diff --git a/planning_documents/rad_revisited_wikia_2018/Makefile b/planning_documents/rad_revisited_wikia_2018/Makefile new file mode 100644 index 0000000..743919f --- /dev/null +++ b/planning_documents/rad_revisited_wikia_2018/Makefile @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +#!/usr/bin/make + +all: $(patsubst %.tex,%.pdf,$(wildcard *.tex)) + +# use the following section for Rnw/knitr documents +# all: $(patsubst %.Rnw,%.pdf,$(wildcard *.Rnw)) +# %.tex: %.Rnw +# Rscript -e "library(knitr); knit('$<')" + +%.pdf: %.tex refs.bib + latexmk -f -pdf $< + +clean: + latexmk -f -pdf -c *.tex + rm -f *.tmp + + # the following lines are useful for Rnw/knitr + # rm -rf cache/ figure/ + # rm -f *.tex + +viewpdf: all + evince *.pdf + +spell: + aspell -c -t --tex-check-comments -b text.tex + +vc: + vc-git +.PHONY: clean all refs.bib +.PRECIOUS: %.tex diff --git a/planning_documents/rad_revisited_wikia_2018/mako-mem.sty b/planning_documents/rad_revisited_wikia_2018/mako-mem.sty new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d8f9fd7 --- /dev/null +++ b/planning_documents/rad_revisited_wikia_2018/mako-mem.sty @@ -0,0 +1,232 @@ +% Some article styles and page layout tweaks for the LaTeX Memoir class. +% +% Copyright 2009 Benjamin Mako Hill +% Copyright 2008-2009 Kieran Healy + +% Distributed as free software under the GNU GPL v3 + +% This file is heavily based on one by Kieran Healy +% available here: http://github.com/kjhealy/latex-custom-kjh/ + +\usepackage{lastpage} + +% blank footnote +% Use \symbolfootnote[0]{Footnote text} for a blank footnote. +% Useful for initial acknowledgment note. +\long\def\symbolfootnote[#1]#2{\begingroup% +\def\thefootnote{\fnsymbol{footnote}}\footnote[#1]{#2}\endgroup} + +% put a period after the section numbers +\setsecnumformat{\csname the#1\endcsname.\enspace} + +% >> article-1 << +\makechapterstyle{article-1}{ + \renewcommand{\rmdefault}{ugm} + \renewcommand{\sfdefault}{phv} + + \setsecheadstyle{\large\scshape} + \setsubsecheadstyle{\normalsize\itshape} + \renewcommand{\printchaptername}{} + \renewcommand{\chapternamenum}{} + \renewcommand{\chapnumfont}{\chaptitlefont} + \renewcommand{\printchapternum}{\chapnumfont \thechapter\space} + \renewcommand{\afterchapternum}{} + \renewcommand{\printchaptername}{\secheadstyle} + \renewcommand{\cftchapterfont}{\normalfont} + \renewcommand{\cftchapterpagefont}{\normalfont\scshape} + \renewcommand{\cftchapterpresnum}{\scshape} + \captiontitlefont{\small} + + % turn off chapter numbering + \counterwithout{section}{chapter} + \counterwithout{figure}{chapter} + \counterwithout{table}{chapter} + + % reduce skip after section heading + \setaftersecskip{1.2ex} + + \pretitle{\newline\centering \LARGE\scshape \MakeLowercase } + \posttitle{\par\vskip 1em} + \predate{\footnotesize \centering} + \postdate{\par\vskip 1em} + + % 'abstract' title, bigger skip from title + \renewcommand{\abstractname}{} + \abstractrunin + +% set name of bibliography to 'references' +\renewcommand{\bibname}{References} +} + +% >> article-2 << +\makechapterstyle{article-2}{ + \renewcommand{\rmdefault}{ugm} + \renewcommand{\sfdefault}{phv} + + \setsecheadstyle{\large\scshape} + \setsubsecheadstyle{\normalsize\itshape} + \setaftersubsubsecskip{-1em} + \setsubsubsecheadstyle{\bfseries} + \renewcommand{\printchaptername}{} + \renewcommand{\chapternamenum}{} + \renewcommand{\chapnumfont}{\chaptitlefont} + \renewcommand{\printchapternum}{\chapnumfont \thechapter\space} + \renewcommand{\afterchapternum}{} + \renewcommand{\printchaptername}{\secheadstyle} + \renewcommand{\cftchapterfont}{\normalfont} + \renewcommand{\cftchapterpagefont}{\normalfont\scshape} + \renewcommand{\cftchapterpresnum}{\scshape} + \captiontitlefont{\small} + + % turn off chapter numbering + \counterwithout{section}{chapter} + \counterwithout{figure}{chapter} + \counterwithout{table}{chapter} + + % supress chapter numbers + \maxsecnumdepth{chapter} + \setsecnumdepth{chapter} + + % for numbered sections and subsections: + % (a) comment out the above stanza; (b) uncomment the one below + % \maxsecnumdepth{subsection} + % \setsecnumdepth{subsection} + + % reduce skip after section heading + \setaftersecskip{1.7ex} + + % Title flush left + \pretitle{\flushleft\LARGE \itshape} + \posttitle{\par\vskip 0.5em} + \preauthor{\flushleft \large \lineskip 1em} + \postauthor{\par\lineskip 1em} + \predate{\flushleft\footnotesize\vspace{0.65em}} + \postdate{\par\vskip 1em} + + % 'abstract' title, bigger skip from title + \renewcommand{\abstractname}{Abstract:} + \renewcommand{\abstractnamefont}{\normalfont\small\bfseries} + \renewcommand{\abstracttextfont}{\normalfont\small} + \setlength{\absparindent}{0em} + \setlength{\abstitleskip}{-1.5em} + \abstractrunin + + % set name of bibliography to 'references' + \renewcommand{\bibname}{References} +} + + +% >> article-3 << +\makechapterstyle{article-3}{ + \renewcommand{\rmdefault}{ugm} + \renewcommand{\sfdefault}{phv} + + \setsecheadstyle{\large\sffamily\bfseries\MakeUppercase} + \setsubsecheadstyle{\normalsize\itshape} + \setaftersubsubsecskip{-1em} + \setsubsubsecheadstyle{\small\bfseries} + \renewcommand{\printchaptername}{} + \renewcommand{\chapternamenum}{} + \renewcommand{\chapnumfont}{\chaptitlefont} + \renewcommand{\printchapternum}{\chapnumfont \thechapter\space} + \renewcommand{\afterchapternum}{} + \renewcommand{\printchaptername}{\secheadstyle} + \renewcommand{\cftchapterfont}{\normalfont} + \renewcommand{\cftchapterpagefont}{\normalfont\scshape} + \renewcommand{\cftchapterpresnum}{\scshape} + \captiontitlefont{\small} + + % turn off chapter numbering + \counterwithout{section}{chapter} + \counterwithout{figure}{chapter} + \counterwithout{table}{chapter} + + % supress chapter numbers + \maxsecnumdepth{chapter} + \setsecnumdepth{chapter} + + % reduce skip after section heading + \setaftersecskip{1pt} + \setbeforesecskip{-1em} + + % 'abstract' title, bigger skip from title + % \renewcommand{\maketitle}{\{\preauthor \theauthor\} \hfill \thetitle} + \renewcommand{\maketitle}{ + {\Large\sffamily\bfseries\MakeUppercase\thetitle} \hfill + {\Large\sffamily\MakeUppercase\theauthor} + \vskip 0.7em} + \renewcommand{\abstractname}{\normalfont\scriptsize\noindent} + \renewcommand{\abstracttextfont}{\normalfont\scriptsize} + \abstractrunin + + % set name of bibliography to 'references' + \renewcommand{\bibname}{References} + + \parindent 0pt + +} + +%%% Custom styles for headers and footers +%%% Basic +\makepagestyle{mako-mem} +%\makeevenfoot{mako-mem}{\thepage}{}{} +%\makeoddfoot{mako-mem}{}{}{\thepage} +%\makeheadrule{mako-mem}{\textwidth}{\normalrulethickness} +\newcommand{\@makomarks}{% + \let\@mkboth\markboth + \def\chaptermark##1{% + \markboth{% + \ifnum \c@secnumdepth >\m@ne + \if@mainmatter + \thechapter. \ % + \fi + \fi + ##1}{}} + \def\sectionmark##1{% + \markright{##1}} +} +\makepsmarks{mako-mem}{\@makomarks} +\makepsmarks{mako-mem}{} +\makeevenhead{mako-mem}{}{}{\scshape\thepage} +\makeoddhead{mako-mem}{}{}{\scshape\thepage} + +%%% version control info in footers; requires vc package +% Make the style for vc-git revision control headers and footers +\makepagestyle{mako-mem-git} +\newcommand{\@gitmarks}{% + \let\@mkboth\markboth + \def\chaptermark##1{% + \markboth{% + \ifnum \c@secnumdepth >\m@ne + \if@mainmatter + \thechapter. \ % + \fi + \fi + ##1}{}} + \def\sectionmark##1{% + \markright{##1}} +} +\makepsmarks{mako-mem-git}{\@gitmarks} +\makeevenhead{mako-mem-git}{}{}{\scshape\thepage} +\makeoddhead{mako-mem-git}{}{}{\scshape\thepage} +\makeevenfoot{mako-mem-git}{}{\texttt{\footnotesize{\textcolor{BrickRed}{git revision \VCRevision\ on \VCDateTEX}}}}{} +\makeoddfoot{mako-mem-git}{}{\texttt{\footnotesize \textcolor{BrickRed}{git revision \VCRevision\ on \VCDateTEX}}}{} + +%% Create a command to make a note at the top of the first page describing the +%% publication status of the paper. +\newcommand{\published}[1]{% + \gdef\puB{#1}} + \newcommand{\puB}{} + \renewcommand{\maketitlehooka}{% + \par\noindent\footnotesize \puB} + +\makepagestyle{memo} +\makeevenhead{memo}{}{}{} +\makeoddhead{memo}{}{}{} + +\makeevenfoot{memo}{}{\scshape \thepage/\pageref{LastPage}}{} +\makeoddfoot{memo}{}{\scshape \thepage/\pageref{LastPage}}{} + + +\endinput + diff --git a/planning_documents/rad_revisited_wikia_2018/outline.pdf b/planning_documents/rad_revisited_wikia_2018/outline.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..28092da Binary files /dev/null and b/planning_documents/rad_revisited_wikia_2018/outline.pdf differ diff --git a/planning_documents/rad_revisited_wikia_2018/outline.tex b/planning_documents/rad_revisited_wikia_2018/outline.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b795078 --- /dev/null +++ b/planning_documents/rad_revisited_wikia_2018/outline.tex @@ -0,0 +1,547 @@ +\documentclass[12pt]{memoir} + +% article-1 and article-2 styles were originally based on kieran healy's +% templates +\usepackage{mako-mem} +\chapterstyle{article-2} + +% with article-3 \chapterstyle, change to: \pagestyle{memo} +\pagestyle{mako-mem} + +\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc} + +\usepackage[T1]{fontenc} +\usepackage{textcomp} +\usepackage[garamond]{mathdesign} + +\usepackage[letterpaper,left=1.65in,right=1.65in,top=1.3in,bottom=1.2in]{geometry} + +% packages i use in essentially every document +\usepackage{graphicx} +\usepackage{enumerate} + +% packages i use in many documents but leave off by default +% \usepackage{amsmath, amsthm, amssymb} +% \usepackage{dcolumn} +% \usepackage{endfloat} + +% import and customize urls +\usepackage[usenames,dvipsnames]{color} +\usepackage[breaklinks]{hyperref} + +\hypersetup{colorlinks=true, linkcolor=Black, citecolor=Black, filecolor=Blue, + urlcolor=Blue, unicode=true} + +% add bibliographic stuff +% add bibliographic stuff +\usepackage[american]{babel} +\usepackage{csquotes} +\usepackage[natbib=true, style=apa, backend=biber]{biblatex} +\addbibresource{refs.bib} +\DeclareLanguageMapping{american}{american-apa} + +\defbibheading{secbib}[\bibname]{% + \section*{#1}% + \markboth{#1}{#1}% + \baselineskip 14.2pt% + \prebibhook} + +\def\citepos#1{\citeauthor{#1}'s (\citeyear{#1})} +\def\citespos#1{\citeauthor{#1}' (\citeyear{#1})} + +% memoir function to take out of the space out of the whitespace lists +\firmlists + +% LATEX NOTE: these lines will import vc stuff after running `make vc` which +% will add version control information to the bottom of each page. This can be +% useful for keeping track of which version of a document somebody has: +\usepackage{tikz} +\usetikzlibrary{arrows} +\usetikzlibrary{positioning} + + +\begin{document} + +\setlength{\parskip}{4.5pt} +% LATEX NOTE: Ideal linespacing is usually said to be between 120-140% the +% typeface size. So, for 12pt (default in this document, we're looking for +% somewhere between a 14.4-17.4pt \baselineskip. Single; 1.5 lines; and Double +% in MSWord are equivalent to ~117%, 175%, and 233%. + +\baselineskip 16pt + +\title{Outline: Reproducing the rise and decline of open participation + platform} +\author{Nathan TeBlunthuis\\ + \href{mailto:nathante@uw.edu}{nathante@uw.edu}} \date{} + +\published{\textsc{\textcolor{BrickRed}{This document is an + unpublished draft.\\ Please do not distribute or cite without + permission.}}} + +\maketitle +\section{Rationale} +\begin{itemize} +\item Commons based peer production (CBPP) communities are admired for + their ability to coordinate work on complex goods by workers with + diverse motivations, without reliance on formal hierarchy or market + transaction \citep{benkler_coases_2002}. Understanding how peer + production projects this is an important question for designing more + ``efficient and equitable'' systems for cooperative work on + expanding categories of goods \citep{benkler_peer_2015}. + +\item The number of active contributors to Wikipedia rose rapidly in + 2005, but peaked in 2007 and began a gradual decline + \citet{halfaker_rise_2013}. The decline is a source of concern for + the long term success of peer production projects. + +\item CBPP systems are able to perform decentralized governance work + to resolve disputes and manage resources + \citep{forte_defining_2013}. + +\item However, as communities grow, territorial and controlling senior + members of the community can sometimes appropriate governance + systems to centralize power \citep{shaw_laboratories_2014}. + +\item Wikipedia's decline has been explained by process in which + influxes of newcomers correspond with increasing strict or + impersonal governance quality control and that these hurt newcomer + retention \citep{halfaker_rise_2013}. \citet{halfaker_rise_2013} + show that quality control mechanisms including contribution + rejection, formal and calcified rules, and algorithmic tool are + associated with newcomer dropout on Wikipedia. + +\item \citet{kiene_surviving_2016} similarly observe how an influx of + newcomers lead an original horror fiction subreddit to develop + stricter governance to preserve the community's distinctive culture + and collective identity. + +\item \citet{halfaker_rise_2013} also hypothesize that Wikipedia + increased impersonal governance to deal with the massive influx of + newcomers caused by Wikipedia's popularity. + +\item However, evidence for this as a theory about peer production + systems in general rather than a phenomenon specific to Wikipedia + requires observing many communities. It is unknown whether the + mechanisms described by \citep{halfaker_rise_2013} generalize to + other wikis. + +\item This is important because this theory is informing design + interventions on Wikipedia that aim to mitigate the decline by + promoting newcomer socialization + \citep{farzan_socializing_2012,morgan_tea_2013,narayan_wikipedia_2017,halfaker_snuggle:_2014}. + +\item Furthermore, it is informing the development of commons based + peer production projects other than Wikipedia + \citep{palen_success_2015}. + +\item If influxes of newcomers promote strict governance, and strict + governance conversely decreases newcomer activity, complex dynamics + may arise. Growth patterns are often bursty (though not on + Wikipedia). Crises other than newcomer influxes might also promote + strict governance. In an extreme case a community may experience + many crisis periods each of which accompany increases in governance. + If governance does not decrease during periods of non-growth, it + will accumulate and in the long run the community will die as + newcomer attention approaches zero. + +% \item Group size may interact with rule making, tool use, and newcomer +% retention. Group size may be positively related to retention if +% group size produces social incentives. \citet{zhang_group_2010} +% show that an exogenous decrease in group size may have undermined +% motivations to contribute to Chinese Wikipedia. On the other hand, +% group size might also increase propensity of free--riding +% behavior\citep{isaac_group_1994}. + + +\end{itemize} + +\section{Objectives} + +\subsection{General Objectives} +\label{sec:general-objectives} +\begin{enumerate} +\item Contribute to understanding the relationships between governance + mechanisms and contributor retention in commons based peer + production communities by synthesizing theories of how crises such + as influxes of newcomers increase the accumulation rules and + impersonal governance, which can threaten the long term health of + the communities, with supporting statistical evidence from a large + number of Wikia wikis. +\end{enumerate} + +\subsection{Specific Objectives} +\label{sec:specific-objectives} +\begin{enumerate} +\item Test hypotheses from \citet{halfaker_rise_2013} on a population + of wikis using an econometric model of newcomer retention given + rules, automated regulation tools, contribution rejection, group + size, and interactions. + +\item Test the hypothesis that (controlling for damage) an increased + rate of newcomer activity increases impersonal governance. +\end{enumerate} + +\subsection{Meta Objective} +\label{sec:meta-objectives} +Nate to practice swift execution of a straightforward, important, +good, and interesting article. + +\section{Null Hypotheses} +\label{sec:null-hypotheses} +\begin{enumerate} + \item Impersonal governance is not negatively related to newcomer + retention. + \begin{enumerate} + \item \label{A} Rejected contributions do not have a negative relationship with + newcomer survival. + + \item \label{B} (given we reject \ref{A}) Talk page discussion + following a rejected newcomer contribution is not related to a decrease in + newcomer survival. + +\item (given we reject \ref{B}) Use of a tool in rejecting a + contribution is not related to a decrease in follow-up discussion in + newcomer edits. + +\item The formalization and calcification of rules is not related to a + decrease in newcomer survival. + \end{enumerate} + +\item Increasing newcomer activity is not positively related to + impersonal governance. + + \begin{enumerate} + \item The rate of change in newcomer contributions by newcomers is + not related to increased rejection rate of newcomer contributions. + + \item The rate of change in newcomer contributions is not related to + increased rate of tool assisted rejection of newcomer contributions. + + \item The rate of change in newcomer contributions is not related to + decreased discussion following rejected newcomer contributions. + + \item The rate of change in newcomer contributions has no relationship + with rule accrual. + \end{enumerate} +\end{enumerate} + +\clearpage + +\section{Conceptual Model/Diagram} +\label{sec:conc-modeld} + +\begin{figure}[h] +\begin{tikzpicture} [->,>=stealth',shorten >=1pt,auto, + thick, + concept node/.style={rectangle,draw,font=\sffamily\bfseries}, + measure node/.style={rectangle,draw,font=\sffamily\bfseries,fill=blue!20}] + + \node[concept node] (retention) [align=center] + {Newcomer retention}; + + % \node[concept node] (population) [below of=retention,yshift=-10mm,align=center] + % {Contributor population}; + + \node[concept node] (rules) [above of =retention, + align=center,yshift=60mm] + {Rules \\ (formalization,\\calcification)}; + + \node[concept node] (rejection) [left of = rules, + align=center,xshift=-40mm] + {Contribution rejected \\ (reverted, deleted)}; + + \node[concept node] (discussion) [below of = rules, + align=center,yshift=-20mm,xshift=10mm] + {Discussion \\ following rejection}; + + \node[concept node] (growth) [above of = rejection, + align=center,yshift=30mm] + {Increasing newcomer activity}; + \node[concept node] (tools) [right of =rejection, + align=center,xshift=70mm,yshift=15mm] + {Automated regulation tools \\ (e.g. bots, huggle)}; + \path[every node/.style={font=\sffamily}] + (growth) edge node {+} (tools) + (growth) edge [] node {+} (rules) + (growth) edge [] node {+} (rejection) + (growth) edge [bend right=10] node {-} (discussion) +% (retention) edge node {+} (population) + (rules) edge [bend right =20] node {-} (retention) + (discussion) edge node {+} (retention) + (rejection) edge node {-} (retention) + (rejection) edge node {+} (discussion) + (tools) edge node {-} (discussion) + (tools) edge [bend left=30] node {-} (retention) + (retention) edge [bend left=70] node {+} (growth); +\end{tikzpicture} +\caption{ Conceptual model: reproduction of + \cite{halfaker_rise_2013}, with addition of newcomer activity} +\end{figure} + +\clearpage + + +\section{Measures} +\label{sec:measures} + +The study will have 5 models. The first model is for hypothesis +1. The last 4 models are for hypothesis 2. +\begin{enumerate} +\item \label{mod.discrete} Discrete time survival model of newcomers. +% \item \label{mod.cont} Contiguous time survival (Cox proportional hazards) model of +% newcomers. +\item Contribution rejection +\item Rule accrual +\item Automated tool accrual +\item Interaction with newcomers +\end{enumerate} + +Data will be the 2010 Wikia dumps. Inclusion criteria will be broad. + +The unit of analysis for model 1 is the newcomer. We will model random +intercept variance terms for Wikis because partial pooling is more +realistic than complete pooling and afford inclusion of the many small +Wikis with activity levels and scales. Also Nate is comfortable +working with lme4. \citep{halfaker_rise_2013} use fixed effects for +year, which is fine, but we should also take