NIQDKFR/Lampe et al. - 2010 - Motivations to participate in online communities.pdf} -} - -@inproceedings{lampe_slashdot_2004, - title = {Slash(Dot) and Burn: Distributed Moderation in a Large Online Conversation Space}, - shorttitle = {Slash(Dot) and Burn}, - booktitle = {Proceedings of the {{SIGCHI Conference}} on {{Human Factors}} in {{Computing Systems}}}, - author = {Lampe, Cliff and Resnick, Paul}, - year = {2004}, - series = {{{CHI}} '04}, - pages = {543--550}, - publisher = {{Association for Computing Machinery}}, - address = {{New York, NY, USA}}, - abstract = {Can a system of distributed moderation quickly and consistently separate high and low quality comments in an online conversation? Analysis of the site Slashdot.org suggests that the answer is a qualified yes, but that important challenges remain for designers of such systems. Thousands of users act as moderators. Final scores for comments are reasonably dispersed and the community generally agrees that moderations are fair. On the other hand, much of a conversation can pass before the best and worst comments are identified. Of those moderations that were judged unfair, only about half were subsequently counterbalanced by a moderation in the other direction. And comments with low scores, not at top-level, or posted late in a conversation were more likely to be overlooked by moderators.}, - isbn = {978-1-58113-702-6}, - keywords = {collaborative filtering,computer-mediated communication,recommender systems}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/J4ALSW7H/Lampe and Resnick - 2004 - Slash(dot) and burn distributed moderation in a l.pdf} -} - -@incollection{lazarsfeld_friendship_1954, - title = {Friendship as a Social Process: A Substantive and Methodological Analysis}, - booktitle = {Freedom and Control in Modern Society}, - author = {Lazarsfeld, Paul F. and Merton, Robert K.}, - editor = {Berger, Morroe and Abel, Theodore and Page, Charles H.}, - year = {1954}, - pages = {18--66}, - publisher = {{Van Nostrand}}, - address = {{New York}}, - abstract = {Page} -} - -@article{lazer_studying_2020, - title = {Studying Human Attention on the {{Internet}}}, - author = {Lazer, David}, - year = {2020}, - month = jan, - journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, - volume = {117}, - number = {1}, - pages = {21--22}, - issn = {0027-8424, 1091-6490}, - language = {en}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/T8C43YAK/Lazer - 2020 - Studying human attention on the Internet.pdf} -} - -@inproceedings{leavitt_role_2017, - title = {The Role of Information Visibility in Network Gatekeeping: {{Information}} Aggregation on Reddit during Crisis Events}, - shorttitle = {The Role of Information Visibility in Network Gatekeeping}, - booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2017 {{ACM Conference}} on {{Computer Supported Cooperative Work}} and {{Social Computing}}}, - author = {Leavitt, Alex and Robinson, John J.}, - year = {2017}, - month = feb, - series = {{{CSCW}} '17}, - pages = {1246--1261}, - publisher = {{Association for Computing Machinery}}, - address = {{Portland, Oregon, USA}}, - abstract = {As social media platforms witness more and more contributions from participants during developing crisis events, some platforms provide affordances that support visibility for specific pieces of information. However, the design of information visibility, especially in the context of controlling information flows (through gatekeeping), may shape how participants collect and share up-to-date information in these systems. This paper looks at the field site of reddit.com through trace ethnography methods to understand how the design of reddit's platform (from algorithms to user roles) impacts the visibility of information and subsequently how participants aggregate information in response to ongoing events. Through trace ethnographic analysis, we illustrate three themes related to tensions around visibility - behavioral, structural, and relational - and show how visibility shapes the work of producing information about crises in social news sites.}, - isbn = {978-1-4503-4335-0}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/6PIBDNTW/Leavitt and Robinson - 2017 - The Role of Information Visibility in Network Gate.pdf} -} - -@inproceedings{leavitt_this_2015, - title = {"{{This}} Is a Throwaway Account": {{Temporary}} Technical Identities and Perceptions of Anonymity in a Massive Online Community}, - shorttitle = {"{{This}} Is a Throwaway Account"}, - booktitle = {Proceedings of the 18th {{ACM Conference}} on {{Computer Supported Cooperative Work}} \& {{Social Computing}}}, - author = {Leavitt, Alex}, - year = {2015}, - month = feb, - series = {{{CSCW}} '15}, - pages = {317--327}, - publisher = {{Association for Computing Machinery}}, - address = {{Vancouver, BC, Canada}}, - abstract = {This paper explores temporary identities on social media platforms and individuals' uses of these identities with respect to their perceptions of anonymity. Given the research on multiple profile maintenance, little research has examined the role that some social media platforms play in affording users with temporary identities. Further, most of the research on anonymity stops short of the concept of varying perceptions of anonymity. This paper builds on these research areas by describing the phenomenon of temporary "throwaway accounts" and their uses on reddit.com, a popular social news site. In addition to ethnographic trace analysis to examine the contexts in which throwaway accounts are adopted, this paper presents a predictive model that suggests that perceptions of anonymity significantly shape the potential uses of throwaway accounts and that women are much more likely to adopt temporary identities than men.}, - isbn = {978-1-4503-2922-4}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/7ITF227V/Leavitt - 2015 - This is a Throwaway Account Temporary Technical.pdf} -} - -@article{leavitt_upvote_2017, - title = {Upvote My News: {{The}} Practices of Peer Information Aggregation for Breaking News on Reddit.Com}, - shorttitle = {Upvote My News}, - author = {Leavitt, Alex and Robinson, John J.}, - year = {2017}, - month = dec, - journal = {Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction}, - volume = {1}, - number = {CSCW}, - pages = {65:1--65:18}, - abstract = {Citizen participation in crisis communication increasingly occurs in social media contexts. As some platforms -- e.g., social news sites -- evolve around collaborative voting, filtering, and information sharing, the aggregation of breaking news information during crisis situations appears more often as an emergent practice in these online communities. Drawing from 53 interviews and descriptive quantitative analysis of reddit posts and comments, this paper presents a qualitative case study examining reddit.com members aggregate information during crisis events within the context of reddit's post/comment structure, crowd voting, and ranking algorithms. Using the lens of network gatekeeping, the paper shows how participants evaluate sources, organize information, and verify details to demonstrate how different affordances and limitations of information production allow or restrict particular types of network gatekeeping.}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/TW846G2K/Leavitt and Robinson - 2017 - Upvote My News The Practices of Peer Information .pdf} -} - -@article{leimeister_evaluation_2005, - title = {Evaluation of a {{Systematic Design}} for a {{Virtual Patient Community}}}, - author = {Leimeister, Jan Marco and Krcmar, Helmut}, - year = {2005}, - month = jul, - journal = {Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication}, - volume = {10}, - number = {JCMC1041}, - issn = {1083-6101}, - abstract = {Virtual Communities (VCs) offer ubiquitous access to information and exchange possibilities for people in similar situations, which is especially valuable for patients with chronic / life-threatening diseases. However, it is seldom considered possible to create VCs systematically. This article describes the evaluation of the design elements and factors that contributed to the success of the VC krebsgemeinschaft.de (a VC for cancer patients in the German-speaking internet), by assessing user acceptance and usage. Additionally, the existence of trust (a constituent element of working VCs) in krebsgemeinschaft.de is addressed. Based on these criteria, we empirically verify the chosen design components and generate insights into the systematic development and operation of VCs in general and VCs for patients in the German healthcare system in particular.}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/BI7E4R6W/Leimeister and Krcmar - 2005 - Evaluation of a Systematic Design for a Virtual Pa.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/G39U4C3F/4614530.html} -} - -@inproceedings{liang_knowledge_2017, - ids = {liang_knowledge_2017-1}, - title = {Knowledge Sharing in Online Discussion Threads: What Predicts the Ratings?}, - shorttitle = {Knowledge Sharing in Online Discussion Threads}, - booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2017 {{ACM Conference}} on {{Computer Supported Cooperative Work}} and {{Social Computing}}}, - author = {Liang, Yuyang}, - year = {2017}, - month = feb, - series = {{{CSCW}} '17}, - pages = {146--154}, - publisher = {{Association for Computing Machinery}}, - address = {{New York, NY, USA}}, - abstract = {As an important category of user-generated content (UGC) community, Question and Answer (Q\&A) community offers internet users opportunities to ask questions and share knowledge with others. In order to understand how the ratings of knowledge contribution quality correlate with the way knowledge is being shared in discussion threads, the study examines user behaviors and profiles in a large knowledge sharing community, /r/Techsupport, a discussion based Q\&A site in Reddit.com concerning internet and technology problems. Negative binomial regressions and negative binomial mixed models are built to investigate the relationships among thread structure, level of user activity, user profiles and the ratings of threads and comments in the community. Results indicate that in the better rated threads, the structures tend to be more centralized with heterogeneous participants discussing the problem at a deeper level. Meanwhile, contributions with good ratings are more likely to be produced by users who are more engaged in commenting behaviors.}, - isbn = {978-1-4503-4335-0}, - keywords = {knowledge sharing,network structure,online community,threaded discussion,user generated content,user profile}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/852P8MGY/Liang - 2017 - Knowledge Sharing in Online Discussion Threads Wh.pdf} -} - -@inproceedings{lin_better_2017, - title = {Better When It Was Smaller? {{Community}} Content and Behavior after Massive Growth.}, - shorttitle = {Better {{When It Was Smaller}}?}, - booktitle = {{{ICWSM}}}, - author = {Lin, Zhiyuan and Salehi, Niloufar and Yao, Bowen and Chen, Yiqi and Bernstein, Michael S.}, - year = {2017}, - pages = {132--141}, - publisher = {{AAAI}}, - address = {{Montreal, Canada}}, - abstract = {Online communities have a love-hate relationship with membership growth: new members bring fresh perspectives, but old-timers worry that growth interrupts the community's social dynamic and lowers content quality. To arbitrate these two theories, we analyze over 45 million comments from 10 Reddit subcommunities following an exogenous shock when each subcommunity was added to the default set for all Reddit users. Capitalizing on these natural experiments, we test for changes to the content vote patterns, linguistic patterns, and community network patterns before and after being defaulted. Results support a narrative that the communities remain high-quality and similar to their previous selves even post-growth. There is a temporary dip in upvote scores right after the communities were defaulted, but the communities quickly recover to pre-default or even higher levels. Likewise, complaints about low-quality posts do not rise in frequency after getting defaulted. Strong moderation also helps keep upvotes common and complaint levels low. Communities' language use does not become more like the rest of Reddit after getting defaulted. However, growth does have some impact on attention: community members cluster their activity around a smaller proportion of posts after the community is defaulted.}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/3NB3IZUR/Lin et al. - 2017 - Better When It Was Smaller Community Content and .pdf} -} - -@inproceedings{litt_just_2016, - title = {"{{Just Cast}} the {{Net}}, and {{Hopefully}} the {{Right Fish Swim}} into {{It}}": {{Audience Management}} on {{Social Network Sites}}}, - shorttitle = {\&\#x201c;{{Just Cast}} the {{Net}}, and {{Hopefully}} the {{Right Fish Swim}} into {{It}}\&\#x201d;}, - booktitle = {Proceedings of the 19th {{ACM Conference}} on {{Computer}}-{{Supported Cooperative Work}} \& {{Social Computing}}}, - author = {Litt, Eden and Hargittai, Eszter}, - year = {2016}, - month = feb, - series = {{{CSCW}} '16}, - pages = {1488--1500}, - publisher = {{Association for Computing Machinery}}, - address = {{New York, NY, USA}}, - abstract = {When users post on social network sites, they can engage in audience-reaching strategies, in an effort to reach desired audience members, as well as audience-limiting strategies, in an effort to avoid unwanted audience members. While much research has focused on users' audience-limiting strategies, little research has explicitly focused on users' audience-reaching strategies. Additionally, little work has explored either strategy at the post level. Using mixed methods involving a diary study and follow-up interviews focused on a diverse group of users' posts, this article reveals several audience-reaching strategies users engaged from altering their content to tagging. However, users in this study rarely used strategies to exclude people proactively and technologically outside of their targeted audiences, and instead broadcasted widely. Participants described several rationales for sharing broadly from skill-related issues to a reliance on the audience or site to filter the content.}, - isbn = {978-1-4503-3592-8}, - keywords = {Audience,audience management,audience-reaching strategies,imagined audience,privacy,social network sites}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/UKKUVHK2/Litt_Hargittai_2016_“\;Just Cast the Net, and Hopefully the Right Fish Swim into It”\;.pdf} -} - -@inproceedings{lu_investigate_2019, - title = {Investigate {{Transitions}} into {{Drug Addiction}} through {{Text Mining}} of {{Reddit Data}}}, - booktitle = {Proceedings of the 25th {{ACM SIGKDD International Conference}} on {{Knowledge Discovery}} \& {{Data Mining}}}, - author = {Lu, John and Sridhar, Sumati and Pandey, Ritika and Hasan, Mohammad Al and Mohler, Georege}, - year = {2019}, - month = jul, - series = {{{KDD}} '19}, - pages = {2367--2375}, - publisher = {{Association for Computing Machinery}}, - address = {{New York, NY, USA}}, - abstract = {Increasing rates of opioid drug abuse and heightened prevalence of online support communities underscore the necessity of employing data mining techniques to better understand drug addiction using these rapidly developing online resources. In this work, we obtained data from Reddit, an online collection of forums, to gather insight into drug use/misuse using text snippets from users narratives. Specifically, using users' posts, we trained a binary classifier which predicts a user's transitions from casual drug discussion forums to drug recovery forums. We also proposed a Cox regression model that outputs likelihoods of such transitions. In doing so, we found that utterances of select drugs and certain linguistic features contained in one's posts can help predict these transitions. Using unfiltered drug-related posts, our research delineates drugs that are associated with higher rates of transitions from recreational drug discussion to support/recovery discussion, offers insight into modern drug culture, and provides tools with potential applications in combating the opioid crisis.}, - isbn = {978-1-4503-6201-6}, - keywords = {cox regression,drug addiction and recovery,reddit forum,text mining}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/GUQKME9M/Lu et al_2019_Investigate Transitions into Drug Addiction through Text Mining of Reddit Data.pdf} -} - -@inproceedings{ma_when_2019, - title = {When {{Do People Trust Their Social Groups}}?}, - booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2019 {{CHI Conference}} on {{Human Factors}} in {{Computing Systems}}}, - author = {Ma, Xiao and Cheng, Justin and Iyer, Shankar and Naaman, Mor}, - year = {2019}, - month = may, - pages = {1--12}, - publisher = {{ACM}}, - address = {{Glasgow Scotland Uk}}, - isbn = {978-1-4503-5970-2}, - language = {en}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/ZEWUJPHL/Ma et al. - 2019 - When Do People Trust Their Social Groups.pdf} -} - -@article{majchrzak_contradictory_2013, - title = {The {{Contradictory Influence}} of {{Social Media Affordances}} on {{Online Communal Knowledge Sharing}}}, - author = {Majchrzak, Ann and Faraj, Samer and Kane, Gerald C. and Azad, Bijan}, - year = {2013}, - month = oct, - journal = {Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication}, - volume = {19}, - number = {1}, - pages = {38--55}, - publisher = {{Oxford Academic}}, - abstract = {The use of social media creates the opportunity to turn organization-wide knowledge sharing in the workplace from an intermittent, centralized knowledge management process to a continuous online knowledge conversation of strangers, unexpected interpretations and re-uses, and dynamic emergence. We theorize four affordances of social media representing different ways to engage in this publicly visible knowledge conversations: metavoicing, triggered attending, network-informed associating, and generative role-taking. We further theorize mechanisms that affect how people engage in the knowledge conversation, finding that some mechanisms, when activated, will have positive effects on moving the knowledge conversation forward, but others will have adverse consequences not intended by the organization. These emergent tensions become the basis for the implications we draw.}, - language = {en}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/9U9NTEVE/Majchrzak et al. - 2013 - The Contradictory Influence of Social Media Afford.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/DBAC2BYD/4067499.html} -} - -@article{majchrzak_effect_2016, - title = {Effect of {{Knowledge}}-{{Sharing Trajectories}} on {{Innovative Outcomes}} in {{Temporary Online Crowds}}}, - author = {Majchrzak, Ann and Malhotra, Arvind}, - year = {2016}, - month = nov, - journal = {Information Systems Research}, - issn = {1047-7047}, - abstract = {There is substantial research on the effects of formal control structures (i.e., incentives, identities, organization, norms) on knowledge sharing leading to innovative outcomes in online communities. However, there is little research on how knowledge-sharing trajectories in temporary online crowds create innovative outcomes without these structures. Such research is particularly of interest in the context of temporary online crowds solicited with crowdsourcing in which there is only minimal structure for knowledge sharing. We identify eight types of crowdsourcing with different knowledge-sharing patterns. The focus of this study is on the one type of crowdsourcing\textemdash collaborative innovation challenges\textemdash in which there is the least restriction on knowledge sharing in the crowd. A content analysis was conducted of all time-stamped posts made in five different collaborative innovation challenges to identify different knowledge-sharing trajectories used. We found that a paradox-framed trajectory was more likely to be followed by innovative outcomes compared to three other knowledge-sharing trajectories. A paradox-framed trajectory is one in which a novel solution emerges when different participants post in the following sequence: (1) contributing a paradox associated with the problem objective, (2) sharing assumptions to validate the paradox, and (3) sharing initial ideas for resolving the paradox in a manner that meets the problem statement. Based on the findings, a theory of paradox-framed trajectories in temporary online crowds is presented along with implications for knowledge creation theories in general and online knowledge-creating communities in particular.}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/XI69RCFW/Majchrzak and Malhotra - 2016 - Effect of Knowledge-Sharing Trajectories on Innova.pdf} -} - -@article{mamie_are_2021, - title = {Are {{Anti}}-{{Feminist Communities Gateways}} to the {{Far Right}}? {{Evidence}} from {{Reddit}} and {{YouTube}}}, - shorttitle = {Are {{Anti}}-{{Feminist Communities Gateways}} to the {{Far Right}}?}, - author = {Mami{\'e}, Robin and Ribeiro, Manoel Horta and West, Robert}, - year = {2021}, - month = feb, - journal = {arXiv:2102.12837 [cs]}, - eprint = {2102.12837}, - eprinttype = {arxiv}, - primaryclass = {cs}, - abstract = {Researchers have suggested that "the Manosphere," a conglomerate of men-centered online communities, may serve as a gateway to far right movements. In that context, this paper quantitatively studies the migratory patterns between a variety of groups within the Manosphere and the Alt-right, a loosely connected far right movement that has been particularly active in mainstream social networks. Our analysis leverages over 300 million comments spread through Reddit (in 115 subreddits) and YouTube (in 526 channels) to investigate whether the audiences of channels and subreddits associated with these communities have converged between 2006 and 2018. In addition to subreddits related to the communities of interest, we also collect data on counterparts: other groups of users which we use for comparison (e.g., for YouTube we use a set of media channels). Besides measuring the similarity in the commenting user bases of these communities, we perform a migration study, calculating to which extent users in the Manosphere gradually engage with Alt-right content. Our results suggest that there is a large overlap between the user bases of the Alt-right and of the Manosphere and that members of the Manosphere have a bigger chance to engage with far right content than carefully chosen counterparts. However, our analysis also shows that migration and user base overlap varies substantially across different platforms and within the Manosphere. Members of some communities (e.g., Men's Rights Activists) gradually engage with the Alt-right significantly more than counterparts on both Reddit and YouTube, whereas for other communities, this engagement happens mostly on Reddit (e.g., Pick Up Artists). Overall, our work paints a nuanced picture of the pipeline between the Manosphere and the Alt-right, which may inform platforms' policies and moderation decisions regarding these communities.}, - archiveprefix = {arXiv}, - keywords = {Computer Science - Computers and Society}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/33R8MJF4/Mamié et al. - 2021 - Are Anti-Feminist Communities Gateways to the Far Right.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/N8VBLTAY/2102.html} -} - -@article{marwick_i_2011, - ids = {marwick_i_2011-1}, - title = {I Tweet Honestly, {{I}} Tweet Passionately: {{Twitter}} Users, Context Collapse, and the Imagined Audience}, - shorttitle = {I Tweet Honestly, {{I}} Tweet Passionately}, - author = {Marwick, A. E. and {boyd}, danah}, - year = {2011}, - month = feb, - journal = {New Media \& Society}, - volume = {13}, - number = {1}, - pages = {114--133}, - issn = {1461-4448}, - abstract = {Social media technologies collapse multiple audiences into single contexts, making it difficult for people to use the same techniques online that they do to handle multiplicity in face-to-face conversation. This article investigates how content producers navigate `imagined audiences' on Twitter. We talked with participants who have different types of followings to understand their techniques, including targeting different audiences, concealing subjects, and maintaining authenticity. Some techniques of audience management resemble the practices of `micro-celebrity' and personal branding, both strategic self-commodification. Our model of the networked audience assumes a many-to-many communication through which individuals conceptualize an imagined audience evoked through their tweets.}, - language = {en}, - keywords = {imagined audiences,qualitative,SNS}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/GHXUFS86/Marwick and boyd - 2011 - I tweet honestly, I tweet passionately Twitter us.pdf} -} - -@article{massanari_gamergate_2017, - title = {\#{{Gamergate}} and {{The Fappening}}: {{How Reddit}}'s Algorithm, Governance, and Culture Support Toxic Technocultures}, - shorttitle = {\#{{Gamergate}} and {{The Fappening}}}, - author = {Massanari, Adrienne}, - year = {2017}, - month = mar, - journal = {New Media \& Society}, - volume = {19}, - number = {3}, - pages = {329--346}, - issn = {1461-4448}, - abstract = {This article considers how the social-news and community site Reddit.com has become a hub for anti-feminist activism. Examining two recent cases of what are defined as ``toxic technocultures'' (\#Gamergate and The Fappening), this work describes how Reddit's design, algorithm, and platform politics implicitly support these kinds of cultures. In particular, this piece focuses on the ways in which Reddit's karma point system, aggregation of material across subreddits, ease of subreddit and user account creation, governance structure, and policies around offensive content serve to provide fertile ground for anti-feminist and misogynistic activism. The ways in which these events and communities reflect certain problematic aspects of geek masculinity are also considered. This research is informed by the results of a long-term participant-observation and ethnographic study into Reddit's culture and community and is grounded in actor-network theory.}, - language = {en}, - keywords = {Algorithms,design,Gamergate,gender,online communities,online harassment,platform politics,Reddit,The Fappening,toxic technocultures}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/D5W5JKQU/Massanari - 2017 - #Gamergate and The Fappening How Reddit’s algorit.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/NGCFX9JB/Massanari - 2017 - #Gamergate and The Fappening How Reddit’s algorit.pdf} -} - -@article{matias_civic_2019, - title = {The Civic Labor of Volunteer Moderators Online}, - author = {Matias, J. Nathan}, - year = {2019}, - month = apr, - journal = {Social Media + Society}, - volume = {5}, - number = {2}, - pages = {1--12}, - issn = {2056-3051, 2056-3051}, - abstract = {Volunteer moderators create, support, and control public discourse for millions of people online, even as moderators' uncompensated labor upholds platform funding models. What is the meaning of this work and who is it for? In this article, I examine the meanings of volunteer moderation on the social news platform reddit. Scholarship on volunteer moderation has viewed this work separately as digital labor for platforms, civic participation in communities, or oligarchy among other moderators. In mixed-methods research sampled from over 52,000 subreddit communities and in over a dozen interviews, I show how moderators adopt all of these frames as they develop and re-develop everyday meanings of moderation\textemdash facing the platform, their communities, and other moderators alike. I also show how this civic notion of digital labor brings clarity to a strike by moderators in July 2015. Volunteer governance remains a common approach to managing social relations, conflict, and civil liberties online. Our ability to see how communities negotiate the meaning of moderation will shape our capacity to address digital governance as a society.}, - language = {en}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/Q8BACUUZ/Matias - 2019 - The Civic Labor of Volunteer Moderators Online.pdf} -} - -@article{mcmillan_sense_1986, - title = {Sense of Community: {{A}} Definition and Theory}, - shorttitle = {Sense of Community}, - author = {McMillan, David W. and Chavis, David M.}, - year = {1986}, - journal = {Journal of Community Psychology}, - volume = {14}, - number = {1}, - pages = {6--23}, - publisher = {{John Wiley \& Sons}}, - address = {{US}}, - issn = {1520-6629(Electronic),0090-4392(Print)}, - abstract = {Proposes that a sense of community is a feeling that members have of belonging, a feeling that members matter to one another and to the group, and a shared faith that members' needs will be met through commitment to be together. The authors apply the term community equally to territorial communities (e.g., neighborhoods) and to relational communities (e.g., professional, spiritual). The proposed definition of a sense of community has 4 elements: membership, influence, integration and fulfillment of needs, and shared emotional connection. Subelements of these elements of a sense of community and how they work dynamically together to create and maintain it are described. Hypothetical examples from a university, neighborhood, youth gang, and kibbutz are presented to illustrate the interworkings of the elements of a sense of community. It is suggested that this understanding of sense of community has implications for community treatment programs for the mentally retarded and mentally ill. Where "community" means more than residency outside of an institution, strategies can be introduced to allow the therapeutic benefits of community to be developed within group homes and to provide for better integration with communities surrounding such facilities. (90 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)}, - keywords = {Communities,Community Psychology,Group Dynamics,Sense of Community,Theories}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/D5ECP4GI/1987-03834-001.html} -} - -@article{mcpherson_birds_2001, - title = {Birds of a {{Feather}}: {{Homophily}} in {{Social Networks}}}, - shorttitle = {Birds of a {{Feather}}}, - author = {McPherson, Miller and {Smith-Lovin}, Lynn and Cook, James M}, - year = {2001}, - month = aug, - journal = {Annual Review of Sociology}, - volume = {27}, - number = {1}, - pages = {415--444}, - publisher = {{Annual Reviews}}, - issn = {0360-0572}, - abstract = {Similarity breeds connection. This principle\textemdash the homophily principle\textemdash structures network ties of every type, including marriage, friendship, work, advice, support, information transfer, exchange, comembership, and other types of relationship. The result is that people's personal networks are homogeneous with regard to many sociodemographic, behavioral, and intrapersonal characteristics. Homophily limits people's social worlds in a way that has powerful implications for the information they receive, the attitudes they form, and the interactions they experience. Homophily in race and ethnicity creates the strongest divides in our personal environments, with age, religion, education, occupation, and gender following in roughly that order. Geographic propinquity, families, organizations, and isomorphic positions in social systems all create contexts in which homophilous relations form. Ties between nonsimilar individuals also dissolve at a higher rate, which sets the stage for the formation of niches (localized positions) within social space. We argue for more research on: (a) the basic ecological processes that link organizations, associations, cultural communities, social movements, and many other social forms; (b) the impact of multiplex ties on the patterns of homophily; and (c) the dynamics of network change over time through which networks and other social entities co-evolve.}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/DWSDWJ8E/McPherson et al. - 2001 - Birds of a Feather Homophily in Social Networks.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/GFG4ZCE8/annurev.soc.27.1.html} -} - -@article{mcpherson_ecology_1983, - title = {An Ecology of Affiliation}, - author = {McPherson, J. Miller}, - year = {1983}, - journal = {American Sociological Review}, - volume = {48}, - number = {4}, - pages = {519--532}, - issn = {0003-1224}, - abstract = {This paper develops an ecological model of the competition of social organizations for members. The concept of the ecological niche is quantified explicitly in a way which ties together geography, time, and the social composition of organizations. A differential equation model analogous to the Lotka-Volterra competition equations in biology captures the dynamics of the system. This dynamic model is related to the niche concept in a novel way, which produces an easily understood and powerful picture of the static and dynamic structure of the community. This new perspective provides a theoretical link between the aggregate macrostructural theory of Blau (1977a,b) and the microstructural dynamics of organizational demography (Pfeffer, 1983). The model is tested with data on organizations from a midwestern city.}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/WIDCF8XB/McPherson - 1983 - An ecology of affiliation.pdf} -} - -@article{mittell_sites_2009, - title = {Sites of Participation: {{Wiki}} Fandom and the Case of {{Lostpedia}}}, - shorttitle = {Sites of Participation}, - author = {Mittell, Jason}, - year = {2009}, - month = jul, - journal = {Transformative Works and Cultures}, - volume = {3}, - issn = {1941-2258}, - abstract = {This essay explores the award-winning fan site Lostpedia to examine how the wiki platform enables fan engagement, structures participation, and distinguishes between various forms of content, including canon, fanon, and parody. I write as a participant-observer, with extensive experience as a Lostpedia reader and editor. The article uses the "digital breadcrumbs" of wikis to trace the history of fan creativity, participation, game play, and debates within a shared site of community fan engagement. Using the Lostpedia site as a case study of fan praxis, the article highlights how issues like competing fandoms, copyright, and modes of discourse become manifest via the user-generated content of a fan wiki.} -} - -@inproceedings{morris_comparison_2010, - title = {A {{Comparison}} of {{Information Seeking Using Search Engines}} and {{Social Networks}}}, - booktitle = {Fourth {{International AAAI Conference}} on {{Weblogs}} and {{Social Media}}}, - author = {Morris, Meredith Ringel and Teevan, Jaime and Panovich, Katrina}, - year = {2010}, - month = may, - abstract = {The Web has become an important information repository; often it is the first source a person turns to with an informa-tion need. One common way to search the Web is with a search engine. However, it is not always easy for people to find what they are looking for with keyword search, and at times the desired information may not be readily available online. An alternative, facilitated by the rise of social media, is to pose a question to one\quotedblbase s online social network. In this paper, we explore the pros and cons of using a social net-working tool to fill an information need, as compared with a search engine. We describe a study in which 12 participants searched the Web while simultaneously posing a question on the same topic to their social network, and we compare the results they found by each method.}, - copyright = {Authors who publish a paper in this conference agree to the following terms: 1. Author(s) agree to transfer their copyrights in their article/paper to the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AAAI), in order to deal with future requests for reprints, translations, anthologies, reproductions, excerpts, and other publications. This grant will include, without limitation, the entire copyright in the article/paper in all countries of the world, including all renewals, extensions, and reversions thereof, whether such rights current exist or hereafter come into effect, and also the exclusive right to create electronic versions of the article/paper, to the extent that such right is not subsumed under copyright. 2. The author(s) warrants that they are the sole author and owner of the copyright in the above article/paper, except for those portions shown to be in quotations; that the article/paper is original throughout; and that the undersigned right to make the grants set forth above is complete and unencumbered. 3. The author(s) agree that if anyone brings any claim or action alleging facts that, if true, constitute a breach of any of the foregoing warranties, the author(s) will hold harmless and indemnify AAAI, their grantees, their licensees, and their distributors against any liability, whether under judgment, decree, or compromise, and any legal fees and expenses arising out of that claim or actions, and the undersigned will cooperate fully in any defense AAAI may make to such claim or action. Moreover, the undersigned agrees to cooperate in any claim or other action seeking to protect or enforce any right the undersigned has granted to AAAI in the article/paper. If any such claim or action fails because of facts that constitute a breach of any of the foregoing warranties, the undersigned agrees to reimburse whomever brings such claim or action for expenses and attorneys' fees incurred therein. 4. Author(s) retain all proprietary rights other than copyright (such as patent rights). 5. Author(s) may make personal reuse of all or portions of the above article/paper in other works of their own authorship. 6. Author(s) may reproduce, or have reproduced, their article/paper for the author's personal use, or for company use provided that AAAI copyright and the source are indicated, and that the copies are not used in a way that implies AAAI endorsement of a product or service of an employer, and that the copies per se are not offered for sale. The foregoing right shall not permit the posting of the article/paper in electronic or digital form on any computer network, except by the author or the author's employer, and then only on the author's or the employer's own web page or ftp site. Such web page or ftp site, in addition to the aforementioned requirements of this Paragraph, must provide an electronic reference or link back to the AAAI electronic server, and shall not post other AAAI copyrighted materials not of the author's or the employer's creation (including tables of contents with links to other papers) without AAAI's written permission. 7. Author(s) may make limited distribution of all or portions of their article/paper prior to publication. 8. In the case of work performed under U.S. Government contract, AAAI grants the U.S. Government royalty-free permission to reproduce all or portions of the above article/paper, and to authorize others to do so, for U.S. Government purposes. 9. In the event the above article/paper is not accepted and published by AAAI, or is withdrawn by the author(s) before acceptance by AAAI, this agreement becomes null and void.}, - language = {en}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/MS2N5Z3X/Morris et al_2010_A Comparison of Information Seeking Using Search Engines and Social Networks.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/D3C4PIU9/1518.html} -} - -@incollection{morris_what_2010, - title = {What Do People Ask Their Social Networks, and Why? A Survey Study of Status Message Q\&a Behavior}, - shorttitle = {What Do People Ask Their Social Networks, and Why?}, - booktitle = {Proceedings of the {{SIGCHI Conference}} on {{Human Factors}} in {{Computing Systems}}}, - author = {Morris, Meredith Ringel and Teevan, Jaime and Panovich, Katrina}, - year = {2010}, - month = apr, - pages = {1739--1748}, - publisher = {{Association for Computing Machinery}}, - address = {{New York, NY, USA}}, - abstract = {People often turn to their friends, families, and colleagues when they have questions. The recent, rapid rise of online social networking tools has made doing this on a large scale easy and efficient. In this paper we explore the phenomenon of using social network status messages to ask questions. We conducted a survey of 624 people, asking them to share the questions they have asked and answered of their online social networks. We present detailed data on the frequency of this type of question asking, the types of questions asked, and respondents' motivations for asking their social networks rather than using more traditional search tools like Web search engines. We report on the perceived speed and quality of the answers received, as well as what motivates people to respond to questions seen in their friends' status messages. We then discuss the implications of our findings for the design of next-generation search tools.}, - isbn = {978-1-60558-929-9}, - keywords = {q\&a,social networks,social search,web search}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/4N6C2AYW/Morris et al_2010_What do people ask their social networks, and why.pdf} -} - -@article{muhtaseb_arab_2008, - title = {Arab {{Americans}}' {{Motives}} for {{Using}} the {{Internet}} as a {{Functional Media Alternative}} and {{Their Perceptions}} of {{U}}.{{S}}. {{Public Opinion}}}, - author = {Muhtaseb, Ahlam and Frey, Lawrence R.}, - year = {2008}, - month = apr, - journal = {Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication}, - volume = {13}, - number = {3}, - pages = {618--657}, - issn = {1083-6101}, - abstract = {This exploratory study employed uses and gratifications theory to understand Arab Americans' salient motives for using the internet and whether the internet served as a functional alternative to other media to satisfy Arab Americans' information-seeking and interpersonal needs. Spiral of silence theory also was used to investigate the relationship between Arab Americans' perceptions of U.S. public opinion and their motives for using the internet. Results from an online questionnaire survey (N = 124) indicated that information seeking was the most salient motive for using the internet and that the internet did serve as a functional alternative, with a significant percentage of the internet sources used being foreign based. There was, however, no relationship between Arab Americans' perceptions of U.S. public opinion and their motives for using the internet. The findings are discussed with respect to the use of the internet by members of this marginalized cultural group.}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/5PD4EGRG/Muhtaseb and Frey - 2008 - Arab Americans’ Motives for Using the Internet as .pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/WKH4PJ7L/4582964.html} -} - -@article{nissenbaum_internet_2017, - title = {Internet Memes as Contested Cultural Capital: {{The}} Case of 4chan's /b/ Board}, - shorttitle = {Internet Memes as Contested Cultural Capital}, - author = {Nissenbaum, Asaf and Shifman, Limor}, - year = {2017}, - month = apr, - journal = {New Media \& Society}, - volume = {19}, - number = {4}, - pages = {483--501}, - publisher = {{SAGE Publications}}, - issn = {1461-4448}, - abstract = {This article explores the workings of memes as cultural capital in web-based communities. A grounded analysis of 4chan's /b/ board reveals three main formulations of memes as capital, delineating them as subcultural knowledge, unstable equilibriums, and discursive weapons. While the first formulation follows well-documented notions about subcultural knowledge as a basis for boundary work, the latter two focus on the dualities intrinsic to Internet memes. The contradiction between following conventions and supplying innovative content leads to memes' configuration as unstable equilibriums, triggering constant conflict about their ``correct'' use. Paradoxically, this struggle highlights collective identity, as it keeps shared culture at the center of discussion. Similarly, when memes are used as jabs at the most intense points of arguments, they function simultaneously as signifiers of superior authoritative status and as reminders of common affinity. Thus, the dualities underpinning memes' structure lead to their performance as contested cultural capital.}, - language = {en}, - keywords = {4chan,cultural capital,digital culture,Internet memes,web-based communities}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/5D4MWNNV/Nissenbaum and Shifman - 2017 - Internet memes as contested cultural capital The .pdf} -} - -@misc{noauthor_crowd_nodate, - title = {Crowd {{Size}}, {{Diversity}} and {{Performance}} | {{Proceedings}} of the 33rd {{Annual ACM Conference}} on {{Human Factors}} in {{Computing Systems}}}, - howpublished = {https://dl-acm-org.offcampus.lib.washington.edu/doi/10.1145/2702123.2702469} -} - -@book{north_institutions_1990-1, - title = {Institutions, {{Institutional Change}} and {{Economic Performance}}}, - author = {North, Douglass C.}, - year = {1990}, - series = {Political {{Economy}} of {{Institutions}} and {{Decisions}}}, - publisher = {{Cambridge University Press}}, - address = {{Cambridge}}, - abstract = {Continuing his groundbreaking analysis of economic structures, Douglass North develops an analytical framework for explaining the ways in which institutions and institutional change affect the performance of economies, both at a given time and over time. Institutions exist, he argues, due to the uncertainties involved in human interaction; they are the constraints devised to structure that interaction. Yet, institutions vary widely in their consequences for economic performance; some economies develop institutions that produce growth and development, while others develop institutions that produce stagnation. North first explores the nature of institutions and explains the role of transaction and production costs in their development. The second part of the book deals with institutional change. Institutions create the incentive structure in an economy, and organisations will be created to take advantage of the opportunities provided within a given institutional framework. North argues that the kinds of skills and knowledge fostered by the structure of an economy will shape the direction of change and gradually alter the institutional framework. He then explains how institutional development may lead to a path-dependent pattern of development. In the final part of the book, North explains the implications of this analysis for economic theory and economic history. He indicates how institutional analysis must be incorporated into neo-classical theory and explores the potential for the construction of a dynamic theory of long-term economic change. Douglass C. North is Director of the Center of Political Economy and Professor of Economics and History at Washington University in St. Louis. He is a past president of the Economic History Association and Western Economics Association and a Fellow, American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He has written over sixty articles for a variety of journals and is the author of The Rise of the Western World: A New Economic History (CUP, 1973, with R.P. Thomas) and Structure and Change in Economic History (Norton, 1981). Professor North is included in Great Economists Since Keynes edited by M. Blaug (CUP, 1988 paperback ed.)}, - isbn = {978-0-521-39416-1} -} - -@inproceedings{oday_orienteering_1993, - title = {Orienteering in an Information Landscape: How Information Seekers Get from Here to There}, - shorttitle = {Orienteering in an Information Landscape}, - booktitle = {Proceedings of the {{SIGCHI}} Conference on {{Human}} Factors in Computing Systems - {{CHI}} '93}, - author = {O'Day, Vicki L. and Jeffries, Robin}, - year = {1993}, - pages = {438--445}, - publisher = {{ACM Press}}, - address = {{Amsterdam, The Netherlands}}, - isbn = {978-0-89791-575-5}, - language = {en} -} - -@article{oliver_paradox_1988, - title = {The {{Paradox}} of {{Group Size}} in {{Collective Action}}: {{A Theory}} of the {{Critical Mass}}. {{II}}.}, - shorttitle = {The {{Paradox}} of {{Group Size}} in {{Collective Action}}}, - author = {Oliver, Pamela E. and Marwell, Gerald}, - year = {1988}, - journal = {American Sociological Review}, - volume = {53}, - number = {1}, - pages = {1--8}, - issn = {0003-1224}, - abstract = {Many sociologists incorrectly believe that larger groups are less likely to support collective action than smaller ones. The effect of group size, in fact, depends on costs. If the costs of collective goods rise with the number who share in them, larger groups act less frequently than smaller ones. If the costs vary little with group size, larger groups should exhibit more collective action than smaller ones because larger groups have more resources and are more likely to have a critical mass of highly interested and resourceful actors. The positive effects of group size increase with group heterogeneity and nonrandom social ties. Paradoxically, when groups are heterogeneous, fewer contributors may be needed to provide a good to larger groups, making collective action less complex and less expensive.}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/KDKQCV4I/Oliver and Marwell - 1988 - The Paradox of Group Size in Collective Action A .pdf} -} - -@book{olson_logic_1965, - title = {The Logic of Collective Action: {{Public}} Goods and the Theory of Groups}, - shorttitle = {The Logic of Collective Action}, - author = {Olson, Mancur}, - year = {1965}, - publisher = {{Harvard University Press}}, - address = {{Cambridge, MA}}, - language = {English}, - keywords = {Business \& Economics / Economics / General}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/6D295U4U/Olson - 1965 - The logic of collective action Public goods and t.pdf} -} - -@article{oreilly_work_1989, - title = {Work {{Group Demography}}, {{Social Integration}}, and {{Turnover}}}, - author = {O'Reilly, Charles A. and Caldwell, David F. and Barnett, William P.}, - year = {1989}, - journal = {Administrative Science Quarterly}, - volume = {34}, - number = {1}, - pages = {21--37}, - publisher = {{[Sage Publications, Inc., Johnson Graduate School of Management, Cornell University]}}, - issn = {0001-8392}, - abstract = {Using 20 actual work units with 79 respondents, this study explores the relationships among group demography, social integration of the group, and individual turnover. Results suggest that heterogeneity in group tenure is associated with lower levels of group social integration which, in turn, is negatively associated with individual turnover. Models of these effects using individual-level integration measures are not significant. Further, the results suggest that it is the more distant group members who are more likely to leave. Both individual-level and group-level age demography directly affect turnover and are not moderated by social integration. The findings suggest a process by which group demography affects outcomes and support the usefulness of organizational demography for understanding group and individual functioning.} -} - -@inproceedings{orlikowski_learning_1992, - title = {Learning from Notes: {{Organizational}} Issues in Groupware Implementation}, - shorttitle = {Learning from {{Notes}}}, - booktitle = {Proceedings of the 1992 {{ACM Conference}} on {{Computer}}-Supported {{Cooperative Work}}}, - author = {Orlikowski, Wanda J.}, - year = {1992}, - series = {{{CSCW}} '92}, - pages = {362--369}, - publisher = {{ACM}}, - address = {{New York, NY, USA}}, - abstract = {This paper explores the introduction of groupware into an organization to understand the changes in work practices and social interaction facilitated by the technology. The results suggest that people's mental models and organizations' structure and culture significantly influence how groupware is implemented and used. Specifically, in the absence of mental models that stressed its collaborative nature, groupwae was interpreted in terms of familiar personal, stand-alone technologies such as spreadsheets. Further, the culture and structure provided few incentives or norms for cooperating or sharing expertise, hence the groupware on its own was unlikely to engender collaboration. Recognizing the central influence of these cognitive and organizational elements is critical to developers, researchers, and practitioners of groupware.}, - isbn = {978-0-89791-542-7}, - keywords = {groupware,implementation,Lotus Notes,organizational factors,Technological Frames}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/VAHU9XE7/Orlikowski - 1992 - Learning from Notes Organizational Issues in Grou.pdf} -} - -@article{park_human_1936, - title = {Human {{Ecology}}}, - author = {Park, Robert Ezra}, - year = {1936}, - month = jul, - journal = {American Journal of Sociology}, - volume = {42}, - number = {1}, - pages = {1--15}, - issn = {0002-9602}, - abstract = {Human ecology is an attempt to apply to the interrelations of human beings a type of analysis previously applied to the interrelations of plants and animals. The term "symbiosis" describes a type of social relationship that is biotic rather than cultural. This biotic social order comes into existence and is maintained by competition. In plant and animal societies competition is unrestricted by an institutional or moral order. Human society is a consequence and effect of this limitation of the symbiotic social order by the cultural. Different social sciences are concerned with the forms which this limitation of the natural or ecological social order assumes on (1) the economic, (2) the political, and (3) the moral level.}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/CBVGR8RU/Park - 1936 - Human Ecology.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/UKMY6VUE/217327.html} -} - -@article{pfeil_cultural_2006, - ids = {pfeil_cultural_2006-1}, - title = {Cultural Differences in Collaborative Authoring of Wikipedia}, - author = {Pfeil, Ulrike and Zaphiris, Panayiotis and Ang, Chee Siang}, - year = {2006}, - journal = {Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication}, - volume = {12}, - number = {1}, - pages = {88--113}, - publisher = {{Oxford Academic}}, - issn = {1083-6101}, - abstract = {This article explores the relationship between national culture and computer-mediated communication (CMC) in Wikipedia. The articles on the topic game from the French, German, Japanese, and Dutch Wikipedia websites were studied using content analysis methods. Correlations were investigated between patterns of contributions and the four dimensions of cultural influences proposed by Hofstede (Power Distance, Collectivism versus Individualism, Femininity versus Masculinity, and Uncertainty Avoidance). The analysis revealed cultural differences in the style of contributions across the cultures investigated, some of which are correlated with the dimensions identified by Hofstede. These findings suggest that cultural differences that are observed in the physical world also exist in the virtual world.}, - language = {en}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/25UVU6KP/Pfeil et al. - 2006 - Cultural Differences in Collaborative Authoring of.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/HTBSK98G/Pfeil et al. - 2006 - Cultural differences in collaborative authoring of.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/NG42CGVS/4582988.html;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/NN9FT3QC/4582988.html} -} - -@article{poor_computer_2014, - title = {Computer Game Modders' Motivations and Sense of Community: {{A}} Mixed-Methods Approach}, - shorttitle = {Computer Game Modders' Motivations and Sense of Community}, - author = {Poor, Nathaniel}, - year = {2014}, - month = dec, - journal = {New Media \& Society}, - volume = {16}, - number = {8}, - pages = {1249--1267}, - publisher = {{SAGE Publications}}, - issn = {1461-4448}, - abstract = {Computer game modding, from modifying, combines several important issues: digital skills, play, community, making, and remixing. Yet, little academic work has explored the motivations and sense of community that modders have. This study is the first quantitative survey of game modders, and combines quantitative survey data with qualitative interview material. Findings suggest that modders are both old and young, mod more than one game or game series, have a strong sense of community, and enjoy helping others. Many respondents had contributed to other mods or had co-authored mods, and modding communities may function as online collaboratories. Although some research stresses how modders hope to get jobs in the gaming industry, overall the industry was not a motivator for most respondents.}, - language = {en}, - keywords = {Collaboration,games,modding,motivation,online community}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/SY3IWUL2/Poor - 2014 - Computer game modders’ motivations and sense of co.pdf} -} - -@article{poor_mechanisms_2005, - title = {Mechanisms of an {{Online Public Sphere}}: The {{Website Slashdot}}}, - shorttitle = {Mechanisms of an {{Online Public Sphere}}}, - author = {Poor, Nathaniel}, - year = {2005}, - month = jan, - journal = {Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication}, - volume = {10}, - number = {JCMC1028}, - issn = {1083-6101}, - abstract = {Both the theory of the public sphere and the utopian rhetoric surrounding the Internet have been a focus of scholars for some time. Given the ability of people to connect with others around the globe through the Internet, could the Internet give rise to online public spheres? If so, how would such spaces work? This article proposes that public spheres do exist on the Internet, and details how one functions. The case under study is the website Slashdot (http://slashdot.org), an online community of computer enthusiasts. The article studies the mechanisms, both normative and in code, that are vital to Slashdot's functioning, and shows how they help Slashdot function as a public sphere.}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/5V4CJ2HJ/4614448.html} -} - -@article{poteete_heterogeneity_2004, - title = {Heterogeneity, {{Group Size}} and {{Collective Action}}: {{The Role}} of {{Institutions}} in {{Forest Management}}}, - shorttitle = {Heterogeneity, {{Group Size}} and {{Collective Action}}}, - author = {Poteete, Amy R. and Ostrom, Elinor}, - year = {2004}, - journal = {Development and Change}, - volume = {35}, - number = {3}, - pages = {435--461}, - issn = {1467-7660}, - abstract = {Collective action for sustainable management among resource-dependent populations has important policy implications. Despite considerable progress in identifying factors that affect the prospects for collective action, no consensus exists about the role played by heterogeneity and size of group. The debate continues in part because of a lack of uniform conceptualization of these factors, the existence of non-linear relationships, and the mediating role played by institutions. This article draws on research by scholars in the International Forestry Resources and Institutions (IFRI) research network which demonstrates that some forms of heterogeneity do not negatively affect some forms of collective action. More importantly, IFRI research draws out the interrelations among group size, heterogeneity, and institutions. Institutions can affect the level of heterogeneity or compensate for it. Group size appears to have a non-linear relationship to at least some forms of collective action. Moreover, group size may be as much an indicator of institutional success as a precondition for such success.}, - language = {en}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/MVD6QER6/Poteete and Ostrom - 2004 - Heterogeneity, Group Size and Collective Action T.pdf} -} - -@article{ridgeway_status_1982, - title = {Status in {{Groups}}: {{The Importance}} of {{Motivation}}}, - shorttitle = {Status in {{Groups}}}, - author = {Ridgeway, Cecilia L.}, - year = {1982}, - journal = {American Sociological Review}, - volume = {47}, - number = {1}, - pages = {76--88}, - issn = {0003-1224}, - abstract = {This paper presents evidence that members' perceived motivation towards the group is an important determinant of the influence and status they attain in task-oriented groups. Following Meeker and Weitzel-O'Neill (1977) and Ridgeway (1978), it was suggested that people who enter a group with low external status characteristics (e.g., women in mixed sex groups, blacks in interracial groups) can use the communication of group-oriented motivation in combination with reasonably competent task contributions to overcome the fundamental inequality ("interaction disability") they would normally face, and achieve reasonably high levels of influence in the group. Results of an experiment using mixed and same sex groups showed that while group-oriented members are generally more influential than self-oriented ones, as predicted, the size of motivation's effect is dependent upon the member's external status characteristics. Females in male groups (low external status members) achieved fairly high influence and status when they appeared group-oriented, but very low status when self-oriented. As expected males in a female group (high external status members) achieved high influence regardless of their motivation.}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/F5GJIJMB/Ridgeway-1982-Status_in_groups.pdf} -} - -@book{ridgeway_status_2019, - title = {Status: Why Is It Everywhere? Why Does It Matter?}, - shorttitle = {Status}, - author = {Ridgeway, Cecilia L}, - year = {2019}, - abstract = {"Status is ubiquitous in modern life, yet our understanding of its role as a basic driver of inequality is surprisingly limited. In Status, sociologist and social psychologist Cecilia Ridgeway examines how this ancient and universal form of inequality influences today's ostensibly meritocratic institutions and why it matters. Ridgeway illuminates the complex ways in which status arises when people work together towards common goals, such as in classroom discussions, family decisions, or workplace deliberations. Ridgeway's research on status has important implications for our understanding of social inequality. Distinct from power or wealth, status is prized because it provides affirmation from others and affords access to valuable resources. Ridgeway demonstrates how the conferral of status inevitably leads to differing life outcomes for individuals, with impacts on pay, wealth creation, and health and wellbeing. Status beliefs are widely held views about who is better in society than others in terms of esteem, wealth, or competence. These beliefs ultimately confer advantages which can exacerbate social inequality. Ridgeway notes that status advantages based on race, gender, and class, such as the belief that white men are more competent than others because of their race and gender, have the greatest consequences for inequality by affording greater social and economic opportunities. Ridgeway argues that status beliefs make lower status groups less likely to challenge the status quo and greatly enhance higher status groups' ability to maintain their advantages in resources and access to positions of power. She illustrates how many lower status people, when given a baseline level of dignity and respect - being seen, for example, as poor but hardworking - will accept their lower status. She also shows that people remain willfully blind to status beliefs and their effects because recognizing them can lead to emotional discomfort. Acknowledging the insidious role of status in our lives would require many higher-status individuals to accept that they may not have succeeded based on their own merit; and many lower-status individuals would have to acknowledge that they may have been discriminated against. While Ridgeway notes the profound impact of status on society, she suggests that social inequality is not an inevitable consequence of our status beliefs. She shows how status beliefs can be undermined - as when we reject the idea that all racial and gender traits are fixed at birth, thus disrupting the idea that women and people of color are less competent than their male and white counterparts. Ridgeway both notes the profound impact of status on social inequality and charts a way forward that may allow it to have a less detrimental impact on our lives"--}, - isbn = {978-1-61044-889-5}, - language = {English}, - annotation = {OCLC: 1104214327}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/ZNCJF4F3/Ridgeway_2019_Status.pdf} -} - -@article{ridings_antecedents_2002, - title = {Some Antecedents and Effects of Trust in Virtual Communities}, - author = {Ridings, Catherine M and Gefen, David and Arinze, Bay}, - year = {2002}, - month = dec, - journal = {The Journal of Strategic Information Systems}, - volume = {11}, - number = {3}, - pages = {271--295}, - issn = {0963-8687}, - abstract = {This study explores several downstream effects of trust in virtual communities and the antecedents of trust in this unique type of environment. The data, applying an existing scale to measure two dimensions of trust (ability and benevolence/integrity), show that trust had a downstream effect on members' intentions to both give information and get information through the virtual community. Both these apparent dimensions of trust were increased through perceived responsive relationships in the virtual community, by a general disposition to trust, and by the belief that others confide personal information.}, - language = {en}, - keywords = {Perceived responsiveness,Trust,Virtual communities}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/KLVEHLMR/S0963868702000215.html} -} - -@article{ridings_virtual_2004, - ids = {ridings_virtual_2004-1}, - title = {Virtual {{Community Attraction}}: {{Why People Hang}} out {{Online}}}, - shorttitle = {Virtual {{Community Attraction}}}, - author = {Ridings, Catherine M. and Gefen, David}, - year = {2004}, - month = nov, - journal = {Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication}, - volume = {10}, - number = {1}, - abstract = {Abstract. Understanding the attraction of virtual communities is crucial to organizations that want to tap into their enormous information potential. Existing}, - language = {en}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/D64A3U6W/4614455.html;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/NFKKWKZN/4614455.html} -} - -@incollection{robert_crowd_2015, - title = {Crowd {{Size}}, {{Diversity}} and {{Performance}}}, - booktitle = {Proceedings of the 33rd {{Annual ACM Conference}} on {{Human Factors}} in {{Computing Systems}}}, - author = {Robert, Lionel and Romero, Daniel M.}, - year = {2015}, - month = apr, - pages = {1379--1382}, - publisher = {{Association for Computing Machinery}}, - address = {{New York, NY, USA}}, - abstract = {Crowds are increasingly being adopted to solve complex problems. Size and diversity are two key characteristics of crowds; however their relationship to performance is often paradoxical. To better understand the effects of crowd size and diversity on crowd performance we conducted a study on the quality of 4,317 articles in the WikiProject Film community. The results of our study suggest that crowd size leads to better performance when crowds are more diverse. However, there is a break-even point -- smaller, less diverse crowds can outperform more diverse crowds of similar size. Our results offer new insights into the effects of size and diversity on the performance of crowds.}, - isbn = {978-1-4503-3145-6}, - keywords = {diversity,performance,team size,wikipedia}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/KVVXJ4WP/Robert and Romero - 2015 - Crowd Size, Diversity and Performance.pdf} -} - -@article{ruef_structure_2003, - title = {The {{Structure}} of {{Founding Teams}}: {{Homophily}}, {{Strong Ties}}, and {{Isolation}} among {{U}}.{{S}}. {{Entrepreneurs}}}, - shorttitle = {The {{Structure}} of {{Founding Teams}}}, - author = {Ruef, Martin and Aldrich, Howard E. and Carter, Nancy M.}, - year = {2003}, - journal = {American Sociological Review}, - volume = {68}, - number = {2}, - pages = {195--222}, - issn = {0003-1224}, - abstract = {The mechanisms governing the composition of formal social groups (e.g., task groups, organizational founding teams) remain poorly understood, owing to (1) a lack of representative sampling from groups found in the general population, (2) a "success" bias among researchers that leads them to consider only those groups that actually emerge and survive, and (3) a restrictive focus on some theorized mechanisms of group composition (e.g., homophily) to the exclusion of others. These shortcomings are addressed by analyzing a unique, representative data set of organizational founding teams sampled from the U.S. population. Rather than simply considering the properties of those founding teams that are empirically observed, a novel quantitative methodology generates the distribution of all possible teams, based on combinations of individual and relational characteristics. This methodology permits the exploration of five mechanisms of group composition--those based on homophily, functionality, status expectations, network constraint, and ecological constraint. Findings suggest that homophily and network constraints based on strong ties have the most pronounced effect on group composition. Social isolation (i.e., exclusion from a group) is more likely to occur as a result of ecological constraints on the availability of similar alters in a locality than as a result of status-varying membership choices.} -} - -@inproceedings{rusak_properties_2014, - title = {The Properties of {{Twitter}} Network Communications among Teenagers}, - booktitle = {Proceedings of the Companion Publication of the 17th {{ACM}} Conference on {{Computer}} Supported Cooperative Work \& Social Computing}, - author = {Rusak, Gili}, - year = {2014}, - month = feb, - series = {{{CSCW Companion}} '14}, - pages = {233--236}, - publisher = {{Association for Computing Machinery}}, - address = {{New York, NY, USA}}, - abstract = {We study, quantitatively, for the first time, the traits of Twitter teenager networks. The results are compared with general population users, and show that teenagers behave uniquely. Teens tend to follow more users and increase friendships over time. They tend to friend individuals online who they already know offline. Teenagers also use Twitter as a news media and form supportive and dense communities. These results shed new light on the attributes of teenage communities. We can then utilize these ideas to find solutions to emerging problems involving the massive use of social media. For example, Twitter can be used as a positive tool for the prevention of bad habits among teens.}, - isbn = {978-1-4503-2541-7}, - keywords = {social networks,teenagers,twitter}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/S9RPN7JX/Rusak - 2014 - The properties of Twitter network communications a.pdf} -} - -@article{schoener_resource_1974, - title = {Resource {{Partitioning}} in {{Ecological Communities}}}, - author = {Schoener, Thomas W.}, - year = {1974}, - journal = {Science}, - volume = {185}, - number = {4145}, - pages = {27--39}, - issn = {0036-8075}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/R86IDGJN/1738612.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/U4UCJ2BT/Schoener - 1974 - Resource Partitioning in Ecological Communities.pdf} -} - -@article{seering_metaphors_2020, - ids = {seering_metaphors_2020-1}, - title = {Metaphors in Moderation}, - author = {Seering, Joseph and Kaufman, Geoff and Chancellor, Stevie}, - year = {2020}, - month = oct, - journal = {New Media \& Society}, - pages = {1461444820964968}, - publisher = {{SAGE Publications}}, - issn = {1461-4448}, - abstract = {Volunteer content moderators are essential to the social media ecosystem through the roles they play in managing and supporting online social spaces. Recent work has described moderation primarily as a functional process of actions that moderators take, such as making rules, removing content, and banning users. However, the nuanced ways in which volunteer moderators envision their roles within their communities remain understudied. Informed by insights gained from 79 interviews with volunteer moderators from three platforms, we present a conceptual map of the territory of social roles in volunteer moderation, which identifies five categories with 22 metaphorical variants that reveal moderators' implicit values and the heuristics that help them make decisions. These metaphors more clearly enunciate the roles volunteer moderators play in the broader social media content moderation apparatus and can drive purposeful engagement with volunteer moderators to better support the ways they guide and shape their communities.}, - language = {en}, - keywords = {Facebook,governance,metaphors,moderation,online communities,platforms,Reddit,Twitch}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/6NR5XPIH/Seering et al. - 2020 - Metaphors in moderation.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/FY8YDBFH/Seering et al. - 2020 - Metaphors in moderation.pdf} -} - -@article{seering_moderator_2019, - title = {Moderator Engagement and Community Development in the Age of Algorithms}, - author = {Seering, Joseph and Wang, Tony and Yoon, Jina and Kaufman, Geoff}, - year = {2019}, - month = jan, - journal = {New Media \& Society}, - pages = {1461444818821316}, - issn = {1461-4448}, - abstract = {Online communities provide a forum for rich social interaction and identity development for billions of Internet users worldwide. In order to manage these communities, platform owners have increasingly turned to commercial content moderation, which includes both the use of moderation algorithms and the employment of professional moderators, rather than user-driven moderation, to detect and respond to anti-normative behaviors such as harassment and spread of offensive content. We present findings from semi-structured interviews with 56 volunteer moderators of online communities across three platforms (Twitch, Reddit, and Facebook), from which we derived a generalized model categorizing the ways moderators engage with their communities and explaining how these communities develop as a result. This model contains three processes: being and becoming a moderator; moderation tasks, actions, and responses; and rules and community development. In this work, we describe how moderators contribute to the development of meaningful communities, both with and without algorithmic support.}, - language = {en}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/U8QLP3DK/Seering et al. - 2019 - Moderator engagement and community development in .pdf} -} - -@inproceedings{sengupta_what_2019, - title = {What Are {{Academic Subreddits Talking About}}? {{A Comparative Analysis}} of r/Academia and r/Gradschool}, - shorttitle = {What Are {{Academic Subreddits Talking About}}?}, - booktitle = {Conference {{Companion Publication}} of the 2019 on {{Computer Supported Cooperative Work}} and {{Social Computing}}}, - author = {Sengupta, Subhasree}, - year = {2019}, - month = nov, - series = {{{CSCW}} '19}, - pages = {357--361}, - publisher = {{Association for Computing Machinery}}, - address = {{Austin, TX, USA}}, - abstract = {Graduate school and academia can often be challenging and hard to navigate. This work explores how people are using Reddit to reach out to others in academic subreddits to talk about issues one might face in their academic journey. We also explore how such discussion differs between subreddits by comparing two popularly used academic subreddits: r/gradschool and r/academia. For each subreddit, we investigated 300 posts and 500 comments. Using topic modelling, we identify and distinguish the main emergent types of posts and comments we find in these two subreddits. We find that posts in r/academia center more on the challenging aspects of academia such as plagiarism, working in academia, and mental health, whereas r/gradschool posts deal with more generic issues on graduate school life. However, we find that the way the community reacts and provides support via comments is similar in both subreddits, mostly by providing moral support and solidarity.