a look at models with +fixed effects for month as well. + +For models 2-5 the unit of analysis will be the wiki. This model will +have only two levels: Wiki and time. Again we will fit models with +fixed effects for month and year. + +For both models we will use heteroskedasticity robust standard +errors. + +For models 2-5 we will include autoregression terms (equivalent to +adding lagged outcome variables to the RHS) for the depdendent +variable (AR(1) or AR(2)). + +\subsection{Newcomer retention} +\label{sec:newcomer-retention} +Following \citet{halfaker_rise_2013}, a new contributor is a logged-in +editor in their first edit-session. The dependent variable for model +\ref{mod.discrete} indicates whether a new contributor makes a +subsequent edit within the next 2 months. + +While \citet{halfaker_rise_2013} sampled a set of desirable newcomers +to distinguish them from spammers and vandals. Doing this for a large +number of Wikis would be very labor +intensive. \citet{halfaker_rise_2013} results for their set of +desirable newcomers point in the same direction as their results for +all newcomers. We will analyze all newcomers without attempting to +distinguish the desirable from the undesirable. + +\subsubsection{Newcomer controls} +\label{sec:newcomer-controls} +Again following \citet{halfaker_rise_2013} we will include controls +for the number of edits that a newcomer makes in their first session. + +We will also include a count variable for the number of edits that +newcomer has made on Wikia overall and an indicator for whether the +newcomer has edited any other Wikia wikis. + +\subsection{Rejected newcomer contributions} +\label{sec:reject-newc-edits} +After identifying newcomers, we can easily identify contributions they +have made which have been rejected. These are (a.) edits which are +reverted, or (b.) new articles which are deleted. + +\subsection{Discussion following rejection} +\label{sec:disc-foll-reject} +After identifying rejected edits we can identify whether there is +follow-up discussion according. Following \citet{halfaker_rise_2013} +we will measure reciprocity in discussion, which is when the reverting +editor posts to the talk page after the newcomer. + +It is likely that the bold-revert-discuss (BRD) is not a strong norm +on Wikia as it is on Wikipedia. Therefore we will also include +indications of other forms of interaction between reverting editor and +reverted newcomer (user talk page, talk page no matter who posts +first, message wall). + +\subsection{Automated regulation} +\label{sec:automated-regulation} +We will use Mako's tool for scraping admin and bot data from Wikia to +identify bot accounts and detect edits made by these tools. + +Find out if methods following \citep{geiger_defense_2012} can easily +identify tool use on Wikia. + +\subsection{Rules} +\label{sec:rules} +To measure rules we will track activity in namespace 4. Again +following \citet{halfaker_rise_2013} we use the following variables +for norm ``formalization''. + +\begin{itemize} +\item The number of total contributors who contributed to norms + pages. +\item The number of contributions to norms pages + +\item The change in page length in a norm category +\end{itemize} + +And the following variables for norm ``calcification'' +\begin{itemize} +\item The time since the first edit of a norm page editor (slightly + different from \citet{halfaker_rise_2013}. +\item Wiki age. +\end{itemize} + +We do not use the ``Essay'' category as it is Wikipedia specific. + +\subsection{Increasing newcomer activity} +\label{sec:incr-newc-activ} + +We will estimate the rate of change of newcomer activity according to +the change in newcomer (the rate of editing by with accounts less than +2 months old) from one month to the next. + +The outcome variables in models 2-5 are also rates of change and +likewise we can model using first differences. + +We will fit a number of alternative specifications using things like +moving averages. We will aim to report the simplest model that makes a +compelling and justified argument. + +\section{Dummy Tables} +\label{sec:dummy-tables} +\begin{table} + \centering + \footnotesize + \begin{tabular}[h!]{l|cc } + \toprule + Variable & Est & SE \\ + \midrule + (Intercept) & . & . \\ + Time & . & . \\ + Session Edits & . & . \\ + Deleted & . & . \\ + Reverted & . & . \\ + Messaged & . & . \\ + Tool Revert & . & . \\ + Reciprocal Discussion & . & . \\ + + \bottomrule + \end{tabular} + \caption{Regression table for hypothesis 1} +\end{table} + +\begin{table} + \footnotesize + \centering + \begin{tabular}[h!]{l|cccccccc} + \toprule + Variable & M2. Est & M2.SE & M3. Est & M3.SE & M4.Est & M4.SE & M5. Est & M5.SE \\ + \midrule + (Intercept) & . & . & . & . & . & . & . & . \\ + Time & . & . & . & . & . & . & . & . \\ + Active Editors & . & . & . & . & . & . & . & . \\ + Rate of editing overall & . & . & . & . & . & . & . & . \\ + Rate of newcomer edits & . & . & . & . & . & . & . & . \\ + Number of articles & . & . & . & . & . & . & . & . \\ + Total wiki length & . & . & . & . & . & . & . & . \\ + \bottomrule + \end{tabular} + \caption{Regression table for hypothesis 2} +\end{table} + +\section{Threats to Validity and Limitations} +\label{sec:thre-valid-limit} +\subsection{Measures} +Our measures of ``discussion following rejection'' as an indication of the +degree of impersonality in governance follows the prior work we aim to +replicate. These measures are virtuous in their simplicity and +clarity, but reduce complex interpersonal communication to counts of +categories of interaction. This is a potential source of bias, noise, +and a threat to construct and ecological validity. + +We do not attempt to identify desirable vs undesirable +newcomers. \citet{halfaker_rise_2013} did not find substantive +differences between the two groups. However if we fail to fully +replicate their findings, this could be a reason. + +Using first difference to measure rates of change is pretty freaking +noisy! We hope to capture average trends, but it's possible for +oscillations and lags and other fun time series problems to impart +bias. Using a smoothed average helps address such threats in exchange +for new ones. We should fit multiple models with different +specifications to make sure our results are robust to this decision. + +Using namespace 4 as a proxy for rules is also noisy and possibly +biased. Some wikis use namespace 4 for activities other than norm +setting and rule making. We have not found a good systematic way to +separate these activities from rules. + +\subsection{Causality} +Our data are observational and not capable of offering strong evidence +for causal claims. + +\subsection{Generalizability} +We are studying a lot of Wikis. Our theories are of concern to other +kinds of communities (e.g. Reddit, OSM). We don't know if our results +generalize to such settings. + +Communities might make rules in response to other kinds of crises +(consider instances of harassment). We don't know if our results will +generalize to rules created in response to other crises. Maybe +governance strategies created in response to newcomers are more +damaging to newcomers than governance systems targeted at managing other +kinds of crises. + +\subsection{Theory} +Our theory is incomplete. Maybe the feedback loop between newcomer +influx and rule making dampens itself to a stable equilibria with a +sustainable population and institutionalized rules. Maybe communities +can identify when governance systems threaten growth and survival and +scale them back. Our data and analysis don't have much to say about +that. + +\section{Schedule} + +The CHI abstract deadline is September 12. + +The goal is to have a draft of this article written in 5 weeks, by +July 31th. This should be doable because our measures are quite +straight forward. 2010 Wikia data is already on Hyak and ready to go. +The first draft of the paper can be short, but should hit the key +points, and have a clear and attractive presentation of results. This +will give us over a month to refine and revise. + +\begin{table} + \centering + + \begin{tabular}[h]{l|l p{6cm}} + \toprule + Date & Milestone & Description \\ + \midrule + July 30 & Build dataset & Have a data.table with analytic + variables. (It is ok if we don't have + great data on bots yet) \\ + July 7 & Results & Fit, interpret, plot (first + attempt) models for + 5 hypotheses. \\ + July 14 & Draft front matter & Read additional key + citations, draft a + CHI-style + introduction and + background section. \\ + July 20 & Draft for CDSC retreat & Circulate a rough draft for + the CDSC collective. \\ + July 31 & Complete draft & Finish the rest of the draft. Turn over + to Mako for feedback. + + \end{tabular} +\caption{Weekly milestones} +\end{table} + +\label{sec:schedule} + +% bibliography here +\printbibliography[title = {References}, heading=secbib] + +\end{document} + +% LocalWords: diff --git a/planning_documents/rad_revisited_wikia_2018/refs.bib b/planning_documents/rad_revisited_wikia_2018/refs.bib new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3192e33 --- /dev/null +++ b/planning_documents/rad_revisited_wikia_2018/refs.bib @@ -0,0 +1,1358 @@ + +@thesis{ortega_wikipedia:_2009, + location = {Madrid, Spain}, + title = {Wikipedia: A Quantitative Analysis}, + url = {http://libresoft.es/Members/jfelipe/phd-thesis}, + institution = {Universidad Rey Juan Carlos}, + type = {phdthesis}, + author = {Ortega, Felipe}, + urldate = {2009-06-22}, + date = {2009}, + file = {Ortega - 2009 - Wikipedia A Quantitative Analysis.thesis-wkp-quantanalysis:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/6FHPCSGD/Ortega - 2009 - Wikipedia A Quantitative Analysis.thesis-wkp-quantanalysis:application/pdf}, +} + +@inproceedings{morgan_tea_2013, + location = {New York, {NY}, {USA}}, + title = {Tea and sympathy: crafting positive new user experiences on wikipedia}, + isbn = {978-1-4503-1331-5}, + doi = {10.1145/2441776.2441871}, + series = {{CSCW} '13}, + shorttitle = {Tea and sympathy}, + abstract = {We present the Teahouse, a pilot project for supporting and socializing new Wikipedia editors. Open collaboration systems like Wikipedia must continually recruit and retain new members in order to sustain themselves. Wikipedia's editor decline presents unique exigency for evaluating novel strategies to support newcomers and increase new user retention in such systems, particularly among demographics that are currently underrepresented in the user community. In this paper, we describe the design and deployment of Teahouse, and present preliminary findings. Our findings highlight the importance of intervening early in the editor lifecycle, providing user-friendly tools, creating safe spaces for newcomers, and facilitating positive interactions between newcomers and established community members.}, + pages = {839--848}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2013 conference on Computer supported cooperative work}, + publisher = {{ACM}}, + author = {Morgan, Jonathan T. and Bouterse, Siko and Walls, Heather and Stierch, Sarah}, + urldate = {2013-04-01}, + date = {2013}, + file = {Morgan et al. - 2013 - Tea and sympathy crafting positive new user exper.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/A76ZPQC9/Morgan et al. - 2013 - Tea and sympathy crafting positive new user exper.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@inproceedings{chen_effects_2010, + location = {New York, {NY}, {USA}}, + title = {The effects of diversity on group productivity and member withdrawal in online volunteer groups}, + isbn = {978-1-60558-929-9}, + url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1753326.1753447}, + doi = {10.1145/1753326.1753447}, + series = {{CHI} '10}, + abstract = {The "wisdom of crowds" argument emphasizes the importance of diversity in online collaborations, such as open source projects and Wikipedia. However, decades of research on diversity in offline work groups have painted an inconclusive picture. On the one hand, the broader range of insights from a diverse group can lead to improved outcomes. On the other hand, individual differences can lead to conflict and diminished performance. In this paper, we examine the effects of group diversity on the amount of work accomplished and on member withdrawal behaviors in the context of {WikiProjects}. We find that increased diversity in experience with Wikipedia increases group productivity and decreases member withdrawal -- up to a point. Beyond that point, group productivity remains high, but members are more likely to withdraw. Strikingly, no such diminishing returns were observed for differences in member interest, which increases productivity and decreases member withdrawal in a linear fashion. Our results suggest that the low visibility of individual differences in online groups may allow them to harvest more of the benefits of diversity while bearing less of the cost. We discuss how our findings can inform further research of online collaboration.}, + pages = {821--830}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 28th international conference on Human factors in computing systems}, + publisher = {{ACM}}, + author = {Chen, Jilin and Ren, Yuqing and Riedl, John}, + urldate = {2012-06-14}, + date = {2010}, + file = {Chen_et_al-2010-Effects_of_diversity_Wikipedia.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/TA46DFXK/Chen_et_al-2010-Effects_of_diversity_Wikipedia.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@thesis{loubser_organisational_2010, + location = {Oxford, United Kingdom}, + title = {Organisational mechanisms in peer production: The case of Wikipedia}, + abstract = {This thesis investigates the importance of the organisational mechanisms that have developed in the governance of the online encyclopedia Wikipedia. The development of organisational mechanisms is characterised as a tension between managed, hierarchical forms on one side and peered, open forms on the other. Wikipedia is chosen because of its enormous size, visibility and importance among peer production projects based on the Internet. + +Theoretically this study is located within debates on peer production and commons governance, drawing on Benkler's view of the social efficiencies of production organised in a peered way and Ostrom's work on the emergence of governance institutions in commons resource situations. By identifying peer produced resources as a distinctive type of good with subtractable properties, problems with earlier analyses of information production based on 'ideal forms' of peered organisation and commons resources are overcome. + +The methods used are empirical, quantitative and methodologically innovative, including the generation (using Wikipedia archives and grid computing resources) of a massive data set of all individual actions taken by different classes of users on the English Wikipedia between 2001 and 2008. This data set is comprehensively analysed to assess the impact and importance of existent and emerging managerial processes in Wikipedia. + +The thesis contributes a theoretical position on information production, new methods for measuring the importance of governance mechanisms in peer production and an understanding of the operation and impact of specific organisational mechanisms in Wikipedia. The analysis highlights a number of tensions; hierarchical functions are increasingly necessary, yet work done by administrators when exercising managerial uthority amounts to almost pure overhead. Active, visible, mature and important pages need more management, but their management does not necessarily increase their utility or quality. Productive contributors are frequently excluded by management processes; the growing influence of administrators has an increasingly negative effect on the addition of new contributors and articles to the project and is causing Wikipedian practice and policy to diverge. + +By showing that in all cases some management is essential, but that the growing weight and increasing scope of organisational mechanisms affect production in Wikipedia, the thesis challenges utopian approaches to peer production and has implications for the future design of governance mechanisms in Wikipedia and peer production projects more generally.}, + institution = {Oxford Internet Institute, Oxford University}, + type = {{DPhil}}, + author = {Loubser, Max}, + date = {2010-07}, + file = {Loubser - 2010 - Organisational mechanisms in peer production The .pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/57ECVUQJ/Loubser - 2010 - Organisational mechanisms in peer production The .pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@inproceedings{halfaker_making_2013, + location = {New York, {NY}, {USA}}, + title = {Making peripheral participation legitimate: reader engagement experiments in wikipedia}, + isbn = {978-1-4503-1331-5}, + url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2441776.2441872}, + doi = {10.1145/2441776.2441872}, + series = {{CSCW} '13}, + shorttitle = {Making peripheral participation legitimate}, + pages = {849--860}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2013 conference on Computer supported cooperative work}, + publisher = {{ACM}}, + author = {Halfaker, Aaron and Keyes, Oliver and Taraborelli, Dario}, + urldate = {2013-07-06}, + date = {2013}, + file = {p849-halfaker.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/TTRCP42F/p849-halfaker.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@book{lessig_code_1999, + location = {New York, {NY}}, + title = {Code and Other Laws of Cyberspace}, + isbn = {978-0-465-03912-8}, + publisher = {Basic Books}, + author = {Lessig, Lawrence}, + date = {1999}, +} + +@book{ostrom_governing_1990, + location = {New York, {NY}}, + title = {Governing the commons: The evolution of institutions for collective action}, + shorttitle = {Governing the Commons}, + publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, + author = {Ostrom, Elinor}, + date = {1990}, + note = {tex.ids= ostrom\_governing\_1990-1 +googlebooksid: 4xg6oUobMz4C}, + keywords = {Political Science / General, Political Science / Public Policy / Economic Policy}, + file = {Ostrom_1990_Governing the commons.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/DSPGU68Y/Ostrom_1990_Governing the commons.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@article{ducheneaut_socialization_2005, + title = {Socialization in an Open Source Software Community: A Socio-Technical Analysis}, + volume = {14}, + issn = {1573-7551}, + url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10606-005-9000-1}, + doi = {10.1007/s10606-005-9000-1}, + abstract = {Open Source Software ({OSS}) development is often characterized as a fundamentally new way to develop software. Past analyses and discussions, however, have treated {OSS} projects and their organization mostly as a static phenomenon. Consequently, we do not know how these communities of software developers are sustained and reproduced over time through the progressive integration of new members. To shed light on this issue I report on my analyses of socialization in a particular {OSS} community. In particular, I document the relationships {OSS} newcomers develop over time with both the social and material aspects of a project. To do so, I combine two mutually informing activities: ethnography and the use of software specially designed to visualize and explore the interacting networks of human and material resources incorporated in the email and code databases of {OSS}. Socialization in this community is analyzed from two perspectives: as an individual learning process and as a political process. From these analyses it appears that successful participants progressively construct identities as software craftsmen, and that this process is punctuated by specific rites of passage. Successful participants also understand the political nature of software development and progressively enroll a network of human and material allies to support their efforts. I conclude by discussing how these results could inform the design of software to support socialization in {OSS} projects, as well as practical implications for the future of these projects.