}, - isbn = {978-1-4503-6692-2}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/K4K3HITN/Sengupta - 2019 - What are Academic Subreddits Talking About A Comp.pdf} -} - -@inproceedings{sharma_studying_2015, - title = {Studying and {{Modeling}} the {{Connection}} between {{People}}'s {{Preferences}} and {{Content Sharing}}}, - booktitle = {Proceedings of the 18th {{ACM Conference}} on {{Computer Supported Cooperative Work}} \& {{Social Computing}}}, - author = {Sharma, Amit and Cosley, Dan}, - year = {2015}, - month = feb, - series = {{{CSCW}} '15}, - pages = {1246--1257}, - publisher = {{Association for Computing Machinery}}, - address = {{New York, NY, USA}}, - abstract = {People regularly share items using online social media. However, people's decisions around sharing---who shares what to whom and why---are not well understood. We present a user study involving 87 pairs of Facebook users to understand how people make their sharing decisions. We find that even when sharing to a specific individual, people's own preference for an item (individuation) dominates over the recipient's preferences (altruism). People's open-ended responses about how they share, however, indicate that they do try to personalize shares based on the recipient. To explain these contrasting results, we propose a novel process model of sharing that takes into account people's preferences and the salience of an item. We also present encouraging results for a sharing prediction model that incorporates both the senders' and the recipients' preferences. These results suggest improvements to both algorithms that support sharing in social media and to information diffusion models.}, - isbn = {978-1-4503-2922-4}, - keywords = {directed sharing,information diffusion,sharing process,user preferences}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/V4LGES2Z/Sharma and Cosley - 2015 - Studying and Modeling the Connection between Peopl.pdf} -} - -@incollection{shaw_communication_1964, - title = {Communication {{Networks}}}, - booktitle = {Advances in {{Experimental Social Psychology}}}, - author = {Shaw, Marvin E.}, - editor = {Berkowitz, Leonard}, - year = {1964}, - volume = {1}, - pages = {111--147}, - publisher = {{Academic Press}}, - abstract = {The communication network imposed on the group influences its problem-solving efficiency, communication activity, organizational development, and member satisfaction. This chapter provides an overview of the communication networks, methodology employed in the research on communication networks and considers some of the structural properties of these networks, and outlines the major findings of experimental investigations of the effects of networks on group process. The major network difference is between centralized and decentralized networks. The direction and magnitude of the effects are modified by the following variables: kind of task, noise, information distribution, member personality, reinforcement, and the kind of prior experience the members have had in networks. The variable having the most pronounced effect is the kind of task the group must perform. Centralized networks are generally more efficient when the task requires merely the collection of information in one place, and decentralized networks are more efficient when further operations must be performed on the information before the task can be completed. The experiments discussed in the chapter, presents a great deal about the effects of communication networks, but the precise nature of many of the relationships among variables still remains unclear, and needs much clarification, such as network characteristics, kind of task, and group composition. The communication network studies have provided a great deal of information regarding structural effects upon group behavior. However, much more remains to be done.}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/ZTWM2MSC/Shaw - 1964 - Communication Networks.pdf} -} - -@article{shaw_laboratories_2014, - title = {Laboratories of Oligarchy? {{How}} the Iron Law Extends to Peer Production}, - shorttitle = {Laboratories of {{Oligarchy}}?}, - author = {Shaw, Aaron and Hill, Benjamin Mako}, - year = {2014}, - journal = {Journal of Communication}, - volume = {64}, - number = {2}, - pages = {215--238}, - issn = {1460-2466}, - abstract = {Peer production projects like Wikipedia have inspired voluntary associations, collectives, social movements, and scholars to embrace open online collaboration as a model of democratic organization. However, many peer production projects exhibit entrenched leadership and deep inequalities, suggesting that they may not fulfill democratic ideals. Instead, peer production projects may conform to Robert Michels' ``iron law of oligarchy,'' which proposes that democratic membership organizations become increasingly oligarchic as they grow. Using exhaustive data of internal processes from a sample of 683 wikis, we construct empirical measures of participation and test for increases in oligarchy associated with growth in wikis' contributor bases. In contrast to previous studies, we find support for Michels' iron law and conclude that peer production entails oligarchic organizational forms.}, - language = {en}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/GIII687R/Shaw and Hill - 2014 - Laboratories of oligarchy How the iron law extend.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/W3846GC6/full.html} -} - -@article{simpson_status_2012, - title = {Status {{Hierarchies}} and the {{Organization}} of {{Collective Action}}}, - author = {Simpson, Brent and Willer, Robb and Ridgeway, Cecilia L.}, - year = {2012}, - month = sep, - journal = {Sociological Theory}, - volume = {30}, - number = {3}, - pages = {149--166}, - issn = {0735-2751, 1467-9558}, - abstract = {Most work on collective action assumes that group members are undifferentiated by status, or standing, in the group. Yet such undifferentiated groups are rare, if they exist at all. Here we extend an existing sociological research program to address how extant status hierarchies help organize collective actions by coordinating how much and when group members should contribute to group efforts. We outline three theoretically derived predictions of how status hierarchies organize patterns of behavior to produce larger public goods.We review existing evidence relevant to two of the three hypotheses and present results from a preliminary experimental test of the third. Findings are consistent with the model.The tendency of these dynamics to lead status-differentiated groups to produce larger public goods may help explain the ubiquity of hierarchy in groups, despite the often negative effects of status inequalities for many group members.}, - language = {en}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/WVT6KAAY/Simpson et al. - 2012 - Status Hierarchies and the Organization of Collect.pdf} -} - -@article{sobre-denton_virtual_2016, - title = {Virtual Intercultural Bridgework: {{Social}} Media, Virtual Cosmopolitanism, and Activist Community-Building}, - shorttitle = {Virtual Intercultural Bridgework}, - author = {{Sobr{\'e}-Denton}, Miriam}, - year = {2016}, - month = sep, - journal = {New Media \& Society}, - volume = {18}, - number = {8}, - pages = {1715--1731}, - publisher = {{SAGE Publications}}, - issn = {1461-4448}, - abstract = {Social media facilitates a global\textendash local orientation to the world that allows individuals to engage in virtual community-building and participate in communication to build global citizenship. This research situates virtual cosmopolitanism in the age of new media and globalization, describing it as a means for trans-local and transnational community-building for social justice movements and activism, including community liaison-building across corporeal borders and boundaries. New media as a site of imagined communities that become larger than their component parts is then analyzed through examining several virtual cosmopolitan communities. The essay concludes with assumptions about the qualities of virtual cosmopolitan communities, and recommendations for how they can facilitate intercultural liaisons for social justice activism and community-building across difference.}, - language = {en}, - keywords = {Community-building,cosmopolitan solidarity,online activism,social justice,social media,virtual cosmopolitanism}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/Z5D3VAMN/Sobré-Denton - 2016 - Virtual intercultural bridgework Social media, vi.pdf} -} - -@inproceedings{soliman_characterization_2019, - title = {A {{Characterization}} of {{Political Communities}} on {{Reddit}}}, - booktitle = {Proceedings of the 30th {{ACM Conference}} on {{Hypertext}} and {{Social Media}}}, - author = {Soliman, Ahmed and Hafer, Jan and Lemmerich, Florian}, - year = {2019}, - month = sep, - series = {{{HT}} '19}, - pages = {259--263}, - publisher = {{Association for Computing Machinery}}, - address = {{Hof, Germany}}, - abstract = {The social news aggregator Reddit is among the most popular websites on the internet. Many online users use the platform to anonymously share and discuss (mostly US-centric) political content. In this ongoing work, we perform a comparative large-scale analysis of political subcommunities (subreddits) on Reddit using a dataset of more than 100 million posts from around 5 million users. In particular, we investigate these communities with respect to (1) the content posted, (2) their relationships to other subreddits, and (3) the distribution of attention received in these subcommunities. We find that left-leaning communities use derogatory language less often than right-leaning communities, but are more focused on news sources reflecting their own political leaning. We also observe that right-leaning communities are more interconnected with right-leaning subreddits on European politics. Finally, the attention of individual submissions (as measured by their number of up-votes or comments received) is spread more evenly in right-leaning communities.The social news aggregator Reddit is among the most popular websites on the internet. Many online users use the platform to anonymously share and discuss (mostly US-centric) political content. In this ongoing work, we perform a comparative large-scale analysis of political subcommunities (subreddits) on Reddit using a dataset of more than 100 million posts from around 5 million users. In particular, we investigate these communities with respect to (1) the content posted, (2) their relationships to other subreddits, and (3) the distribution of attention received in these subcommunities. We find that left-leaning communities use derogatory language less often than right-leaning communities, but are more focused on news sources reflecting their own political leaning. We also observe that right-leaning communities are more interconnected with right-leaning subreddits on European politics. Finally, the attention of individual submissions (as measured by their number of up-votes or comments received) is spread more evenly in right-leaning communities.}, - isbn = {978-1-4503-6885-8}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/R2YM5F8X/Soliman et al. - 2019 - A Characterization of Political Communities on Red.pdf} -} - -@inproceedings{starbird_crowd_2012, - title = {Crowd Computation: Organizing Information during Mass Disruption Events}, - shorttitle = {Crowd Computation}, - booktitle = {Proceedings of the {{ACM}} 2012 Conference on {{Computer Supported Cooperative Work Companion}}}, - author = {Starbird, Kate}, - year = {2012}, - series = {{{CSCW}} '12}, - pages = {339--342}, - publisher = {{ACM}}, - address = {{New York, NY, USA}}, - abstract = {This research examines large-scale human interaction occurring through social media during times of mass disruption, seeking to understand how the connected crowd acts to organize a flood of data moving through those platforms into useful information resources. The work combines empirical analysis of social media communication, interviews, and participant observation to explore how people work to organize information and how they use social media platforms to organize themselves to do this work. Synthesizing findings from four distinct, yet interrelated studies, this research progresses towards a new conceptualization of the distributed, connected work of organizing information during mass disruption events.}, - isbn = {978-1-4503-1051-2} -} - -@article{swaminathan_resource_2001, - title = {Resource Partitioning and the Evolution of Specialist Organizations: {{The}} Role of Location and Identity in the {{U}}.{{S}}. Wine Industry}, - shorttitle = {Resource {{Partitioning}} and the {{Evolution}} of {{Specialist Organizations}}}, - author = {Swaminathan, Anand}, - year = {2001}, - month = dec, - journal = {Academy of Management Journal}, - volume = {44}, - number = {6}, - pages = {1169--1185}, - issn = {0001-4273, 1948-0989}, - abstract = {Analyses of founding and mortality rates of specialist organizations in the U.S. wine industry over the period 1941-90 support Carroll's (1985) location-based resource-partitioning model\textemdash crowding of generalists in the market center creates opportunities for specialists. Further, specialists are adversely affected when they violate their organizational form's identity characteristics and also when generalists can assume a robust identity allowing them to operate in both specialist and generalist industry segments. The results suggest a prominent role for an organizational form's identity in resource partitioning.}, - language = {en}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/HSF2S5JM/1169.html} -} - -@inproceedings{tan_all_2015, - title = {All Who Wander: {{On}} the Prevalence and Characteristics of Multi-Community Engagement}, - shorttitle = {All Who Wander}, - booktitle = {Proceedings of the 24th {{International Conference}} on {{World Wide Web}}}, - author = {Tan, Chenhao and Lee, Lillian}, - year = {2015}, - series = {{{WWW}} '15}, - pages = {1056--1066}, - publisher = {{International World Wide Web Conferences Steering Committee}}, - address = {{Republic and Canton of Geneva, Switzerland}}, - abstract = {Although analyzing user behavior within individual communities is an active and rich research domain, people usually interact with multiple communities both on- and off-line. How do users act in such multi-community environments? Although there are a host of intriguing aspects to this question, it has received much less attention in the research community in comparison to the intra-community case. In this paper, we examine three aspects of multi-community engagement: the sequence of communities that users post to, the language that users employ in those communities, and the feedback that users receive, using longitudinal posting behavior on Reddit as our main data source, and DBLP for auxiliary experiments. We also demonstrate the effectiveness of features drawn from these aspects in predicting users' future level of activity. One might expect that a user's trajectory mimics the "settling-down" process in real life: an initial exploration of sub-communities before settling down into a few niches. However, we find that the users in our data continually post in new communities; moreover, as time goes on, they post increasingly evenly among a more diverse set of smaller communities. Interestingly, it seems that users that eventually leave the community are "destined" to do so from the very beginning, in the sense of showing significantly different "wandering" patterns very early on in their trajectories; this finding has potentially important design implications for community maintainers. Our multi-community perspective also allows us to investigate the "situation vs. personality" debate from language usage across different communities.}, - isbn = {978-1-4503-3469-3}, - keywords = {DBLP,language,lifecycle,multiple communities,reddit}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/8GL2XQG3/Tan and Lee - 2015 - All Who Wander On the Prevalence and Characterist.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/J3RVCH26/Tan and Lee - 2015 - All Who Wander On the Prevalence and Characterist.pdf} -} - -@inproceedings{tan_tracing_2018, - title = {Tracing Community Genealogy: How New Communities Emerge from the Old}, - shorttitle = {Tracing {{Community Genealogy}}}, - booktitle = {Proceedings of the {{Twelfth International Conference}} on {{Web}} and {{Social Media}} ({{ICWSM}} '18)}, - author = {Tan, Chenhao}, - year = {2018}, - pages = {395--404}, - publisher = {{AAAI}}, - address = {{Palo Alto, California}}, - abstract = {The process by which new communities emerge is a central research issue in the social sciences. While a growing body of research analyzes the formation of a single community by examining social networks between individuals, we introduce a novel community-centered perspective. We highlight the fact that the context in which a new community emerges contains numerous existing communities. We reveal the emerging process of communities by tracing their early members' previous community memberships.}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/QEAEMFYR/Tan - 2018 - Tracing Community Genealogy How New Communities E.pdf} -} - -@article{tausczik_impact_2019, - title = {The Impact of Group Size on the Discovery of Hidden Profiles in Online Discussion Groups}, - author = {Tausczik, Yla and Huang, Xiaoyun}, - year = {2019}, - month = nov, - journal = {ACM Transactions on Social Computing}, - volume = {2}, - number = {3}, - pages = {10:1--10:25}, - issn = {2469-7818}, - abstract = {Online discussions help individuals to gather knowledge and make important decisions in diverse areas from health and finance to computing and data science. Online discussion groups exhibit unique group dynamics not found in traditional small groups, such as staggered participation and asynchronous communication, and the effects of these features on knowledge sharing is not well understood. In this article, we focus on one such aspect: wide variation in group size. Using a controlled experiment with a hidden profile task, we evaluate online discussion groups' capacity to share distributed knowledge when group size ranges from 4 to 32 participants. We found that individuals in medium-sized discussions performed the best, and we suggest that this represents a tradeoff in which larger groups tend to share more facts, but have more difficulty than smaller groups at resolving misunderstandings.}, - keywords = {collective information processing,collective intelligence,Hidden profile,knowledge sharing,online forums}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/FNSPR8FH/Tausczik_Huang_2019_The Impact of Group Size on the Discovery of Hidden Profiles in Online.pdf} -} - -@inproceedings{teblunthuis_density_2017, - title = {Density Dependence without Resource Partitioning: Population Ecology on {{Change}}.Org}, - shorttitle = {Density {{Dependence Without Resource Partitioning}}}, - booktitle = {Companion of the 2017 {{ACM Conference}} on {{Computer Supported Cooperative Work}} and {{Social Computing}}}, - author = {TeBlunthuis, Nathan and Shaw, Aaron and Hill, Benjamin Mako}, - year = {2017}, - series = {{{CSCW}} '17 {{Companion}}}, - pages = {323--326}, - publisher = {{ACM}}, - address = {{New York, NY, USA}}, - abstract = {E-petitioning is a prominent form of Internet-based collective action. We apply theories from organizational population ecology to investigate whether similar petitions compete for signatures. We use latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) topic modeling to identify topical niches. Using these niches, we test two theories from population ecology on 442,109 Change.org petitions. First, we find evidence for density dependence, an inverse-U-shaped relationship between the density of a petition's niche and the number of signatures the petition obtains. This suggests e-petitioning is competitive and that e-petitions draw on overlapping resource pools. Second, although resource partitioning theory predicts that topically specialized petitions will obtain more signatures in concentrated populations, we find no evidence of this. This suggests that specialists struggle to avoid competition with generalists.}, - isbn = {978-1-4503-4688-7}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/54585RCP/TeBlunthuis et al. - 2017 - Density dependence without resource partitioning .pdf} -} - -@article{teblunthuis_identifying_2021, - ids = {teblunthuis_community_2021,teblunthuis_community_2021-1,teblunthuis_identifying_2021-1}, - title = {Identifying {{Competition}} and {{Mutualism Between Online Groups}}}, - author = {TeBlunthuis, Nathan and Hill, Benjamin Mako}, - year = {2021}, - month = jul, - journal = {arXiv:2107.06970 [cs]}, - eprint = {2107.06970}, - eprinttype = {arxiv}, - primaryclass = {cs}, - abstract = {Platforms often host multiple online groups with highly overlapping topics and members. How can researchers and designers understand how interactions between related groups affect measures of group health? Inspired by population ecology, prior social computing research has studied competition and mutualism among related groups by correlating group size with degrees of overlap in content and membership. The resulting body of evidence is puzzling as overlaps seem sometimes to help and other times to hurt. We suggest that this confusion results from aggregating inter-group relationships into an overall environmental effect instead of focusing on networks of competition and mutualism among groups. We propose a theoretical framework based on community ecology and a method for inferring competitive and mutualistic interactions from time series participation data. We compare population and community ecology analyses of online community growth by analyzing clusters of subreddits with high user overlap but varying degrees of competition and mutualism.}, - archiveprefix = {arXiv}, - keywords = {Computer Science - Human-Computer Interaction,Computer Science - Social and Information Networks}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/3NW96WBR/TeBlunthuis_Hill_2021_Identifying Competition and Mutualism Between Online Groups.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/XRLZFVHD/TeBlunthuis_Hill_2021_Identifying Competition and Mutualism Between Online Groups.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/ZTDDJ9KW/TeBlunthuis and Hill - 2018 - A Community Ecology Approach for Identifying Compe.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/MJH368X5/2107.html;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/VK77YHAC/2107.html} -} - -@inproceedings{teblunthuis_revisiting_2018, - title = {Revisiting "{{The}} Rise and Decline" in a Population of Peer Production Projects}, - booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2018 {{CHI Conference}} on {{Human Factors}} in {{Computing Systems}} ({{CHI}} '18)}, - author = {TeBlunthuis, Nathan and Shaw, Aaron and Hill, Benjamin Mako}, - year = {2018}, - pages = {355:1--355:7}, - publisher = {{ACM}}, - address = {{New York, NY}}, - abstract = {Do patterns of growth and stabilization found in large peer production systems such as Wikipedia occur in other communities? This study assesses the generalizability of Halfaker et al.'s influential 2013 paper on "The Rise and Decline of an Open Collaboration System." We replicate its tests of several theories related to newcomer retention and norm entrenchment using a dataset of hundreds of active peer production wikis from Wikia. We reproduce the subset of the findings from Halfaker and colleagues that we are able to test, comparing both the estimated signs and magnitudes of our models. Our results support the external validity of Halfaker et al.'s claims that quality control systems may limit the growth of peer production communities by deterring new contributors and that norms tend to become entrenched over time.}, - isbn = {978-1-4503-5620-6}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/7YEVSVQM/TeBlunthuis et al. - 2018 - Revisiting The Rise and Decline in a Population .pdf} -} - -@article{triggs_context_2019, - ids = {triggs_context_2021}, - title = {Context Collapse and Anonymity among Queer {{Reddit}} Users}, - author = {Triggs, Anthony Henry and M{\o}ller, Kristian and Neumayer, Christina}, - year = {2019}, - month = nov, - journal = {New Media \& Society}, - volume = {23}, - number = {1}, - pages = {5--21}, - publisher = {{SAGE Publications}}, - issn = {1461-4448, 1461-7315}, - abstract = {This article maps out how people in queer communities on Reddit navigate context collapse. Drawing upon data from interviews with queer Reddit users and insights from other studies of context collapse in digital media, we argue that context collapse also occurs in anonymity-based social media. The interviews reveal queer Reddit users' practices of context differentiation, occurring at four levels: somatic, system, inter-platform and intra-platform. We use these levels to map out how lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer or questioning (LGBTQ) people express their identities and find community on Reddit while seeking to minimize the risks imposed by multiple impending context collapses. Because living an authentic queer life can make subjects vulnerable, we find that despite Reddit's anonymity, sophisticated practices of context differentiation are developed and maintained. We argue that context collapse in an era of big data and social media platforms operates beyond the control of any one user, which causes problems, particularly for queer people.}, - language = {en}, - keywords = {Anonymity,bisexual,context collapse,gay,lesbian,Reddit,risk,transgender and queer or questioning}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/LSEXQYFM/Triggs et al. - 2021 - Context collapse and anonymity among queer Reddit .pdf} -} - -@article{tufekci_not_2013-1, - title = {"{{Not}} This One": Social Movements, the Attention Economy, and Microcelebrity Networked Activism}, - shorttitle = {" {{Not}} This One": Social Movements, the Attention Economy, and Microcelebrity Networked Activism}, - author = {Tufekci, Zeynep}, - year = {2013}, - journal = {American Behavioral Scientist}, - pages = {0002764213479369}, - issn = {0002-7642}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/URM9ESR8/Tufekci_2013_ Not This One.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/ZBQFHXMF/Tufekci_2013_ Not This One.pdf} -} - -@article{turner_where_2005, - title = {Where the {{Counterculture Met}} the {{New Economy}}: {{The WELL}} and the {{Origins}} of {{Virtual Community}}}, - shorttitle = {Where the {{Counterculture Met}} the {{New Economy}}}, - author = {Turner, Fred}, - year = {2005}, - journal = {Technology and Culture}, - volume = {46}, - number = {3}, - pages = {485--512}, - issn = {1097-3729}, - abstract = {In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content: Technology and Culture 46.3 (2005) 485-512 The WELL and the Origins of Virtual Community Fred Turner In 1993, freelance journalist Howard Rheingold published The Virtual Community: Homesteading on the Electronic Frontier and with it defined a new form of technologically enabled social life: virtual community. For the last eight years, he explained, he had been dialing in to a San Francisco Bay\textendash area bulletin-board system (BBS) known as the Whole Earth 'Lectronic Link, or the WELL. In the WELL's text-only environment, he conversed with friends and colleagues, met new people, and over time built up relationships of startling intimacy. For Rheingold, these relationships formed an emotional bulwark against the loneliness of a highly technologized material world. As he explained, computer networks like the WELL allowed us "to recapture the sense of cooperative spirit that so many people seemed to lose when we gained all this technology." In the disembodied precincts of cyberspace, we could connect with one another practically and emotionally and "rediscover the power of cooperation, turning cooperation into a game, a way of life\textemdash a merger of knowledge capital, social capital, and communion." In the years since Rheingold's book appeared, the Internet and the Worldwide Web have swung into public view, and both the WELL and Rheingold's notion of virtual community have become touchstones for studies of the social implications of computer networking. Yet, despite the WELL's prominence, few have rigorously explored its roots in the American counterculture of the 1960s. As its name suggests, the Whole Earth 'Lectronic Link took shape within a network of individuals and publications that first came together long before the advent of ubiquitous computer networking, with the publication of the Whole Earth Catalog. In the spring of 1968, Stewart Brand, a former Merry Prankster and coproducer of the Trips Festival that helped spark the Haight-Ashbury psychedelic scene, noticed that many of his friends had begun to leave the city for the wilds of New Mexico and Northern California. As sociologists and journalists would soon explain, these migrants marked the leading edge of what would become the largest wave of communalization in American history. Brand had just inherited a hundred thousand dollars in stock and, as he recalled several years later, imagining his friends "starting their own civilization hither and yon in the sticks" got him thinking about the L.L.Bean catalog. This in turn led him to fantasize something he called the "Access Mobile" that would offer "all manner of access materials and advice for sale cheap," including books, camping gear, blueprints for houses and machines, and subscriptions to magazines. The publication that grew out of that fantasy would quickly become one of the defining documents of the American counterculture. Sized somewhere between a tabloid newspaper and a glossy magazine, the sixty-one-page first Whole Earth Catalog presented reviews of hand tools, books, and magazines arrayed in seven thematic categories: understanding whole systems, shelter and land use, industry and craft, communications, community, nomadics, and learning. Over the next four years, in a series of biannual issues, the Catalog ballooned to more than four hundred pages, sold more than a million-and-a-half copies, won a National Book Award, and spawned dozens of imitators. It also established a relationship between information technology, economic activity, and alternative forms of community that would outlast the counterculture itself and become a key feature of the digital world. Like other members of the counterculture, those who headed back to the land suffered a deep ambivalence toward technology. On the one hand, like their counterparts on the New Left they saw the large-scale weapons technologies of the cold war and the organizations that produced them as emblems of a malevolent and ubiquitous technological bureaucracy. On the other, as they played their stereos and dropped LSD many came to believe that small-scale technologies could help bring about an alternative to that world. Dancing at the Trips Festival or simply sitting around getting high with friends, many experienced a sense of spiritual interconnection. By the late 1960s, social theorists such as Charles Reich and Theodore Roszak had begun to argue that this interconnection could become the...} -} - -@inproceedings{vasilescu_how_2014, - ids = {vasilescu_how_2014-1}, - title = {How Social {{Q}}\&{{A}} Sites Are Changing Knowledge Sharing in Open Source Software Communities}, - booktitle = {Proceedings of the 17th {{ACM}} Conference on {{Computer}} Supported Cooperative Work \& Social Computing - {{CSCW}} '14}, - author = {Vasilescu, Bogdan and Serebrenik, Alexander and Devanbu, Prem and Filkov, Vladimir}, - year = {2014}, - pages = {342--354}, - publisher = {{ACM Press}}, - address = {{Baltimore, Maryland, USA}}, - abstract = {Historically, mailing lists have been the preferred means for coordinating development and user support activities. With the emergence and popularity growth of social Q\&A sites such as the StackExchange network (e.g., StackOverflow), this is beginning to change. Such sites offer different sociotechnical incentives to their participants than mailing lists do, e.g., rich web environments to store and manage content collaboratively, or a place to showcase their knowledge and expertise more vividly to peers or potential recruiters. A key difference between StackExchange and mailing lists is gamification, i.e., StackExchange participants compete to obtain reputation points and badges. In this paper, we use a case study of R (a widely-used tool for data analysis) to investigate how mailing list participation has evolved since the launch of StackExchange. Our main contribution is the assembly of a joint data set from the two sources, in which participants in both the r-help mailing list and StackExchange are identifiable. This permits their activities to be linked across the two resources and also over time. With this data set we found that user support activities show a strong shift away from r-help. In particular, mailing list experts are migrating to StackExchange, where their behaviour is different. First, participants active both on r-help and on StackExchange are more active than those who focus exclusively on only one of the two. Second, they provide faster answers on StackExchange than on r-help, suggesting they are motivated by the gamified environment. To our knowledge, our study is the first to directly chart the changes in behaviour of specific contributors as they migrate into gamified environments, and has important implications for knowledge management in software engineering.}, - isbn = {978-1-4503-2540-0}, - language = {en}, - keywords = {crowdsourced knowledge,gamification.,mailing lists,open source,social q\&a}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/6DLS9FTI/Vasilescu et al. - 2014 - How social Q&\;A sites are changing knowledge sh.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/MNHPJRT3/Vasilescu et al. - 2014 - How social Q&A sites are changing knowledge sharin.pdf} -} - -@book{verhoef_community_2010, - title = {Community Ecology: Processes, Models, and Applications}, - shorttitle = {Community Ecology}, - author = {Verhoef, Herman A and Morin, Peter J}, - year = {2010}, - publisher = {{Oxford University Press}}, - address = {{Oxford}}, - isbn = {978-0-19-922897-3 978-0-19-922898-0}, - language = {English}, - annotation = {OCLC: 876676566} -} - -@book{von_hippel_democratizing_2006, - title = {Democratizing Innovation}, - author = {{von Hippel}, Eric}, - year = {2006}, - publisher = {{The MIT Press}}, - abstract = {Innovation is rapidly becoming democratized. Users, aided by improvements in computer and communications technology, increasingly can develop their own new products and services. These innovating users\textemdash both individuals and firms\textemdash often freely share their innovations with others, creating user-innovation communities and a rich intellectual commons. In Democratizing Innovation, Eric von Hippel looks closely at this emerging system of user-centered innovation. He explains why and when users find it profitable to develop new products and services for themselves, and why it often pays users to reveal their innovations freely for the use of all.The trend toward democratized innovation can be seen in software and information products\textemdash most notably in the free and open-source software movement\textemdash but also in physical products. Von Hippel's many examples of user innovation in action range from surgical equipment to surfboards to software security features. He shows that product and service development is concentrated among "lead users," who are ahead on marketplace trends and whose innovations are often commercially attractive. Von Hippel argues that manufacturers should redesign their innovation processes and that they should systematically seek out innovations developed by users. He points to businesses\textemdash the custom semiconductor industry is one example\textemdash that have learned to assist user-innovators by providing them with toolkits for developing new products. User innovation has a positive impact on social welfare, and von Hippel proposes that government policies, including R\&D subsidies and tax credits, should be realigned to eliminate biases against it. The goal of a democratized user-centered innovation system, says von Hippel, is well worth striving for.}, - copyright = {http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0}, - isbn = {978-0-262-72047-2 978-0-262-00274-5}, - language = {en}, - keywords = {innovation,org theory}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/ZK5N3JLA/search.html} -} - -@book{von_hippel_free_2016, - title = {Free Innovation}, - author = {{von Hippel}, Eric}, - year = {2016}, - month = nov, - edition = {1 edition}, - publisher = {{The MIT Press}}, - address = {{Cambridge, MA}}, - abstract = {A leading innovation scholar explains the growing phenomenon and impact of free innovation, in which innovations developed by consumers and given away ``for free.''In this book, Eric von Hippel, author of the influential Democratizing Innovation, integrates new theory and research findings into the framework of a ``free innovation paradigm.'' Free innovation, as he defines it, involves innovations developed by consumers who are self-rewarded for their efforts, and who give their designs away ``for free.'' It is an inherently simple grassroots innovation process, unencumbered by compensated transactions and intellectual property rights.Free innovation is already widespread in national economies and is steadily increasing in both scale and scope. Today, tens of millions of consumers are collectively spending tens of billions of dollars annually on innovation development. However, because free innovations are developed during consumers' unpaid, discretionary time and are given away rather than sold, their collective impact and value have until very recently been hidden from view. This has caused researchers, governments, and firms to focus too much on the Schumpeterian idea of innovation as a producer-dominated activity. Free innovation has both advantages and drawbacks. Because free innovators are self-rewarded by such factors as personal utility, learning, and fun, they often pioneer new areas before producers see commercial potential. At the same time, because they give away their innovations, free innovators generally have very little incentive to invest in diffusing what they create, which reduces the social value of their efforts. The best solution, von Hippel and his colleagues argue, is a division of labor between free innovators and producers, enabling each to do what they do best. The result will be both increased producer profits and increased social welfare\rule{1em}{1pt}a gain for all.}, - isbn = {978-0-262-03521-7}, - language = {English} -} - -@article{von_hippel_sticky_1994, - title = {"{{Sticky}} Information" and the Locus of Problem Solving: Implications for Innovation}, - shorttitle = {"{{Sticky Information}}" and the {{Locus}} of {{Problem Solving}}}, - author = {{von Hippel}, Eric}, - year = {1994}, - journal = {Management Science}, - volume = {40}, - number = {4}, - pages = {429--439}, - issn = {0025-1909}, - abstract = {To solve a problem, needed information and problem-solving capabilities must be brought together. Often the information used in technical problem solving is costly to acquire, transfer, and use in a new location---is, in our terms, "sticky." In this paper we explore the impact of information stickiness on the locus of innovation-related problem solving. We find, first, that when sticky information needed by problem solvers is held at one site only, problem solving will be carried out at that locus, other things being equal. Second, when more than one locus of sticky information is called upon by problem solvers, the locus of problem solving may iterate among these sites as problem solving proceeds. When the costs of such iteration are high, then, third, problems that draw upon multiple sites of sticky information will sometimes be "task partitioned" into subproblems that each draw on only one such locus, and/or, fourth, investments will be made to reduce the stickiness of information at some locations. Information stickiness appears to affect a number of issues of importance to researchers and practitioners. Among these are patterns in the diffusion of information, the specialization of firms, the locus of innovation, and the nature of problems selected by problem solvers.}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/VJT3KFVS/von Hippel - 1994 - Sticky information and the locus of problem solv.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/N5WSWBCN/v_3a40_3ay_3a1994_3ai_3a4_3ap_3a429-439.html} -} - -@inproceedings{waller_generalists_2019, - title = {Generalists and {{Specialists}}: {{Using Community Embeddings}} to {{Quantify Activity Diversity}} in {{Online Platforms}}}, - shorttitle = {Generalists and {{Specialists}}}, - booktitle = {The {{World Wide Web Conference}} on - {{WWW}} '19}, - author = {Waller, Isaac and Anderson, Ashton}, - year = {2019}, - pages = {1954--1964}, - publisher = {{ACM Press}}, - address = {{San Francisco, CA, USA}}, - abstract = {In many online platforms, people must choose how broadly to allocate their energy. Should one concentrate on a narrow area of focus, and become a specialist, or apply oneself more broadly, and become a generalist? In this work, we propose a principled measure of how generalist or specialist a user is, and study behavior in online platforms through this lens. To do this, we construct highly accurate community embeddings that represent communities in a high-dimensional space. We develop sets of community analogies and use them to optimize our embeddings so that they encode community relationships extremely well. Based on these embeddings, we introduce a natural measure of activity diversity, the GS-score. Applying our embedding-based measure to online platforms, we observe a broad spectrum of user activity styles, from extreme specialists to extreme generalists, in both community membership on Reddit and programming contributions on GitHub. We find that activity diversity is related to many important phenomena of user behavior. For example, specialists are much more likely to stay in communities they contribute to, but generalists are much more likely to remain on platforms as a whole. We also find that generalists engage with significantly more diverse sets of users than specialists do. Furthermore, our methodology leads to a simple algorithm for community recommendation, matching state-of-theart methods like collaborative filtering. Our methods and results introduce an important new dimension of online user behavior and shed light on many aspects of online platform use.}, - isbn = {978-1-4503-6674-8}, - language = {en}, - keywords = {activity diversity,community embeddings,community recommendation,generalist and specialists}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/5F77953J/Waller and Anderson - 2019 - Generalists and Specialists Using Community Embed.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/PK32L55Y/Waller and Anderson - 2019 - Generalists and Specialists Using Community Embed.pdf} -} - -@article{wang_impact_2012, - ids = {wang_impact_2013}, - title = {The Impact of Membership Overlap on Growth: {{An}} Ecological Competition View of Online Groups}, - shorttitle = {The Impact of Membership Overlap on Growth}, - author = {Wang, Xiaoqing and Butler, Brian S. and Ren, Yuqing}, - year = {2012}, - month = jun, - journal = {Organization Science}, - volume = {24}, - number = {2}, - pages = {414--431}, - publisher = {{INFORMS}}, - issn = {1047-7039}, - abstract = {The dominant narrative of the Internet has been one of unconstrained growth, abundance, and plenitude. It is in this context that new forms of organizing, such as online groups, have emerged. However, the same factors that underlie the utopian narrative of Internet life also give rise to numerous online groups, many of which fail to attract participants or to provide significant value. This suggests that despite the potential transformative nature of modern information technology, issues of scarcity, competition, and context may remain critical to the performance and functioning of online groups. In this paper, we draw from organizational ecology theories to develop an ecological view of online groups to explain how overlapping membership among online groups causes intergroup competition for member attention and affects a group's ability to grow. Hypotheses regarding the effects of group size, age, and membership overlap on growth are proposed and tested with data from a 64-month, longitudinal sample of 240 online discussion groups. The analysis shows that sharing members with other groups reduced future growth rates, suggesting that membership overlap puts competitive pressure on online groups. Our results also suggest that, compared with smaller and younger groups, larger and older groups experience greater difficulty in growing their membership. In addition, larger groups were more vulnerable to competitive pressure than smaller groups: larger groups experienced greater difficulty in growing their membership than smaller groups as competition intensified. Overall, our findings show how an abundance of opportunities afforded by technologies can create scarcity in user time and effort, which increases competitive pressure on online groups. Our ecological view extends organizational ecology theory to new organizational forms online and highlights the importance of studying the competitive environment of online groups.}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/3WI37Y9S/Wang et al. - 2013 - The Impact of Membership Overlap on Growth An Eco.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/D7GAZURV/Wang et al. - 2012 - The Impact of Membership Overlap on Growth An Eco.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/EQSW25XD/Wang et al. - 2012 - The impact of membership overlap on growth An eco.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/8QDPVTSM/orsc.1120.html;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/IK6SB3L8/orsc.1120.html} -} - -@inproceedings{wang_searching_2012, - ids = {wang_searching_2012-1}, - title = {Searching for the Goldilocks Zone: Trade-Offs in Managing Online Volunteer Groups}, - shorttitle = {Searching for the Goldilocks Zone}, - booktitle = {Proceedings of the {{ACM}} 2012 Conference on {{Computer Supported Cooperative Work}}}, - author = {Wang, Loxley Sijia and Chen, Jilin and Ren, Yuqing and Riedl, John}, - year = {2012}, - series = {{{CSCW}} '12}, - pages = {989--998}, - publisher = {{ACM}}, - address = {{New York, NY, USA}}, - abstract = {Dedicated and productive members who actively contribute to community efforts are crucial to the success of online volunteer groups such as Wikipedia. What predicts member productivity? Do productive members stay longer? How does involvement in multiple projects affect member contribution to the community? In this paper, we analyze data from 648 WikiProjects to address these questions. Our results reveal two critical trade-offs in managing online volunteer groups. First, factors that increase member productivity, measured by the number of edits on Wikipedia articles, also increase likelihood of withdrawal from contributing, perhaps due to feelings of mission accomplished or burnout. Second, individual membership in multiple projects has mixed effects. It decreases the amount of work editors contribute to both the individual projects and Wikipedia as a whole. It increases withdrawal for each individual project yet reduces withdrawal from Wikipedia. We discuss how our findings expand existing theories to fit the online context and inform the design of new tools to improve online volunteer work.}, - isbn = {978-1-4503-1086-4}, - keywords = {online volunteer group,productivity,trade-off,wikipedia,withdrawal}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/7CKH7QT7/Wang et al. - 2012 - Searching for the goldilocks zone trade-offs in m.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/R8ALMDFI/Wang et al. - 2012 - Searching for the goldilocks zone trade-offs in m.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/Z28IT3FH/Wang et al. - 2012 - Searching for the goldilocks zone trade-offs in m.pdf} -} - -@incollection{white_effects_2011, - title = {Effects of Community Size and Contact Rate in Synchronous Social Q\&a}, - booktitle = {Proceedings of the {{SIGCHI Conference}} on {{Human Factors}} in {{Computing Systems}}}, - author = {White, Ryen W. and Richardson, Matthew and Liu, Yandong}, - year = {2011}, - month = may, - pages = {2837--2846}, - publisher = {{Association for Computing Machinery}}, - address = {{New York, NY, USA}}, - abstract = {Social question-and-answer (Q\&A) involves the location of answers to questions through communication with people. Social Q\&A systems, such as mailing lists and Web forums are popular, but their asynchronous nature can lead to high answer latency. Synchronous Q\&A systems facilitate real-time dialog, usually via instant messaging, but face challenges with interruption costs and the availability of knowledgeable answerers at question time. We ran a longitudinal study of a synchronous social Q\&A system to investigate the effects of the rate with which potential answerers were contacted (trading off time-to-answer against interruption cost) and community size (varying total number of members). We found important differences in subjective and objective measures of system performance with these variations. Our findings help us understand the costs and benefits of varying contact rate and community size in synchronous social Q\&A, and inform system design for social Q\&A.}, - isbn = {978-1-4503-0228-9}, - keywords = {community size,contact rate,synchronous social q\&a}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/YTF5HY6W/White et al. - 2011 - Effects of community size and contact rate in sync.pdf} -} - -@article{wu_estimating_2019, - title = {Estimating {{Attention Flow}} in {{Online Video Networks}}}, - author = {Wu, Siqi and Rizoiu, Marian-Andrei and Xie, Lexing}, - year = {2019}, - month = nov, - journal = {Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction}, - volume = {3}, - number = {CSCW}, - pages = {183:1--183:25}, - abstract = {Online videos have shown tremendous increase in Internet traffic. Most video hosting sites implement recommender systems, which connect the videos into a directed network and conceptually act as a source of pathways for users to navigate. At present, little is known about how human attention is allocated over such large-scale networks, and about the impacts of the recommender systems. In this paper, we first construct the Vevo network -- a YouTube video network with 60,740 music videos interconnected by the recommendation links, and we collect their associated viewing dynamics. This results in a total of 310 million views every day over a period of 9 weeks. Next, we present large-scale measurements that connect the structure of the recommendation network and the video attention dynamics. We use the bow-tie structure to characterize the Vevo network and we find that its core component (23.1\% of the videos), which occupies most of the attention (82.6\% of the views), is made out of videos that are mainly recommended among themselves. This is indicative of the links between video recommendation and the inequality of attention allocation. Finally, we address the task of estimating the attention flow in the video recommendation network. We propose a model that accounts for the network effects for predicting video popularity, and we show it consistently outperforms the baselines. This model also identifies a group of artists gaining attention because of the recommendation network. Altogether, our observations and our models provide a new set of tools to better understand the impacts of recommender systems on collective social attention.}, - keywords = {empirical measurement,network effects,online attention,popularity prediction,recommender system,youtube}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/QEZJWR7U/Wu et al_2019_Estimating Attention Flow in Online Video Networks.pdf} -} - -@article{xigen_li_factors_2011, - title = {Factors Influencing the Willingness to Contribute Information to Online Communities}, - author = {{Xigen Li}}, - year = {2011}, - month = mar, - journal = {New Media \& Society}, - volume = {13}, - number = {2}, - pages = {279--296}, - issn = {1461-4448, 1461-7315}, - abstract = {This study examines the factors that influence the willingness to contribute information to online communities from the perspectives of the discretionary database and expectancy theory. The study identified four groups of variables and tested their predictive value on the willingness to contribute information to online communities. The findings confirmed the effect of the perceived value of contributing and the likelihood of getting a reward for the willingness to contribute. Cost of contribution was not a significant predictor of the willingness to contribute information. Benefit from, and interest in, the community were significant predictors, but community affinity was not. Among the four groups of variables, social approval was the strongest predictor of the willingness to contribute.}, - language = {en} -} - -@article{xu_evolution_2021, - title = {Evolution of Audience Duplication Networks among Social Networking Sites: {{Exploring}} the Influences of Preferential Attachment, Audience Size, and Niche Width}, - shorttitle = {Evolution of Audience Duplication Networks among Social Networking Sites}, - author = {Xu, Yu}, - year = {2021}, - month = feb, - journal = {New Media \& Society}, - pages = {1461444821993048}, - publisher = {{SAGE Publications}}, - issn = {1461-4448}, - abstract = {This study examines the evolution of social networking sites (SNSs) from a networked audience duplication perspective. Guided by social network theory, the theory of double jeopardy, and niche theory, this study proposes an integrated framework to explain the evolution of SNS choices of the US audience between 2016 and 2019. Shared traffic data were retrieved from comScore's Media Metrix Multi-Platform database. The empirical results of the separable temporal exponential random graph model (STERGM) confirm that preferential attachment, audience size, and niche width significantly drive the likelihood of tie formation and dissolution in the evolving audience duplication network. These effects hold true even when other endogenous structural features and exogenous nodal attributes are taken into account. Theoretical implications for the networked media landscape are discussed.}, - language = {en}, - keywords = {Audience duplication,evolution,network analysis,organizational ecology,social media}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/94TAHIW3/Xu - 2021 - Evolution of audience duplication networks among s.pdf} -} - -@article{zhang_configuring_2020, - title = {Configuring {{Audiences}}: {{A Case Study}} of {{Email Communication}}}, - shorttitle = {Configuring {{Audiences}}}, - author = {Zhang, Justine and Pennebaker, James and Dumais, Susan and Horvitz, Eric}, - year = {2020}, - month = may, - journal = {Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction}, - volume = {4}, - number = {CSCW1}, - pages = {062:1--062:26}, - abstract = {When people communicate with each other, their choice of what to say is tied to their perceptions of the audience. For many communication channels, people have some ability to explicitly specify their audience members and the different roles they can play. While existing accounts of communication behavior have largely focused on how people tailor the content of their messages, we focus on the configuring of the audience as a complementary family of decisions in communication. We formulate a general description of audience configuration choices, highlighting key aspects of the audience that people could configure to reflect a range of communicative goals. We then illustrate these ideas via a case study of email usage-a realistic domain where audience configuration choices are particularly fine-grained and explicit in how email senders fill the To and Cc address fields. In a large collection of enterprise emails, we explore how people configure their audiences, finding salient patterns relating a sender's choice of configuration to the types of participants in the email exchange, the content of the message, and the nature of the subsequent interactions. Our formulation and findings show how analyzing audience configurations can enrich and extend existing accounts of communication behavior, and frame research directions on audience configuration decisions in communication and collaboration.}, - keywords = {audience,email,social interaction} -} - -@article{zhang_group_2011, - title = {Group Size and Incentives to Contribute: A Natural Experiment at Chinese Wikipedia}, - shorttitle = {Group Size and Incentives to Contribute}, - author = {Zhang, Xiaoquan (Michael) and Zhu, Feng}, - year = {2011}, - month = jun, - journal = {American Economic Review}, - volume = {101}, - number = {4}, - pages = {1601--1615}, - issn = {0002-8282}, - abstract = {The literature on the private provision of public goods suggests an inverse relationship between incentives to contribute and group size. We find, however, that after an exogenous reduction of group size at Chinese Wikipedia, the nonblocked contributors decrease their contributions by 42.8 percent on average. We attribute the cause to social effects: contributors receive social benefits that increase with both the amount of their contributions and group size, and the shrinking group size weakens these social benefits. Consistent with our explanation, we find that the more contributors value social benefits, the more they reduce their contributions after the block. (JEL H41, L17, L82)}, - language = {en}, - keywords = {Media,Public Goods; Open Source Products and Markets; Entertainment}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/63JBCUER/Zhang and Zhu - 2011 - Group Size and Incentives to Contribute A Natural.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/BWMQ96PV/articles.html} -} - -@article{zhang_understanding_2021, - title = {Understanding the {{Diverging User Trajectories}} in {{Highly}}-{{Related Online Communities During}} the {{Covid}}-19 {{Pandemic}}}, - author = {Zhang, Jason Shuo and Keegan, Brian and Lv, Qin and Tan, Chenhao}, - year = {2021}, - journal = {Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media}, - volume = {5}, - eprint = {2006.04816}, - eprinttype = {arxiv}, - pages = {12}, - abstract = {As the COVID-19 pandemic is disrupting life worldwide, related online communities are popping up. In particular, two ``new'' communities, /r/China flu and /r/Coronavirus, emerged on Reddit and have been dedicated to COVIDrelated discussions from the very beginning of this pandemic. With /r/Coronavirus promoted as the official community on Reddit, it remains an open question how users choose between these two highly-related communities. In this paper, we characterize user trajectories in these two communities from the beginning of COVID-19 to the end of September 2020. We show that new users of /r/China flu and /r/Coronavirus were similar from January to March. After that, their differences steadily increase, evidenced by both language distance and membership prediction, as the pandemic continues to unfold. Furthermore, users who started at /r/China flu from January to March were more likely to leave, while those who started in later months tend to remain highly ``loyal''. To understand this difference, we develop a movement analysis framework to understand membership changes in these two communities and identify a significant proportion of /r/China flu members (around 50\%) that moved to /r/Coronavirus in February. This movement turns out to be highly predictable based on other subreddits that users were previously active in. Our work demonstrates how two highly related communities emerge and develop their own identity in a crisis, and highlights the important role of existing communities in understanding such an emergence.}, - archiveprefix = {arXiv}, - language = {en}, - keywords = {Computer Science - Computers and Society,Computer Science - Social and Information Networks}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/3HZBRY3S/Zhang et al. - Understanding the Diverging User Trajectories in H.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/V3QR9ASE/Zhang et al. - 2021 - Understanding the Diverging User Trajectories in H.pdf} -} - -@incollection{zhao_social_2016, - title = {The {{Social Media Ecology}}: {{User Perceptions}}, {{Strategies}} and {{Challenges}}}, - shorttitle = {The {{Social Media Ecology}}}, - booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2016 {{CHI Conference}} on {{Human Factors}} in {{Computing Systems}}}, - author = {Zhao, Xuan and Lampe, Cliff and Ellison, Nicole B.}, - year = {2016}, - month = may, - pages = {89--100}, - publisher = {{Association for Computing Machinery}}, - address = {{New York, NY, USA}}, - abstract = {Many existing studies of social media focus on only one platform, but the reality of users' lived experiences is that most users incorporate multiple platforms into their communication practices in order to access the people and networks they desire to influence. In order to better understand how people make sharing decisions across multiple sites, we asked our participants (N=29) to categorize all modes of communication they used, with the goal of surfacing their mental models about managing sharing across platforms. Our interview data suggest that people simultaneously consider "audience" and "content" when sharing and these needs sometimes compete with one another; that they have the strong desire to both maintain boundaries between platforms as well as allowing content and audience to permeate across these boundaries; and that they strive to stabilize their own communication ecosystem yet need to respond to changes necessitated by the emergence of new tools, practices, and contacts. We unpack the implications of these tensions and suggest future design possibilities.}, - isbn = {978-1-4503-3362-7}, - keywords = {boundary management,content sharing,media ecology,social media}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/44Z9658S/Zhao et al_2016_The Social Media Ecology.pdf} -} - -@inproceedings{zhu_impact_2014, - title = {The Impact of Membership Overlap on the Survival of Online Communities}, - booktitle = {Proceedings of the {{SIGCHI Conference}} on {{Human Factors}} in {{Computing Systems}}}, - author = {Zhu, Haiyi and Kraut, Robert E. and Kittur, Aniket}, - year = {2014}, - month = apr, - series = {{{CHI}} '14}, - pages = {281--290}, - publisher = {{Association for Computing Machinery}}, - address = {{New York, NY, USA}}, - abstract = {If the people belong to multiple online communities, their joint membership can influence the survival of each of the communities to which they belong. Communities with many joint memberships may struggle to get enough of their members' time and attention, but find it easy to import best practices from other communities. In this paper, we study the effects of membership overlap on the survival of online communities. By analyzing the historical data of 5673 Wikia communities, we find that higher levels of membership overlap are positively associated with higher survival rates of online communities. Furthermore, we find that it is beneficial for young communities to have shared members who play a central role in other mature communities. Our contributions are two-fold. Theoretically, by examining the impact of membership overlap on the survival of online communities we identified an important mechanism underlying the success of online communities. Practically, our findings may guide community creators on how to effectively manage their members, and tool designers on how to support this task.}, - isbn = {978-1-4503-2473-1}, - keywords = {membership overlap,online communities,survival analysis}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/GV2D7ZKS/Zhu et al. - 2014 - The Impact of Membership Overlap on the Survival o.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/IY4RTSGD/Zhu et al. - 2014 - The impact of membership overlap on the survival o.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/JZE5JGAZ/Zhu et al. - 2014 - The impact of membership overlap on the survival o.pdf} -} - -@inproceedings{zhu_selecting_2014, - title = {Selecting an Effective Niche: {{An}} Ecological View of the Success of Online Communities}, - shorttitle = {Selecting an Effective Niche}, - booktitle = {Proceedings of the {{SIGCHI Conference}} on {{Human Factors}} in {{Computing Systems}}}, - author = {Zhu, Haiyi and Chen, Jilin and Matthews, Tara and Pal, Aditya and Badenes, Hernan and Kraut, Robert E.}, - year = {2014}, - series = {{{CHI}} '14}, - pages = {301--310}, - publisher = {{ACM}}, - address = {{New York, NY, USA}}, - abstract = {Online communities serve various important functions, but many fail to thrive. Research on community success has traditionally focused on internal factors. In contrast, we take an ecological view to understand how the success of a community is influenced by other communities. We measured a community's relationship with other communities - its "niche" - through four dimensions: topic overlap, shared members, content linking, and shared offline organizational affiliation. We used a mixed-method approach, combining the quantitative analysis of 9495 online enterprise communities and interviews with community members. Our results show that too little or too much overlap in topic with other communities causes a community's activity to suffer. We also show that this main result is moderated in predictable ways by whether the community shares members with, links to content in, or shares an organizational affiliation with other communities. These findings provide new insight on community success, guiding online community designers on how to effectively position their community in relation to others.}, - isbn = {978-1-4503-2473-1}, - keywords = {online communities,success,topic overlap,workplace}, - file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/FNS9RSWC/Zhu et al. - 2014 - Selecting an Effective Niche An Ecological View o.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/KIHWVKUQ/Zhu et al. - 2014 - Selecting an effective niche an ecological view o.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/RFMX2CBJ/Zhu et al. - 2014 - Selecting an effective niche an ecological view o.pdf} -} - - diff --git a/irb_uw/omnibus_interview-20220420/CDSC_UW_IRB_Protocol-FINAL.docx b/irb_uw/omnibus_interview-20220420/CDSC_UW_IRB_Protocol-FINAL.docx new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f886915 Binary files /dev/null and b/irb_uw/omnibus_interview-20220420/CDSC_UW_IRB_Protocol-FINAL.docx differ diff --git a/irb_uw/omnibus_interview-20220420/CDSC_UW_IRB_Protocol.docx 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latexmk -f -pdf -c *.tex + rm -f *.tmp + + # the following lines are useful for Rnw/knitr + # rm -rf cache/ figure/ + # rm -f *.tex + +viewpdf: all + evince *.pdf + +spell: + aspell -c -t --tex-check-comments -b text.tex + +vc: + vc-git +.PHONY: clean all refs.bib +.PRECIOUS: %.tex diff --git a/planning_documents/rad_revisited_wikia_2018/mako-mem.sty b/planning_documents/rad_revisited_wikia_2018/mako-mem.sty new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d8f9fd7 --- /dev/null +++ b/planning_documents/rad_revisited_wikia_2018/mako-mem.sty @@ -0,0 +1,232 @@ +% Some article styles and page layout tweaks for the LaTeX Memoir class. +% +% Copyright 2009 Benjamin Mako Hill +% Copyright 2008-2009 Kieran Healy + +% Distributed as free software under the GNU GPL v3 + +% This file is heavily based on one by Kieran Healy +% available here: http://github.com/kjhealy/latex-custom-kjh/ + +\usepackage{lastpage} + +% blank footnote +% Use \symbolfootnote[0]{Footnote text} for a blank footnote. +% Useful for initial acknowledgment note. +\long\def\symbolfootnote[#1]#2{\begingroup% +\def\thefootnote{\fnsymbol{footnote}}\footnote[#1]{#2}\endgroup} + +% put a period after the section numbers +\setsecnumformat{\csname the#1\endcsname.\enspace} + +% >> article-1 << +\makechapterstyle{article-1}{ + \renewcommand{\rmdefault}{ugm} + \renewcommand{\sfdefault}{phv} + + \setsecheadstyle{\large\scshape} + \setsubsecheadstyle{\normalsize\itshape} + \renewcommand{\printchaptername}{} + \renewcommand{\chapternamenum}{} + \renewcommand{\chapnumfont}{\chaptitlefont} + \renewcommand{\printchapternum}{\chapnumfont \thechapter\space} + \renewcommand{\afterchapternum}{} + \renewcommand{\printchaptername}{\secheadstyle} + \renewcommand{\cftchapterfont}{\normalfont} + \renewcommand{\cftchapterpagefont}{\normalfont\scshape} + \renewcommand{\cftchapterpresnum}{\scshape} + \captiontitlefont{\small} + + % turn off chapter numbering + \counterwithout{section}{chapter} + \counterwithout{figure}{chapter} + \counterwithout{table}{chapter} + + % reduce skip after section heading + \setaftersecskip{1.2ex} + + \pretitle{\newline\centering \LARGE\scshape \MakeLowercase } + \posttitle{\par\vskip 1em} + \predate{\footnotesize \centering} + \postdate{\par\vskip 1em} + + % 'abstract' title, bigger skip from title + \renewcommand{\abstractname}{} + \abstractrunin + +% set name of bibliography to 'references' +\renewcommand{\bibname}{References} +} + +% >> article-2 << +\makechapterstyle{article-2}{ + \renewcommand{\rmdefault}{ugm} + \renewcommand{\sfdefault}{phv} + + \setsecheadstyle{\large\scshape} + \setsubsecheadstyle{\normalsize\itshape} + \setaftersubsubsecskip{-1em} + \setsubsubsecheadstyle{\bfseries} + \renewcommand{\printchaptername}{} + \renewcommand{\chapternamenum}{} + \renewcommand{\chapnumfont}{\chaptitlefont} + \renewcommand{\printchapternum}{\chapnumfont \thechapter\space} + \renewcommand{\afterchapternum}{} + \renewcommand{\printchaptername}{\secheadstyle} + \renewcommand{\cftchapterfont}{\normalfont} + \renewcommand{\cftchapterpagefont}{\normalfont\scshape} + \renewcommand{\cftchapterpresnum}{\scshape} + \captiontitlefont{\small} + + % turn off chapter numbering + \counterwithout{section}{chapter} + \counterwithout{figure}{chapter} + \counterwithout{table}{chapter} + + % supress chapter numbers + \maxsecnumdepth{chapter} + \setsecnumdepth{chapter} + + % for numbered sections and subsections: + % (a) comment out the above stanza; (b) uncomment the one below + % \maxsecnumdepth{subsection} + % \setsecnumdepth{subsection} + + % reduce skip after section heading + \setaftersecskip{1.7ex} + + % Title flush left + \pretitle{\flushleft\LARGE \itshape} + \posttitle{\par\vskip 0.5em} + \preauthor{\flushleft \large \lineskip 1em} + \postauthor{\par\lineskip 1em} + \predate{\flushleft\footnotesize\vspace{0.65em}} + \postdate{\par\vskip 1em} + + % 'abstract' title, bigger skip from title + \renewcommand{\abstractname}{Abstract:} + \renewcommand{\abstractnamefont}{\normalfont\small\bfseries} + \renewcommand{\abstracttextfont}{\normalfont\small} + \setlength{\absparindent}{0em} + \setlength{\abstitleskip}{-1.5em} + \abstractrunin + + % set name of bibliography to 'references' + \renewcommand{\bibname}{References} +} + + +% >> article-3 << +\makechapterstyle{article-3}{ + \renewcommand{\rmdefault}{ugm} + \renewcommand{\sfdefault}{phv} + + \setsecheadstyle{\large\sffamily\bfseries\MakeUppercase} + \setsubsecheadstyle{\normalsize\itshape} + \setaftersubsubsecskip{-1em} + \setsubsubsecheadstyle{\small\bfseries} + \renewcommand{\printchaptername}{} + \renewcommand{\chapternamenum}{} + \renewcommand{\chapnumfont}{\chaptitlefont} + \renewcommand{\printchapternum}{\chapnumfont \thechapter\space} + \renewcommand{\afterchapternum}{} + \renewcommand{\printchaptername}{\secheadstyle} + \renewcommand{\cftchapterfont}{\normalfont} + \renewcommand{\cftchapterpagefont}{\normalfont\scshape} + \renewcommand{\cftchapterpresnum}{\scshape} + \captiontitlefont{\small} + + % turn off chapter numbering + \counterwithout{section}{chapter} + \counterwithout{figure}{chapter} + \counterwithout{table}{chapter} + + % supress chapter numbers + \maxsecnumdepth{chapter} + \setsecnumdepth{chapter} + + % reduce skip after section heading + \setaftersecskip{1pt} + \setbeforesecskip{-1em} + + % 'abstract' title, bigger skip from title + % \renewcommand{\maketitle}{\{\preauthor \theauthor\} \hfill \thetitle} + \renewcommand{\maketitle}{ + {\Large\sffamily\bfseries\MakeUppercase\thetitle} \hfill + {\Large\sffamily\MakeUppercase\theauthor} + \vskip 0.7em} + \renewcommand{\abstractname}{\normalfont\scriptsize\noindent} + \renewcommand{\abstracttextfont}{\normalfont\scriptsize} + \abstractrunin + + % set name of bibliography to 'references' + \renewcommand{\bibname}{References} + + \parindent 0pt + +} + +%%% Custom styles for headers and footers +%%% Basic +\makepagestyle{mako-mem} +%\makeevenfoot{mako-mem}{\thepage}{}{} +%\makeoddfoot{mako-mem}{}{}{\thepage} +%\makeheadrule{mako-mem}{\textwidth}{\normalrulethickness} +\newcommand{\@makomarks}{% + \let\@mkboth\markboth + \def\chaptermark##1{% + \markboth{% + \ifnum \c@secnumdepth >\m@ne + \if@mainmatter + \thechapter. \ % + \fi + \fi + ##1}{}} + \def\sectionmark##1{% + \markright{##1}} +} +\makepsmarks{mako-mem}{\@makomarks} +\makepsmarks{mako-mem}{} +\makeevenhead{mako-mem}{}{}{\scshape\thepage} +\makeoddhead{mako-mem}{}{}{\scshape\thepage} + +%%% version control info in footers; requires vc package +% Make the style for vc-git revision control headers and footers +\makepagestyle{mako-mem-git} +\newcommand{\@gitmarks}{% + \let\@mkboth\markboth + \def\chaptermark##1{% + \markboth{% + \ifnum \c@secnumdepth >\m@ne + \if@mainmatter + \thechapter. \ % + \fi + \fi + ##1}{}} + \def\sectionmark##1{% + \markright{##1}} +} +\makepsmarks{mako-mem-git}{\@gitmarks} +\makeevenhead{mako-mem-git}{}{}{\scshape\thepage} +\makeoddhead{mako-mem-git}{}{}{\scshape\thepage} +\makeevenfoot{mako-mem-git}{}{\texttt{\footnotesize{\textcolor{BrickRed}{git revision \VCRevision\ on \VCDateTEX}}}}{} +\makeoddfoot{mako-mem-git}{}{\texttt{\footnotesize \textcolor{BrickRed}{git revision \VCRevision\ on \VCDateTEX}}}{} + +%% Create a command to make a note at the top of the first page describing the +%% publication status of the paper. +\newcommand{\published}[1]{% + \gdef\puB{#1}} + \newcommand{\puB}{} + \renewcommand{\maketitlehooka}{% + \par\noindent\footnotesize \puB} + +\makepagestyle{memo} +\makeevenhead{memo}{}{}{} +\makeoddhead{memo}{}{}{} + +\makeevenfoot{memo}{}{\scshape \thepage/\pageref{LastPage}}{} +\makeoddfoot{memo}{}{\scshape \thepage/\pageref{LastPage}}{} + + +\endinput + diff --git a/planning_documents/rad_revisited_wikia_2018/outline.pdf b/planning_documents/rad_revisited_wikia_2018/outline.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..28092da Binary files /dev/null and b/planning_documents/rad_revisited_wikia_2018/outline.pdf differ diff --git a/planning_documents/rad_revisited_wikia_2018/outline.tex b/planning_documents/rad_revisited_wikia_2018/outline.