}, + pages = {323--368}, + number = {4}, + journaltitle = {Computer Supported Cooperative Work ({CSCW})}, + shortjournal = {Computer Supported Cooperative Work ({CSCW})}, + author = {Ducheneaut, Nicolas}, + date = {2005}, + note = {tex.ids: ducheneaut2005socialization +publisher: Springer}, + file = {p11-lampe.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/ZJCCEBFY/p11-lampe.pdf:application/pdf;s10606-005-9000-1.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/SGGTUNYV/s10606-005-9000-1.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@inproceedings{farzan_socializing_2012, + location = {New York, {NY}, {USA}}, + title = {Socializing Volunteers in an Online Community: A Field Experiment}, + isbn = {978-1-4503-1086-4}, + url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2145204.2145256}, + doi = {10.1145/2145204.2145256}, + series = {{CSCW} '12}, + shorttitle = {Socializing Volunteers in an Online Community}, + abstract = {Although many off-line organizations give their employees training, mentorship, a cohort and other socialization experiences that improve their retention and productivity, online production communities rarely do this. This paper describes the planning, execution and evaluation of a socialization regime for an online technical support community. In a two-phase project, we first automatically identified from participants' early behavior, those with high potential to become core members. We then designed, delivered and experimentally evaluated socialization experiences intended to build commitment and competence among these potential core members. We were able to identify potential core members with high accuracy from only two weeks of behavior. A year later, those classified as potential core members participated in the community ten times more actively than those not identified. In an evaluation experiment, some potential core members were randomly assigned to receive socialization experiences, while others were not. A year later, those who had participated in the socialization regime contributed more answers in the community compared to those in the control condition. The socialization experiences, however, undercut their sense of connection to the community and the quality of their contributions. We discuss what was effective and what could be improved in designing socialization experiences for online groups.}, + pages = {325--334}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the {ACM} 2012 Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work}, + publisher = {{ACM}}, + author = {Farzan, Rosta and Kraut, Robert and Pal, Aditya and Konstan, Joseph}, + urldate = {2016-05-26}, + date = {2012}, + file = {p325-farzan.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/MNLU9NF5/p325-farzan.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@inproceedings{ciampaglia_moodbar:_2015, + location = {New York, {NY}, {USA}}, + title = {{MoodBar}: Increasing New User Retention in Wikipedia Through Lightweight Socialization}, + isbn = {978-1-4503-2922-4}, + url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2675133.2675181}, + doi = {10.1145/2675133.2675181}, + series = {{CSCW} '15}, + shorttitle = {{MoodBar}}, + abstract = {Socialization in online communities allows existing members to welcome and recruit newcomers, introduce them to community norms and practices, and sustain their early participation. However, socializing newcomers does not come for free: in large communities, socialization can result in a significant workload for mentors and is hard to scale. In this study we present results from an experiment that measured the effect of a lightweight socialization tool on the activity and retention of newly registered users attempting to edit for the first time Wikipedia. Wikipedia is struggling with the retention of newcomers and our results indicate that a mechanism to elicit lightweight feedback and to provide early mentoring to newcomers improves their chances of becoming long-term contributors.}, + pages = {734--742}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 18th {ACM} Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work \& Social Computing}, + publisher = {{ACM}}, + author = {Ciampaglia, Giovanni Luca and Taraborelli, Dario}, + urldate = {2016-05-26}, + date = {2015}, + file = {p734-ciampaglia.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/ZQL28B4P/p734-ciampaglia.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@report{bollen_social_2015-1, + title = {Social, Behavioral, and Economic Sciences Perspectives on Robust and Reliable Science}, + url = {http://www.nsf.gov/sbe/AC_Materials/SBE_Robust_and_Reliable_Research_Report.pdf}, + institution = {National Science Foundation}, + author = {Bollen, Kenneth and Cacioppo, John T. and Kaplan, Robert M. and Krosnick, Jon A. and Olds, James L. and Dean, Heather}, + date = {2015-05}, +} + +@article{isaac_group_1994-1, + title = {Group size and the voluntary provision of public goods}, + volume = {54}, + issn = {0047-2727}, + url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/004727279490068X}, + doi = {10.1016/0047-2727(94)90068-X}, + abstract = {New experimental evidence extending the investigation of free-riding behavior in public goods provision is presented. Procedures are developed to deal with the logistical problems inherent in experiments involving many subjects. Data from Voluntary Contribution Mechanism experiments are reported utilizing group sizes of 4, 10, 40 and 100. {THese} experiments provide replicable results that contradict the widely held view that a group's ability to provide the optimal level of a pure public good is inversely related to group size. On the contrary, groups of size 40 and 100 provided the public good more efficiently than groups of size 4 and 10. Several possible alternative explanations are discussed.}, + pages = {1--36}, + number = {1}, + journaltitle = {Journal of Public Economics}, + shortjournal = {Journal of Public Economics}, + author = {Isaac, R. Mark and Walker, James M. and Williams, Arlington W.}, + urldate = {2017-06-15}, + date = {1994-05-01}, + file = {Isaac et al. - 1994 - Group size and the voluntary provision of public g.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/73RMRSHZ/Isaac et al. - 1994 - Group size and the voluntary provision of public g.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@inproceedings{halfaker_snuggle:_2014, + location = {New York, {NY}, {USA}}, + title = {Snuggle: Designing for Efficient Socialization and Ideological Critique}, + isbn = {978-1-4503-2473-1}, + url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2556288.2557313}, + doi = {10.1145/2556288.2557313}, + series = {{CHI} '14}, + shorttitle = {Snuggle}, + abstract = {Wikipedia, the encyclopedia "anyone can edit", has become increasingly less so. Recent academic research and popular discourse illustrates the often aggressive ways newcomers are treated by veteran Wikipedians. These are complex sociotechnical issues, bound up in infrastructures based on problematic ideologies. In response, we worked with a coalition of Wikipedians to design, develop, and deploy Snuggle, a new user interface that served two critical functions: making the work of newcomer socialization more effective, and bringing visibility to instances in which Wikipedians? current practice of gatekeeping socialization breaks down. Snuggle supports positive socialization by helping mentors quickly find newcomers whose good-faith mistakes were reverted as damage. Snuggle also supports ideological critique and reflection by bringing visibility to the consequences of viewing newcomers through a lens of suspiciousness.}, + pages = {311--320}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the {SIGCHI} Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems}, + publisher = {{ACM}}, + author = {Halfaker, Aaron and Geiger, R. Stuart and Terveen, Loren G.}, + urldate = {2017-03-21}, + date = {2014}, + keywords = {newcomer socialization, quantitative}, + file = {ACM Full Text PDF:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/P3UCRJ2F/Halfaker et al. - 2014 - Snuggle Designing for Efficient Socialization and.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@article{keegan_evolution_2017, + title = {The Evolution and Consequences of Peer Producing Wikipedia’s Rules}, + url = {https://osf.io/preprints/socarxiv/28sgr/}, + author = {Keegan, Brian and Fiesler, Casey}, + urldate = {2017-08-24}, + date = {2017}, + file = {Keegan and Fiesler - 2017 - The Evolution and Consequences of Peer Producing W.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/ICMYBEHD/Keegan and Fiesler - 2017 - The Evolution and Consequences of Peer Producing W.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@inproceedings{barbosa_averaging_2016, + location = {Republic and Canton of Geneva, Switzerland}, + title = {Averaging gone wrong: Using time-aware analyses to better understand behavior}, + isbn = {978-1-4503-4143-1}, + url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/2872427.2883083}, + doi = {10.1145/2872427.2883083}, + shorttitle = {Averaging Gone Wrong}, + abstract = {Online communities provide a fertile ground for analyzing people's behavior and improving our understanding of social processes. Because both people and communities change over time, we argue that analyses of these communities that take time into account will lead to deeper and more accurate results. Using Reddit as an example, we study the evolution of users based on comment and submission data from 2007 to 2014. Even using one of the simplest temporal differences between users---yearly cohorts---we find wide differences in people's behavior, including comment activity, effort, and survival. Further, not accounting for time can lead us to misinterpret important phenomena. For instance, we observe that average comment length decreases over any fixed period of time, but comment length in each cohort of users steadily increases during the same period after an abrupt initial drop, an example of Simpson's Paradox. Dividing cohorts into sub-cohorts based on the survival time in the community provides further insights; in particular, longer-lived users start at a higher activity level and make more and shorter comments than those who leave earlier. These findings both give more insight into user evolution in Reddit in particular, and raise a number of interesting questions around studying online behavior going forward.}, + pages = {829--841}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on World Wide Web ({WWW} '16)}, + publisher = {International World Wide Web Conferences Steering Committee}, + author = {Barbosa, Samuel and Cosley, Dan and Sharma, Amit and Cesar, Jr., Roberto M.}, + urldate = {2017-09-09}, + date = {2016}, + file = {Barbosa et al. - 2016 - Averaging Gone Wrong Using Time-Aware Analyses to.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/YNTZG4M3/Barbosa et al. - 2016 - Averaging Gone Wrong Using Time-Aware Analyses to.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@article{velden_decentering_2013-1, + title = {Decentering Design: Wikipedia and Indigenous Knowledge}, + volume = {29}, + issn = {1044-7318}, + url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2013.765768}, + doi = {10.1080/10447318.2013.765768}, + shorttitle = {Decentering Design}, + abstract = {This article is a reflection on the case of Wikipedia, the largest online reference site with 23 million articles, with 365 million readers, and without a page called Indigenous knowledge. A Postcolonial Computing lens, extended with the notion of decentering, is used to find out what happened with Indigenous knowledge in Wikipedia. Wikipedia's ordering technologies, such as policies and templates, play a central role in producing knowledge. Two designs, developed with and for Indigenous communities, are introduced to explore if another Wikipedia's design is possible.}, + pages = {308--316}, + number = {4}, + journaltitle = {International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction}, + author = {Velden, Maja van der}, + urldate = {2017-08-03}, + date = {2013-03-01}, + file = {Full Text PDF:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/MXRHVGE8/Velden - 2013 - Decentering Design Wikipedia and Indigenous Knowl.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/X6LLPXWQ/Velden - 2013 - Decentering Design Wikipedia and Indigenous Knowl.html:text/html}, +} + +@article{coleman_social_1988, + title = {Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital}, + volume = {94}, + issn = {0002-9602}, + url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2780243}, + abstract = {In this paper, the concept of social capital is introduced and illustrated, its forms are described, the social structural conditions under which it arises are examined, and it is used in an analysis of dropouts from high school. Use of the concept of social capital is part of a general theoretical strategy discussed in the paper: taking rational action as a starting point but rejecting the extreme individualistic premises that often accompany it. The conception of social capital as a resource for action is one way of introducing social structure into the rational action paradigm. Three forms of social capital are examined: obligations and expectations, information channels, and social norms. The role of closure in the social structure in facilitating the first and third of these forms of social capital is described. An analysis of the effect of the lack of social capital available to high school sophomores on dropping out of school before graduation is carried out. The effect of social capital within the family and in the community outside the family is examined.}, + pages = {S95--S120}, + journaltitle = {American Journal of Sociology}, + shortjournal = {American Journal of Sociology}, + author = {Coleman, James S.}, + urldate = {2016-05-13}, + date = {1988}, + file = {Coleman - 1988 - Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/8B8X2LBV/Coleman - 1988 - Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/83B63Z3Y/Coleman - 1988 - Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital.html:text/html}, +} + +@inproceedings{lin_better_2017, + location = {Montreal, Canada}, + title = {Better when it was smaller? Community content and behavior after massive growth.}, + url = {http://itsmrlin.com/papers/2017_icwsm_eternal_september.pdf}, + shorttitle = {Better When It Was Smaller?}, + abstract = {Online communities have a love-hate relationship with membership growth: new members bring fresh perspectives, but old-timers worry that growth interrupts the community’s social dynamic and lowers content quality. To arbitrate these two theories, we analyze over 45 million comments from 10 Reddit subcommunities following an exogenous shock when each subcommunity was added to the default set for all Reddit users. Capitalizing on these natural experiments, we test for changes to the content vote patterns, linguistic patterns, and community network patterns before and after being defaulted. +Results support a narrative that the communities remain high-quality and similar to their previous selves even post-growth. There is a temporary dip in upvote scores right after the communities were defaulted, but the communities quickly recover to pre-default or even higher levels. Likewise, complaints about low-quality posts do not rise in frequency after getting defaulted. Strong moderation also helps keep upvotes common and complaint levels low. Communities’ language use does not become more like the rest of Reddit after getting defaulted. However, growth does have some impact on attention: community members cluster their activity around a smaller proportion of posts after the community is defaulted.}, + eventtitle = {{ICWSM}}, + pages = {132--141}, + booktitle = {Eleventh International {AAAI} Conference on Web and Social Media}, + publisher = {{AAAI}}, + author = {Lin, Zhiyuan and Salehi, Niloufar and Yao, Bowen and Chen, Yiqi and Bernstein, Michael S.}, + urldate = {2017-08-02}, + date = {2017}, + file = {Lin et al. - 2017 - Better When It Was Smaller Community Content and .pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/3NB3IZUR/Lin et al. - 2017 - Better When It Was Smaller Community Content and .pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@inproceedings{burke_feed_2009, + location = {New York, {NY}, {USA}}, + title = {Feed Me: Motivating Newcomer Contribution in Social Network Sites}, + isbn = {978-1-60558-246-7}, + url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1518701.1518847}, + doi = {10.1145/1518701.1518847}, + series = {{CHI} '09}, + shorttitle = {Feed Me}, + abstract = {Social networking sites ({SNS}) are only as good as the content their users share. Therefore, designers of {SNS} seek to improve the overall user experience by encouraging members to contribute more content. However, user motivations for contribution in {SNS} are not well understood. This is particularly true for newcomers, who may not recognize the value of contribution. Using server log data from approximately 140,000 newcomers in Facebook, we predict long-term sharing based on the experiences the newcomers have in their first two weeks. We test four mechanisms: social learning, singling out, feedback, and distribution. In particular, we find support for social learning: newcomers who see their friends contributing go on to share more content themselves. For newcomers who are initially inclined to contribute, receiving feedback and having a wide audience are also predictors of increased sharing. On the other hand, singling out appears to affect only those newcomers who are not initially inclined to share. The paper concludes with design implications for motivating newcomer sharing in online communities.}, + pages = {945--954}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the {SIGCHI} Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems}, + publisher = {{ACM}}, + author = {Burke, Moira and Marlow, Cameron and Lento, Thomas}, + urldate = {2017-08-02}, + date = {2009}, + file = {p945-burke.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/6RVAQB2X/p945-burke.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@inproceedings{collier_conflict_2012, + location = {New York, {NY}, {USA}}, + title = {Conflict, criticism, or confidence: an empirical examination of the gender gap in Wikipedia contributions}, + isbn = {978-1-4503-1086-4}, + doi = {10.1145/2145204.2145265}, + series = {{CSCW} '12}, + shorttitle = {Conflict, criticism, or confidence}, + abstract = {A recent survey of contributors to Wikipedia found that less than 15\% of contributors are women. This gender contribution gap has received significant attention from both researchers and the media. A panel of researchers and practitioners has offered several insights and opinions as to why a gender gap exists in contributions despite gender anonymity online. The gender research literature suggests that the difference in contribution rates could be due to three factors: (1) the high levels of conflict in discussions, (2) dislike of critical environments, and (3) lack of confidence in editing other contributors' work. This paper examines these hypotheses regarding the existence of the gender gap in contribution by using data from an international survey of 176,192 readers, contributors, and former contributors to Wikipedia, including measures of demographics, education, motivation, and participation. Implications for improving the design and culture of online communities to be more gender inclusive are discussed.}, + pages = {383--392}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the {ACM} 2012 conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work}, + publisher = {{ACM}}, + author = {Collier, Benjamin and Bear, Julia}, + urldate = {2013-04-01}, + date = {2012}, + keywords = {wikipedia, conflict, survey, confidence, criticism}, + file = {Collier and Bear - 2012 - Conflict, criticism, or confidence an empirical e.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/YIKZZ2UN/Collier and Bear - 2012 - Conflict, criticism, or confidence an empirical e.