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b795078 --- /dev/null +++ b/planning_documents/rad_revisited_wikia_2018/outline.tex @@ -0,0 +1,547 @@ +\documentclass[12pt]{memoir} + +% article-1 and article-2 styles were originally based on kieran healy's +% templates +\usepackage{mako-mem} +\chapterstyle{article-2} + +% with article-3 \chapterstyle, change to: \pagestyle{memo} +\pagestyle{mako-mem} + +\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc} + +\usepackage[T1]{fontenc} +\usepackage{textcomp} +\usepackage[garamond]{mathdesign} + +\usepackage[letterpaper,left=1.65in,right=1.65in,top=1.3in,bottom=1.2in]{geometry} + +% packages i use in essentially every document +\usepackage{graphicx} +\usepackage{enumerate} + +% packages i use in many documents but leave off by default +% \usepackage{amsmath, amsthm, amssymb} +% \usepackage{dcolumn} +% \usepackage{endfloat} + +% import and customize urls +\usepackage[usenames,dvipsnames]{color} +\usepackage[breaklinks]{hyperref} + +\hypersetup{colorlinks=true, linkcolor=Black, citecolor=Black, filecolor=Blue, + urlcolor=Blue, unicode=true} + +% add bibliographic stuff +% add bibliographic stuff +\usepackage[american]{babel} +\usepackage{csquotes} +\usepackage[natbib=true, style=apa, backend=biber]{biblatex} +\addbibresource{refs.bib} +\DeclareLanguageMapping{american}{american-apa} + +\defbibheading{secbib}[\bibname]{% + \section*{#1}% + \markboth{#1}{#1}% + \baselineskip 14.2pt% + \prebibhook} + +\def\citepos#1{\citeauthor{#1}'s (\citeyear{#1})} +\def\citespos#1{\citeauthor{#1}' (\citeyear{#1})} + +% memoir function to take out of the space out of the whitespace lists +\firmlists + +% LATEX NOTE: these lines will import vc stuff after running `make vc` which +% will add version control information to the bottom of each page. This can be +% useful for keeping track of which version of a document somebody has: +\usepackage{tikz} +\usetikzlibrary{arrows} +\usetikzlibrary{positioning} + + +\begin{document} + +\setlength{\parskip}{4.5pt} +% LATEX NOTE: Ideal linespacing is usually said to be between 120-140% the +% typeface size. So, for 12pt (default in this document, we're looking for +% somewhere between a 14.4-17.4pt \baselineskip. Single; 1.5 lines; and Double +% in MSWord are equivalent to ~117%, 175%, and 233%. + +\baselineskip 16pt + +\title{Outline: Reproducing the rise and decline of open participation + platform} +\author{Nathan TeBlunthuis\\ + \href{mailto:nathante@uw.edu}{nathante@uw.edu}} \date{} + +\published{\textsc{\textcolor{BrickRed}{This document is an + unpublished draft.\\ Please do not distribute or cite without + permission.}}} + +\maketitle +\section{Rationale} +\begin{itemize} +\item Commons based peer production (CBPP) communities are admired for + their ability to coordinate work on complex goods by workers with + diverse motivations, without reliance on formal hierarchy or market + transaction \citep{benkler_coases_2002}. Understanding how peer + production projects this is an important question for designing more + ``efficient and equitable'' systems for cooperative work on + expanding categories of goods \citep{benkler_peer_2015}. + +\item The number of active contributors to Wikipedia rose rapidly in + 2005, but peaked in 2007 and began a gradual decline + \citet{halfaker_rise_2013}. The decline is a source of concern for + the long term success of peer production projects. + +\item CBPP systems are able to perform decentralized governance work + to resolve disputes and manage resources + \citep{forte_defining_2013}. + +\item However, as communities grow, territorial and controlling senior + members of the community can sometimes appropriate governance + systems to centralize power \citep{shaw_laboratories_2014}. + +\item Wikipedia's decline has been explained by process in which + influxes of newcomers correspond with increasing strict or + impersonal governance quality control and that these hurt newcomer + retention \citep{halfaker_rise_2013}. \citet{halfaker_rise_2013} + show that quality control mechanisms including contribution + rejection, formal and calcified rules, and algorithmic tool are + associated with newcomer dropout on Wikipedia. + +\item \citet{kiene_surviving_2016} similarly observe how an influx of + newcomers lead an original horror fiction subreddit to develop + stricter governance to preserve the community's distinctive culture + and collective identity. + +\item \citet{halfaker_rise_2013} also hypothesize that Wikipedia + increased impersonal governance to deal with the massive influx of + newcomers caused by Wikipedia's popularity. + +\item However, evidence for this as a theory about peer production + systems in general rather than a phenomenon specific to Wikipedia + requires observing many communities. It is unknown whether the + mechanisms described by \citep{halfaker_rise_2013} generalize to + other wikis. + +\item This is important because this theory is informing design + interventions on Wikipedia that aim to mitigate the decline by + promoting newcomer socialization + \citep{farzan_socializing_2012,morgan_tea_2013,narayan_wikipedia_2017,halfaker_snuggle:_2014}. + +\item Furthermore, it is informing the development of commons based + peer production projects other than Wikipedia + \citep{palen_success_2015}. + +\item If influxes of newcomers promote strict governance, and strict + governance conversely decreases newcomer activity, complex dynamics + may arise. Growth patterns are often bursty (though not on + Wikipedia). Crises other than newcomer influxes might also promote + strict governance. In an extreme case a community may experience + many crisis periods each of which accompany increases in governance. + If governance does not decrease during periods of non-growth, it + will accumulate and in the long run the community will die as + newcomer attention approaches zero. + +% \item Group size may interact with rule making, tool use, and newcomer +% retention. Group size may be positively related to retention if +% group size produces social incentives. \citet{zhang_group_2010} +% show that an exogenous decrease in group size may have undermined +% motivations to contribute to Chinese Wikipedia. On the other hand, +% group size might also increase propensity of free--riding +% behavior\citep{isaac_group_1994}. + + +\end{itemize} + +\section{Objectives} + +\subsection{General Objectives} +\label{sec:general-objectives} +\begin{enumerate} +\item Contribute to understanding the relationships between governance + mechanisms and contributor retention in commons based peer + production communities by synthesizing theories of how crises such + as influxes of newcomers increase the accumulation rules and + impersonal governance, which can threaten the long term health of + the communities, with supporting statistical evidence from a large + number of Wikia wikis. +\end{enumerate} + +\subsection{Specific Objectives} +\label{sec:specific-objectives} +\begin{enumerate} +\item Test hypotheses from \citet{halfaker_rise_2013} on a population + of wikis using an econometric model of newcomer retention given + rules, automated regulation tools, contribution rejection, group + size, and interactions. + +\item Test the hypothesis that (controlling for damage) an increased + rate of newcomer activity increases impersonal governance. +\end{enumerate} + +\subsection{Meta Objective} +\label{sec:meta-objectives} +Nate to practice swift execution of a straightforward, important, +good, and interesting article. + +\section{Null Hypotheses} +\label{sec:null-hypotheses} +\begin{enumerate} + \item Impersonal governance is not negatively related to newcomer + retention. + \begin{enumerate} + \item \label{A} Rejected contributions do not have a negative relationship with + newcomer survival. + + \item \label{B} (given we reject \ref{A}) Talk page discussion + following a rejected newcomer contribution is not related to a decrease in + newcomer survival. + +\item (given we reject \ref{B}) Use of a tool in rejecting a + contribution is not related to a decrease in follow-up discussion in + newcomer edits. + +\item The formalization and calcification of rules is not related to a + decrease in newcomer survival. + \end{enumerate} + +\item Increasing newcomer activity is not positively related to + impersonal governance. + + \begin{enumerate} + \item The rate of change in newcomer contributions by newcomers is + not related to increased rejection rate of newcomer contributions. + + \item The rate of change in newcomer contributions is not related to + increased rate of tool assisted rejection of newcomer contributions. + + \item The rate of change in newcomer contributions is not related to + decreased discussion following rejected newcomer contributions. + + \item The rate of change in newcomer contributions has no relationship + with rule accrual. + \end{enumerate} +\end{enumerate} + +\clearpage + +\section{Conceptual Model/Diagram} +\label{sec:conc-modeld} + +\begin{figure}[h] +\begin{tikzpicture} [->,>=stealth',shorten >=1pt,auto, + thick, + concept node/.style={rectangle,draw,font=\sffamily\bfseries}, + measure node/.style={rectangle,draw,font=\sffamily\bfseries,fill=blue!20}] + + \node[concept node] (retention) [align=center] + {Newcomer retention}; + + % \node[concept node] (population) [below of=retention,yshift=-10mm,align=center] + % {Contributor population}; + + \node[concept node] (rules) [above of =retention, + align=center,yshift=60mm] + {Rules \\ (formalization,\\calcification)}; + + \node[concept node] (rejection) [left of = rules, + align=center,xshift=-40mm] + {Contribution rejected \\ (reverted, deleted)}; + + \node[concept node] (discussion) [below of = rules, + align=center,yshift=-20mm,xshift=10mm] + {Discussion \\ following rejection}; + + \node[concept node] (growth) [above of = rejection, + align=center,yshift=30mm] + {Increasing newcomer activity}; + \node[concept node] (tools) [right of =rejection, + align=center,xshift=70mm,yshift=15mm] + {Automated regulation tools \\ (e.g. bots, huggle)}; + \path[every node/.style={font=\sffamily}] + (growth) edge node {+} (tools) + (growth) edge [] node {+} (rules) + (growth) edge [] node {+} (rejection) + (growth) edge [bend right=10] node {-} (discussion) +% (retention) edge node {+} (population) + (rules) edge [bend right =20] node {-} (retention) + (discussion) edge node {+} (retention) + (rejection) edge node {-} (retention) + (rejection) edge node {+} (discussion) + (tools) edge node {-} (discussion) + (tools) edge [bend left=30] node {-} (retention) + (retention) edge [bend left=70] node {+} (growth); +\end{tikzpicture} +\caption{ Conceptual model: reproduction of + \cite{halfaker_rise_2013}, with addition of newcomer activity} +\end{figure} + +\clearpage + + +\section{Measures} +\label{sec:measures} + +The study will have 5 models. The first model is for hypothesis +1. The last 4 models are for hypothesis 2. +\begin{enumerate} +\item \label{mod.discrete} Discrete time survival model of newcomers. +% \item \label{mod.cont} Contiguous time survival (Cox proportional hazards) model of +% newcomers. +\item Contribution rejection +\item Rule accrual +\item Automated tool accrual +\item Interaction with newcomers +\end{enumerate} + +Data will be the 2010 Wikia dumps. Inclusion criteria will be broad. + +The unit of analysis for model 1 is the newcomer. We will model random +intercept variance terms for Wikis because partial pooling is more +realistic than complete pooling and afford inclusion of the many small +Wikis with activity levels and scales. Also Nate is comfortable +working with lme4. \citep{halfaker_rise_2013} use fixed effects for +year, which is fine, but we should also take a look at models with +fixed effects for month as well. + +For models 2-5 the unit of analysis will be the wiki. This model will +have only two levels: Wiki and time. Again we will fit models with +fixed effects for month and year. + +For both models we will use heteroskedasticity robust standard +errors. + +For models 2-5 we will include autoregression terms (equivalent to +adding lagged outcome variables to the RHS) for the depdendent +variable (AR(1) or AR(2)). + +\subsection{Newcomer retention} +\label{sec:newcomer-retention} +Following \citet{halfaker_rise_2013}, a new contributor is a logged-in +editor in their first edit-session. The dependent variable for model +\ref{mod.discrete} indicates whether a new contributor makes a +subsequent edit within the next 2 months. + +While \citet{halfaker_rise_2013} sampled a set of desirable newcomers +to distinguish them from spammers and vandals. Doing this for a large +number of Wikis would be very labor +intensive. \citet{halfaker_rise_2013} results for their set of +desirable newcomers point in the same direction as their results for +all newcomers. We will analyze all newcomers without attempting to +distinguish the desirable from the undesirable. + +\subsubsection{Newcomer controls} +\label{sec:newcomer-controls} +Again following \citet{halfaker_rise_2013} we will include controls +for the number of edits that a newcomer makes in their first session. + +We will also include a count variable for the number of edits that +newcomer has made on Wikia overall and an indicator for whether the +newcomer has edited any other Wikia wikis. + +\subsection{Rejected newcomer contributions} +\label{sec:reject-newc-edits} +After identifying newcomers, we can easily identify contributions they +have made which have been rejected. These are (a.) edits which are +reverted, or (b.) new articles which are deleted. + +\subsection{Discussion following rejection} +\label{sec:disc-foll-reject} +After identifying rejected edits we can identify whether there is +follow-up discussion according. Following \citet{halfaker_rise_2013} +we will measure reciprocity in discussion, which is when the reverting +editor posts to the talk page after the newcomer. + +It is likely that the bold-revert-discuss (BRD) is not a strong norm +on Wikia as it is on Wikipedia. Therefore we will also include +indications of other forms of interaction between reverting editor and +reverted newcomer (user talk page, talk page no matter who posts +first, message wall). + +\subsection{Automated regulation} +\label{sec:automated-regulation} +We will use Mako's tool for scraping admin and bot data from Wikia to +identify bot accounts and detect edits made by these tools. + +Find out if methods following \citep{geiger_defense_2012} can easily +identify tool use on Wikia. + +\subsection{Rules} +\label{sec:rules} +To measure rules we will track activity in namespace 4. Again +following \citet{halfaker_rise_2013} we use the following variables +for norm ``formalization''. + +\begin{itemize} +\item The number of total contributors who contributed to norms + pages. +\item The number of contributions to norms pages + +\item The change in page length in a norm category +\end{itemize} + +And the following variables for norm ``calcification'' +\begin{itemize} +\item The time since the first edit of a norm page editor (slightly + different from \citet{halfaker_rise_2013}. +\item Wiki age. +\end{itemize} + +We do not use the ``Essay'' category as it is Wikipedia specific. + +\subsection{Increasing newcomer activity} +\label{sec:incr-newc-activ} + +We will estimate the rate of change of newcomer activity according to +the change in newcomer (the rate of editing by with accounts less than +2 months old) from one month to the next. + +The outcome variables in models 2-5 are also rates of change and +likewise we can model using first differences. + +We will fit a number of alternative specifications using things like +moving averages. We will aim to report the simplest model that makes a +compelling and justified argument. + +\section{Dummy Tables} +\label{sec:dummy-tables} +\begin{table} + \centering + \footnotesize + \begin{tabular}[h!]{l|cc } + \toprule + Variable & Est & SE \\ + \midrule + (Intercept) & . & . \\ + Time & . & . \\ + Session Edits & . & . \\ + Deleted & . & . \\ + Reverted & . & . \\ + Messaged & . & . \\ + Tool Revert & . & . \\ + Reciprocal Discussion & . & . \\ + + \bottomrule + \end{tabular} + \caption{Regression table for hypothesis 1} +\end{table} + +\begin{table} + \footnotesize + \centering + \begin{tabular}[h!]{l|cccccccc} + \toprule + Variable & M2. Est & M2.SE & M3. Est & M3.SE & M4.Est & M4.SE & M5. Est & M5.SE \\ + \midrule + (Intercept) & . & . & . & . & . & . & . & . \\ + Time & . & . & . & . & . & . & . & . \\ + Active Editors & . & . & . & . & . & . & . & . \\ + Rate of editing overall & . & . & . & . & . & . & . & . \\ + Rate of newcomer edits & . & . & . & . & . & . & . & . \\ + Number of articles & . & . & . & . & . & . & . & . \\ + Total wiki length & . & . & . & . & . & . & . & . \\ + \bottomrule + \end{tabular} + \caption{Regression table for hypothesis 2} +\end{table} + +\section{Threats to Validity and Limitations} +\label{sec:thre-valid-limit} +\subsection{Measures} +Our measures of ``discussion following rejection'' as an indication of the +degree of impersonality in governance follows the prior work we aim to +replicate. These measures are virtuous in their simplicity and +clarity, but reduce complex interpersonal communication to counts of +categories of interaction. This is a potential source of bias, noise, +and a threat to construct and ecological validity. + +We do not attempt to identify desirable vs undesirable +newcomers. \citet{halfaker_rise_2013} did not find substantive +differences between the two groups. However if we fail to fully +replicate their findings, this could be a reason. + +Using first difference to measure rates of change is pretty freaking +noisy! We hope to capture average trends, but it's possible for +oscillations and lags and other fun time series problems to impart +bias. Using a smoothed average helps address such threats in exchange +for new ones. We should fit multiple models with different +specifications to make sure our results are robust to this decision. + +Using namespace 4 as a proxy for rules is also noisy and possibly +biased. Some wikis use namespace 4 for activities other than norm +setting and rule making. We have not found a good systematic way to +separate these activities from rules. + +\subsection{Causality} +Our data are observational and not capable of offering strong evidence +for causal claims. + +\subsection{Generalizability} +We are studying a lot of Wikis. Our theories are of concern to other +kinds of communities (e.g. Reddit, OSM). We don't know if our results +generalize to such settings. + +Communities might make rules in response to other kinds of crises +(consider instances of harassment). We don't know if our results will +generalize to rules created in response to other crises. Maybe +governance strategies created in response to newcomers are more +damaging to newcomers than governance systems targeted at managing other +kinds of crises. + +\subsection{Theory} +Our theory is incomplete. Maybe the feedback loop between newcomer +influx and rule making dampens itself to a stable equilibria with a +sustainable population and institutionalized rules. Maybe communities +can identify when governance systems threaten growth and survival and +scale them back. Our data and analysis don't have much to say about +that. + +\section{Schedule} + +The CHI abstract deadline is September 12. + +The goal is to have a draft of this article written in 5 weeks, by +July 31th. This should be doable because our measures are quite +straight forward. 2010 Wikia data is already on Hyak and ready to go. +The first draft of the paper can be short, but should hit the key +points, and have a clear and attractive presentation of results. This +will give us over a month to refine and revise. + +\begin{table} + \centering + + \begin{tabular}[h]{l|l p{6cm}} + \toprule + Date & Milestone & Description \\ + \midrule + July 30 & Build dataset & Have a data.table with analytic + variables. (It is ok if we don't have + great data on bots yet) \\ + July 7 & Results & Fit, interpret, plot (first + attempt) models for + 5 hypotheses. \\ + July 14 & Draft front matter & Read additional key + citations, draft a + CHI-style + introduction and + background section. \\ + July 20 & Draft for CDSC retreat & Circulate a rough draft for + the CDSC collective. \\ + July 31 & Complete draft & Finish the rest of the draft. Turn over + to Mako for feedback. + + \end{tabular} +\caption{Weekly milestones} +\end{table} + +\label{sec:schedule} + +% bibliography here +\printbibliography[title = {References}, heading=secbib] + +\end{document} + +% LocalWords: diff --git a/planning_documents/rad_revisited_wikia_2018/refs.bib b/planning_documents/rad_revisited_wikia_2018/refs.bib new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3192e33 --- /dev/null +++ b/planning_documents/rad_revisited_wikia_2018/refs.bib @@ -0,0 +1,1358 @@ + +@thesis{ortega_wikipedia:_2009, + location = {Madrid, Spain}, + title = {Wikipedia: A Quantitative Analysis}, + url = {http://libresoft.es/Members/jfelipe/phd-thesis}, + institution = {Universidad Rey Juan Carlos}, + type = {phdthesis}, + author = {Ortega, Felipe}, + urldate = {2009-06-22}, + date = {2009}, + file = {Ortega - 2009 - Wikipedia A Quantitative Analysis.thesis-wkp-quantanalysis:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/6FHPCSGD/Ortega - 2009 - Wikipedia A Quantitative Analysis.thesis-wkp-quantanalysis:application/pdf}, +} + +@inproceedings{morgan_tea_2013, + location = {New York, {NY}, {USA}}, + title = {Tea and sympathy: crafting positive new user experiences on wikipedia}, + isbn = {978-1-4503-1331-5}, + doi = {10.1145/2441776.2441871}, + series = {{CSCW} '13}, + shorttitle = {Tea and sympathy}, + abstract = {We present the Teahouse, a pilot project for supporting and socializing new Wikipedia editors. Open collaboration systems like Wikipedia must continually recruit and retain new members in order to sustain themselves. Wikipedia's editor decline presents unique exigency for evaluating novel strategies to support newcomers and increase new user retention in such systems, particularly among demographics that are currently underrepresented in the user community. In this paper, we describe the design and deployment of Teahouse, and present preliminary findings. Our findings highlight the importance of intervening early in the editor lifecycle, providing user-friendly tools, creating safe spaces for newcomers, and facilitating positive interactions between newcomers and established community members.}, + pages = {839--848}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2013 conference on Computer supported cooperative work}, + publisher = {{ACM}}, + author = {Morgan, Jonathan T. and Bouterse, Siko and Walls, Heather and Stierch, Sarah}, + urldate = {2013-04-01}, + date = {2013}, + file = {Morgan et al. - 2013 - Tea and sympathy crafting positive new user exper.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/A76ZPQC9/Morgan et al. - 2013 - Tea and sympathy crafting positive new user exper.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@inproceedings{chen_effects_2010, + location = {New York, {NY}, {USA}}, + title = {The effects of diversity on group productivity and member withdrawal in online volunteer groups}, + isbn = {978-1-60558-929-9}, + url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1753326.1753447}, + doi = {10.1145/1753326.1753447}, + series = {{CHI} '10}, + abstract = {The "wisdom of crowds" argument emphasizes the importance of diversity in online collaborations, such as open source projects and Wikipedia. However, decades of research on diversity in offline work groups have painted an inconclusive picture. On the one hand, the broader range of insights from a diverse group can lead to improved outcomes. On the other hand, individual differences can lead to conflict and diminished performance. In this paper, we examine the effects of group diversity on the amount of work accomplished and on member withdrawal behaviors in the context of {WikiProjects}. We find that increased diversity in experience with Wikipedia increases group productivity and decreases member withdrawal -- up to a point. Beyond that point, group productivity remains high, but members are more likely to withdraw. Strikingly, no such diminishing returns were observed for differences in member interest, which increases productivity and decreases member withdrawal in a linear fashion. Our results suggest that the low visibility of individual differences in online groups may allow them to harvest more of the benefits of diversity while bearing less of the cost. We discuss how our findings can inform further research of online collaboration.}, + pages = {821--830}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems}, + publisher = {{ACM}}, + author = {Chen, Jilin and Ren, Yuqing and Riedl, John}, + urldate = {2012-06-14}, + date = {2010}, + file = {Chen_et_al-2010-Effects_of_diversity_Wikipedia.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/TA46DFXK/Chen_et_al-2010-Effects_of_diversity_Wikipedia.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@thesis{loubser_organisational_2010, + location = {Oxford, United Kingdom}, + title = {Organisational mechanisms in peer production: The case of Wikipedia}, + abstract = {This thesis investigates the importance of the organisational mechanisms that have developed in the governance of the online encyclopedia Wikipedia. The development of organisational mechanisms is characterised as a tension between managed, hierarchical forms on one side and peered, open forms on the other. Wikipedia is chosen because of its enormous size, visibility and importance among peer production projects based on the Internet. + +Theoretically this study is located within debates on peer production and commons governance, drawing on Benkler's view of the social efficiencies of production organised in a peered way and Ostrom's work on the emergence of governance institutions in commons resource situations. By identifying peer produced resources as a distinctive type of good with subtractable properties, problems with earlier analyses of information production based on 'ideal forms' of peered organisation and commons resources are overcome. + +The methods used are empirical, quantitative and methodologically innovative, including the generation (using Wikipedia archives and grid computing resources) of a massive data set of all individual actions taken by different classes of users on the English Wikipedia between 2001 and 2008. This data set is comprehensively analysed to assess the impact and importance of existent and emerging managerial processes in Wikipedia. + +The thesis contributes a theoretical position on information production, new methods for measuring the importance of governance mechanisms in peer production and an understanding of the operation and impact of specific organisational mechanisms in Wikipedia. The analysis highlights a number of tensions; hierarchical functions are increasingly necessary, yet work done by administrators when exercising managerial uthority amounts to almost pure overhead. Active, visible, mature and important pages need more management, but their management does not necessarily increase their utility or quality. Productive contributors are frequently excluded by management processes; the growing influence of administrators has an increasingly negative effect on the addition of new contributors and articles to the project and is causing Wikipedian practice and policy to diverge. + +By showing that in all cases some management is essential, but that the growing weight and increasing scope of organisational mechanisms affect production in Wikipedia, the thesis challenges utopian approaches to peer production and has implications for the future design of governance mechanisms in Wikipedia and peer production projects more generally.}, + institution = {Oxford Internet Institute, Oxford University}, + type = {{DPhil}}, + author = {Loubser, Max}, + date = {2010-07}, + file = {Loubser - 2010 - Organisational mechanisms in peer production The .pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/57ECVUQJ/Loubser - 2010 - Organisational mechanisms in peer production The .pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@inproceedings{halfaker_making_2013, + location = {New York, {NY}, {USA}}, + title = {Making peripheral participation legitimate: reader engagement experiments in wikipedia}, + isbn = {978-1-4503-1331-5}, + url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2441776.2441872}, + doi = {10.1145/2441776.2441872}, + series = {{CSCW} '13}, + shorttitle = {Making peripheral participation legitimate}, + pages = {849--860}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2013 conference on Computer supported cooperative work}, + publisher = {{ACM}}, + author = {Halfaker, Aaron and Keyes, Oliver and Taraborelli, Dario}, + urldate = {2013-07-06}, + date = {2013}, + file = {p849-halfaker.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/TTRCP42F/p849-halfaker.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@book{lessig_code_1999, + location = {New York, {NY}}, + title = {Code and Other Laws of Cyberspace}, + isbn = {978-0-465-03912-8}, + publisher = {Basic Books}, + author = {Lessig, Lawrence}, + date = {1999}, +} + +@book{ostrom_governing_1990, + location = {New York, {NY}}, + title = {Governing the commons: The evolution of institutions for collective action}, + shorttitle = {Governing the Commons}, + publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, + author = {Ostrom, Elinor}, + date = {1990}, + note = {tex.ids= ostrom\_governing\_1990-1 +googlebooksid: 4xg6oUobMz4C}, + keywords = {Political Science / General, Political Science / Public Policy / Economic Policy}, + file = {Ostrom_1990_Governing the commons.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/DSPGU68Y/Ostrom_1990_Governing the commons.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@article{ducheneaut_socialization_2005, + title = {Socialization in an Open Source Software Community: A Socio-Technical Analysis}, + volume = {14}, + issn = {1573-7551}, + url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10606-005-9000-1}, + doi = {10.1007/s10606-005-9000-1}, + abstract = {Open Source Software ({OSS}) development is often characterized as a fundamentally new way to develop software. Past analyses and discussions, however, have treated {OSS} projects and their organization mostly as a static phenomenon. Consequently, we do not know how these communities of software developers are sustained and reproduced over time through the progressive integration of new members. To shed light on this issue I report on my analyses of socialization in a particular {OSS} community. In particular, I document the relationships {OSS} newcomers develop over time with both the social and material aspects of a project. To do so, I combine two mutually informing activities: ethnography and the use of software specially designed to visualize and explore the interacting networks of human and material resources incorporated in the email and code databases of {OSS}. Socialization in this community is analyzed from two perspectives: as an individual learning process and as a political process. From these analyses it appears that successful participants progressively construct identities as software craftsmen, and that this process is punctuated by specific rites of passage. Successful participants also understand the political nature of software development and progressively enroll a network of human and material allies to support their efforts. I conclude by discussing how these results could inform the design of software to support socialization in {OSS} projects, as well as practical implications for the future of these projects.}, + pages = {323--368}, + number = {4}, + journaltitle = {Computer Supported Cooperative Work ({CSCW})}, + shortjournal = {Computer Supported Cooperative Work ({CSCW})}, + author = {Ducheneaut, Nicolas}, + date = {2005}, + note = {tex.ids: ducheneaut2005socialization +publisher: Springer}, + file = {p11-lampe.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/ZJCCEBFY/p11-lampe.pdf:application/pdf;s10606-005-9000-1.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/SGGTUNYV/s10606-005-9000-1.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@inproceedings{farzan_socializing_2012, + location = {New York, {NY}, {USA}}, + title = {Socializing Volunteers in an Online Community: A Field Experiment}, + isbn = {978-1-4503-1086-4}, + url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2145204.2145256}, + doi = {10.1145/2145204.2145256}, + series = {{CSCW} '12}, + shorttitle = {Socializing Volunteers in an Online Community}, + abstract = {Although many off-line organizations give their employees training, mentorship, a cohort and other socialization experiences that improve their retention and productivity, online production communities rarely do this. This paper describes the planning, execution and evaluation of a socialization regime for an online technical support community. In a two-phase project, we first automatically identified from participants' early behavior, those with high potential to become core members. We then designed, delivered and experimentally evaluated socialization experiences intended to build commitment and competence among these potential core members. We were able to identify potential core members with high accuracy from only two weeks of behavior. A year later, those classified as potential core members participated in the community ten times more actively than those not identified. In an evaluation experiment, some potential core members were randomly assigned to receive socialization experiences, while others were not. A year later, those who had participated in the socialization regime contributed more answers in the community compared to those in the control condition. The socialization experiences, however, undercut their sense of connection to the community and the quality of their contributions. We discuss what was effective and what could be improved in designing socialization experiences for online groups.}, + pages = {325--334}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the {ACM} 2012 Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work}, + publisher = {{ACM}}, + author = {Farzan, Rosta and Kraut, Robert and Pal, Aditya and Konstan, Joseph}, + urldate = {2016-05-26}, + date = {2012}, + file = {p325-farzan.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/MNLU9NF5/p325-farzan.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@inproceedings{ciampaglia_moodbar:_2015, + location = {New York, {NY}, {USA}}, + title = {{MoodBar}: Increasing New User Retention in Wikipedia Through Lightweight Socialization}, + isbn = {978-1-4503-2922-4}, + url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2675133.2675181}, + doi = {10.1145/2675133.2675181}, + series = {{CSCW} '15}, + shorttitle = {{MoodBar}}, + abstract = {Socialization in online communities allows existing members to welcome and recruit newcomers, introduce them to community norms and practices, and sustain their early participation. However, socializing newcomers does not come for free: in large communities, socialization can result in a significant workload for mentors and is hard to scale. In this study we present results from an experiment that measured the effect of a lightweight socialization tool on the activity and retention of newly registered users attempting to edit for the first time Wikipedia. Wikipedia is struggling with the retention of newcomers and our results indicate that a mechanism to elicit lightweight feedback and to provide early mentoring to newcomers improves their chances of becoming long-term contributors.}, + pages = {734--742}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 18th {ACM} Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work \& Social Computing}, + publisher = {{ACM}}, + author = {Ciampaglia, Giovanni Luca and Taraborelli, Dario}, + urldate = {2016-05-26}, + date = {2015}, + file = {p734-ciampaglia.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/ZQL28B4P/p734-ciampaglia.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@report{bollen_social_2015-1, + title = {Social, Behavioral, and Economic Sciences Perspectives on Robust and Reliable Science}, + url = {http://www.nsf.gov/sbe/AC_Materials/SBE_Robust_and_Reliable_Research_Report.pdf}, + institution = {National Science Foundation}, + author = {Bollen, Kenneth and Cacioppo, John T. and Kaplan, Robert M. and Krosnick, Jon A. and Olds, James L. and Dean, Heather}, + date = {2015-05}, +} + +@article{isaac_group_1994-1, + title = {Group size and the voluntary provision of public goods}, + volume = {54}, + issn = {0047-2727}, + url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/004727279490068X}, + doi = {10.1016/0047-2727(94)90068-X}, + abstract = {New experimental evidence extending the investigation of free-riding behavior in public goods provision is presented. Procedures are developed to deal with the logistical problems inherent in experiments involving many subjects. Data from Voluntary Contribution Mechanism experiments are reported utilizing group sizes of 4, 10, 40 and 100. {THese} experiments provide replicable results that contradict the widely held view that a group's ability to provide the optimal level of a pure public good is inversely related to group size. On the contrary, groups of size 40 and 100 provided the public good more efficiently than groups of size 4 and 10. Several possible alternative explanations are discussed.}, + pages = {1--36}, + number = {1}, + journaltitle = {Journal of Public Economics}, + shortjournal = {Journal of Public Economics}, + author = {Isaac, R. Mark and Walker, James M. and Williams, Arlington W.}, + urldate = {2017-06-15}, + date = {1994-05-01}, + file = {Isaac et al. - 1994 - Group size and the voluntary provision of public g.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/73RMRSHZ/Isaac et al. - 1994 - Group size and the voluntary provision of public g.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@inproceedings{halfaker_snuggle:_2014, + location = {New York, {NY}, {USA}}, + title = {Snuggle: Designing for Efficient Socialization and Ideological Critique}, + isbn = {978-1-4503-2473-1}, + url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2556288.2557313}, + doi = {10.1145/2556288.2557313}, + series = {{CHI} '14}, + shorttitle = {Snuggle}, + abstract = {Wikipedia, the encyclopedia "anyone can edit", has become increasingly less so. Recent academic research and popular discourse illustrates the often aggressive ways newcomers are treated by veteran Wikipedians. These are complex sociotechnical issues, bound up in infrastructures based on problematic ideologies. In response, we worked with a coalition of Wikipedians to design, develop, and deploy Snuggle, a new user interface that served two critical functions: making the work of newcomer socialization more effective, and bringing visibility to instances in which Wikipedians? current practice of gatekeeping socialization breaks down. Snuggle supports positive socialization by helping mentors quickly find newcomers whose good-faith mistakes were reverted as damage. Snuggle also supports ideological critique and reflection by bringing visibility to the consequences of viewing newcomers through a lens of suspiciousness.