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@article{agrawal_simple_2014-1, + title = {Some simple economics of crowdfunding}, + volume = {14}, + url = {http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/674021}, + pages = {63--97}, + number = {1}, + journaltitle = {Innovation Policy and the Economy}, + author = {Agrawal, Ajay and Catalini, Christian and Goldfarb, Avi}, + urldate = {2017-07-27}, + date = {2014}, + file = {674021.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/39J58UFT/674021.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@article{ji_influence_2010, + title = {The Influence of Cultural Differences on the Use of Social Network Services and the Formation of Social Capital}, + volume = {26}, + issn = {1044-7318, 1532-7590}, + url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10447318.2010.516727}, + doi = {10.1080/10447318.2010.516727}, + pages = {1100--1121}, + number = {11}, + journaltitle = {International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction}, + author = {Ji, Yong Gu and Hwangbo, Hwan and Yi, Ji Soo and Rau, P. L. Patrick and Fang, Xiaowen and Ling, Chen}, + urldate = {2017-07-27}, + date = {2010-11}, + langid = {english}, + file = {Ji_The Influence of Cultural Differences on the Use of Social Network Services and the Formation of Social Capital.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/GLRNDE45/Ji_The Influence of Cultural Differences on the Use of Social Network Services and the Formation of Social Capital.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@inproceedings{lampe_follow_2005, + location = {Sanibel Island, Florida, {USA}}, + title = {Follow the (slash) dot: effects of feedback on new members in an online community}, + url = {http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1099206}, + shorttitle = {Follow the (slash) dot}, + eventtitle = {{GROUP}}, + pages = {11--20}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2005 international {ACM} {SIGGROUP} conference on Supporting group work}, + publisher = {{ACM}}, + author = {Lampe, Cliff and Johnston, Erik}, + urldate = {2017-07-27}, + date = {2005}, + file = {p11-lampe.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/YHZ4RP4U/p11-lampe.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@article{crawford_what_2016, + title = {What is a flag for? Social media reporting tools and the vocabulary of complaint}, + volume = {18}, + issn = {1461-4448, 1461-7315}, + url = {http://nms.sagepub.com/content/18/3/410}, + doi = {10.1177/1461444814543163}, + shorttitle = {What is a flag for?}, + abstract = {The flag is now a common mechanism for reporting offensive content to an online platform, and is used widely across most popular social media sites. It serves both as a solution to the problem of curating massive collections of user-generated content and as a rhetorical justification for platform owners when they decide to remove content. Flags are becoming a ubiquitous mechanism of governance—yet their meaning is anything but straightforward. In practice, the interactions between users, flags, algorithms, content moderators, and platforms are complex and highly strategic. Significantly, flags are asked to bear a great deal of weight, arbitrating both the relationship between users and platforms, and the negotiation around contentious public issues. In this essay, we unpack the working of the flag, consider alternatives that give greater emphasis to public deliberation, and consider the implications for online public discourse of this now commonplace yet rarely studied sociotechnical mechanism.}, + pages = {410--428}, + number = {3}, + journaltitle = {New Media \& Society}, + shortjournal = {New Media Society}, + author = {Crawford, Kate and Gillespie, Tarleton}, + urldate = {2016-09-09}, + date = {2016-03-01}, + langid = {english}, + keywords = {{YouTube}, twitter, Facebook, flagging, norms, platforms, community}, + file = {1461444814543163.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/9AQFX2AH/1461444814543163.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/ZC7QKW9M/410.html:text/html}, +} + +@article{spinellis_collaborative_2008-1, + title = {The Collaborative Organization of Knowledge}, + volume = {51}, + issn = {0001-0782}, + url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1378704.1378720}, + doi = {10.1145/1378704.1378720}, + abstract = {Why Wikipedia's remarkable growth is sustainable.}, + pages = {68--73}, + number = {8}, + journaltitle = {Commun. {ACM}}, + author = {Spinellis, Diomidis and Louridas, Panagiotis}, + urldate = {2016-09-06}, + date = {2008-08}, + file = {ACM Full Text PDF:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/MGG9R7S4/Spinellis and Louridas - 2008 - The Collaborative Organization of Knowledge.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@article{shah_motivation_2006, + title = {Motivation, governance, and the viability of hybrid forms in open source software development}, + volume = {52}, + url = {http://mansci.journal.informs.org/cgi/content/abstract/52/7/1000}, + doi = {10.1287/mnsc.1060.0553}, + abstract = {Open source software projects rely on the voluntary efforts of thousands of software developers, yet we know little about why developers choose to participate in this collective development process. This paper inductively derives a framework for understanding participation from the perspective of the individual software developer based on data from two software communities with different governance structures. In both communities, a need for software-related improvements drives initial participation. The majority of participants leave the community once their needs are met, however, a small subset remains involved. For this set of developers, motives evolve over time and participation becomes a hobby. These hobbyists are critical to the long-term viability of the software code: They take on tasks that might otherwise go undone and work to maintain the simplicity and modularity of the code. Governance structures affect this evolution of motives. Implications for firms interested in implementing hybrid strategies designed to combine the advantages of open source software development with proprietary ownership and control are discussed.}, + pages = {1000--1014}, + number = {7}, + journaltitle = {Management Science}, + author = {Shah, Sonali K.}, + urldate = {2009-12-07}, + date = {2006-07-01}, + keywords = {{FOSS}, Management, To Read}, + file = {HighWire Snapshot:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/WAISB3HF/1000.html:text/html;mnsc.1060.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/9FVVZ6B3/mnsc.1060.pdf:application/pdf;Shah - 2006 - Motivation, Governance, and the Viability of Hybri.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/T3DTX9AQ/Shah - 2006 - Motivation, Governance, and the Viability of Hybri.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@inproceedings{kittur_he_2007, + location = {New York, {NY}, {USA}}, + title = {He says, she says: Conflict and coordination in wikipedia}, + isbn = {978-1-59593-593-9}, + url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1240624.1240698}, + doi = {10.1145/1240624.1240698}, + series = {{CHI} '07}, + shorttitle = {He says, she says}, + abstract = {Wikipedia, a wiki-based encyclopedia, has become one of the most successful experiments in collaborative knowledge building on the Internet. As Wikipedia continues to grow, the potential for conflict and the need for coordination increase as well. This article examines the growth of such non-direct work and describes the development of tools to characterize conflict and coordination costs in Wikipedia. The results may inform the design of new collaborative knowledge systems.}, + pages = {453--462}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the {SIGCHI} Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems}, + publisher = {{ACM}}, + author = {Kittur, Aniket and Suh, Bongwon and Pendleton, Bryan A. and Chi, Ed H.}, + urldate = {2015-03-08}, + date = {2007}, + keywords = {Wiki, conflict, Collaboration}, + file = {Kittur et al. - 2007 - He Says, She Says Conflict and Coordination in Wi.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/B5XBXS6I/Kittur et al. - 2007 - He Says, She Says Conflict and Coordination in Wi.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@article{preece_etiquette_2004, + title = {Etiquette, empathy and trust in communities of practice: Stepping-stones to social capital.}, + volume = {10}, + url = {http://www.jucs.org/jucs_10_3/etiquette_empathy_and_trust/Preece_J.pdf}, + shorttitle = {Etiquette, empathy and trust in communities of practice}, + pages = {294--302}, + number = {3}, + journaltitle = {J. {UCS}}, + author = {Preece, Jennifer}, + urldate = {2017-07-14}, + date = {2004}, + file = {Preece - 2004 - Etiquette, empathy and trust in communities of pra.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/RFAIHX3X/Preece - 2004 - Etiquette, empathy and trust in communities of pra.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@inproceedings{hall_freedom_2017, + location = {New York, {NY}, {USA}}, + title = {Freedom Versus Standardization: Structured Data Generation in a Peer Production Community}, + isbn = {978-1-4503-4655-9}, + url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/3025453.3025940}, + doi = {10.1145/3025453.3025940}, + series = {{CHI} '17}, + shorttitle = {Freedom Versus Standardization}, + abstract = {In addition to encyclopedia articles and software, peer production communities produce structured data, e.g., Wikidata and {OpenStreetMap}'s metadata. Structured data from peer production communities has become increasingly important due to its use by computational applications, such as {CartoCSS}, {MapBox}, and Wikipedia infoboxes. However, this structured data is usable by applications only if it follows standards. We did an interview study focused on {OpenStreetMap}'s knowledge production processes to investigate how -- and how successfully -- this community creates and applies its data standards. Our study revealed a fundamental tension between the need to produce structured data in a standardized way and {OpenStreetMap}'s tradition of contributor freedom. We extracted six themes that manifested this tension and three overarching concepts, correctness, community, and code, which help make sense of and synthesize the themes. We also offered suggestions for improving {OpenStreetMap}'s knowledge production processes, including new data models, sociotechnical tools, and community practices (e.g. stronger leadership).}, + pages = {6352--6362}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2017 {CHI} Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems}, + publisher = {{ACM}}, + author = {Hall, Andrew and {McRoberts}, Sarah and Thebault-Spieker, Jacob and Lin, Yilun and Sen, Shilad and Hecht, Brent and Terveen, Loren}, + urldate = {2017-07-13}, + date = {2017}, + file = {Hall et al. - 2017 - Freedom Versus Standardization Structured Data Ge.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/E7V8QDZK/Hall et al. - 2017 - Freedom Versus Standardization Structured Data Ge.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@article{simonite_fight_2013, + title = {The Fight to Save Wikipedia from Itself}, + url = {https://www.technologyreview.com/s/520446/the-decline-of-wikipedia/}, + abstract = {The community that built the largest encyclopedia in history is shrinking, even as more people and Internet services depend on it than ever. Can it be revived, or is this the end of the Web’s idealistic era?}, + journaltitle = {{MIT} Technology Review}, + author = {Simonite, Tom}, + urldate = {2017-07-13}, + date = {2013-10-22}, + file = {Snapshot:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/58HWEPRF/Simonite - The Fight to Save Wikipedia from Itself.html:text/html}, +} + +@inproceedings{geiger_defense_2012, + location = {Dublin, Ireland}, + title = {Defense Mechanism or Socialization Tactic? Improving Wikipedia's Notifications to Rejected Contributors}, + url = {http://www.aaai.org/ocs/index.php/ICWSM/ICWSM12/paper/view/4657}, + shorttitle = {Defense Mechanism or Socialization Tactic?}, + abstract = {Unlike traditional firms, open collaborative systems rely on volunteers to operate, and many communities struggle to maintain enough contributors to ensure the quality and quantity of content. However, Wikipedia has historically faced the exact opposite problem: too much participation, particularly from users who, knowingly or not, do not share the same norms as veteran Wikipedians. During its period of exponential growth, the Wikipedian community developed specialized socio-technical defense mechanisms to protect itself from the negatives of massive participation: spam, vandalism, falsehoods, and other damage. Yet recently, Wikipedia has faced a number of high-profile issues with recruiting and retaining new contributors. In this paper, we first illustrate and describe the various defense mechanisms at work in Wikipedia, which we hypothesize are inhibiting newcomer retention. Next, we present results from an experiment aimed at increasing both the quantity and quality of editors by altering various elements of these defense mechanisms, specifically pre-scripted warnings and notifications that are sent to new editors upon reverting or rejecting contributions. Using logistic regressions to model new user activity, we show which tactics work best for different populations of users based on their motivations when joining Wikipedia. In particular, we found that personalized messages in which Wikipedians identified themselves in active voice and took direct responsibility for rejecting an editor\’s contributions were much more successful across a variety of outcome metrics than the current messages, which typically use an institutional and passive voice.}, + eventtitle = {Sixth International {AAAI} Conference on Weblogs and Social Media}, + pages = {122--129}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the Sixth International {AAAI} Conference on Weblogs and Social Media}, + publisher = {{AAAI} Publications}, + author = {Geiger, R. Stuart and Halfaker, Aaron and Pinchuk, Maryana and Walling, Steven}, + urldate = {2016-05-27}, + date = {2012-05-20}, + file = {geiger12defense-personal.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/69CX8AWH/geiger12defense-personal.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@article{meyer_institutionalized_1977, + title = {Institutionalized organizations: Formal structure as myth and ceremony}, + volume = {83}, + issn = {00029602}, + url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2778293}, + shorttitle = {Institutionalized Organizations}, + abstract = {Many formal organizational structures arise as reflections of rationalized institutional rules. The elaboration of such rules in modern states and societies accounts in part for the expansion and increased complexity of formal organizational structures. Institutional rules function as myths which organizations incorporate, gaining legitimacy, resources, stability, and enhanced survival prospects. Organizations whose structures become isomorphic with the myths of the institutional environment-in contrast with those primarily structured by the demands of technical production and exchange-decrease internal coordination and control in order to maintain legitimacy. Structures are decoupled from each other and from ongoing activities. In place of coordination, inspection, and evaluation, a logic of confidence and good faith is employed.}, + pages = {340--363}, + number = {2}, + journaltitle = {American Journal of Sociology}, + author = {Meyer, John W. and Rowan, Brian}, + urldate = {2008-10-09}, + date = {1977-09}, + keywords = {Sociology, Organization Behavior}, + file = {Meyer & Rowan - Structure as Myth and Ceremony:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/F35GMI2R/meyer_rowan.html:text/html;Meyer and Rowan - 1977 - Institutionalized organizations Formal structure .pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/SR4378CJ/Meyer and Rowan - 1977 - Institutionalized organizations Formal structure .pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@book{scott_organizations_2006, + location = {Upper Saddle River, New Jersey}, + title = {Organizations and organizing: Rational, natural and open systems perspectives}, + isbn = {0-13-195893-3}, + shorttitle = {Organizations and Organizing}, + pagetotal = {464}, + publisher = {Pearson Prentice Hall}, + author = {Scott, W. Richard and Davis, Gerald F}, + date = {2006}, + keywords = {Sociology, Organization Behavior}, + file = {Chapter_1.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/WUMXSDZ9/Chapter_1.pdf:application/pdf;Chapter_2.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/D2NWWJV4/Chapter_2.pdf:application/pdf;Chapter_3.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/9PUQFH2J/Chapter_3.pdf:application/pdf;Chapter_4.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/PXEI74R2/Chapter_4.pdf:application/pdf;Chapter_5.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/7V7PU2A6/Chapter_5.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@article{freeman_tyranny_1972, + title = {The tyranny of structurelessness}, + volume = {17}, + issn = {0067-5830}, + url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/41035187}, + pages = {151--164}, + journaltitle = {Berkeley Journal of Sociology}, + shortjournal = {Berkeley Journal of Sociology}, + author = {Freeman, Jo}, + urldate = {2015-06-19}, + date = {1972-01-01}, + file = {Freeman - 1972 - The tyranny of structurelessness.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/KGF9XNG2/Freeman - 1972 - The tyranny of structurelessness.pdf:application/pdf;Tyranny of Structurelessness.doc:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/65PBEXIL/Tyranny of Structurelessness.doc:application/msword}, +} + +@article{shaw_laboratories_2014, + title = {Laboratories of oligarchy? How the iron law extends to peer production}, + volume = {64}, + issn = {1460-2466}, + url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jcom.12082/abstract}, + doi = {10.1111/jcom.12082}, + shorttitle = {Laboratories of Oligarchy?}, + abstract = {Peer production projects like Wikipedia have inspired voluntary associations, collectives, social movements, and scholars to embrace open online collaboration as a model of democratic organization. However, many peer production projects exhibit entrenched leadership and deep inequalities, suggesting that they may not fulfill democratic ideals. Instead, peer production projects may conform to Robert Michels' “iron law of oligarchy,” which proposes that democratic membership organizations become increasingly oligarchic as they grow. Using exhaustive data of internal processes from a sample of 683 wikis, we construct empirical measures of participation and test for increases in oligarchy associated with growth in wikis' contributor bases. In contrast to previous studies, we find support for Michels' iron law and conclude that peer production entails oligarchic organizational forms.}, + pages = {215--238}, + number = {2}, + journaltitle = {Journal of Communication}, + shortjournal = {J Commun}, + author = {Shaw, Aaron and Hill, Benjamin Mako}, + urldate = {2015-05-09}, + date = {2014}, + langid = {english}, + file = {Shaw and Hill - 2014 - Laboratories of oligarchy How the iron law extend.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/GIII687R/Shaw and Hill - 2014 - Laboratories of oligarchy How the iron law extend.