}, + pages = {311--320}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the {SIGCHI} Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems}, + publisher = {{ACM}}, + author = {Halfaker, Aaron and Geiger, R. Stuart and Terveen, Loren G.}, + urldate = {2017-03-21}, + date = {2014}, + keywords = {newcomer socialization, quantitative}, + file = {ACM Full Text PDF:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/P3UCRJ2F/Halfaker et al. - 2014 - Snuggle Designing for Efficient Socialization and.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@article{keegan_evolution_2017, + title = {The Evolution and Consequences of Peer Producing Wikipedia’s Rules}, + url = {https://osf.io/preprints/socarxiv/28sgr/}, + author = {Keegan, Brian and Fiesler, Casey}, + urldate = {2017-08-24}, + date = {2017}, + file = {Keegan and Fiesler - 2017 - The Evolution and Consequences of Peer Producing W.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/ICMYBEHD/Keegan and Fiesler - 2017 - The Evolution and Consequences of Peer Producing W.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@inproceedings{barbosa_averaging_2016, + location = {Republic and Canton of Geneva, Switzerland}, + title = {Averaging gone wrong: Using time-aware analyses to better understand behavior}, + isbn = {978-1-4503-4143-1}, + url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/2872427.2883083}, + doi = {10.1145/2872427.2883083}, + shorttitle = {Averaging Gone Wrong}, + abstract = {Online communities provide a fertile ground for analyzing people's behavior and improving our understanding of social processes. Because both people and communities change over time, we argue that analyses of these communities that take time into account will lead to deeper and more accurate results. Using Reddit as an example, we study the evolution of users based on comment and submission data from 2007 to 2014. Even using one of the simplest temporal differences between users---yearly cohorts---we find wide differences in people's behavior, including comment activity, effort, and survival. Further, not accounting for time can lead us to misinterpret important phenomena. For instance, we observe that average comment length decreases over any fixed period of time, but comment length in each cohort of users steadily increases during the same period after an abrupt initial drop, an example of Simpson's Paradox. Dividing cohorts into sub-cohorts based on the survival time in the community provides further insights; in particular, longer-lived users start at a higher activity level and make more and shorter comments than those who leave earlier. These findings both give more insight into user evolution in Reddit in particular, and raise a number of interesting questions around studying online behavior going forward.}, + pages = {829--841}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on World Wide Web ({WWW} '16)}, + publisher = {International World Wide Web Conferences Steering Committee}, + author = {Barbosa, Samuel and Cosley, Dan and Sharma, Amit and Cesar, Jr., Roberto M.}, + urldate = {2017-09-09}, + date = {2016}, + file = {Barbosa et al. - 2016 - Averaging Gone Wrong Using Time-Aware Analyses to.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/YNTZG4M3/Barbosa et al. - 2016 - Averaging Gone Wrong Using Time-Aware Analyses to.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@article{velden_decentering_2013-1, + title = {Decentering Design: Wikipedia and Indigenous Knowledge}, + volume = {29}, + issn = {1044-7318}, + url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2013.765768}, + doi = {10.1080/10447318.2013.765768}, + shorttitle = {Decentering Design}, + abstract = {This article is a reflection on the case of Wikipedia, the largest online reference site with 23 million articles, with 365 million readers, and without a page called Indigenous knowledge. A Postcolonial Computing lens, extended with the notion of decentering, is used to find out what happened with Indigenous knowledge in Wikipedia. Wikipedia's ordering technologies, such as policies and templates, play a central role in producing knowledge. Two designs, developed with and for Indigenous communities, are introduced to explore if another Wikipedia's design is possible.}, + pages = {308--316}, + number = {4}, + journaltitle = {International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction}, + author = {Velden, Maja van der}, + urldate = {2017-08-03}, + date = {2013-03-01}, + file = {Full Text PDF:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/MXRHVGE8/Velden - 2013 - Decentering Design Wikipedia and Indigenous Knowl.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/X6LLPXWQ/Velden - 2013 - Decentering Design Wikipedia and Indigenous Knowl.html:text/html}, +} + +@article{coleman_social_1988, + title = {Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital}, + volume = {94}, + issn = {0002-9602}, + url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2780243}, + abstract = {In this paper, the concept of social capital is introduced and illustrated, its forms are described, the social structural conditions under which it arises are examined, and it is used in an analysis of dropouts from high school. Use of the concept of social capital is part of a general theoretical strategy discussed in the paper: taking rational action as a starting point but rejecting the extreme individualistic premises that often accompany it. The conception of social capital as a resource for action is one way of introducing social structure into the rational action paradigm. Three forms of social capital are examined: obligations and expectations, information channels, and social norms. The role of closure in the social structure in facilitating the first and third of these forms of social capital is described. An analysis of the effect of the lack of social capital available to high school sophomores on dropping out of school before graduation is carried out. The effect of social capital within the family and in the community outside the family is examined.}, + pages = {S95--S120}, + journaltitle = {American Journal of Sociology}, + shortjournal = {American Journal of Sociology}, + author = {Coleman, James S.}, + urldate = {2016-05-13}, + date = {1988}, + file = {Coleman - 1988 - Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/8B8X2LBV/Coleman - 1988 - Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/83B63Z3Y/Coleman - 1988 - Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital.html:text/html}, +} + +@inproceedings{lin_better_2017, + location = {Montreal, Canada}, + title = {Better when it was smaller? Community content and behavior after massive growth.}, + url = {http://itsmrlin.com/papers/2017_icwsm_eternal_september.pdf}, + shorttitle = {Better When It Was Smaller?}, + abstract = {Online communities have a love-hate relationship with membership growth: new members bring fresh perspectives, but old-timers worry that growth interrupts the community’s social dynamic and lowers content quality. To arbitrate these two theories, we analyze over 45 million comments from 10 Reddit subcommunities following an exogenous shock when each subcommunity was added to the default set for all Reddit users. Capitalizing on these natural experiments, we test for changes to the content vote patterns, linguistic patterns, and community network patterns before and after being defaulted. +Results support a narrative that the communities remain high-quality and similar to their previous selves even post-growth. There is a temporary dip in upvote scores right after the communities were defaulted, but the communities quickly recover to pre-default or even higher levels. Likewise, complaints about low-quality posts do not rise in frequency after getting defaulted. Strong moderation also helps keep upvotes common and complaint levels low. Communities’ language use does not become more like the rest of Reddit after getting defaulted. However, growth does have some impact on attention: community members cluster their activity around a smaller proportion of posts after the community is defaulted.}, + eventtitle = {{ICWSM}}, + pages = {132--141}, + booktitle = {Eleventh International {AAAI} Conference on Web and Social Media}, + publisher = {{AAAI}}, + author = {Lin, Zhiyuan and Salehi, Niloufar and Yao, Bowen and Chen, Yiqi and Bernstein, Michael S.}, + urldate = {2017-08-02}, + date = {2017}, + file = {Lin et al. - 2017 - Better When It Was Smaller Community Content and .pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/3NB3IZUR/Lin et al. - 2017 - Better When It Was Smaller Community Content and .pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@inproceedings{burke_feed_2009, + location = {New York, {NY}, {USA}}, + title = {Feed Me: Motivating Newcomer Contribution in Social Network Sites}, + isbn = {978-1-60558-246-7}, + url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1518701.1518847}, + doi = {10.1145/1518701.1518847}, + series = {{CHI} '09}, + shorttitle = {Feed Me}, + abstract = {Social networking sites ({SNS}) are only as good as the content their users share. Therefore, designers of {SNS} seek to improve the overall user experience by encouraging members to contribute more content. However, user motivations for contribution in {SNS} are not well understood. This is particularly true for newcomers, who may not recognize the value of contribution. Using server log data from approximately 140,000 newcomers in Facebook, we predict long-term sharing based on the experiences the newcomers have in their first two weeks. We test four mechanisms: social learning, singling out, feedback, and distribution. In particular, we find support for social learning: newcomers who see their friends contributing go on to share more content themselves. For newcomers who are initially inclined to contribute, receiving feedback and having a wide audience are also predictors of increased sharing. On the other hand, singling out appears to affect only those newcomers who are not initially inclined to share. The paper concludes with design implications for motivating newcomer sharing in online communities.}, + pages = {945--954}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the {SIGCHI} Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems}, + publisher = {{ACM}}, + author = {Burke, Moira and Marlow, Cameron and Lento, Thomas}, + urldate = {2017-08-02}, + date = {2009}, + file = {p945-burke.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/6RVAQB2X/p945-burke.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@inproceedings{collier_conflict_2012, + location = {New York, {NY}, {USA}}, + title = {Conflict, criticism, or confidence: an empirical examination of the gender gap in Wikipedia contributions}, + isbn = {978-1-4503-1086-4}, + doi = {10.1145/2145204.2145265}, + series = {{CSCW} '12}, + shorttitle = {Conflict, criticism, or confidence}, + abstract = {A recent survey of contributors to Wikipedia found that less than 15\% of contributors are women. This gender contribution gap has received significant attention from both researchers and the media. A panel of researchers and practitioners has offered several insights and opinions as to why a gender gap exists in contributions despite gender anonymity online. The gender research literature suggests that the difference in contribution rates could be due to three factors: (1) the high levels of conflict in discussions, (2) dislike of critical environments, and (3) lack of confidence in editing other contributors' work. This paper examines these hypotheses regarding the existence of the gender gap in contribution by using data from an international survey of 176,192 readers, contributors, and former contributors to Wikipedia, including measures of demographics, education, motivation, and participation. Implications for improving the design and culture of online communities to be more gender inclusive are discussed.}, + pages = {383--392}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the {ACM} 2012 conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work}, + publisher = {{ACM}}, + author = {Collier, Benjamin and Bear, Julia}, + urldate = {2013-04-01}, + date = {2012}, + keywords = {wikipedia, conflict, survey, confidence, criticism}, + file = {Collier and Bear - 2012 - Conflict, criticism, or confidence an empirical e.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/YIKZZ2UN/Collier and Bear - 2012 - Conflict, criticism, or confidence an empirical e.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@article{agrawal_simple_2014-1, + title = {Some simple economics of crowdfunding}, + volume = {14}, + url = {http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/674021}, + pages = {63--97}, + number = {1}, + journaltitle = {Innovation Policy and the Economy}, + author = {Agrawal, Ajay and Catalini, Christian and Goldfarb, Avi}, + urldate = {2017-07-27}, + date = {2014}, + file = {674021.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/39J58UFT/674021.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@article{ji_influence_2010, + title = {The Influence of Cultural Differences on the Use of Social Network Services and the Formation of Social Capital}, + volume = {26}, + issn = {1044-7318, 1532-7590}, + url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10447318.2010.516727}, + doi = {10.1080/10447318.2010.516727}, + pages = {1100--1121}, + number = {11}, + journaltitle = {International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction}, + author = {Ji, Yong Gu and Hwangbo, Hwan and Yi, Ji Soo and Rau, P. L. Patrick and Fang, Xiaowen and Ling, Chen}, + urldate = {2017-07-27}, + date = {2010-11}, + langid = {english}, + file = {Ji_The Influence of Cultural Differences on the Use of Social Network Services and the Formation of Social Capital.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/GLRNDE45/Ji_The Influence of Cultural Differences on the Use of Social Network Services and the Formation of Social Capital.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@inproceedings{lampe_follow_2005, + location = {Sanibel Island, Florida, {USA}}, + title = {Follow the (slash) dot: effects of feedback on new members in an online community}, + url = {http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1099206}, + shorttitle = {Follow the (slash) dot}, + eventtitle = {{GROUP}}, + pages = {11--20}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2005 international {ACM} {SIGGROUP} conference on Supporting group work}, + publisher = {{ACM}}, + author = {Lampe, Cliff and Johnston, Erik}, + urldate = {2017-07-27}, + date = {2005}, + file = {p11-lampe.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/YHZ4RP4U/p11-lampe.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@article{crawford_what_2016, + title = {What is a flag for? Social media reporting tools and the vocabulary of complaint}, + volume = {18}, + issn = {1461-4448, 1461-7315}, + url = {http://nms.sagepub.com/content/18/3/410}, + doi = {10.1177/1461444814543163}, + shorttitle = {What is a flag for?}, + abstract = {The flag is now a common mechanism for reporting offensive content to an online platform, and is used widely across most popular social media sites. It serves both as a solution to the problem of curating massive collections of user-generated content and as a rhetorical justification for platform owners when they decide to remove content. Flags are becoming a ubiquitous mechanism of governance—yet their meaning is anything but straightforward. In practice, the interactions between users, flags, algorithms, content moderators, and platforms are complex and highly strategic. Significantly, flags are asked to bear a great deal of weight, arbitrating both the relationship between users and platforms, and the negotiation around contentious public issues. In this essay, we unpack the working of the flag, consider alternatives that give greater emphasis to public deliberation, and consider the implications for online public discourse of this now commonplace yet rarely studied sociotechnical mechanism.}, + pages = {410--428}, + number = {3}, + journaltitle = {New Media \& Society}, + shortjournal = {New Media Society}, + author = {Crawford, Kate and Gillespie, Tarleton}, + urldate = {2016-09-09}, + date = {2016-03-01}, + langid = {english}, + keywords = {{YouTube}, twitter, Facebook, flagging, norms, platforms, community}, + file = {1461444814543163.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/9AQFX2AH/1461444814543163.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/ZC7QKW9M/410.html:text/html}, +} + +@article{spinellis_collaborative_2008-1, + title = {The Collaborative Organization of Knowledge}, + volume = {51}, + issn = {0001-0782}, + url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1378704.1378720}, + doi = {10.1145/1378704.1378720}, + abstract = {Why Wikipedia's remarkable growth is sustainable.}, + pages = {68--73}, + number = {8}, + journaltitle = {Commun. {ACM}}, + author = {Spinellis, Diomidis and Louridas, Panagiotis}, + urldate = {2016-09-06}, + date = {2008-08}, + file = {ACM Full Text PDF:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/MGG9R7S4/Spinellis and Louridas - 2008 - The Collaborative Organization of Knowledge.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@article{shah_motivation_2006, + title = {Motivation, governance, and the viability of hybrid forms in open source software development}, + volume = {52}, + url = {http://mansci.journal.informs.org/cgi/content/abstract/52/7/1000}, + doi = {10.1287/mnsc.1060.0553}, + abstract = {Open source software projects rely on the voluntary efforts of thousands of software developers, yet we know little about why developers choose to participate in this collective development process. This paper inductively derives a framework for understanding participation from the perspective of the individual software developer based on data from two software communities with different governance structures. In both communities, a need for software-related improvements drives initial participation. The majority of participants leave the community once their needs are met, however, a small subset remains involved. For this set of developers, motives evolve over time and participation becomes a hobby. These hobbyists are critical to the long-term viability of the software code: They take on tasks that might otherwise go undone and work to maintain the simplicity and modularity of the code. Governance structures affect this evolution of motives. Implications for firms interested in implementing hybrid strategies designed to combine the advantages of open source software development with proprietary ownership and control are discussed.}, + pages = {1000--1014}, + number = {7}, + journaltitle = {Management Science}, + author = {Shah, Sonali K.}, + urldate = {2009-12-07}, + date = {2006-07-01}, + keywords = {{FOSS}, Management, To Read}, + file = {HighWire Snapshot:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/WAISB3HF/1000.html:text/html;mnsc.1060.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/9FVVZ6B3/mnsc.1060.pdf:application/pdf;Shah - 2006 - Motivation, Governance, and the Viability of Hybri.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/T3DTX9AQ/Shah - 2006 - Motivation, Governance, and the Viability of Hybri.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@inproceedings{kittur_he_2007, + location = {New York, {NY}, {USA}}, + title = {He says, she says: Conflict and coordination in wikipedia}, + isbn = {978-1-59593-593-9}, + url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1240624.1240698}, + doi = {10.1145/1240624.1240698}, + series = {{CHI} '07}, + shorttitle = {He says, she says}, + abstract = {Wikipedia, a wiki-based encyclopedia, has become one of the most successful experiments in collaborative knowledge building on the Internet. As Wikipedia continues to grow, the potential for conflict and the need for coordination increase as well. This article examines the growth of such non-direct work and describes the development of tools to characterize conflict and coordination costs in Wikipedia. The results may inform the design of new collaborative knowledge systems.}, + pages = {453--462}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the {SIGCHI} Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems}, + publisher = {{ACM}}, + author = {Kittur, Aniket and Suh, Bongwon and Pendleton, Bryan A. and Chi, Ed H.}, + urldate = {2015-03-08}, + date = {2007}, + keywords = {Wiki, conflict, Collaboration}, + file = {Kittur et al. - 2007 - He Says, She Says Conflict and Coordination in Wi.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/B5XBXS6I/Kittur et al. - 2007 - He Says, She Says Conflict and Coordination in Wi.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@article{preece_etiquette_2004, + title = {Etiquette, empathy and trust in communities of practice: Stepping-stones to social capital.}, + volume = {10}, + url = {http://www.jucs.org/jucs_10_3/etiquette_empathy_and_trust/Preece_J.pdf}, + shorttitle = {Etiquette, empathy and trust in communities of practice}, + pages = {294--302}, + number = {3}, + journaltitle = {J. {UCS}}, + author = {Preece, Jennifer}, + urldate = {2017-07-14}, + date = {2004}, + file = {Preece - 2004 - Etiquette, empathy and trust in communities of pra.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/RFAIHX3X/Preece - 2004 - Etiquette, empathy and trust in communities of pra.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@inproceedings{hall_freedom_2017, + location = {New York, {NY}, {USA}}, + title = {Freedom Versus Standardization: Structured Data Generation in a Peer Production Community}, + isbn = {978-1-4503-4655-9}, + url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/3025453.3025940}, + doi = {10.1145/3025453.3025940}, + series = {{CHI} '17}, + shorttitle = {Freedom Versus Standardization}, + abstract = {In addition to encyclopedia articles and software, peer production communities produce structured data, e.g., Wikidata and {OpenStreetMap}'s metadata. Structured data from peer production communities has become increasingly important due to its use by computational applications, such as {CartoCSS}, {MapBox}, and Wikipedia infoboxes. However, this structured data is usable by applications only if it follows standards. We did an interview study focused on {OpenStreetMap}'s knowledge production processes to investigate how -- and how successfully -- this community creates and applies its data standards. Our study revealed a fundamental tension between the need to produce structured data in a standardized way and {OpenStreetMap}'s tradition of contributor freedom. We extracted six themes that manifested this tension and three overarching concepts, correctness, community, and code, which help make sense of and synthesize the themes. We also offered suggestions for improving {OpenStreetMap}'s knowledge production processes, including new data models, sociotechnical tools, and community practices (e.g. stronger leadership).}, + pages = {6352--6362}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2017 {CHI} Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems}, + publisher = {{ACM}}, + author = {Hall, Andrew and {McRoberts}, Sarah and Thebault-Spieker, Jacob and Lin, Yilun and Sen, Shilad and Hecht, Brent and Terveen, Loren}, + urldate = {2017-07-13}, + date = {2017}, + file = {Hall et al. - 2017 - Freedom Versus Standardization Structured Data Ge.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/E7V8QDZK/Hall et al. - 2017 - Freedom Versus Standardization Structured Data Ge.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@article{simonite_fight_2013, + title = {The Fight to Save Wikipedia from Itself}, + url = {https://www.technologyreview.com/s/520446/the-decline-of-wikipedia/}, + abstract = {The community that built the largest encyclopedia in history is shrinking, even as more people and Internet services depend on it than ever. Can it be revived, or is this the end of the Web’s idealistic era?}, + journaltitle = {{MIT} Technology Review}, + author = {Simonite, Tom}, + urldate = {2017-07-13}, + date = {2013-10-22}, + file = {Snapshot:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/58HWEPRF/Simonite - The Fight to Save Wikipedia from Itself.html:text/html}, +} + +@inproceedings{geiger_defense_2012, + location = {Dublin, Ireland}, + title = {Defense Mechanism or Socialization Tactic? Improving Wikipedia's Notifications to Rejected Contributors}, + url = {http://www.aaai.org/ocs/index.php/ICWSM/ICWSM12/paper/view/4657}, + shorttitle = {Defense Mechanism or Socialization Tactic?}, + abstract = {Unlike traditional firms, open collaborative systems rely on volunteers to operate, and many communities struggle to maintain enough contributors to ensure the quality and quantity of content. However, Wikipedia has historically faced the exact opposite problem: too much participation, particularly from users who, knowingly or not, do not share the same norms as veteran Wikipedians. During its period of exponential growth, the Wikipedian community developed specialized socio-technical defense mechanisms to protect itself from the negatives of massive participation: spam, vandalism, falsehoods, and other damage. Yet recently, Wikipedia has faced a number of high-profile issues with recruiting and retaining new contributors. In this paper, we first illustrate and describe the various defense mechanisms at work in Wikipedia, which we hypothesize are inhibiting newcomer retention. Next, we present results from an experiment aimed at increasing both the quantity and quality of editors by altering various elements of these defense mechanisms, specifically pre-scripted warnings and notifications that are sent to new editors upon reverting or rejecting contributions. Using logistic regressions to model new user activity, we show which tactics work best for different populations of users based on their motivations when joining Wikipedia. In particular, we found that personalized messages in which Wikipedians identified themselves in active voice and took direct responsibility for rejecting an editor\’s contributions were much more successful across a variety of outcome metrics than the current messages, which typically use an institutional and passive voice.}, + eventtitle = {Sixth International {AAAI} Conference on Weblogs and Social Media}, + pages = {122--129}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the Sixth International {AAAI} Conference on Weblogs and Social Media}, + publisher = {{AAAI} Publications}, + author = {Geiger, R. Stuart and Halfaker, Aaron and Pinchuk, Maryana and Walling, Steven}, + urldate = {2016-05-27}, + date = {2012-05-20}, + file = {geiger12defense-personal.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/69CX8AWH/geiger12defense-personal.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@article{meyer_institutionalized_1977, + title = {Institutionalized organizations: Formal structure as myth and ceremony}, + volume = {83}, + issn = {00029602}, + url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2778293}, + shorttitle = {Institutionalized Organizations}, + abstract = {Many formal organizational structures arise as reflections of rationalized institutional rules. The elaboration of such rules in modern states and societies accounts in part for the expansion and increased complexity of formal organizational structures. Institutional rules function as myths which organizations incorporate, gaining legitimacy, resources, stability, and enhanced survival prospects. Organizations whose structures become isomorphic with the myths of the institutional environment-in contrast with those primarily structured by the demands of technical production and exchange-decrease internal coordination and control in order to maintain legitimacy. Structures are decoupled from each other and from ongoing activities. In place of coordination, inspection, and evaluation, a logic of confidence and good faith is employed.}, + pages = {340--363}, + number = {2}, + journaltitle = {American Journal of Sociology}, + author = {Meyer, John W. and Rowan, Brian}, + urldate = {2008-10-09}, + date = {1977-09}, + keywords = {Sociology, Organization Behavior}, + file = {Meyer & Rowan - Structure as Myth and Ceremony:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/F35GMI2R/meyer_rowan.html:text/html;Meyer and Rowan - 1977 - Institutionalized organizations Formal structure .pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/SR4378CJ/Meyer and Rowan - 1977 - Institutionalized organizations Formal structure .pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@book{scott_organizations_2006, + location = {Upper Saddle River, New Jersey}, + title = {Organizations and organizing: Rational, natural and open systems perspectives}, + isbn = {0-13-195893-3}, + shorttitle = {Organizations and Organizing}, + pagetotal = {464}, + publisher = {Pearson Prentice Hall}, + author = {Scott, W. Richard and Davis, Gerald F}, + date = {2006}, + keywords = {Sociology, Organization Behavior}, + file = {Chapter_1.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/WUMXSDZ9/Chapter_1.pdf:application/pdf;Chapter_2.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/D2NWWJV4/Chapter_2.pdf:application/pdf;Chapter_3.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/9PUQFH2J/Chapter_3.pdf:application/pdf;Chapter_4.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/PXEI74R2/Chapter_4.pdf:application/pdf;Chapter_5.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/7V7PU2A6/Chapter_5.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@article{freeman_tyranny_1972, + title = {The tyranny of structurelessness}, + volume = {17}, + issn = {0067-5830}, + url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/41035187}, + pages = {151--164}, + journaltitle = {Berkeley Journal of Sociology}, + shortjournal = {Berkeley Journal of Sociology}, + author = {Freeman, Jo}, + urldate = {2015-06-19}, + date = {1972-01-01}, + file = {Freeman - 1972 - The tyranny of structurelessness.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/KGF9XNG2/Freeman - 1972 - The tyranny of structurelessness.pdf:application/pdf;Tyranny of Structurelessness.doc:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/65PBEXIL/Tyranny of Structurelessness.doc:application/msword}, +} + +@article{shaw_laboratories_2014, + title = {Laboratories of oligarchy? How the iron law extends to peer production}, + volume = {64}, + issn = {1460-2466}, + url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jcom.12082/abstract}, + doi = {10.1111/jcom.12082}, + shorttitle = {Laboratories of Oligarchy?}, + abstract = {Peer production projects like Wikipedia have inspired voluntary associations, collectives, social movements, and scholars to embrace open online collaboration as a model of democratic organization. However, many peer production projects exhibit entrenched leadership and deep inequalities, suggesting that they may not fulfill democratic ideals. Instead, peer production projects may conform to Robert Michels' “iron law of oligarchy,” which proposes that democratic membership organizations become increasingly oligarchic as they grow. Using exhaustive data of internal processes from a sample of 683 wikis, we construct empirical measures of participation and test for increases in oligarchy associated with growth in wikis' contributor bases. In contrast to previous studies, we find support for Michels' iron law and conclude that peer production entails oligarchic organizational forms.}, + pages = {215--238}, + number = {2}, + journaltitle = {Journal of Communication}, + shortjournal = {J Commun}, + author = {Shaw, Aaron and Hill, Benjamin Mako}, + urldate = {2015-05-09}, + date = {2014}, + langid = {english}, + file = {Shaw and Hill - 2014 - Laboratories of oligarchy How the iron law extend.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/GIII687R/Shaw and Hill - 2014 - Laboratories of oligarchy How the iron law extend.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/W3846GC6/full.html:text/html}, +} + +@book{michels_political_1915, + location = {New York, {NY}}, + title = {Political parties: A sociological study of the oligarchical tendencies of modern democracy}, + shorttitle = {Political Parties}, + publisher = {Hearst}, + author = {Michels, Robert}, + translator = {Paul, Eden and Paul, Cedar}, + date = {1915}, +} + +@article{shaw_centralized_2012, + title = {Centralized and decentralized gatekeeping in an open online collective}, + volume = {40}, + issn = {0032-3292, 1552-7514}, + url = {http://pas.sagepub.com/content/40/3/349}, + doi = {10.1177/0032329212449009}, + abstract = {This paper presents a study of gatekeeping in the U.S. political blog "Daily Kos." Open online collectives like Daily Kos use relational mechanisms, such as gatekeeping, to manage organizational boundaries and filter the contributions of participants. However, neither prior theories of gatekeeping nor the existing analyses of open online collectives account for the character or implications of gatekeeping in the Daily Kos community. Using qualitative evidence as well as statistical analysis of a large sample of comment threads on the site from 2008, I argue that gatekeeping on Daily Kos takes centralized and decentralized forms, and that both modes depend critically on relational boundary work among site participants. Centralized gatekeeping proceeds through actions by high-status members of the community. Decentralized gatekeeping, by contrast, consists of more numerous and small-scale interactions between community members, who filter and moderate each other's participation. Both forms of gatekeeping enhance the ability of site leaders and incumbent community members to regulate access to privileges and agenda-setting responsibilities on the site. These findings imply that the egalitarian ethos of open online collectives exists in tension with the mechanisms through which participation and status inequalities emerge among participants. How collectives engaged in mobilization and discursive production resolve this tension will shape the long-term impact of online participation and blogs on the political and public spheres.}, + pages = {349--388}, + number = {3}, + journaltitle = {Politics \& Society}, + shortjournal = {Politics \& Society}, + author = {Shaw, Aaron}, + urldate = {2012-08-27}, + date = {2012}, + langid = {english}, + note = {tex.ids= shaw\_centralized\_2012-1}, + file = {0032329212449009.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/U535G3LJ/0032329212449009.pdf:application/pdf;Shaw--2012-Gatekeeping_online-349-88.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/4RGVXPPZ/Shaw--2012-Gatekeeping_online-349-88.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@book{schweik_internet_2012, + location = {Cambridge, {MA}}, + title = {Internet success: A study of open-source software commons}, + isbn = {978-0-262-01725-1}, + shorttitle = {Internet success}, + pagetotal = {351}, + publisher = {{MIT} Press}, + author = {Schweik, Charles M. and English, Robert C.}, + date = {2012}, +} + +@inproceedings{steinmacher_social_2015-1, + location = {New York, {NY}}, + title = {Social Barriers Faced by Newcomers Placing Their First Contribution in Open Source Software Projects}, + isbn = {978-1-4503-2922-4}, + url = {http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=2675133.2675215}, + doi = {10.1145/2675133.2675215}, + pages = {1379--1392}, + publisher = {{ACM}}, + author = {Steinmacher, Igor and Conte, Tayana and Gerosa, Marco Aurélio and Redmiles, David}, + urldate = {2017-07-27}, + date = {2015}, + langid = {english}, + file = {Steinmacher et al. - 2015 - Social Barriers Faced by Newcomers Placing Their F.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/7VDJ556C/Steinmacher et al. - 2015 - Social Barriers Faced by Newcomers Placing Their F.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@inproceedings{lam_wp:clubhouse?:_2011, + location = {New York, {NY}}, + title = {{WP}:Clubhouse?: An Exploration of Wikipedia's Gender Imbalance}, + isbn = {978-1-4503-0909-7}, + url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2038558.2038560}, + doi = {10.1145/2038558.2038560}, + series = {{WikiSym} '11}, + shorttitle = {{WP}}, + abstract = {Wikipedia has rapidly become an invaluable destination for millions of information-seeking users. However, media reports suggest an important challenge: only a small fraction of Wikipedia's legion of volunteer editors are female. In the current work, we present a scientific exploration of the gender imbalance in the English Wikipedia's population of editors. We look at the nature of the imbalance itself, its effects on the quality of the encyclopedia, and several conflict-related factors that may be contributing to the gender gap. Our findings confirm the presence of a large gender gap among editors and a corresponding gender-oriented disparity in the content of Wikipedia's articles. Further, we find evidence hinting at a culture that may be resistant to female participation.}, + pages = {1--10}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Wikis and Open Collaboration}, + publisher = {{ACM}}, + author = {Lam, Shyong (Tony) K. and Uduwage, Anuradha and Dong, Zhenhua and Sen, Shilad and Musicant, David R. and Terveen, Loren and Riedl, John}, + urldate = {2015-03-08}, + date = {2011}, + file = {ACM Full Text PDF:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/EUWCPP57/Lam et al. - 2011 - WPClubhouse An Exploration of Wikipedia's Gende.pdf:application/pdf;p1-lam.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/KR457VCD/p1-lam.