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/W3846GC6/full.html:text/html}, +} + +@book{michels_political_1915, + location = {New York, {NY}}, + title = {Political parties: A sociological study of the oligarchical tendencies of modern democracy}, + shorttitle = {Political Parties}, + publisher = {Hearst}, + author = {Michels, Robert}, + translator = {Paul, Eden and Paul, Cedar}, + date = {1915}, +} + +@article{shaw_centralized_2012, + title = {Centralized and decentralized gatekeeping in an open online collective}, + volume = {40}, + issn = {0032-3292, 1552-7514}, + url = {http://pas.sagepub.com/content/40/3/349}, + doi = {10.1177/0032329212449009}, + abstract = {This paper presents a study of gatekeeping in the U.S. political blog "Daily Kos." Open online collectives like Daily Kos use relational mechanisms, such as gatekeeping, to manage organizational boundaries and filter the contributions of participants. However, neither prior theories of gatekeeping nor the existing analyses of open online collectives account for the character or implications of gatekeeping in the Daily Kos community. Using qualitative evidence as well as statistical analysis of a large sample of comment threads on the site from 2008, I argue that gatekeeping on Daily Kos takes centralized and decentralized forms, and that both modes depend critically on relational boundary work among site participants. Centralized gatekeeping proceeds through actions by high-status members of the community. Decentralized gatekeeping, by contrast, consists of more numerous and small-scale interactions between community members, who filter and moderate each other's participation. Both forms of gatekeeping enhance the ability of site leaders and incumbent community members to regulate access to privileges and agenda-setting responsibilities on the site. These findings imply that the egalitarian ethos of open online collectives exists in tension with the mechanisms through which participation and status inequalities emerge among participants. How collectives engaged in mobilization and discursive production resolve this tension will shape the long-term impact of online participation and blogs on the political and public spheres.}, + pages = {349--388}, + number = {3}, + journaltitle = {Politics \& Society}, + shortjournal = {Politics \& Society}, + author = {Shaw, Aaron}, + urldate = {2012-08-27}, + date = {2012}, + langid = {english}, + note = {tex.ids= shaw\_centralized\_2012-1}, + file = {0032329212449009.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/U535G3LJ/0032329212449009.pdf:application/pdf;Shaw--2012-Gatekeeping_online-349-88.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/4RGVXPPZ/Shaw--2012-Gatekeeping_online-349-88.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@book{schweik_internet_2012, + location = {Cambridge, {MA}}, + title = {Internet success: A study of open-source software commons}, + isbn = {978-0-262-01725-1}, + shorttitle = {Internet success}, + pagetotal = {351}, + publisher = {{MIT} Press}, + author = {Schweik, Charles M. and English, Robert C.}, + date = {2012}, +} + +@inproceedings{steinmacher_social_2015-1, + location = {New York, {NY}}, + title = {Social Barriers Faced by Newcomers Placing Their First Contribution in Open Source Software Projects}, + isbn = {978-1-4503-2922-4}, + url = {http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=2675133.2675215}, + doi = {10.1145/2675133.2675215}, + pages = {1379--1392}, + publisher = {{ACM}}, + author = {Steinmacher, Igor and Conte, Tayana and Gerosa, Marco Aurélio and Redmiles, David}, + urldate = {2017-07-27}, + date = {2015}, + langid = {english}, + file = {Steinmacher et al. - 2015 - Social Barriers Faced by Newcomers Placing Their F.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/7VDJ556C/Steinmacher et al. - 2015 - Social Barriers Faced by Newcomers Placing Their F.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@inproceedings{lam_wp:clubhouse?:_2011, + location = {New York, {NY}}, + title = {{WP}:Clubhouse?: An Exploration of Wikipedia's Gender Imbalance}, + isbn = {978-1-4503-0909-7}, + url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2038558.2038560}, + doi = {10.1145/2038558.2038560}, + series = {{WikiSym} '11}, + shorttitle = {{WP}}, + abstract = {Wikipedia has rapidly become an invaluable destination for millions of information-seeking users. However, media reports suggest an important challenge: only a small fraction of Wikipedia's legion of volunteer editors are female. In the current work, we present a scientific exploration of the gender imbalance in the English Wikipedia's population of editors. We look at the nature of the imbalance itself, its effects on the quality of the encyclopedia, and several conflict-related factors that may be contributing to the gender gap. Our findings confirm the presence of a large gender gap among editors and a corresponding gender-oriented disparity in the content of Wikipedia's articles. Further, we find evidence hinting at a culture that may be resistant to female participation.}, + pages = {1--10}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Wikis and Open Collaboration}, + publisher = {{ACM}}, + author = {Lam, Shyong (Tony) K. and Uduwage, Anuradha and Dong, Zhenhua and Sen, Shilad and Musicant, David R. and Terveen, Loren and Riedl, John}, + urldate = {2015-03-08}, + date = {2011}, + file = {ACM Full Text PDF:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/EUWCPP57/Lam et al. - 2011 - WPClubhouse An Exploration of Wikipedia's Gende.pdf:application/pdf;p1-lam.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/KR457VCD/p1-lam.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@inproceedings{palen_success_2015, + location = {New York, {NY}}, + title = {Success \& Scale in a Data-Producing Organization: The Socio-Technical Evolution of {OpenStreetMap} in Response to Humanitarian Events}, + isbn = {978-1-4503-3145-6}, + url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2702123.2702294}, + doi = {10.1145/2702123.2702294}, + series = {{CHI} '15}, + shorttitle = {Success \& Scale in a Data-Producing Organization}, + abstract = {{OpenStreetMap} ({OSM}) is a volunteer-driven, globally distributed organization whose members work to create a common digital map of the world. {OSM} embraces ideals of open data, and to that end innovates both socially and technically to develop practices and processes for coordinated operation. This paper provides a brief history of {OSM} and then, through quantitative and qualitative examination of the {OSM} database and other sites of articulation work, examines organizational growth through the lens of two catastrophes that spurred enormous humanitarian relief responses-the 2010 Haiti Earthquake and the 2013 Typhoon Yolanda. The temporally- and geographically- constrained events scope analysis for what is a rapidly maturing, whole-planet operation. The first disaster identified how {OSM} could support other organizations responding to the event. However, to achieve this, {OSM} has had to refine mechanisms of collaboration around map creation, which were tested again in Typhoon Yolanda. The transformation of work between these two events yields insights into the organizational development of large, data-producing online organizations.}, + pages = {4113--4122}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 33rd Annual {ACM} Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems}, + publisher = {{ACM}}, + author = {Palen, Leysia and Soden, Robert and Anderson, T. Jennings and Barrenechea, Mario}, + urldate = {2017-06-14}, + date = {2015}, + file = {p4113-palen.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/WWDRABDB/p4113-palen.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@inproceedings{wilson_replichi_2011, + location = {New York, {NY}}, + title = {{RepliCHI} - {CHI} Should Be Replicating and Validating Results More: Discuss}, + isbn = {978-1-4503-0268-5}, + url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1979742.1979491}, + doi = {10.1145/1979742.1979491}, + series = {{CHI} {EA} '11}, + shorttitle = {{RepliCHI} - {CHI} Should Be Replicating and Validating Results More}, + abstract = {The replication of research findings is a cornerstone of good science. Replication confirms results, strengthens research, and makes sure progress is based on solid foundations. {CHI}, however, rewards novelty and is focused on new results. As a community, therefore, we do not value, facilitate, or reward replication in research, and often take the significant results of a single user study on 20 users to be true. This panel will address the issues surrounding replication in our community, and discuss: a) how much of our broad diverse discipline is 'science', b) how, if at all, we currently see replication of research in our community, c) whether we should place more emphasis on replication in some form, and d) how that should look in our community. The aim of the panel is to make a proposal to future {CHI} organizers (2 are on the panel) for how we should facilitate replication in the future.}, + pages = {463--466}, + booktitle = {{CHI}'11 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems}, + publisher = {{ACM}}, + author = {Wilson, Max L. and Mackay, Wendy and Chi, Ed and Bernstein, Michael and Russell, Dan and Thimbleby, Harold}, + urldate = {2017-07-25}, + date = {2011}, + file = {ACM Full Text PDF:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/8AX28ZXK/Wilson et al. - 2011 - RepliCHI - CHI Should Be Replicating and Validatin.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@inproceedings{roth_measuring_2008, + location = {New York, {NY}}, + title = {Measuring wiki viability: An empirical assessment of the social dynamics of a large sample of wikis}, + isbn = {978-1-60558-128-6}, + url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1822258.1822294}, + doi = {10.1145/1822258.1822294}, + series = {{WikiSym} '08}, + shorttitle = {Measuring Wiki Viability}, + abstract = {This paper assesses the content- and population-dynamics of a large sample of wikis, over a timespan of several months, in order to identify basic features that may predict or induce different types of fate. We analyze and discuss, in particular, the correlation of various macroscopic indicators, structural features and governance policies with wiki growth patterns. While recent analyses of wiki dynamics have mostly focused on popular projects such as Wikipedia, we suggest research directions towards a more general theory of the dynamics of such communities.}, + pages = {27:1--27:5}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Wikis}, + publisher = {{ACM}}, + author = {Roth, Camille and Taraborelli, Dario and Gilbert, Nigel}, + urldate = {2017-04-16}, + date = {2008}, + keywords = {Web 2.0, Online Communities, governance, dynamics, wikis, moderation, metrics, ecology, viability, wiki demography}, + file = {Roth et al. - 2008 - Measuring wiki viability an empirical assessment .pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/6JPNC6Z5/Roth et al. - 2008 - Measuring wiki viability an empirical assessment .pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@inproceedings{hornbaek_is_2014, + location = {New York, {NY}}, + title = {Is once enough?: On the extent and content of replications in human-computer interaction}, + isbn = {978-1-4503-2473-1}, + url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2556288.2557004}, + doi = {10.1145/2556288.2557004}, + shorttitle = {Is Once Enough?}, + abstract = {A replication is an attempt to confirm an earlier study's findings. It is often claimed that research in Human-Computer Interaction ({HCI}) contains too few replications. To investigate this claim we examined four publication outlets (891 papers) and found 3\% attempting replication of an earlier result. The replications typically confirmed earlier findings, but treated replication as a confirm/not-confirm decision, rarely analyzing effect sizes or comparing in depth to the replicated paper. When asked, most authors agreed that their studies were replications, but rarely planned them as such. Many non-replication studies could have corroborated earlier work if they had analyzed data differently or used minimal effort to collect extra data. We discuss what these results mean to {HCI}, including how reporting of studies could be improved and how conferences/journals may change author instructions to get more replications.}, + pages = {3523--3532}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the {SIGCHI} Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems ({CHI} '14)}, + publisher = {{ACM}}, + author = {Hornbæk, Kasper and Sander, Søren S. and Bargas-Avila, Javier Andrés and Grue Simonsen, Jakob}, + urldate = {2017-11-20}, + date = {2014}, + file = {ACM Full Text PDF:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/H6CGMCTC/Hornba ek et al. - 2014 - Is Once Enough On the Extent and Content of Repl.pdf:application/pdf;Hornbæk et al. - 2014 - Is once enough on the extent and content of repl.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/7BVG583S/Hornbæk et al. - 2014 - Is once enough on the extent and content of repl.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@inproceedings{foote_starting_2017, + location = {New York, {NY}}, + title = {Starting online communities: motivations and goals of wiki founders}, + isbn = {978-1-4503-4655-9}, + url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/3025453.3025639}, + doi = {10.1145/3025453.3025639}, + shorttitle = {Starting Online Communities}, + abstract = {Why do people start new online communities? Previous research has studied what helps communities to grow and what motivates contributors, but the reasons that people create new communities in the first place remain unclear. We present the results of a survey of over 300 founders of new communities on the online wiki hosting site Wikia.com. We analyze the motivations and goals of wiki creators, finding that founders have diverse reasons for starting wikis and diverse ways of defining their success. Many founders see their communities as occupying narrow topics, and neither seek nor expect a large group of contributors. We also find that founders with differing goals approach community building differently. We argue that community platform designers can create interfaces that support the diverse goals of founders more effectively.}, + pages = {6376--6380}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2017 {CHI} Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems ({CHI} '17)}, + publisher = {{ACM}}, + author = {Foote, Jeremy and Gergle, Darren and Shaw, Aaron}, + urldate = {2017-05-15}, + date = {2017}, + keywords = {peer production, survey, wikis}, + file = {Foote et al. - 2017 - Starting Online Communities Motivations and Goals.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/BWAIBPUK/Foote et al. - 2017 - Starting Online Communities Motivations and Goals.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@inproceedings{arazy_functional_2015, + location = {New York, {NY}}, + title = {Functional roles and career paths in Wikipedia}, + isbn = {978-1-4503-2922-4}, + url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2675133.2675257}, + doi = {10.1145/2675133.2675257}, + series = {{CSCW} '15}, + abstract = {An understanding of participation dynamics within online production communities requires an examination of the roles assumed by participants. Recent studies have established that the organizational structure of such communities is not flat; rather, participants can take on a variety of well-defined functional roles. What is the nature of functional roles? How have they evolved? And how do participants assume these functions? Prior studies focused primarily on participants' activities, rather than functional roles. Further, extant conceptualizations of role transitions in production communities, such as the Reader to Leader framework, emphasize a single dimension: organizational power, overlooking distinctions between functions. In contrast, in this paper we empirically study the nature and structure of functional roles within Wikipedia, seeking to validate existing theoretical frameworks. The analysis sheds new light on the nature of functional roles, revealing the intricate "career paths" resulting from participants' role transitions.}, + pages = {1092--1105}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 18th {ACM} Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work \& Social Computing}, + publisher = {{ACM}}, + author = {Arazy, Ofer and Ortega, Felipe and Nov, Oded and Yeo, Lisa and Balila, Adam}, + urldate = {2015-11-11}, + date = {2015}, + file = {Arazy et al. - 2015 - Functional roles and career paths in Wikipedia.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/LQP92JWT/Arazy et al. - 2015 - Functional roles and career paths in Wikipedia.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@unpublished{gorbatai_aligning_2011, + location = {Cambridge, {MA}}, + title = {Aligning collective production with demand: Evidence from Wikipedia}, + url = {http://faculty.chicagobooth.edu/workshops/orgs-markets/past/pdf/gorbatai.pdf}, + type = {Working Paper}, + howpublished = {Working Paper}, + author = {Gorbatai, Andreea}, + date = {2011}, +} + +@article{piskorski_testing_2017, + title = {Testing Coleman’s social-norm enforcement mechanism: Evidence from Wikipedia}, + volume = {122}, + issn = {0002-9602}, + doi = {10.1086/689816}, + shorttitle = {Testing Coleman’s Social-Norm Enforcement Mechanism}, + abstract = {Since Durkheim, sociologists have believed that actors in dense network structures experience fewer norm violations. Coleman proposed one explanatory mechanism, arguing that dense networks provide an opportunity structure to reward those who punish norm violators, leading to more frequent punishment and in turn fewer norm violations. Despite ubiquitous scholarly references to Coleman’s theory, little empirical work has directly tested it in large-scale natural settings with longitudinal data. The authors undertake such a test using records of norm violations during the editing process on Wikipedia, the largest user-generated online encyclopedia. These data allow them to track all three elements required to test Coleman’s mechanism: norm violations, punishments for such violations, and rewards for those who punish violations. The results support Coleman’s mechanism.}, + pages = {1183--1222}, + number = {4}, + journaltitle = {American Journal of Sociology}, + shortjournal = {American Journal of Sociology}, + author = {Piskorski, Mikolaj Jan and Gorbatai, Andreea D.}, + urldate = {2017-09-05}, + date = {2017}, +} + +@article{stvilia_issues_2009-1, + title = {Issues of cross-contextual information quality evaluation—The case of Arabic, English, and Korean Wikipedias}, + volume = {31}, + issn = {07408188}, + url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0740818809000954}, + doi = {10.1016/j.lisr.2009.07.005}, + pages = {232--239}, + number = {4}, + journaltitle = {Library \& Information Science Research}, + author = {Stvilia, Besiki and Al-Faraj, Abdullah and Yi, Yong Jeong}, + urldate = {2016-09-15}, + date = {2009-12}, + langid = {english}, + file = {1-s2.0-S0740818809000954-main.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/G47IH28J/1-s2.0-S0740818809000954-main.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@thesis{miquel_ribe_identity-based_2017, + title = {Identity-based motivation in digital engagement: the influence of community and cultural identity on participation in Wikipedia}, + rights = {Open Access}, + url = {https://www.tdx.cat/handle/10803/402142}, + shorttitle = {Identity-based motivation in digital engagement}, + abstract = {Internet i la tecnologia mòbil s'han consolidat com una esfera pública de la vida, on l'èxit sovint s'equipara a la participació. En aquesta tesi s'estudia la influència d’una motivació basada en la identitat en la participació, amb un enfocament especial en Viquipèdia, on les identitats són fonamentals per entendre la comunitat i la diversitat de temàtica dels continguts. Per mitjà de l’anàlisi de dades es descobreix que els editors desenvolupen una identitat de comunitat i creen contingut que representa les seves identitats culturals. Aquest contingut ocupa al voltant d'una quarta part (en nombre d'articles) de cada Viquipèdia, i més tenint en compte les d'edicions. Quan els editors augmenten la participació o esdevenen administradors, segueixen preferint continguts impregnats de significats basats en la identitat cultural, la qual cosa indica una posició central d’aquesta identitat. Finalment, es destaquen estratègies per fomentar la participació i l'enriquiment intercultural entre versions lingüístiques de Viquipèdia.}, + institution = {Universitat Pompeu Fabra}, + type = {phdthesis}, + author = {Miquel Ribé, Marc}, + urldate = {2018-10-22}, + date = {2017-03-24}, + file = {Full Text PDF:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/PAK8C5RX/Miquel Ribé - 2017 - Identity-based motivation in digital engagement t.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@inproceedings{narayan_wikipedia_2017, + location = {New York, {NY}, {USA}}, + title = {The Wikipedia Adventure: field evaluation of an interactive tutorial for new users}, + isbn = {978-1-4503-4335-0}, + url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2998181.2998307}, + doi = {10.1145/2998181.2998307}, + series = {{CSCW} '17}, + shorttitle = {The Wikipedia Adventure}, + abstract = {Integrating new users into a community with complex norms presents a challenge for peer production projects like Wikipedia. We present The Wikipedia Adventure ({TWA}): an interactive tutorial that offers a structured and gamified introduction to Wikipedia. In addition to describing the design of the system, we present two empirical evaluations. First, we report on a survey of users, who responded very positively to the tutorial. Second, we report results from a large-scale invitation-based field experiment that tests whether using {TWA} increased newcomers' subsequent contributions to Wikipedia. We find no effect of either using the tutorial or of being invited to do so over a period of 180 days. We conclude that {TWA} produces a positive socialization experience for those who choose to use it, but that it does not alter patterns of newcomer activity. We reflect on the implications of these mixed results for the evaluation of similar social computing systems.}, + pages = {1785--1799}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2017 {ACM} Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing}, + publisher = {{ACM}}, + author = {Narayan, Sneha and Orlowitz, Jake and Morgan, Jonathan and Hill, Benjamin Mako and Shaw, Aaron}, + urldate = {2017-03-21}, + date = {2017}, + file = {p1785-narayan.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/3ZFPBYSH/p1785-narayan.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@inproceedings{matias_skill_2016, + location = {New York, {NY}, {USA}}, + title = {Skill progression in Scratch revisited}, + isbn = {978-1-4503-3362-7}, + url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2858036.2858349}, + doi = {10.1145/2858036.2858349}, + series = {{CHI} '16}, + abstract = {This paper contributes to a growing body of work that attempts to measure informal learning online by revisiting two of the most surprising findings from a 2012 study on skill progression in Scratch by Scaffidi and Chambers: users tend to share decreasingly code-heavy projects over time; and users' projects trend toward using a less diverse range of code concepts. We revisit Scaffidi and Chambers's work in three ways: with a replication of their study using the full population of projects from which they sampled, a simulation study that replicates both their analytic and sampling methodology, and an alternative analysis that addresses several important threats. Our results suggest that the population estimates are opposite in sign to those presented in the original work.}, + pages = {1486--1490}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2016 {CHI} Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems}, + publisher = {{ACM}}, + author = {Matias, J. Nathan and Dasgupta, Sayamindu and Hill, Benjamin Mako}, + urldate = {2017-07-25}, + date = {2016}, + file = {ACM Full Text PDF:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/99CNAA4Z/Matias et al. - 2016 - Skill Progression in Scratch Revisited.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@incollection{benkler_peer_2015, + location = {Cambridge, {MA}}, + title = {Peer production: A form of collective intelligence}, + isbn = {978-0-262-02981-0}, + pages = {175--204}, + booktitle = {Handbook of Collective Intelligence}, + publisher = {{MIT} Press}, + author = {Benkler, Yochai and Shaw, Aaron and Hill, Benjamin Mako}, + editor = {Malone, Thomas W. and Bernstein, Michael S.}, + date = {2015}, + langid = {english}, + file = {Benkler et al. - 2015 - Peer production A form of collective intelligence.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/SKULU2E6/Benkler et al. - 2015 - Peer production A form of collective intelligence.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@inproceedings{suh_singularity_2009, + location = {New York, {NY}}, + title = {The singularity is not near: slowing growth of Wikipedia}, + isbn = {978-1-60558-730-1}, + url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1641309.1641322}, + doi = {10.1145/1641309.1641322}, + series = {{WikiSym} '09}, + shorttitle = {The Singularity is Not Near}, + abstract = {Prior research on Wikipedia has characterized the growth in content and editors as being fundamentally exponential in nature, extrapolating current trends into the future. We show that recent editing activity suggests that Wikipedia growth has slowed, and perhaps plateaued, indicating that it may have come against its limits to growth. We measure growth, population shifts, and patterns of editor and administrator activities, contrasting these against past results where possible. Both the rate of page growth and editor growth has declined. As growth has declined, there are indicators of increased coordination and overhead costs, exclusion of newcomers, and resistance to new edits. We discuss some possible explanations for these new developments in Wikipedia including decreased opportunities for sharing existing knowledge and increased bureaucratic stress on the socio-technical system itself.}, + pages = {1--10}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Wikis and Open Collaboration}, + publisher = {{ACM}}, + author = {Suh, Bongwon and Convertino, Gregorio and Chi, Ed H. and Pirolli, Peter}, + urldate = {2016-04-21}, + date = {2009}, + file = {Suh et al. - 2009 - The singularity is not near slowing growth of Wik.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/WTEMKAUC/Suh et al. - 2009 - The singularity is not near slowing growth of Wik.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@article{hannan_population_1977, + title = {The population ecology of organizations}, + volume = {82}, + issn = {0002-9602}, + url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2777807}, + doi = {10.2307/2777807}, + abstract = {A population ecology perspective on organization-environment relations is proposed as an alternative to the dominant adaptation perspective. The strength of inertial pressures on organizational structure suggests the application of models that depend on competition and selection in populations of organizations. Several such models as well as issues that arise in attempts to apply them to the organization-environment problem are discussed.}, + pages = {929--964}, + number = {5}, + journaltitle = {American Journal of Sociology}, + shortjournal = {American Journal of Sociology}, + author = {Hannan, Michael T. and Freeman, John}, + urldate = {2013-10-18}, + date = {1977}, + file = {Hannan and Freeman - 1977 - The Population Ecology of Organizations.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/TVD48Q77/Hannan and Freeman - 1977 - The Population Ecology of Organizations.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@inproceedings{halfaker_jury_2009, + location = {New York, {NY}, {USA}}, + title = {A Jury of Your Peers: Quality, Experience and Ownership in Wikipedia}, + isbn = {978-1-60558-730-1}, + url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1641309.1641332}, + doi = {10.1145/1641309.1641332}, + series = {{WikiSym} '09}, + shorttitle = {A Jury of Your Peers}, + abstract = {Wikipedia is a highly successful example of what mass collaboration in an informal peer review system can accomplish. In this paper, we examine the role that the quality of the contributions, the experience of the contributors and the ownership of the content play in the decisions over which contributions become part of Wikipedia and which ones are rejected by the community. We introduce and justify a versatile metric for automatically measuring the quality of a contribution. We find little evidence that experience helps contributors avoid rejection. In fact, as they gain experience, contributors are even more likely to have their work rejected. We also find strong evidence of ownership behaviors in practice despite the fact that ownership of content is discouraged within Wikipedia.}, + pages = {15:1--15:10}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Wikis and Open Collaboration}, + publisher = {{ACM}}, + author = {Halfaker, Aaron and Kittur, Aniket and Kraut, Robert E. and Riedl, John}, + urldate = {2015-03-08}, + date = {2009}, + file = {Halfaker et al. - 2009 - A jury of your peers quality, experience and owne.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/BZ3MFSXI/Halfaker et al. - 2009 - A jury of your peers quality, experience and owne.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@inproceedings{kiene_surviving_2016, + location = {New York, {NY}}, + title = {Surviving an “Eternal September”: How an online community managed a surge of newcomers}, + isbn = {978-1-4503-3362-7}, + url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2858036.2858356}, + doi = {10.1145/2858036.2858356}, + shorttitle = {Surviving an "Eternal September"}, + abstract = {We present a qualitative analysis of interviews with participants in the {NoSleep} community within Reddit where millions of fans and writers of horror fiction congregate. We explore how the community handled a massive, sudden, and sustained increase in new members. Although existing theory and stories like Usenet's infamous "Eternal September" suggest that large influxes of newcomers can hurt online communities, our interviews suggest that {NoSleep} survived without major incident. We propose that three features of {NoSleep} allowed it to manage the rapid influx of newcomers gracefully: (1) an active and well-coordinated group of administrators, (2) a shared sense of community which facilitated community moderation, and (3) technological systems that mitigated norm violations. We also point to several important trade-offs and limitations.}, + pages = {1152--1156}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2016 {CHI} Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems}, + publisher = {{ACM}}, + author = {Kiene, Charles and Monroy-Hernández, Andrés and Hill, Benjamin Mako}, + urldate = {2016-07-05}, + date = {2016}, + keywords = {peer production, online communities, newcomers, qualitative methods, norms and governance}, + file = {Kiene et al. - 2016 - Surviving an “Eternal September” How an online co.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/S9JX8XE5/Kiene et al. - 2016 - Surviving an “Eternal September” How an online co.pdf:application/pdf;Kiene et al. - 2016 - Surviving an Eternal September How an Online Co.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/2YPT6BUL/Kiene et al. - 2016 - Surviving an Eternal September How an Online Co.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@book{kraut_building_2012, + location = {Cambridge, {MA}}, + title = {Building successful online communities: Evidence-based social design}, + isbn = {978-0-262-29831-5}, + abstract = {Uses insights from social science, psychology, and economics to offer advice on planning and managing an online community.}, + publisher = {{MIT} Press}, + author = {Kraut, Robert E. and Resnick, Paul and Kiesler, Sara}, + date = {2012}, + keywords = {design, foundations of social computing}, + file = {01-Resnick10-Intro-current.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/CX4KDC3G/01-Resnick10-Intro-current.pdf:application/pdf;02-Resnick10-Intro-current.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/JEWAVXHG/02-Resnick10-Intro-current.pdf:application/pdf;03-Ren10-Commitment-current.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/S6Z28BBS/03-Ren10-Commitment-current.pdf:application/pdf;04-kraut10-Newcomers-current.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/B4XSKAVW/04-kraut10-Newcomers-current.pdf:application/pdf;05-kiesler10-Regulation-current.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/RIM4D9KS/05-kiesler10-Regulation-current.pdf:application/pdf;06-Resnick10-Startup-current.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/IJCEWA6L/06-Resnick10-Startup-current.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@inproceedings{geiger_using_2013, + title = {Using edit sessions to measure participation in Wikipedia}, + url = {http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2441873}, + pages = {861--870}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2013 conference on Computer supported cooperative work}, + publisher = {{ACM}}, + author = {Geiger, R. Stuart and Halfaker, Aaron}, + urldate = {2016-03-06}, + date = {2013}, + keywords = {wikipedia, peer production, activity, quantitative methods, labor, labor-hours, sessions, work, work practices}, + file = {[PDF] from stuartgeiger.com:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/6EZ7WJ4T/Geiger and Halfaker - 2013 - Using edit sessions to measure participation in Wi.pdf:application/pdf;ACM Full Text PDF:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/MFHWZS8R/Geiger and Halfaker - 2013 - Using Edit Sessions to Measure Participation in Wi.pdf:application/pdf;cscw-sessions.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/9Z6ATSSC/cscw-sessions.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/VZ7BVKRW/citation.html:text/html}, +} + +@article{forte_defining_2013, + title = {Defining, Understanding, and Supporting Open Collaboration: Lessons From the Literature}, + volume = {57}, + issn = {0002-7642}, + url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0002764212469362}, + doi = {10.1177/0002764212469362}, + shorttitle = {Defining, Understanding, and Supporting Open Collaboration}, + abstract = {In this short introductory piece, we define open collaboration and contextualize the diverse articles in this special issue in a common vocabulary and history. We provide a definition of open collaboration and situate the phenomenon within an interrelated set of scholarly and ideological movements. We then examine the properties of open collaboration systems that have given rise to research and review major areas of scholarship. We close with a summary of consistent findings in open collaboration research to date.}, + pages = {535--547}, + number = {5}, + journaltitle = {American Behavioral Scientist}, + shortjournal = {American Behavioral Scientist}, + author = {Forte, Andrea and Lampe, Cliff}, + urldate = {2017-01-31}, + date = {2013-05-01}, + langid = {english}, + keywords = {Wiki, wikipedia, peer production, open collaboration, Open source software}, + file = {Forte and Lampe - 2013 - Defining, Understanding, and Supporting Open Colla.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/F3VGUK6W/Forte and Lampe - 2013 - Defining, Understanding, and Supporting Open Colla.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@inproceedings{priedhorsky_creating_2007, + location = {New York, {NY}}, + title = {Creating, destroying, and restoring value in wikipedia}, + isbn = {978-1-59593-845-9}, + url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1316624.1316663}, + doi = {10.1145/1316624.1316663}, + series = {{GROUP} '07}, + abstract = {Wikipedia's brilliance and curse is that any user can edit any of the encyclopedia entries. We introduce the notion of the impact of an edit, measured by the number of times the edited version is viewed. Using several datasets, including recent logs of all article views, we show that an overwhelming majority of the viewed words were written by frequent editors and that this majority is increasing. Similarly, using the same impact measure, we show that the probability of a typical article view being damaged is small but increasing, and we present empirically grounded classes of damage. Finally, we make policy recommendations for Wikipedia and other wikis in light of these findings.}, + pages = {259--268}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2007 International {ACM} Conference on Supporting Group Work}, + publisher = {{ACM}}, + author = {Priedhorsky, Reid and Chen, Jilin and Lam, Shyong (Tony) K. and Panciera, Katherine and Terveen, Loren and Riedl, John}, + urldate = {2015-03-08}, + date = {2007}, + file = {Priedhorsky et al. - 2007 - Creating, destroying, and restoring value in wikip.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/8WQT9GMH/Priedhorsky et al. - 2007 - Creating, destroying, and restoring value in wikip.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@article{mciver_wikipedia_2014, + title = {Wikipedia usage estimates prevalence of influenza-like illness in the United States in near real-time}, + volume = {10}, + url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003581}, + doi = {10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003581}, + abstract = {Author Summary Although influenza is largely avoidable through vaccination, between 3,000–50,000 deaths occur in the United States each year that are attributed to this disease. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention continuously monitor the amount of influenza that is present in the American population and compiles this information in weekly reports. However, because it can take a long time to collect and analyze all of this information, the data that is being reported each week is typically between 1–2 weeks old at the time of publishing. For this reason, we are interested in developing new techniques to determine the amount of influenza in the population that are accurate, can return results in real-time, and can be used to supplement traditional monitoring. We have created a method of estimating the amount of influenza-like illness in the American population, at any time of year, by analyzing the amount of Internet traffic seen on certain influenza-related Wikipedia articles. This method is able to accurately estimate the percentage of Americans with influenza-like illness, in real-time, and is robust to influenza seasons that are more severe than normal and to events that promote much media attention, such as the H1N1 pandemic in 2009.}, + pages = {e1003581}, + number = {4}, + journaltitle = {{PLoS} Computational Biology}, + shortjournal = {{PLoS} Comput Biol}, + author = {{McIver}, David J. and Brownstein, John S.}, + urldate = {2014-08-07}, + date = {2014-04-17}, + file = {McIver and Brownstein - 2014 - Wikipedia Usage Estimates Prevalence of Influenza-.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/7CL8PWTX/McIver and Brownstein - 2014 - Wikipedia Usage Estimates Prevalence of Influenza-.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@inproceedings{kittur_harnessing_2008, + location = {New York, {NY}}, + title = {Harnessing the wisdom of crowds in Wikipedia: quality through coordination}, + isbn = {978-1-60558-007-4}, + url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1460563.1460572}, + doi = {10.1145/1460563.1460572}, + shorttitle = {Harnessing the wisdom of crowds in wikipedia}, + abstract = {Wikipedia's success is often attributed to the large numbers of contributors who improve the accuracy, completeness and clarity of articles while reducing bias. However, because of the coordination needed to write an article collaboratively, adding contributors is costly. We examined how the number of editors in Wikipedia and the coordination methods they use affect article quality. We distinguish between explicit coordination, in which editors plan the article through communication, and implicit coordination, in which a subset of editors structure the work by doing the majority of it. Adding more editors to an article improved article quality only when they used appropriate coordination techniques and was harmful when they did not. Implicit coordination through concentrating the work was more helpful when many editors contributed, but explicit coordination through communication was not. Both types of coordination improved quality more when an article was in a formative stage. These results demonstrate the critical importance of coordination in effectively harnessing the "wisdom of the crowd" in online production environments.}, + pages = {37--46}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2008 {ACM} Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work ({CSCW} '08)}, + publisher = {{ACM}}, + author = {Kittur, Aniket and Kraut, Robert E.