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@inproceedings{palen_success_2015, + location = {New York, {NY}}, + title = {Success \& Scale in a Data-Producing Organization: The Socio-Technical Evolution of {OpenStreetMap} in Response to Humanitarian Events}, + isbn = {978-1-4503-3145-6}, + url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2702123.2702294}, + doi = {10.1145/2702123.2702294}, + series = {{CHI} '15}, + shorttitle = {Success \& Scale in a Data-Producing Organization}, + abstract = {{OpenStreetMap} ({OSM}) is a volunteer-driven, globally distributed organization whose members work to create a common digital map of the world. {OSM} embraces ideals of open data, and to that end innovates both socially and technically to develop practices and processes for coordinated operation. This paper provides a brief history of {OSM} and then, through quantitative and qualitative examination of the {OSM} database and other sites of articulation work, examines organizational growth through the lens of two catastrophes that spurred enormous humanitarian relief responses-the 2010 Haiti Earthquake and the 2013 Typhoon Yolanda. The temporally- and geographically- constrained events scope analysis for what is a rapidly maturing, whole-planet operation. The first disaster identified how {OSM} could support other organizations responding to the event. However, to achieve this, {OSM} has had to refine mechanisms of collaboration around map creation, which were tested again in Typhoon Yolanda. The transformation of work between these two events yields insights into the organizational development of large, data-producing online organizations.}, + pages = {4113--4122}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 33rd Annual {ACM} Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems}, + publisher = {{ACM}}, + author = {Palen, Leysia and Soden, Robert and Anderson, T. Jennings and Barrenechea, Mario}, + urldate = {2017-06-14}, + date = {2015}, + file = {p4113-palen.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/WWDRABDB/p4113-palen.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@inproceedings{wilson_replichi_2011, + location = {New York, {NY}}, + title = {{RepliCHI} - {CHI} Should Be Replicating and Validating Results More: Discuss}, + isbn = {978-1-4503-0268-5}, + url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1979742.1979491}, + doi = {10.1145/1979742.1979491}, + series = {{CHI} {EA} '11}, + shorttitle = {{RepliCHI} - {CHI} Should Be Replicating and Validating Results More}, + abstract = {The replication of research findings is a cornerstone of good science. Replication confirms results, strengthens research, and makes sure progress is based on solid foundations. {CHI}, however, rewards novelty and is focused on new results. As a community, therefore, we do not value, facilitate, or reward replication in research, and often take the significant results of a single user study on 20 users to be true. This panel will address the issues surrounding replication in our community, and discuss: a) how much of our broad diverse discipline is 'science', b) how, if at all, we currently see replication of research in our community, c) whether we should place more emphasis on replication in some form, and d) how that should look in our community. The aim of the panel is to make a proposal to future {CHI} organizers (2 are on the panel) for how we should facilitate replication in the future.}, + pages = {463--466}, + booktitle = {{CHI}'11 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems}, + publisher = {{ACM}}, + author = {Wilson, Max L. and Mackay, Wendy and Chi, Ed and Bernstein, Michael and Russell, Dan and Thimbleby, Harold}, + urldate = {2017-07-25}, + date = {2011}, + file = {ACM Full Text PDF:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/8AX28ZXK/Wilson et al. - 2011 - RepliCHI - CHI Should Be Replicating and Validatin.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@inproceedings{roth_measuring_2008, + location = {New York, {NY}}, + title = {Measuring wiki viability: An empirical assessment of the social dynamics of a large sample of wikis}, + isbn = {978-1-60558-128-6}, + url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1822258.1822294}, + doi = {10.1145/1822258.1822294}, + series = {{WikiSym} '08}, + shorttitle = {Measuring Wiki Viability}, + abstract = {This paper assesses the content- and population-dynamics of a large sample of wikis, over a timespan of several months, in order to identify basic features that may predict or induce different types of fate. We analyze and discuss, in particular, the correlation of various macroscopic indicators, structural features and governance policies with wiki growth patterns. While recent analyses of wiki dynamics have mostly focused on popular projects such as Wikipedia, we suggest research directions towards a more general theory of the dynamics of such communities.}, + pages = {27:1--27:5}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Wikis}, + publisher = {{ACM}}, + author = {Roth, Camille and Taraborelli, Dario and Gilbert, Nigel}, + urldate = {2017-04-16}, + date = {2008}, + keywords = {Web 2.0, Online Communities, governance, dynamics, wikis, moderation, metrics, ecology, viability, wiki demography}, + file = {Roth et al. - 2008 - Measuring wiki viability an empirical assessment .pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/6JPNC6Z5/Roth et al. - 2008 - Measuring wiki viability an empirical assessment .pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@inproceedings{hornbaek_is_2014, + location = {New York, {NY}}, + title = {Is once enough?: On the extent and content of replications in human-computer interaction}, + isbn = {978-1-4503-2473-1}, + url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2556288.2557004}, + doi = {10.1145/2556288.2557004}, + shorttitle = {Is Once Enough?}, + abstract = {A replication is an attempt to confirm an earlier study's findings. It is often claimed that research in Human-Computer Interaction ({HCI}) contains too few replications. To investigate this claim we examined four publication outlets (891 papers) and found 3\% attempting replication of an earlier result. The replications typically confirmed earlier findings, but treated replication as a confirm/not-confirm decision, rarely analyzing effect sizes or comparing in depth to the replicated paper. When asked, most authors agreed that their studies were replications, but rarely planned them as such. Many non-replication studies could have corroborated earlier work if they had analyzed data differently or used minimal effort to collect extra data. We discuss what these results mean to {HCI}, including how reporting of studies could be improved and how conferences/journals may change author instructions to get more replications.}, + pages = {3523--3532}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the {SIGCHI} Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems ({CHI} '14)}, + publisher = {{ACM}}, + author = {Hornbæk, Kasper and Sander, Søren S. and Bargas-Avila, Javier Andrés and Grue Simonsen, Jakob}, + urldate = {2017-11-20}, + date = {2014}, + file = {ACM Full Text PDF:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/H6CGMCTC/Hornba ek et al. - 2014 - Is Once Enough On the Extent and Content of Repl.pdf:application/pdf;Hornbæk et al. - 2014 - Is once enough on the extent and content of repl.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/7BVG583S/Hornbæk et al. - 2014 - Is once enough on the extent and content of repl.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@inproceedings{foote_starting_2017, + location = {New York, {NY}}, + title = {Starting online communities: motivations and goals of wiki founders}, + isbn = {978-1-4503-4655-9}, + url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/3025453.3025639}, + doi = {10.1145/3025453.3025639}, + shorttitle = {Starting Online Communities}, + abstract = {Why do people start new online communities? Previous research has studied what helps communities to grow and what motivates contributors, but the reasons that people create new communities in the first place remain unclear. We present the results of a survey of over 300 founders of new communities on the online wiki hosting site Wikia.com. We analyze the motivations and goals of wiki creators, finding that founders have diverse reasons for starting wikis and diverse ways of defining their success. Many founders see their communities as occupying narrow topics, and neither seek nor expect a large group of contributors. We also find that founders with differing goals approach community building differently. We argue that community platform designers can create interfaces that support the diverse goals of founders more effectively.}, + pages = {6376--6380}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2017 {CHI} Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems ({CHI} '17)}, + publisher = {{ACM}}, + author = {Foote, Jeremy and Gergle, Darren and Shaw, Aaron}, + urldate = {2017-05-15}, + date = {2017}, + keywords = {peer production, survey, wikis}, + file = {Foote et al. - 2017 - Starting Online Communities Motivations and Goals.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/BWAIBPUK/Foote et al. - 2017 - Starting Online Communities Motivations and Goals.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@inproceedings{arazy_functional_2015, + location = {New York, {NY}}, + title = {Functional roles and career paths in Wikipedia}, + isbn = {978-1-4503-2922-4}, + url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2675133.2675257}, + doi = {10.1145/2675133.2675257}, + series = {{CSCW} '15}, + abstract = {An understanding of participation dynamics within online production communities requires an examination of the roles assumed by participants. Recent studies have established that the organizational structure of such communities is not flat; rather, participants can take on a variety of well-defined functional roles. What is the nature of functional roles? How have they evolved? And how do participants assume these functions? Prior studies focused primarily on participants' activities, rather than functional roles. Further, extant conceptualizations of role transitions in production communities, such as the Reader to Leader framework, emphasize a single dimension: organizational power, overlooking distinctions between functions. In contrast, in this paper we empirically study the nature and structure of functional roles within Wikipedia, seeking to validate existing theoretical frameworks. The analysis sheds new light on the nature of functional roles, revealing the intricate "career paths" resulting from participants' role transitions.}, + pages = {1092--1105}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 18th {ACM} Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work \& Social Computing}, + publisher = {{ACM}}, + author = {Arazy, Ofer and Ortega, Felipe and Nov, Oded and Yeo, Lisa and Balila, Adam}, + urldate = {2015-11-11}, + date = {2015}, + file = {Arazy et al. - 2015 - Functional roles and career paths in Wikipedia.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/LQP92JWT/Arazy et al. - 2015 - Functional roles and career paths in Wikipedia.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@unpublished{gorbatai_aligning_2011, + location = {Cambridge, {MA}}, + title = {Aligning collective production with demand: Evidence from Wikipedia}, + url = {http://faculty.chicagobooth.edu/workshops/orgs-markets/past/pdf/gorbatai.pdf}, + type = {Working Paper}, + howpublished = {Working Paper}, + author = {Gorbatai, Andreea}, + date = {2011}, +} + +@article{piskorski_testing_2017, + title = {Testing Coleman’s social-norm enforcement mechanism: Evidence from Wikipedia}, + volume = {122}, + issn = {0002-9602}, + doi = {10.1086/689816}, + shorttitle = {Testing Coleman’s Social-Norm Enforcement Mechanism}, + abstract = {Since Durkheim, sociologists have believed that actors in dense network structures experience fewer norm violations. Coleman proposed one explanatory mechanism, arguing that dense networks provide an opportunity structure to reward those who punish norm violators, leading to more frequent punishment and in turn fewer norm violations. Despite ubiquitous scholarly references to Coleman’s theory, little empirical work has directly tested it in large-scale natural settings with longitudinal data. The authors undertake such a test using records of norm violations during the editing process on Wikipedia, the largest user-generated online encyclopedia. These data allow them to track all three elements required to test Coleman’s mechanism: norm violations, punishments for such violations, and rewards for those who punish violations. The results support Coleman’s mechanism.}, + pages = {1183--1222}, + number = {4}, + journaltitle = {American Journal of Sociology}, + shortjournal = {American Journal of Sociology}, + author = {Piskorski, Mikolaj Jan and Gorbatai, Andreea D.}, + urldate = {2017-09-05}, + date = {2017}, +} + +@article{stvilia_issues_2009-1, + title = {Issues of cross-contextual information quality evaluation—The case of Arabic, English, and Korean Wikipedias}, + volume = {31}, + issn = {07408188}, + url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0740818809000954}, + doi = {10.1016/j.lisr.2009.07.005}, + pages = {232--239}, + number = {4}, + journaltitle = {Library \& Information Science Research}, + author = {Stvilia, Besiki and Al-Faraj, Abdullah and Yi, Yong Jeong}, + urldate = {2016-09-15}, + date = {2009-12}, + langid = {english}, + file = {1-s2.0-S0740818809000954-main.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/G47IH28J/1-s2.0-S0740818809000954-main.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@thesis{miquel_ribe_identity-based_2017, + title = {Identity-based motivation in digital engagement: the influence of community and cultural identity on participation in Wikipedia}, + rights = {Open Access}, + url = {https://www.tdx.cat/handle/10803/402142}, + shorttitle = {Identity-based motivation in digital engagement}, + abstract = {Internet i la tecnologia mòbil s'han consolidat com una esfera pública de la vida, on l'èxit sovint s'equipara a la participació. En aquesta tesi s'estudia la influència d’una motivació basada en la identitat en la participació, amb un enfocament especial en Viquipèdia, on les identitats són fonamentals per entendre la comunitat i la diversitat de temàtica dels continguts. Per mitjà de l’anàlisi de dades es descobreix que els editors desenvolupen una identitat de comunitat i creen contingut que representa les seves identitats culturals. Aquest contingut ocupa al voltant d'una quarta part (en nombre d'articles) de cada Viquipèdia, i més tenint en compte les d'edicions. Quan els editors augmenten la participació o esdevenen administradors, segueixen preferint continguts impregnats de significats basats en la identitat cultural, la qual cosa indica una posició central d’aquesta identitat. Finalment, es destaquen estratègies per fomentar la participació i l'enriquiment intercultural entre versions lingüístiques de Viquipèdia.}, + institution = {Universitat Pompeu Fabra}, + type = {phdthesis}, + author = {Miquel Ribé, Marc}, + urldate = {2018-10-22}, + date = {2017-03-24}, + file = {Full Text PDF:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/PAK8C5RX/Miquel Ribé - 2017 - Identity-based motivation in digital engagement t.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@inproceedings{narayan_wikipedia_2017, + location = {New York, {NY}, {USA}}, + title = {The Wikipedia Adventure: field evaluation of an interactive tutorial for new users}, + isbn = {978-1-4503-4335-0}, + url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2998181.2998307}, + doi = {10.1145/2998181.2998307}, + series = {{CSCW} '17}, + shorttitle = {The Wikipedia Adventure}, + abstract = {Integrating new users into a community with complex norms presents a challenge for peer production projects like Wikipedia. We present The Wikipedia Adventure ({TWA}): an interactive tutorial that offers a structured and gamified introduction to Wikipedia. In addition to describing the design of the system, we present two empirical evaluations. First, we report on a survey of users, who responded very positively to the tutorial. Second, we report results from a large-scale invitation-based field experiment that tests whether using {TWA} increased newcomers' subsequent contributions to Wikipedia. We find no effect of either using the tutorial or of being invited to do so over a period of 180 days. We conclude that {TWA} produces a positive socialization experience for those who choose to use it, but that it does not alter patterns of newcomer activity. We reflect on the implications of these mixed results for the evaluation of similar social computing systems.}, + pages = {1785--1799}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2017 {ACM} Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing}, + publisher = {{ACM}}, + author = {Narayan, Sneha and Orlowitz, Jake and Morgan, Jonathan and Hill, Benjamin Mako and Shaw, Aaron}, + urldate = {2017-03-21}, + date = {2017}, + file = {p1785-narayan.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/3ZFPBYSH/p1785-narayan.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@inproceedings{matias_skill_2016, + location = {New York, {NY}, {USA}}, + title = {Skill progression in Scratch revisited}, + isbn = {978-1-4503-3362-7}, + url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2858036.2858349}, + doi = {10.1145/2858036.2858349}, + series = {{CHI} '16}, + abstract = {This paper contributes to a growing body of work that attempts to measure informal learning online by revisiting two of the most surprising findings from a 2012 study on skill progression in Scratch by Scaffidi and Chambers: users tend to share decreasingly code-heavy projects over time; and users' projects trend toward using a less diverse range of code concepts. We revisit Scaffidi and Chambers's work in three ways: with a replication of their study using the full population of projects from which they sampled, a simulation study that replicates both their analytic and sampling methodology, and an alternative analysis that addresses several important threats. Our results suggest that the population estimates are opposite in sign to those presented in the original work.}, + pages = {1486--1490}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2016 {CHI} Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems}, + publisher = {{ACM}}, + author = {Matias, J. Nathan and Dasgupta, Sayamindu and Hill, Benjamin Mako}, + urldate = {2017-07-25}, + date = {2016}, + file = {ACM Full Text PDF:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/99CNAA4Z/Matias et al. - 2016 - Skill Progression in Scratch Revisited.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@incollection{benkler_peer_2015, + location = {Cambridge, {MA}}, + title = {Peer production: A form of collective intelligence}, + isbn = {978-0-262-02981-0}, + pages = {175--204}, + booktitle = {Handbook of Collective Intelligence}, + publisher = {{MIT} Press}, + author = {Benkler, Yochai and Shaw, Aaron and Hill, Benjamin Mako}, + editor = {Malone, Thomas W. and Bernstein, Michael S.}, + date = {2015}, + langid = {english}, + file = {Benkler et al. - 2015 - Peer production A form of collective intelligence.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/SKULU2E6/Benkler et al. - 2015 - Peer production A form of collective intelligence.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@inproceedings{suh_singularity_2009, + location = {New York, {NY}}, + title = {The singularity is not near: slowing growth of Wikipedia}, + isbn = {978-1-60558-730-1}, + url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1641309.1641322}, + doi = {10.1145/1641309.1641322}, + series = {{WikiSym} '09}, + shorttitle = {The Singularity is Not Near}, + abstract = {Prior research on Wikipedia has characterized the growth in content and editors as being fundamentally exponential in nature, extrapolating current trends into the future. We show that recent editing activity suggests that Wikipedia growth has slowed, and perhaps plateaued, indicating that it may have come against its limits to growth. We measure growth, population shifts, and patterns of editor and administrator activities, contrasting these against past results where possible. Both the rate of page growth and editor growth has declined. As growth has declined, there are indicators of increased coordination and overhead costs, exclusion of newcomers, and resistance to new edits. We discuss some possible explanations for these new developments in Wikipedia including decreased opportunities for sharing existing knowledge and increased bureaucratic stress on the socio-technical system itself.}, + pages = {1--10}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Wikis and Open Collaboration}, + publisher = {{ACM}}, + author = {Suh, Bongwon and Convertino, Gregorio and Chi, Ed H. and Pirolli, Peter}, + urldate = {2016-04-21}, + date = {2009}, + file = {Suh et al. - 2009 - The singularity is not near slowing growth of Wik.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/WTEMKAUC/Suh et al. - 2009 - The singularity is not near slowing growth of Wik.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@article{hannan_population_1977, + title = {The population ecology of organizations}, + volume = {82}, + issn = {0002-9602}, + url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2777807}, + doi = {10.2307/2777807}, + abstract = {A population ecology perspective on organization-environment relations is proposed as an alternative to the dominant adaptation perspective. The strength of inertial pressures on organizational structure suggests the application of models that depend on competition and selection in populations of organizations. Several such models as well as issues that arise in attempts to apply them to the organization-environment problem are discussed.}, + pages = {929--964}, + number = {5}, + journaltitle = {American Journal of Sociology}, + shortjournal = {American Journal of Sociology}, + author = {Hannan, Michael T. and Freeman, John}, + urldate = {2013-10-18}, + date = {1977}, + file = {Hannan and Freeman - 1977 - The Population Ecology of Organizations.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/TVD48Q77/Hannan and Freeman - 1977 - The Population Ecology of Organizations.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@inproceedings{halfaker_jury_2009, + location = {New York, {NY}, {USA}}, + title = {A Jury of Your Peers: Quality, Experience and Ownership in Wikipedia}, + isbn = {978-1-60558-730-1}, + url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1641309.1641332}, + doi = {10.1145/1641309.1641332}, + series = {{WikiSym} '09}, + shorttitle = {A Jury of Your Peers}, + abstract = {Wikipedia is a highly successful example of what mass collaboration in an informal peer review system can accomplish. In this paper, we examine the role that the quality of the contributions, the experience of the contributors and the ownership of the content play in the decisions over which contributions become part of Wikipedia and which ones are rejected by the community. We introduce and justify a versatile metric for automatically measuring the quality of a contribution. We find little evidence that experience helps contributors avoid rejection. In fact, as they gain experience, contributors are even more likely to have their work rejected. We also find strong evidence of ownership behaviors in practice despite the fact that ownership of content is discouraged within Wikipedia.}, + pages = {15:1--15:10}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Wikis and Open Collaboration}, + publisher = {{ACM}}, + author = {Halfaker, Aaron and Kittur, Aniket and Kraut, Robert E. and Riedl, John}, + urldate = {2015-03-08}, + date = {2009}, + file = {Halfaker et al. - 2009 - A jury of your peers quality, experience and owne.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/BZ3MFSXI/Halfaker et al. - 2009 - A jury of your peers quality, experience and owne.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@inproceedings{kiene_surviving_2016, + location = {New York, {NY}}, + title = {Surviving an “Eternal September”: How an online community managed a surge of newcomers}, + isbn = {978-1-4503-3362-7}, + url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2858036.2858356}, + doi = {10.1145/2858036.2858356}, + shorttitle = {Surviving an "Eternal September"}, + abstract = {We present a qualitative analysis of interviews with participants in the {NoSleep} community within Reddit where millions of fans and writers of horror fiction congregate. We explore how the community handled a massive, sudden, and sustained increase in new members. Although existing theory and stories like Usenet's infamous "Eternal September" suggest that large influxes of newcomers can hurt online communities, our interviews suggest that {NoSleep} survived without major incident. We propose that three features of {NoSleep} allowed it to manage the rapid influx of newcomers gracefully: (1) an active and well-coordinated group of administrators, (2) a shared sense of community which facilitated community moderation, and (3) technological systems that mitigated norm violations. We also point to several important trade-offs and limitations.}, + pages = {1152--1156}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2016 {CHI} Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems}, + publisher = {{ACM}}, + author = {Kiene, Charles and Monroy-Hernández, Andrés and Hill, Benjamin Mako}, + urldate = {2016-07-05}, + date = {2016}, + keywords = {peer production, online communities, newcomers, qualitative methods, norms and governance}, + file = {Kiene et al. - 2016 - Surviving an “Eternal September” How an online co.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/S9JX8XE5/Kiene et al. - 2016 - Surviving an “Eternal September” How an online co.pdf:application/pdf;Kiene et al. - 2016 - Surviving an Eternal September How an Online Co.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/2YPT6BUL/Kiene et al. - 2016 - Surviving an Eternal September How an Online Co.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@book{kraut_building_2012, + location = {Cambridge, {MA}}, + title = {Building successful online communities: Evidence-based social design}, + isbn = {978-0-262-29831-5}, + abstract = {Uses insights from social science, psychology, and economics to offer advice on planning and managing an online community.}, + publisher = {{MIT} Press}, + author = {Kraut, Robert E. and Resnick, Paul and Kiesler, Sara}, + date = {2012}, + keywords = {design, foundations of social computing}, + file = {01-Resnick10-Intro-current.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/CX4KDC3G/01-Resnick10-Intro-current.pdf:application/pdf;02-Resnick10-Intro-current.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/JEWAVXHG/02-Resnick10-Intro-current.pdf:application/pdf;03-Ren10-Commitment-current.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/S6Z28BBS/03-Ren10-Commitment-current.pdf:application/pdf;04-kraut10-Newcomers-current.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/B4XSKAVW/04-kraut10-Newcomers-current.pdf:application/pdf;05-kiesler10-Regulation-current.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/RIM4D9KS/05-kiesler10-Regulation-current.pdf:application/pdf;06-Resnick10-Startup-current.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/IJCEWA6L/06-Resnick10-Startup-current.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@inproceedings{geiger_using_2013, + title = {Using edit sessions to measure participation in Wikipedia}, + url = {http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2441873}, + pages = {861--870}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2013 conference on Computer supported cooperative work}, + publisher = {{ACM}}, + author = {Geiger, R. Stuart and Halfaker, Aaron}, + urldate = {2016-03-06}, + date = {2013}, + keywords = {wikipedia, peer production, activity, quantitative methods, labor, labor-hours, sessions, work, work practices}, + file = {[PDF] from stuartgeiger.com:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/6EZ7WJ4T/Geiger and Halfaker - 2013 - Using edit sessions to measure participation in Wi.pdf:application/pdf;ACM Full Text PDF:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/MFHWZS8R/Geiger and Halfaker - 2013 - Using Edit Sessions to Measure Participation in Wi.pdf:application/pdf;cscw-sessions.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/9Z6ATSSC/cscw-sessions.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/VZ7BVKRW/citation.html:text/html}, +} + +@article{forte_defining_2013, + title = {Defining, Understanding, and Supporting Open Collaboration: Lessons From the Literature}, + volume = {57}, + issn = {0002-7642}, + url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0002764212469362}, + doi = {10.1177/0002764212469362}, + shorttitle = {Defining, Understanding, and Supporting Open Collaboration}, + abstract = {In this short introductory piece, we define open collaboration and contextualize the diverse articles in this special issue in a common vocabulary and history. We provide a definition of open collaboration and situate the phenomenon within an interrelated set of scholarly and ideological movements. We then examine the properties of open collaboration systems that have given rise to research and review major areas of scholarship. We close with a summary of consistent findings in open collaboration research to date.}, + pages = {535--547}, + number = {5}, + journaltitle = {American Behavioral Scientist}, + shortjournal = {American Behavioral Scientist}, + author = {Forte, Andrea and Lampe, Cliff}, + urldate = {2017-01-31}, + date = {2013-05-01}, + langid = {english}, + keywords = {Wiki, wikipedia, peer production, open collaboration, Open source software}, + file = {Forte and Lampe - 2013 - Defining, Understanding, and Supporting Open Colla.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/F3VGUK6W/Forte and Lampe - 2013 - Defining, Understanding, and Supporting Open Colla.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@inproceedings{priedhorsky_creating_2007, + location = {New York, {NY}}, + title = {Creating, destroying, and restoring value in wikipedia}, + isbn = {978-1-59593-845-9}, + url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1316624.1316663}, + doi = {10.1145/1316624.1316663}, + series = {{GROUP} '07}, + abstract = {Wikipedia's brilliance and curse is that any user can edit any of the encyclopedia entries. We introduce the notion of the impact of an edit, measured by the number of times the edited version is viewed. Using several datasets, including recent logs of all article views, we show that an overwhelming majority of the viewed words were written by frequent editors and that this majority is increasing. Similarly, using the same impact measure, we show that the probability of a typical article view being damaged is small but increasing, and we present empirically grounded classes of damage. Finally, we make policy recommendations for Wikipedia and other wikis in light of these findings.}, + pages = {259--268}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2007 International {ACM} Conference on Supporting Group Work}, + publisher = {{ACM}}, + author = {Priedhorsky, Reid and Chen, Jilin and Lam, Shyong (Tony) K. and Panciera, Katherine and Terveen, Loren and Riedl, John}, + urldate = {2015-03-08}, + date = {2007}, + file = {Priedhorsky et al. - 2007 - Creating, destroying, and restoring value in wikip.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/8WQT9GMH/Priedhorsky et al. - 2007 - Creating, destroying, and restoring value in wikip.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@article{mciver_wikipedia_2014, + title = {Wikipedia usage estimates prevalence of influenza-like illness in the United States in near real-time}, + volume = {10}, + url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003581}, + doi = {10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003581}, + abstract = {Author Summary Although influenza is largely avoidable through vaccination, between 3,000–50,000 deaths occur in the United States each year that are attributed to this disease. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention continuously monitor the amount of influenza that is present in the American population and compiles this information in weekly reports. However, because it can take a long time to collect and analyze all of this information, the data that is being reported each week is typically between 1–2 weeks old at the time of publishing. For this reason, we are interested in developing new techniques to determine the amount of influenza in the population that are accurate, can return results in real-time, and can be used to supplement traditional monitoring. We have created a method of estimating the amount of influenza-like illness in the American population, at any time of year, by analyzing the amount of Internet traffic seen on certain influenza-related Wikipedia articles. This method is able to accurately estimate the percentage of Americans with influenza-like illness, in real-time, and is robust to influenza seasons that are more severe than normal and to events that promote much media attention, such as the H1N1 pandemic in 2009.}, + pages = {e1003581}, + number = {4}, + journaltitle = {{PLoS} Computational Biology}, + shortjournal = {{PLoS} Comput Biol}, + author = {{McIver}, David J. and Brownstein, John S.}, + urldate = {2014-08-07}, + date = {2014-04-17}, + file = {McIver and Brownstein - 2014 - Wikipedia Usage Estimates Prevalence of Influenza-.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/7CL8PWTX/McIver and Brownstein - 2014 - Wikipedia Usage Estimates Prevalence of Influenza-.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@inproceedings{kittur_harnessing_2008, + location = {New York, {NY}}, + title = {Harnessing the wisdom of crowds in Wikipedia: quality through coordination}, + isbn = {978-1-60558-007-4}, + url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1460563.1460572}, + doi = {10.1145/1460563.1460572}, + shorttitle = {Harnessing the wisdom of crowds in wikipedia}, + abstract = {Wikipedia's success is often attributed to the large numbers of contributors who improve the accuracy, completeness and clarity of articles while reducing bias. However, because of the coordination needed to write an article collaboratively, adding contributors is costly. We examined how the number of editors in Wikipedia and the coordination methods they use affect article quality. We distinguish between explicit coordination, in which editors plan the article through communication, and implicit coordination, in which a subset of editors structure the work by doing the majority of it. Adding more editors to an article improved article quality only when they used appropriate coordination techniques and was harmful when they did not. Implicit coordination through concentrating the work was more helpful when many editors contributed, but explicit coordination through communication was not. Both types of coordination improved quality more when an article was in a formative stage. These results demonstrate the critical importance of coordination in effectively harnessing the "wisdom of the crowd" in online production environments.}, + pages = {37--46}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2008 {ACM} Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work ({CSCW} '08)}, + publisher = {{ACM}}, + author = {Kittur, Aniket and Kraut, Robert E.}, + urldate = {2015-05-09}, + date = {2008}, + keywords = {wikipedia, collective intelligence, coordination, distributed cognition, social computing, Collaboration, quality of content, social interaction}, + file = {Kittur and Kraut - 2008 - Harnessing the wisdom of crowds in wikipedia qual.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/FJN8PDU4/Kittur and Kraut - 2008 - Harnessing the wisdom of crowds in wikipedia qual.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@inproceedings{kittur_beyond_2010, + location = {New York, {NY}}, + title = {Beyond Wikipedia: Coordination and conflict in online production groups}, + isbn = {978-1-60558-795-0}, + url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1718918.1718959}, + doi = {10.1145/1718918.1718959}, + shorttitle = {Beyond Wikipedia}, + abstract = {Online production groups have the potential to transform the way that knowledge is produced and disseminated. One of the most widely used forms of online production is the wiki, which has been used in domains ranging from science to education to enterprise. We examined the development of and interactions between coordination and conflict in a sample of 6811 wiki production groups. We investigated the influence of four coordination mechanisms: intra-article communication, inter-user communication, concentration of workgroup structure, and policy and procedures. We also examined the growth of conflict, finding the density of users in an information space to be a significant predictor. Finally, we analyzed the effectiveness of the four coordination mechanisms on managing conflict, finding differences in how each scaled to large numbers of contributors. Our results suggest that coordination mechanisms effective for managing conflict are not always the same as those effective for managing task quality, and that designers must take into account the social benefits of coordination mechanisms in addition to their production benefits.}, + pages = {215--224}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2010 {ACM} Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work ({CSCW} '10)}, + publisher = {{ACM}}, + author = {Kittur, Aniket and Kraut, Robert E.}, + urldate = {2015-07-31}, + date = {2010}, + file = {Full Text PDF:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/BGVW36U3/Kittur and Kraut - 2010 - Beyond Wikipedia coordination and conflict in onl.pdf:application/pdf;Kittur and Kraut - 2010 - Beyond Wikipedia Coordination and Conflict in Onl.