}, + urldate = {2015-05-09}, + date = {2008}, + keywords = {wikipedia, collective intelligence, coordination, distributed cognition, social computing, Collaboration, quality of content, social interaction}, + file = {Kittur and Kraut - 2008 - Harnessing the wisdom of crowds in wikipedia qual.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/FJN8PDU4/Kittur and Kraut - 2008 - Harnessing the wisdom of crowds in wikipedia qual.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@inproceedings{kittur_beyond_2010, + location = {New York, {NY}}, + title = {Beyond Wikipedia: Coordination and conflict in online production groups}, + isbn = {978-1-60558-795-0}, + url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1718918.1718959}, + doi = {10.1145/1718918.1718959}, + shorttitle = {Beyond Wikipedia}, + abstract = {Online production groups have the potential to transform the way that knowledge is produced and disseminated. One of the most widely used forms of online production is the wiki, which has been used in domains ranging from science to education to enterprise. We examined the development of and interactions between coordination and conflict in a sample of 6811 wiki production groups. We investigated the influence of four coordination mechanisms: intra-article communication, inter-user communication, concentration of workgroup structure, and policy and procedures. We also examined the growth of conflict, finding the density of users in an information space to be a significant predictor. Finally, we analyzed the effectiveness of the four coordination mechanisms on managing conflict, finding differences in how each scaled to large numbers of contributors. Our results suggest that coordination mechanisms effective for managing conflict are not always the same as those effective for managing task quality, and that designers must take into account the social benefits of coordination mechanisms in addition to their production benefits.}, + pages = {215--224}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2010 {ACM} Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work ({CSCW} '10)}, + publisher = {{ACM}}, + author = {Kittur, Aniket and Kraut, Robert E.}, + urldate = {2015-07-31}, + date = {2010}, + file = {Full Text PDF:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/BGVW36U3/Kittur and Kraut - 2010 - Beyond Wikipedia coordination and conflict in onl.pdf:application/pdf;Kittur and Kraut - 2010 - Beyond Wikipedia Coordination and Conflict in Onl.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/4ZVXJS3G/Kittur and Kraut - 2010 - Beyond Wikipedia Coordination and Conflict in Onl.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@inproceedings{bryant_becoming_2005, + location = {New York, {NY}}, + title = {Becoming Wikipedian: transformation of participation in a collaborative online encyclopedia}, + isbn = {1-59593-223-2}, + url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1099203.1099205}, + doi = {10.1145/1099203.1099205}, + series = {{GROUP} '05}, + shorttitle = {Becoming Wikipedian}, + abstract = {Traditional activities change in surprising ways when computer-mediated communication becomes a component of the activity system. In this descriptive study, we leverage two perspectives on social activity to understand the experiences of individuals who became active collaborators in Wikipedia, a prolific, cooperatively-authored online encyclopedia. Legitimate peripheral participation provides a lens for understanding participation in a community as an adaptable process that evolves over time. We use ideas from activity theory as a framework to describe our results. Finally, we describe how activity on the Wikipedia stands in striking contrast to traditional publishing and suggests a new paradigm for collaborative systems.}, + pages = {1--10}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2005 International {ACM} {SIGGROUP} Conference on Supporting Group Work}, + publisher = {{ACM}}, + author = {Bryant, Susan L. and Forte, Andrea and Bruckman, Amy}, + urldate = {2015-05-09}, + date = {2005}, + keywords = {Wiki, wikipedia, legitimate peripheral participation, activity theory, qualitative, community}, + file = {Bryant et al. - 2005 - Becoming Wikipedian transformation of participati.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/VJXQFTDD/Bryant et al. - 2005 - Becoming Wikipedian transformation of participati.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@unpublished{gorbatai_social_2012, + title = {Social structure of contributions to wikipedia}, + url = {http://www.academia.edu/download/3445150/AndreeaGorbattai.pdf}, + author = {Gorbatai, Andreea D. and Piskorski, Mikolaj Jan}, + date = {2012}, +} + +@article{halfaker_rise_2013, + title = {The rise and decline of an open collaboration system: how Wikipedia's reaction to popularity is causing its decline}, + volume = {57}, + issn = {0002-7642}, + url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764212469365}, + doi = {10.1177/0002764212469365}, + shorttitle = {The Rise and Decline of an Open Collaboration System}, + abstract = {Open collaboration systems, such as Wikipedia, need to maintain a pool of volunteer contributors to remain relevant. Wikipedia was created through a tremendous number of contributions by millions of contributors. However, recent research has shown that the number of active contributors in Wikipedia has been declining steadily for years and suggests that a sharp decline in the retention of newcomers is the cause. This article presents data that show how several changes the Wikipedia community made to manage quality and consistency in the face of a massive growth in participation have ironically crippled the very growth they were designed to manage. Specifically, the restrictiveness of the encyclopedia’s primary quality control mechanism and the algorithmic tools used to reject contributions are implicated as key causes of decreased newcomer retention. Furthermore, the community’s formal mechanisms for norm articulation are shown to have calcified against changes—especially changes proposed by newer editors.}, + pages = {664--688}, + number = {5}, + journaltitle = {American Behavioral Scientist}, + shortjournal = {American Behavioral Scientist}, + author = {Halfaker, Aaron and Geiger, R. Stuart and Morgan, Jonathan T. and Riedl, John}, + date = {2013-05-01}, + langid = {english}, + file = {Halfaker et al. - 2013 - The rise and decline of an open collaboration syst.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/7B7AFK58/Halfaker et al. - 2013 - The rise and decline of an open collaboration syst.pdf:application/pdf;The Rise and Decline of an Open Collaboration Syst.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/Y9676KNV/The Rise and Decline of an Open Collaboration Syst.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@inproceedings{panciera_wikipedians_2009, + location = {New York, {NY}}, + title = {Wikipedians are born, not made: a study of power editors on Wikipedia}, + isbn = {978-1-60558-500-0}, + url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1531674.1531682}, + doi = {10.1145/1531674.1531682}, + series = {{GROUP} '09}, + shorttitle = {Wikipedians are born, not made}, + abstract = {Open content web sites depend on users to produce information of value. Wikipedia is the largest and most well-known such site. Previous work has shown that a small fraction of editors --Wikipedians -- do most of the work and produce most of the value. Other work has offered conjectures about how Wikipedians differ from other editors and how Wikipedians change over time. We quantify and test these conjectures. Our key findings include: Wikipedians' edits last longer; Wikipedians invoke community norms more often to justify their edits; on many dimensions of activity, Wikipedians start intensely, tail off a little, then maintain a relatively high level of activity over the course of their career. Finally, we show that the amount of work done by Wikipedians and non-Wikipedians differs significantly from their very first day. Our results suggest a design opportunity: customizing the initial user experience to improve retention and channel new users' intense energy.}, + pages = {51--60}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the {ACM} 2009 international conference on Supporting group work}, + publisher = {{ACM}}, + author = {Panciera, Katherine and Halfaker, Aaron and Terveen, Loren}, + urldate = {2012-06-14}, + date = {2009}, + file = {Panciera et al. - 2009 - Wikipedians are born, not made a study of power e.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/PCNNT3W4/Panciera et al. - 2009 - Wikipedians are born, not made a study of power e.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@inproceedings{viegas_talk_2007-1, + title = {Talk before you type: coordination in wikipedia}, + doi = {10.1109/HICSS.2007.511}, + shorttitle = {Talk before you type}, + abstract = {Wikipedia, the online encyclopedia, has attracted attention both because of its popularity and its unconventional policy of letting anyone on the Internet edit its articles. This paper describes the results of an empirical analysis of Wikipedia and discusses ways in which the Wikipedia community has evolved as it has grown. We contrast our findings with an earlier study and present three main results. First, the community maintains a strong resilience to malicious editing, despite tremendous growth and high traffic. Second, the fastest growing areas of Wikipedia are devoted to coordination and organization. Finally, we focus on a particular set of pages used to coordinate work, the "Talk" pages. By manually coding the content of a subset of these pages, we find that these pages serve many purposes, notably supporting strategic planning of edits and enforcement of standard guidelines and conventions. Our results suggest that despite the potential for anarchy, the Wikipedia community places a strong emphasis on group coordination, policy, and process}, + eventtitle = {{HICSS}}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 40th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences}, + author = {Viegas, F.B. and Wattenberg, M. and Kriss, J. and van Ham, F.}, + date = {2007}, + keywords = {wikipedia, Internet, Collaboration, encyclopaedias, Guidelines, online encyclopedia, strategic planning, Talk page, Visual communication, visualization, resilience, information resources, encyclopedias}, + file = {Viegas et al. - 2007 - Talk Before You Type Coordination in Wikipedia.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/WLAM88SC/Viegas et al. - 2007 - Talk Before You Type Coordination in Wikipedia.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@article{black_self-governance_2011, + title = {Self-governance through group discussion in wikipedia measuring deliberation in online groups}, + volume = {42}, + issn = {1046-4964, 1552-8278}, + url = {http://sgr.sagepub.com/content/42/5/595}, + doi = {10.1177/1046496411406137}, + abstract = {Virtual teams and other online groups can find it challenging to establish norms that allow them to effectively balance task and relational aspects of their discussions. Yet, in our reliance on organizational and team theories, small group scholars have overlooked the potential for learning from examples offered by online communities. Theories of deliberation in small groups offer scholars a way to assess such discussion-centered self-governance in online groups. The study operationalizes the conceptual definition of deliberative discussion offered by Gastil and Black (2008) to examine the small group discussions that undergird policy-making processes in a well-established online community, Wikipedia. Content analysis shows that these discussions demonstrated a relatively high level of problem analysis and providing of information, but results were mixed in the group's demonstration of respect, consideration, and mutual comprehension. Network visualizations reveal structural patterns that can be useful in examining equality, influence, and group member roles. The combination of measures has implications for future research in deliberative discussion and virtual teamwork.}, + pages = {595--634}, + number = {5}, + journaltitle = {Small Group Research}, + shortjournal = {Small Group Research}, + author = {Black, Laura W. and Welser, Howard T. and Cosley, Dan and {DeGroot}, Jocelyn M.}, + urldate = {2014-01-01}, + date = {2011-10-01}, + langid = {english}, + file = {Black et al. - 2011 - Self-Governance Through Group Discussion in Wikipe.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/NERMAWCQ/Black et al. - 2011 - Self-Governance Through Group Discussion in Wikipe.pdf:application/pdf;Black et al. - Self-Governance Through Group Discussion in Wikipe.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/AQ4JDBF4/Black et al. - Self-Governance Through Group Discussion in Wikipe.pdf:application/pdf;Full Text PDF:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/Q887V9GI/Black et al. - 2011 - Self-Governance Through Group Discussion in Wikipe.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/E7JNGF7I/595.html:text/html;Snapshot:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/PX7ABIQV/595.html:text/html}, +} + +@inproceedings{kriplean_community_2007, + location = {New York, {NY}, {USA}}, + title = {Community, consensus, coercion, control: cs*w or how policy mediates mass participation}, + isbn = {978-1-59593-845-9}, + url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1316624.1316648}, + doi = {10.1145/1316624.1316648}, + shorttitle = {Community, consensus, coercion, control}, + abstract = {When large groups cooperate, issues of conflict and control surface because of differences in perspective. Managing such diverse views is a persistent problem in cooperative group work. The Wikipedian community has responded with an evolving body of policies that provide shared principles, processes, and strategies for collaboration. We employ a grounded approach to study a sample of active talk pages and examine how policies are employed as contributors work towards consensus. Although policies help build a stronger community, we find that ambiguities in policies give rise to power plays. This lens demonstrates that support for mass collaboration must take into account policy and power.}, + eventtitle = {{GROUP}}, + pages = {167--176}, + booktitle = {Proc. of the 2007 International {ACM} Conference on Supporting Group Work}, + publisher = {{ACM}}, + author = {Kriplean, Travis and Beschastnikh, Ivan and {McDonald}, David W. and Golder, Scott A.}, + urldate = {2015-05-09}, + date = {2007}, + file = {ACM Full Text PDF:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/XMSF9XBB/Kriplean et al. - 2007 - Community, Consensus, Coercion, Control CsW or H.pdf:application/pdf;Full Text:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/4NZX25C9/Kriplean et al. - 2007 - Community, Consensus, Coercion, Control CsW or H.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@inproceedings{beschastnikh_wikipedian_2008, + title = {Wikipedian self-governance in action: motivating the policy lens}, + url = {http://www.aaai.org/Papers/ICWSM/2008/ICWSM08-011.pdf}, + shorttitle = {Wikipedian self-governance in action}, + eventtitle = {{ICWSM}}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the International {AAAI} Conference on Web and Social Media}, + publisher = {{AAAI}}, + author = {Beschastnikh, Ivan and Kriplean, Travis and {McDonald}, David W.}, + urldate = {2015-05-09}, + date = {2008}, + file = {Beschastnikh et al. - 2008 - Wikipedian self-governance in action motivating t.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/VBTL44UG/Beschastnikh et al. - 2008 - Wikipedian self-governance in action motivating t.pdf:application/pdf;ICWSM08-011.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/3ZT7MCP2/ICWSM08-011.pdf:application/pdf;p3523-hornaek.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/RKU6Y6QQ/p3523-hornaek.pdf:application/pdf;Wikipedian Self-Governance in Action\: Motivating the Policy Lens - ICWSM08-011.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/4CPRHEMX/ICWSM08-011.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@inproceedings{forte_scaling_2008, + title = {Scaling consensus: increasing decentralization in Wikipedia governance}, + isbn = {1530-1605}, + url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=4438860}, + doi = {10.1109/HICSS.2008.383}, + shorttitle = {Scaling Consensus}, + abstract = {How does "self-governance" happen in Wikipedia? Through in-depth interviews with eleven individuals who have held a variety of responsibilities in the English Wikipedia, we obtained rich descriptions of how various forces produce and regulate social structures on the site. Our analysis describes Wikipedia as an organization with highly refined policies, norms, and a technological architecture that supports organizational ideals of consensus building and discussion. We describe how governance in the site is becoming increasingly decentralized as the community grows and how this is predicted by theories of commons-based governance developed in offline contexts. The trend of decentralization is noticeable with respect to both content-related decision making processes and social structures that regulate user behavior.}, + eventtitle = {{HICS}}, + pages = {157}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 41st Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Science}, + publisher = {{IEEE}}, + author = {Forte, Andrea and Bruckman, Amy}, + urldate = {2009-08-26}, + date = {2008}, + note = {tex.ids: forte\_scaling\_2008-1 +{ISSN}: 1530-1605}, + file = {Forte and Bruckman - 2008 - Scaling Consensus Increasing Decentralization in .pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/J32VIQVG/Forte and Bruckman - 2008 - Scaling Consensus Increasing Decentralization in .pdf:application/pdf;Forte_Bruckman_2008_Scaling Consensus.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/GPIAEK9Z/Forte_Bruckman_2008_Scaling Consensus.pdf:application/pdf;IEEE Xplore Abstract Record:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/8HYKMUGG/4438860.html:text/html}, +} + +@inproceedings{butler_dont_2008, + location = {New York, {NY}, {USA}}, + title = {Don't look now, but we've created a bureaucracy: the nature and roles of policies and rules in Wikipedia}, + isbn = {978-1-60558-011-1}, + url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1357054.1357227}, + doi = {10.1145/1357054.1357227}, + series = {{CHI} '08}, + shorttitle = {Don't look now, but we've created a bureaucracy}, + abstract = {Wikis are sites that support the development of emergent, collective infrastructures that are highly flexible and open, suggesting that the systems that use them will be egalitarian, free, and unstructured. Yet it is apparent that the flexible infrastructure of wikis allows the development and deployment of a wide range of structures. However, we find that the policies in Wikipedia and the systems and mechanisms that operate around them are multi-faceted. In this descriptive study, we draw on prior work on rules and policies in organizations to propose and apply a conceptual framework for understanding the natures and roles of policies in wikis. We conclude that wikis are capable of supporting a broader range of structures and activities than other collaborative platforms. Wikis allow for and, in fact, facilitate the creation of policies that serve a wide variety of functions.}, + pages = {1101--1110}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the {SIGCHI} Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems}, + publisher = {{ACM}}, + author = {Butler, Brian S. and Joyce, Elisabeth and Pike, Jacqueline}, + urldate = {2015-05-09}, + date = {2008}, + file = {Butler et al. - 2008 - Don't look now, but we've created a bureaucracy T.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/DQJFC64T/Butler et al. - 2008 - Don't look now, but we've created a bureaucracy T.