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/4ZVXJS3G/Kittur and Kraut - 2010 - Beyond Wikipedia Coordination and Conflict in Onl.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@inproceedings{bryant_becoming_2005, + location = {New York, {NY}}, + title = {Becoming Wikipedian: transformation of participation in a collaborative online encyclopedia}, + isbn = {1-59593-223-2}, + url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1099203.1099205}, + doi = {10.1145/1099203.1099205}, + series = {{GROUP} '05}, + shorttitle = {Becoming Wikipedian}, + abstract = {Traditional activities change in surprising ways when computer-mediated communication becomes a component of the activity system. In this descriptive study, we leverage two perspectives on social activity to understand the experiences of individuals who became active collaborators in Wikipedia, a prolific, cooperatively-authored online encyclopedia. Legitimate peripheral participation provides a lens for understanding participation in a community as an adaptable process that evolves over time. We use ideas from activity theory as a framework to describe our results. Finally, we describe how activity on the Wikipedia stands in striking contrast to traditional publishing and suggests a new paradigm for collaborative systems.}, + pages = {1--10}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2005 International {ACM} {SIGGROUP} Conference on Supporting Group Work}, + publisher = {{ACM}}, + author = {Bryant, Susan L. and Forte, Andrea and Bruckman, Amy}, + urldate = {2015-05-09}, + date = {2005}, + keywords = {Wiki, wikipedia, legitimate peripheral participation, activity theory, qualitative, community}, + file = {Bryant et al. - 2005 - Becoming Wikipedian transformation of participati.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/VJXQFTDD/Bryant et al. - 2005 - Becoming Wikipedian transformation of participati.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@unpublished{gorbatai_social_2012, + title = {Social structure of contributions to wikipedia}, + url = {http://www.academia.edu/download/3445150/AndreeaGorbattai.pdf}, + author = {Gorbatai, Andreea D. and Piskorski, Mikolaj Jan}, + date = {2012}, +} + +@article{halfaker_rise_2013, + title = {The rise and decline of an open collaboration system: how Wikipedia's reaction to popularity is causing its decline}, + volume = {57}, + issn = {0002-7642}, + url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764212469365}, + doi = {10.1177/0002764212469365}, + shorttitle = {The Rise and Decline of an Open Collaboration System}, + abstract = {Open collaboration systems, such as Wikipedia, need to maintain a pool of volunteer contributors to remain relevant. Wikipedia was created through a tremendous number of contributions by millions of contributors. However, recent research has shown that the number of active contributors in Wikipedia has been declining steadily for years and suggests that a sharp decline in the retention of newcomers is the cause. This article presents data that show how several changes the Wikipedia community made to manage quality and consistency in the face of a massive growth in participation have ironically crippled the very growth they were designed to manage. Specifically, the restrictiveness of the encyclopedia’s primary quality control mechanism and the algorithmic tools used to reject contributions are implicated as key causes of decreased newcomer retention. Furthermore, the community’s formal mechanisms for norm articulation are shown to have calcified against changes—especially changes proposed by newer editors.}, + pages = {664--688}, + number = {5}, + journaltitle = {American Behavioral Scientist}, + shortjournal = {American Behavioral Scientist}, + author = {Halfaker, Aaron and Geiger, R. Stuart and Morgan, Jonathan T. and Riedl, John}, + date = {2013-05-01}, + langid = {english}, + file = {Halfaker et al. - 2013 - The rise and decline of an open collaboration syst.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/7B7AFK58/Halfaker et al. - 2013 - The rise and decline of an open collaboration syst.pdf:application/pdf;The Rise and Decline of an Open Collaboration Syst.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/Y9676KNV/The Rise and Decline of an Open Collaboration Syst.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@inproceedings{panciera_wikipedians_2009, + location = {New York, {NY}}, + title = {Wikipedians are born, not made: a study of power editors on Wikipedia}, + isbn = {978-1-60558-500-0}, + url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1531674.1531682}, + doi = {10.1145/1531674.1531682}, + series = {{GROUP} '09}, + shorttitle = {Wikipedians are born, not made}, + abstract = {Open content web sites depend on users to produce information of value. Wikipedia is the largest and most well-known such site. Previous work has shown that a small fraction of editors --Wikipedians -- do most of the work and produce most of the value. Other work has offered conjectures about how Wikipedians differ from other editors and how Wikipedians change over time. We quantify and test these conjectures. Our key findings include: Wikipedians' edits last longer; Wikipedians invoke community norms more often to justify their edits; on many dimensions of activity, Wikipedians start intensely, tail off a little, then maintain a relatively high level of activity over the course of their career. Finally, we show that the amount of work done by Wikipedians and non-Wikipedians differs significantly from their very first day. Our results suggest a design opportunity: customizing the initial user experience to improve retention and channel new users' intense energy.}, + pages = {51--60}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the {ACM} 2009 international conference on Supporting group work}, + publisher = {{ACM}}, + author = {Panciera, Katherine and Halfaker, Aaron and Terveen, Loren}, + urldate = {2012-06-14}, + date = {2009}, + file = {Panciera et al. - 2009 - Wikipedians are born, not made a study of power e.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/PCNNT3W4/Panciera et al. - 2009 - Wikipedians are born, not made a study of power e.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@inproceedings{viegas_talk_2007-1, + title = {Talk before you type: coordination in wikipedia}, + doi = {10.1109/HICSS.2007.511}, + shorttitle = {Talk before you type}, + abstract = {Wikipedia, the online encyclopedia, has attracted attention both because of its popularity and its unconventional policy of letting anyone on the Internet edit its articles. This paper describes the results of an empirical analysis of Wikipedia and discusses ways in which the Wikipedia community has evolved as it has grown. We contrast our findings with an earlier study and present three main results. First, the community maintains a strong resilience to malicious editing, despite tremendous growth and high traffic. Second, the fastest growing areas of Wikipedia are devoted to coordination and organization. Finally, we focus on a particular set of pages used to coordinate work, the "Talk" pages. By manually coding the content of a subset of these pages, we find that these pages serve many purposes, notably supporting strategic planning of edits and enforcement of standard guidelines and conventions. Our results suggest that despite the potential for anarchy, the Wikipedia community places a strong emphasis on group coordination, policy, and process}, + eventtitle = {{HICSS}}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 40th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences}, + author = {Viegas, F.B. and Wattenberg, M. and Kriss, J. and van Ham, F.}, + date = {2007}, + keywords = {wikipedia, Internet, Collaboration, encyclopaedias, Guidelines, online encyclopedia, strategic planning, Talk page, Visual communication, visualization, resilience, information resources, encyclopedias}, + file = {Viegas et al. - 2007 - Talk Before You Type Coordination in Wikipedia.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/WLAM88SC/Viegas et al. - 2007 - Talk Before You Type Coordination in Wikipedia.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@article{black_self-governance_2011, + title = {Self-governance through group discussion in wikipedia measuring deliberation in online groups}, + volume = {42}, + issn = {1046-4964, 1552-8278}, + url = {http://sgr.sagepub.com/content/42/5/595}, + doi = {10.1177/1046496411406137}, + abstract = {Virtual teams and other online groups can find it challenging to establish norms that allow them to effectively balance task and relational aspects of their discussions. Yet, in our reliance on organizational and team theories, small group scholars have overlooked the potential for learning from examples offered by online communities. Theories of deliberation in small groups offer scholars a way to assess such discussion-centered self-governance in online groups. The study operationalizes the conceptual definition of deliberative discussion offered by Gastil and Black (2008) to examine the small group discussions that undergird policy-making processes in a well-established online community, Wikipedia. Content analysis shows that these discussions demonstrated a relatively high level of problem analysis and providing of information, but results were mixed in the group's demonstration of respect, consideration, and mutual comprehension. Network visualizations reveal structural patterns that can be useful in examining equality, influence, and group member roles. The combination of measures has implications for future research in deliberative discussion and virtual teamwork.}, + pages = {595--634}, + number = {5}, + journaltitle = {Small Group Research}, + shortjournal = {Small Group Research}, + author = {Black, Laura W. and Welser, Howard T. and Cosley, Dan and {DeGroot}, Jocelyn M.}, + urldate = {2014-01-01}, + date = {2011-10-01}, + langid = {english}, + file = {Black et al. - 2011 - Self-Governance Through Group Discussion in Wikipe.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/NERMAWCQ/Black et al. - 2011 - Self-Governance Through Group Discussion in Wikipe.pdf:application/pdf;Black et al. - Self-Governance Through Group Discussion in Wikipe.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/AQ4JDBF4/Black et al. - Self-Governance Through Group Discussion in Wikipe.pdf:application/pdf;Full Text PDF:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/Q887V9GI/Black et al. - 2011 - Self-Governance Through Group Discussion in Wikipe.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/E7JNGF7I/595.html:text/html;Snapshot:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/PX7ABIQV/595.html:text/html}, +} + +@inproceedings{kriplean_community_2007, + location = {New York, {NY}, {USA}}, + title = {Community, consensus, coercion, control: cs*w or how policy mediates mass participation}, + isbn = {978-1-59593-845-9}, + url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1316624.1316648}, + doi = {10.1145/1316624.1316648}, + shorttitle = {Community, consensus, coercion, control}, + abstract = {When large groups cooperate, issues of conflict and control surface because of differences in perspective. Managing such diverse views is a persistent problem in cooperative group work. The Wikipedian community has responded with an evolving body of policies that provide shared principles, processes, and strategies for collaboration. We employ a grounded approach to study a sample of active talk pages and examine how policies are employed as contributors work towards consensus. Although policies help build a stronger community, we find that ambiguities in policies give rise to power plays. This lens demonstrates that support for mass collaboration must take into account policy and power.}, + eventtitle = {{GROUP}}, + pages = {167--176}, + booktitle = {Proc. of the 2007 International {ACM} Conference on Supporting Group Work}, + publisher = {{ACM}}, + author = {Kriplean, Travis and Beschastnikh, Ivan and {McDonald}, David W. and Golder, Scott A.}, + urldate = {2015-05-09}, + date = {2007}, + file = {ACM Full Text PDF:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/XMSF9XBB/Kriplean et al. - 2007 - Community, Consensus, Coercion, Control CsW or H.pdf:application/pdf;Full Text:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/4NZX25C9/Kriplean et al. - 2007 - Community, Consensus, Coercion, Control CsW or H.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@inproceedings{beschastnikh_wikipedian_2008, + title = {Wikipedian self-governance in action: motivating the policy lens}, + url = {http://www.aaai.org/Papers/ICWSM/2008/ICWSM08-011.pdf}, + shorttitle = {Wikipedian self-governance in action}, + eventtitle = {{ICWSM}}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the International {AAAI} Conference on Web and Social Media}, + publisher = {{AAAI}}, + author = {Beschastnikh, Ivan and Kriplean, Travis and {McDonald}, David W.}, + urldate = {2015-05-09}, + date = {2008}, + file = {Beschastnikh et al. - 2008 - Wikipedian self-governance in action motivating t.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/VBTL44UG/Beschastnikh et al. - 2008 - Wikipedian self-governance in action motivating t.pdf:application/pdf;ICWSM08-011.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/3ZT7MCP2/ICWSM08-011.pdf:application/pdf;p3523-hornaek.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/RKU6Y6QQ/p3523-hornaek.pdf:application/pdf;Wikipedian Self-Governance in Action\: Motivating the Policy Lens - ICWSM08-011.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/4CPRHEMX/ICWSM08-011.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@inproceedings{forte_scaling_2008, + title = {Scaling consensus: increasing decentralization in Wikipedia governance}, + isbn = {1530-1605}, + url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=4438860}, + doi = {10.1109/HICSS.2008.383}, + shorttitle = {Scaling Consensus}, + abstract = {How does "self-governance" happen in Wikipedia? Through in-depth interviews with eleven individuals who have held a variety of responsibilities in the English Wikipedia, we obtained rich descriptions of how various forces produce and regulate social structures on the site. Our analysis describes Wikipedia as an organization with highly refined policies, norms, and a technological architecture that supports organizational ideals of consensus building and discussion. We describe how governance in the site is becoming increasingly decentralized as the community grows and how this is predicted by theories of commons-based governance developed in offline contexts. The trend of decentralization is noticeable with respect to both content-related decision making processes and social structures that regulate user behavior.}, + eventtitle = {{HICS}}, + pages = {157}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 41st Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Science}, + publisher = {{IEEE}}, + author = {Forte, Andrea and Bruckman, Amy}, + urldate = {2009-08-26}, + date = {2008}, + note = {tex.ids: forte\_scaling\_2008-1 +{ISSN}: 1530-1605}, + file = {Forte and Bruckman - 2008 - Scaling Consensus Increasing Decentralization in .pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/J32VIQVG/Forte and Bruckman - 2008 - Scaling Consensus Increasing Decentralization in .pdf:application/pdf;Forte_Bruckman_2008_Scaling Consensus.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/GPIAEK9Z/Forte_Bruckman_2008_Scaling Consensus.pdf:application/pdf;IEEE Xplore Abstract Record:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/8HYKMUGG/4438860.html:text/html}, +} + +@inproceedings{butler_dont_2008, + location = {New York, {NY}, {USA}}, + title = {Don't look now, but we've created a bureaucracy: the nature and roles of policies and rules in Wikipedia}, + isbn = {978-1-60558-011-1}, + url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1357054.1357227}, + doi = {10.1145/1357054.1357227}, + series = {{CHI} '08}, + shorttitle = {Don't look now, but we've created a bureaucracy}, + abstract = {Wikis are sites that support the development of emergent, collective infrastructures that are highly flexible and open, suggesting that the systems that use them will be egalitarian, free, and unstructured. Yet it is apparent that the flexible infrastructure of wikis allows the development and deployment of a wide range of structures. However, we find that the policies in Wikipedia and the systems and mechanisms that operate around them are multi-faceted. In this descriptive study, we draw on prior work on rules and policies in organizations to propose and apply a conceptual framework for understanding the natures and roles of policies in wikis. We conclude that wikis are capable of supporting a broader range of structures and activities than other collaborative platforms. Wikis allow for and, in fact, facilitate the creation of policies that serve a wide variety of functions.}, + pages = {1101--1110}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the {SIGCHI} Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems}, + publisher = {{ACM}}, + author = {Butler, Brian S. and Joyce, Elisabeth and Pike, Jacqueline}, + urldate = {2015-05-09}, + date = {2008}, + file = {Butler et al. - 2008 - Don't look now, but we've created a bureaucracy T.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/DQJFC64T/Butler et al. - 2008 - Don't look now, but we've created a bureaucracy T.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@inproceedings{halfaker_dont_2011, + location = {New York, {NY}}, + title = {Don't bite the newbies: How reverts affect the quantity and quality of Wikipedia work}, + isbn = {978-1-4503-0909-7}, + url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2038558.2038585}, + doi = {10.1145/2038558.2038585}, + shorttitle = {Don't bite the newbies}, + abstract = {Reverts are important to maintaining the quality of Wikipedia. They fix mistakes, repair vandalism, and help enforce policy. However, reverts can also be damaging, especially to the aspiring editor whose work they destroy. In this research we analyze 400,000 Wikipedia revisions to understand the effect that reverts had on editors. We seek to understand the extent to which they demotivate users, reducing the workforce of contributors, versus the extent to which they help users improve as encyclopedia editors. Overall we find that reverts are powerfully demotivating, but that their net influence is that more quality work is done in Wikipedia as a result of reverts than is lost by chasing editors away. However, we identify key conditions -- most specifically new editors being reverted by much more experienced editors - under which reverts are particularly damaging. We propose that reducing the damage from reverts might be one effective path for Wikipedia to solve the newcomer retention problem.}, + pages = {163--172}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Wikis and Open Collaboration ({WikiSym} '11)}, + publisher = {{ACM}}, + author = {Halfaker, Aaron and Kittur, Aniket and Riedl, John}, + urldate = {2013-03-06}, + date = {2011}, + file = {Halfaker et al. - 2011 - Don't bite the newbies How reverts affect the qua.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/3VJXADVI/Halfaker et al. - 2011 - Don't bite the newbies How reverts affect the qua.pdf:application/pdf;Halfaker et al. - 2011 - Don't bite the newbies how reverts affect the qua.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/B3UQLHIR/Halfaker et al. - 2011 - Don't bite the newbies how reverts affect the qua.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@article{konieczny_governance_2009, + title = {Governance, organization, and democracy on the internet: the iron law and the evolution of Wikipedia}, + volume = {24}, + issn = {1573-7861}, + url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1573-7861.2008.01090.x/abstract}, + doi = {10.1111/j.1573-7861.2008.01090.x}, + shorttitle = {Governance, Organization, and Democracy on the Internet}, + abstract = {This study examines whether the Iron Law of Oligarchy exists in Wikipedia by analyzing how a key policy of the website regarding verifiability evolved into its current form. The study describes the decision-making processes of Wikipedia and shows that there are many factors preventing or slowing the development of oligarchy on Wikipedia. The study provides data advancing theoretical concepts related to the Iron Law of Oligarchy and the evolution of virtual communities and organizations; results and knowledge gained can also improve Wikipedia policies related to verifiability. Michels wrote: “who says organization, says oligarchy.” I argue that we should follow this with a caveat: “who says wiki-organization, says no to oligarchy.”}, + pages = {162--192}, + number = {1}, + journaltitle = {Sociological Forum}, + author = {Konieczny, Piotr}, + urldate = {2011-11-21}, + date = {2009}, + langid = {english}, + note = {Citation Key Alias: konieczny\_governance\_2009-1}, + keywords = {Internet, Wikipedia, organization, community, oligarchy, democracy}, + file = {Full Text PDF:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/2XPDBBDK/Konieczny - 2009 - Governance, Organization, and Democracy on the Int.pdf:application/pdf;Full Text PDF:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/HKQWRH6C/Konieczny - 2009 - Governance, Organization, and Democracy on the Int.pdf:application/pdf;HAL PDF Full Text:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/RB4UMTFE/Konieczny - 2009 - Governance, Organization, and Democracy on the Int.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/R7KB3EVQ/abstract.html:text/html;Snapshot:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/X3S2LEN6/j.1573-7861.2008.01090.html:text/html}, +} + +@incollection{hill_studying_2019, + location = {Oxford, {UK}}, + title = {Studying populations of online communities}, + isbn = {978-0-19-046051-8}, + url = {https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190460518.001.0001}, + abstract = {While the large majority of published research on online communities consists of analyses conducted entirely within individual communities, this chapter argues for a population-based approach, in which researchers study groups of similar communities. For example, although there have been thousands of papers published about Wikipedia, a population-based approach might compare all wikis on a particular topic. Using examples from published empirical studies, the chapter describes five key benefits of this approach. First, it argues that population-level research increases the generalizability of findings. Next, it describes four processes and dynamics that are only possible to study using populations: community-level variables, information diffusion processes across communities, ecological dynamics, and multilevel community processes. The chapter concludes with a discussion of a series of limitations and challenges.}, + pages = {173--193}, + booktitle = {The Oxford Handbook of Networked Communication}, + publisher = {Oxford University Press}, + author = {Hill, Benjamin Mako and Shaw, Aaron}, + editor = {Foucault Welles, Brooke and González-Bailón, Sandra}, + date = {2019-09}, + langid = {english}, + file = {Hill and Shaw - 2019 - Studying Populations of Online Communities.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/39ZWGGYN/Hill and Shaw - 2019 - Studying Populations of Online Communities.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/BTB3AQGV/oxfordhb-9780190460518-e-8.html:text/html}, +} + +@article{winner_artifacts_1980, + title = {Do Artifacts Have Politics?}, + volume = {109}, + issn = {0011-5266}, + url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/20024652}, + pages = {121--136}, + number = {1}, + journaltitle = {Daedalus}, + author = {Winner, Langdon}, + urldate = {2020-03-27}, + date = {1980}, + note = {Publisher: The {MIT} Press}, + file = {Winner - 1980 - Do artifacts have politics.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/X3GHRX9F/Winner - 1980 - Do artifacts have politics.pdf:application/pdf;Winner - 1980 - Do Artifacts Have Politics.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/PKASDZWU/Winner - 1980 - Do Artifacts Have Politics.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@article{crowston_free/libre_2012, + title = {Free/Libre open-source software development: What we know and what we do not know}, + volume = {44}, + issn = {03600300}, + doi = {10.1145/2089125.2089127}, + shorttitle = {Free/Libre open-source software development}, + pages = {1--35}, + number = {2}, + journaltitle = {{ACM} Computing Surveys}, + shortjournal = {{ACM} Comput. Surv.}, + author = {Crowston, Kevin and Wei, Kangning and Howison, James and Wiggins, Andrea}, + urldate = {2020-01-06}, + date = {2012-02-01}, + langid = {english}, + keywords = {development, distributed work, Free/Libre open-source software, computer-mediated communication, Computer Science, Computer-Mediated Communication, Development, Distributed Work, Free/Libre Open-Source Software}, + file = {Crowston et al. - 2008 - FreeLibre open-source software development What .pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/Y6W88QM2/Crowston et al. - 2008 - FreeLibre open-source software development What .pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@article{zhang_group_2011, + title = {Group size and incentives to contribute: a natural experiment at chinese wikipedia}, + volume = {101}, + issn = {0002-8282}, + url = {https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/aer.101.4.1601}, + doi = {10.1257/aer.101.4.1601}, + shorttitle = {Group size and incentives to contribute}, + abstract = {The literature on the private provision of public goods suggests an inverse relationship between incentives to contribute and group size. We find, however, that after an exogenous reduction of group size at Chinese Wikipedia, the nonblocked contributors decrease their contributions by 42.8 percent on average. We attribute the cause to social effects: contributors receive social benefits that increase with both the amount of their contributions and group size, and the shrinking group size weakens these social benefits. Consistent with our explanation, we find that the more contributors value social benefits, the more they reduce their contributions after the block. ({JEL} H41, L17, L82)}, + pages = {1601--1615}, + number = {4}, + journaltitle = {American Economic Review}, + author = {Zhang, Xiaoquan Michael and Zhu, Feng}, + urldate = {2020-08-31}, + date = {2011-06}, + langid = {english}, + keywords = {Media, Public Goods, Open Source Products and Markets, Entertainment}, + file = {Snapshot:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/BWMQ96PV/articles.html:text/html;Zhang and Zhu - 2011 - Group Size and Incentives to Contribute A Natural.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/63JBCUER/Zhang and Zhu - 2011 - Group Size and Incentives to Contribute A Natural.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@article{joyce_predicting_2006, + title = {Predicting Continued Participation in Newsgroups}, + volume = {11}, + issn = {1083-6101}, + url = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2006.00033.x}, + doi = {10.1111/j.1083-6101.2006.00033.x}, + abstract = {Turnover in online communities is very high, with most people who initially post a message to an online community never contributing again. In this paper, we test whether the responses that newcomers receive to their first posts influence the extent to which they continue to participate. The data come from initial posts made by 2,777 newcomers to six public newsgroups. We coded the content and valence of the initial post and its first response, if it received one, to see if these factors influenced newcomers’ likelihood of posting again. Approximately 61\% of newcomers received a reply to their initial post, and those who got a reply were 12\% more likely to post to the community again; their probability of posting again increased from 44\% to 56\%. They were more likely to receive a response if they asked a question or wrote a longer post. Surprisingly, the quality of the response they received—its emotional tone and whether it answered a newcomer’s question—did not influence the likelihood of the newcomer’s posting again.}, + pages = {723--747}, + number = {3}, + journaltitle = {Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication}, + shortjournal = {Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication}, + author = {Joyce, Elisabeth and Kraut, Robert E.}, + urldate = {2020-12-07}, + date = {2006-04-01}, + note = {tex.ids= joyce\_predicting\_2006}, + file = {Full Text PDF:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/ZVL66I3I/Joyce and Kraut - 2006 - Predicting Continued Participation in Newsgroups.pdf:application/pdf;Full Text PDF:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/KR2VSCNN/Joyce and Kraut - 2006 - Predicting Continued Participation in Newsgroups.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/YXZPKK8E/Joyce and Kraut - 2006 - Predicting Continued Participation in Newsgroups.html:text/html;Snapshot:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/VK44NCYI/4617705.html:text/html}, +} + +@article{hargittai_mind_2015, + title = {Mind the skills gap: the role of Internet know-how and gender in differentiated contributions to Wikipedia}, + volume = {18}, + issn = {1369-118X}, + url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2014.957711}, + doi = {10.1080/1369118X.2014.957711}, + shorttitle = {Mind the skills gap}, + abstract = {Despite the egalitarian rhetoric surrounding online cultural production, profound gender inequalities remain in who contributes to one of the most visited Web sites worldwide, Wikipedia. In analyzing this persistent disparity, previous research has focused on aspects of current contributors and the existing Wikipedia community. We draw on unique panel survey data of young adults with information about both Wikipedia contributors and non-contributors. We examine the role of people's background attributes and Internet skills in participation on the site. We find that the gender gap in editing is exacerbated by a similarly significant Internet skills gap. Our results show that the most likely contributors are high-skilled males and that among low-skilled Internet users no gender gap in Wikipedia contributions exists. Our findings suggest that efforts to understand the gender gap must also take Internet skills into account.}, + pages = {424--442}, + number = {4}, + journaltitle = {Information, Communication \& Society}, + author = {Hargittai, Eszter and Shaw, Aaron}, + urldate = {2021-06-29}, + date = {2015-04-03}, + keywords = {peer production, Wikipedia, gender, participation, Internet skills, digital inequality}, + file = {Full Text PDF:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/MCIV5KUS/Hargittai and Shaw - 2015 - Mind the skills gap the role of Internet know-how.pdf:application/pdf;Mind the skills gap the role of Internet know how and gender in differentiated contributions to Wikipedia.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/9Q446UQI/Mind the skills gap the role of Internet know how and gender in differentiated contributions to Wikipedia.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/K83I635H/1369118X.2014.html:text/html}, +} + +@inproceedings{geiger_work_2010, + location = {New York, {NY}, {USA}}, + title = {The work of sustaining order in wikipedia: the banning of a vandal}, + isbn = {978-1-60558-795-0}, + url = {http://doi.org/10.1145/1718918.1718941}, + doi = {10.1145/1718918.1718941}, + series = {{CSCW} '10}, + shorttitle = {The work of sustaining order in wikipedia}, + abstract = {In this paper, we examine the social roles of software tools in the English-language Wikipedia, specifically focusing on autonomous editing programs and assisted editing tools. This qualitative research builds on recent research in which we quantitatively demonstrate the growing prevalence of such software in recent years. Using trace ethnography, we show how these often-unofficial technologies have fundamentally transformed the nature of editing and administration in Wikipedia. Specifically, we analyze "vandal fighting" as an epistemic process of distributed cognition, highlighting the role of non-human actors in enabling a decentralized activity of collective intelligence. In all, this case shows that software programs are used for more than enforcing policies and standards. These tools enable coordinated yet decentralized action, independent of the specific norms currently in force.}, + pages = {117--126}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2010 {ACM} conference on Computer supported cooperative work}, + publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery}, + author = {Geiger, R. Stuart and Ribes, David}, + urldate = {2022-08-24}, + date = {2010-02-06}, + keywords = {Wiki, wikipedia, distributed cognition, Wikipedia, collaboration, bots, wiki, ethnography, qualitative, social, trace ethnography}, + file = {Geiger and Ribes - 2010 - The work of sustaining order in wikipedia the ban.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/UI8GRV2Y/Geiger and Ribes - 2010 - The work of sustaining order in wikipedia the ban.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@article{benkler_coases_2002, + title = {Coase's penguin, or, Linux and the nature of the firm}, + volume = {112}, + url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/1562247}, + doi = {10.2307/1562247}, + abstract = {For decades our common understanding of the organization of economic production has been that individuals order their productive activities in one of two ways: either as employees in firms, following the directions of managers, or as individuals in markets, following price signals. This dichotomy was first identified in the early work of Ronald Coase and was developed most explicitly in the work of institutional economist Oliver Williamson. Recently, public attention has focused on a fifteen-year-old phenomenon called free software or open source software. This phenomenon involves thousands, or even tens of thousands, of computer programmers who collaborate on large- and small-scale projects without traditional firm-based or market-based ownership of the resulting product. This Article explains why free software is only one example of a much broader social-economic phenomenon emerging in the digitally networked environment, a third mode of production that the author calls "commons-based peer production." + +The Article begins by demonstrating the widespread use of commons-based peer production on the Internet through a number of detailed examples, such as Wikipedia, Slashdot, the Open Directory Project, and Google. The Article uses these examples to reveal fundamental characteristics of commons-based peer production that distinguish it from the property- and contract-based modes of firms and markets. The central distinguishing characteristic is that groups of individuals successfully collaborate on large-scale projects following a diverse cluster of motivational drives and social signals rather than market prices or managerial commands. The Article then explains why this mode has systematic advantages over markets and managerial hierarchies in the digitally networked environment when the object of production is information or culture. First, peer production has an advantage in what the author calls "information opportunity cost," because it loses less information about who might be the best person for a given job. Second, there are substantial increasing allocation gains to be captured from allowing large clusters of potential contributors to interact with large clusters of information resources in search of new projects and opportunities for collaboration. The Article concludes with an overview of how these models use a variety of technological, social, and formal strategies to overcome the collective action problems usually solved in managerial and market-based systems by property, contract, and managerial commands.}, + pages = {369--446}, + number = {3}, + journaltitle = {Yale Law Journal}, + author = {Benkler, Yochai}, + urldate = {2008-09-14}, + date = {2002}, + keywords = {Internet, {FOSS}, Economics, Legal Studies, Advantages, Law, Open source software, Production cooperatives, Socioeconomic factors}, + file = {Benkler - 2002 - Coase's penguin, or, Linux and the nature of the f.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/X76K3WTQ/Benkler - 2002 - Coase's penguin, or, Linux and the nature of the f.pdf:application/pdf;Coase's Penguin - Handbook of Collective Intelligence:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/KW53V2VQ/index.html:text/html;The Yale Law Journal - Coase's Penguin, or, Linux and The Nature of the Firm:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/G2RQCTXQ/369_yochai_benkler.html:text/html}, +} diff --git a/planning_documents/rad_revisited_wikia_2018/ugmm8a.pfb b/planning_documents/rad_revisited_wikia_2018/ugmm8a.pfb new file mode 100644 index 0000000..79a60e6 Binary files /dev/null and b/planning_documents/rad_revisited_wikia_2018/ugmm8a.pfb differ diff --git a/planning_documents/rad_revisited_wikia_2018/ugmmi8a.pfb b/planning_documents/rad_revisited_wikia_2018/ugmmi8a.pfb new file mode 100644 index 0000000..19bb435 Binary files /dev/null and b/planning_documents/rad_revisited_wikia_2018/ugmmi8a.pfb differ diff --git a/planning_documents/rad_revisited_wikia_2018/ugmr8a.pfb b/planning_documents/rad_revisited_wikia_2018/ugmr8a.pfb new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0017029 Binary files /dev/null and b/planning_documents/rad_revisited_wikia_2018/ugmr8a.pfb differ diff --git a/planning_documents/rad_revisited_wikia_2018/ugmri8a.pfb b/planning_documents/rad_revisited_wikia_2018/ugmri8a.pfb new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9b90d31 Binary files /dev/null and b/planning_documents/rad_revisited_wikia_2018/ugmri8a.pfb differ