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@inproceedings{halfaker_dont_2011, + location = {New York, {NY}}, + title = {Don't bite the newbies: How reverts affect the quantity and quality of Wikipedia work}, + isbn = {978-1-4503-0909-7}, + url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2038558.2038585}, + doi = {10.1145/2038558.2038585}, + shorttitle = {Don't bite the newbies}, + abstract = {Reverts are important to maintaining the quality of Wikipedia. They fix mistakes, repair vandalism, and help enforce policy. However, reverts can also be damaging, especially to the aspiring editor whose work they destroy. In this research we analyze 400,000 Wikipedia revisions to understand the effect that reverts had on editors. We seek to understand the extent to which they demotivate users, reducing the workforce of contributors, versus the extent to which they help users improve as encyclopedia editors. Overall we find that reverts are powerfully demotivating, but that their net influence is that more quality work is done in Wikipedia as a result of reverts than is lost by chasing editors away. However, we identify key conditions -- most specifically new editors being reverted by much more experienced editors - under which reverts are particularly damaging. We propose that reducing the damage from reverts might be one effective path for Wikipedia to solve the newcomer retention problem.}, + pages = {163--172}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Wikis and Open Collaboration ({WikiSym} '11)}, + publisher = {{ACM}}, + author = {Halfaker, Aaron and Kittur, Aniket and Riedl, John}, + urldate = {2013-03-06}, + date = {2011}, + file = {Halfaker et al. - 2011 - Don't bite the newbies How reverts affect the qua.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/3VJXADVI/Halfaker et al. - 2011 - Don't bite the newbies How reverts affect the qua.pdf:application/pdf;Halfaker et al. - 2011 - Don't bite the newbies how reverts affect the qua.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/B3UQLHIR/Halfaker et al. - 2011 - Don't bite the newbies how reverts affect the qua.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@article{konieczny_governance_2009, + title = {Governance, organization, and democracy on the internet: the iron law and the evolution of Wikipedia}, + volume = {24}, + issn = {1573-7861}, + url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1573-7861.2008.01090.x/abstract}, + doi = {10.1111/j.1573-7861.2008.01090.x}, + shorttitle = {Governance, Organization, and Democracy on the Internet}, + abstract = {This study examines whether the Iron Law of Oligarchy exists in Wikipedia by analyzing how a key policy of the website regarding verifiability evolved into its current form. The study describes the decision-making processes of Wikipedia and shows that there are many factors preventing or slowing the development of oligarchy on Wikipedia. The study provides data advancing theoretical concepts related to the Iron Law of Oligarchy and the evolution of virtual communities and organizations; results and knowledge gained can also improve Wikipedia policies related to verifiability. Michels wrote: “who says organization, says oligarchy.” I argue that we should follow this with a caveat: “who says wiki-organization, says no to oligarchy.”}, + pages = {162--192}, + number = {1}, + journaltitle = {Sociological Forum}, + author = {Konieczny, Piotr}, + urldate = {2011-11-21}, + date = {2009}, + langid = {english}, + note = {Citation Key Alias: konieczny\_governance\_2009-1}, + keywords = {Internet, Wikipedia, organization, community, oligarchy, democracy}, + file = {Full Text PDF:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/2XPDBBDK/Konieczny - 2009 - Governance, Organization, and Democracy on the Int.pdf:application/pdf;Full Text PDF:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/HKQWRH6C/Konieczny - 2009 - Governance, Organization, and Democracy on the Int.pdf:application/pdf;HAL PDF Full Text:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/RB4UMTFE/Konieczny - 2009 - Governance, Organization, and Democracy on the Int.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/R7KB3EVQ/abstract.html:text/html;Snapshot:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/X3S2LEN6/j.1573-7861.2008.01090.html:text/html}, +} + +@incollection{hill_studying_2019, + location = {Oxford, {UK}}, + title = {Studying populations of online communities}, + isbn = {978-0-19-046051-8}, + url = {https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190460518.001.0001}, + abstract = {While the large majority of published research on online communities consists of analyses conducted entirely within individual communities, this chapter argues for a population-based approach, in which researchers study groups of similar communities. For example, although there have been thousands of papers published about Wikipedia, a population-based approach might compare all wikis on a particular topic. Using examples from published empirical studies, the chapter describes five key benefits of this approach. First, it argues that population-level research increases the generalizability of findings. Next, it describes four processes and dynamics that are only possible to study using populations: community-level variables, information diffusion processes across communities, ecological dynamics, and multilevel community processes. The chapter concludes with a discussion of a series of limitations and challenges.}, + pages = {173--193}, + booktitle = {The Oxford Handbook of Networked Communication}, + publisher = {Oxford University Press}, + author = {Hill, Benjamin Mako and Shaw, Aaron}, + editor = {Foucault Welles, Brooke and González-Bailón, Sandra}, + date = {2019-09}, + langid = {english}, + file = {Hill and Shaw - 2019 - Studying Populations of Online Communities.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/39ZWGGYN/Hill and Shaw - 2019 - Studying Populations of Online Communities.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/BTB3AQGV/oxfordhb-9780190460518-e-8.html:text/html}, +} + +@article{winner_artifacts_1980, + title = {Do Artifacts Have Politics?}, + volume = {109}, + issn = {0011-5266}, + url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/20024652}, + pages = {121--136}, + number = {1}, + journaltitle = {Daedalus}, + author = {Winner, Langdon}, + urldate = {2020-03-27}, + date = {1980}, + note = {Publisher: The {MIT} Press}, + file = {Winner - 1980 - Do artifacts have politics.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/X3GHRX9F/Winner - 1980 - Do artifacts have politics.pdf:application/pdf;Winner - 1980 - Do Artifacts Have Politics.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/PKASDZWU/Winner - 1980 - Do Artifacts Have Politics.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@article{crowston_free/libre_2012, + title = {Free/Libre open-source software development: What we know and what we do not know}, + volume = {44}, + issn = {03600300}, + doi = {10.1145/2089125.2089127}, + shorttitle = {Free/Libre open-source software development}, + pages = {1--35}, + number = {2}, + journaltitle = {{ACM} Computing Surveys}, + shortjournal = {{ACM} Comput. Surv.}, + author = {Crowston, Kevin and Wei, Kangning and Howison, James and Wiggins, Andrea}, + urldate = {2020-01-06}, + date = {2012-02-01}, + langid = {english}, + keywords = {development, distributed work, Free/Libre open-source software, computer-mediated communication, Computer Science, Computer-Mediated Communication, Development, Distributed Work, Free/Libre Open-Source Software}, + file = {Crowston et al. - 2008 - FreeLibre open-source software development What .pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/Y6W88QM2/Crowston et al. - 2008 - FreeLibre open-source software development What .pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@article{zhang_group_2011, + title = {Group size and incentives to contribute: a natural experiment at chinese wikipedia}, + volume = {101}, + issn = {0002-8282}, + url = {https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/aer.101.4.1601}, + doi = {10.1257/aer.101.4.1601}, + shorttitle = {Group size and incentives to contribute}, + abstract = {The literature on the private provision of public goods suggests an inverse relationship between incentives to contribute and group size. We find, however, that after an exogenous reduction of group size at Chinese Wikipedia, the nonblocked contributors decrease their contributions by 42.8 percent on average. We attribute the cause to social effects: contributors receive social benefits that increase with both the amount of their contributions and group size, and the shrinking group size weakens these social benefits. Consistent with our explanation, we find that the more contributors value social benefits, the more they reduce their contributions after the block. ({JEL} H41, L17, L82)}, + pages = {1601--1615}, + number = {4}, + journaltitle = {American Economic Review}, + author = {Zhang, Xiaoquan Michael and Zhu, Feng}, + urldate = {2020-08-31}, + date = {2011-06}, + langid = {english}, + keywords = {Media, Public Goods, Open Source Products and Markets, Entertainment}, + file = {Snapshot:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/BWMQ96PV/articles.html:text/html;Zhang and Zhu - 2011 - Group Size and Incentives to Contribute A Natural.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/63JBCUER/Zhang and Zhu - 2011 - Group Size and Incentives to Contribute A Natural.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@article{joyce_predicting_2006, + title = {Predicting Continued Participation in Newsgroups}, + volume = {11}, + issn = {1083-6101}, + url = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2006.00033.x}, + doi = {10.1111/j.1083-6101.2006.00033.x}, + abstract = {Turnover in online communities is very high, with most people who initially post a message to an online community never contributing again. In this paper, we test whether the responses that newcomers receive to their first posts influence the extent to which they continue to participate. The data come from initial posts made by 2,777 newcomers to six public newsgroups. We coded the content and valence of the initial post and its first response, if it received one, to see if these factors influenced newcomers’ likelihood of posting again. Approximately 61\% of newcomers received a reply to their initial post, and those who got a reply were 12\% more likely to post to the community again; their probability of posting again increased from 44\% to 56\%. They were more likely to receive a response if they asked a question or wrote a longer post. Surprisingly, the quality of the response they received—its emotional tone and whether it answered a newcomer’s question—did not influence the likelihood of the newcomer’s posting again.}, + pages = {723--747}, + number = {3}, + journaltitle = {Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication}, + shortjournal = {Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication}, + author = {Joyce, Elisabeth and Kraut, Robert E.}, + urldate = {2020-12-07}, + date = {2006-04-01}, + note = {tex.ids= joyce\_predicting\_2006}, + file = {Full Text PDF:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/ZVL66I3I/Joyce and Kraut - 2006 - Predicting Continued Participation in Newsgroups.pdf:application/pdf;Full Text PDF:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/KR2VSCNN/Joyce and Kraut - 2006 - Predicting Continued Participation in Newsgroups.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/YXZPKK8E/Joyce and Kraut - 2006 - Predicting Continued Participation in Newsgroups.html:text/html;Snapshot:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/VK44NCYI/4617705.html:text/html}, +} + +@article{hargittai_mind_2015, + title = {Mind the skills gap: the role of Internet know-how and gender in differentiated contributions to Wikipedia}, + volume = {18}, + issn = {1369-118X}, + url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2014.957711}, + doi = {10.1080/1369118X.2014.957711}, + shorttitle = {Mind the skills gap}, + abstract = {Despite the egalitarian rhetoric surrounding online cultural production, profound gender inequalities remain in who contributes to one of the most visited Web sites worldwide, Wikipedia. In analyzing this persistent disparity, previous research has focused on aspects of current contributors and the existing Wikipedia community. We draw on unique panel survey data of young adults with information about both Wikipedia contributors and non-contributors. We examine the role of people's background attributes and Internet skills in participation on the site. We find that the gender gap in editing is exacerbated by a similarly significant Internet skills gap. Our results show that the most likely contributors are high-skilled males and that among low-skilled Internet users no gender gap in Wikipedia contributions exists. Our findings suggest that efforts to understand the gender gap must also take Internet skills into account.}, + pages = {424--442}, + number = {4}, + journaltitle = {Information, Communication \& Society}, + author = {Hargittai, Eszter and Shaw, Aaron}, + urldate = {2021-06-29}, + date = {2015-04-03}, + keywords = {peer production, Wikipedia, gender, participation, Internet skills, digital inequality}, + file = {Full Text PDF:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/MCIV5KUS/Hargittai and Shaw - 2015 - Mind the skills gap the role of Internet know-how.pdf:application/pdf;Mind the skills gap the role of Internet know how and gender in differentiated contributions to Wikipedia.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/9Q446UQI/Mind the skills gap the role of Internet know how and gender in differentiated contributions to Wikipedia.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/K83I635H/1369118X.2014.html:text/html}, +} + +@inproceedings{geiger_work_2010, + location = {New York, {NY}, {USA}}, + title = {The work of sustaining order in wikipedia: the banning of a vandal}, + isbn = {978-1-60558-795-0}, + url = {http://doi.org/10.1145/1718918.1718941}, + doi = {10.1145/1718918.1718941}, + series = {{CSCW} '10}, + shorttitle = {The work of sustaining order in wikipedia}, + abstract = {In this paper, we examine the social roles of software tools in the English-language Wikipedia, specifically focusing on autonomous editing programs and assisted editing tools. This qualitative research builds on recent research in which we quantitatively demonstrate the growing prevalence of such software in recent years. Using trace ethnography, we show how these often-unofficial technologies have fundamentally transformed the nature of editing and administration in Wikipedia. Specifically, we analyze "vandal fighting" as an epistemic process of distributed cognition, highlighting the role of non-human actors in enabling a decentralized activity of collective intelligence. In all, this case shows that software programs are used for more than enforcing policies and standards. These tools enable coordinated yet decentralized action, independent of the specific norms currently in force.}, + pages = {117--126}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2010 {ACM} conference on Computer supported cooperative work}, + publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery}, + author = {Geiger, R. Stuart and Ribes, David}, + urldate = {2022-08-24}, + date = {2010-02-06}, + keywords = {Wiki, wikipedia, distributed cognition, Wikipedia, collaboration, bots, wiki, ethnography, qualitative, social, trace ethnography}, + file = {Geiger and Ribes - 2010 - The work of sustaining order in wikipedia the ban.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/UI8GRV2Y/Geiger and Ribes - 2010 - The work of sustaining order in wikipedia the ban.pdf:application/pdf}, +} + +@article{benkler_coases_2002, + title = {Coase's penguin, or, Linux and the nature of the firm}, + volume = {112}, + url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/1562247}, + doi = {10.2307/1562247}, + abstract = {For decades our common understanding of the organization of economic production has been that individuals order their productive activities in one of two ways: either as employees in firms, following the directions of managers, or as individuals in markets, following price signals. This dichotomy was first identified in the early work of Ronald Coase and was developed most explicitly in the work of institutional economist Oliver Williamson. Recently, public attention has focused on a fifteen-year-old phenomenon called free software or open source software. This phenomenon involves thousands, or even tens of thousands, of computer programmers who collaborate on large- and small-scale projects without traditional firm-based or market-based ownership of the resulting product. This Article explains why free software is only one example of a much broader social-economic phenomenon emerging in the digitally networked environment, a third mode of production that the author calls "commons-based peer production." + +The Article begins by demonstrating the widespread use of commons-based peer production on the Internet through a number of detailed examples, such as Wikipedia, Slashdot, the Open Directory Project, and Google. The Article uses these examples to reveal fundamental characteristics of commons-based peer production that distinguish it from the property- and contract-based modes of firms and markets. The central distinguishing characteristic is that groups of individuals successfully collaborate on large-scale projects following a diverse cluster of motivational drives and social signals rather than market prices or managerial commands. The Article then explains why this mode has systematic advantages over markets and managerial hierarchies in the digitally networked environment when the object of production is information or culture. First, peer production has an advantage in what the author calls "information opportunity cost," because it loses less information about who might be the best person for a given job. Second, there are substantial increasing allocation gains to be captured from allowing large clusters of potential contributors to interact with large clusters of information resources in search of new projects and opportunities for collaboration. The Article concludes with an overview of how these models use a variety of technological, social, and formal strategies to overcome the collective action problems usually solved in managerial and market-based systems by property, contract, and managerial commands.}, + pages = {369--446}, + number = {3}, + journaltitle = {Yale Law Journal}, + author = {Benkler, Yochai}, + urldate = {2008-09-14}, + date = {2002}, + keywords = {Internet, {FOSS}, Economics, Legal Studies, Advantages, Law, Open source software, Production cooperatives, Socioeconomic factors}, + file = {Benkler - 2002 - Coase's penguin, or, Linux and the nature of the f.pdf:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/X76K3WTQ/Benkler - 2002 - Coase's penguin, or, Linux and the nature of the f.pdf:application/pdf;Coase's Penguin - Handbook of Collective Intelligence:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/KW53V2VQ/index.html:text/html;The Yale Law Journal - Coase's Penguin, or, Linux and The Nature of the Firm:/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/G2RQCTXQ/369_yochai_benkler.html:text/html}, +} diff --git a/planning_documents/rad_revisited_wikia_2018/ugmm8a.pfb b/planning_documents/rad_revisited_wikia_2018/ugmm8a.pfb new file mode 100644 index 0000000..79a60e6 Binary files /dev/null and b/planning_documents/rad_revisited_wikia_2018/ugmm8a.pfb differ diff --git a/planning_documents/rad_revisited_wikia_2018/ugmmi8a.pfb b/planning_documents/rad_revisited_wikia_2018/ugmmi8a.pfb new file mode 100644 index 0000000..19bb435 Binary files /dev/null and b/planning_documents/rad_revisited_wikia_2018/ugmmi8a.pfb differ diff --git a/planning_documents/rad_revisited_wikia_2018/ugmr8a.pfb b/planning_documents/rad_revisited_wikia_2018/ugmr8a.pfb new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0017029 Binary files /dev/null and b/planning_documents/rad_revisited_wikia_2018/ugmr8a.pfb differ diff --git a/planning_documents/rad_revisited_wikia_2018/ugmri8a.pfb b/planning_documents/rad_revisited_wikia_2018/ugmri8a.pfb new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9b90d31 Binary files /dev/null and b/planning_documents/rad_revisited_wikia_2018/ugmri8a.pfb differ