cdsc_examples_repository/dissertations/nathante_uw_2021/ecological_models.bib

@book{aldrich_organizations_2006,
  title = {Organizations {{Evolving}}},
  author = {Aldrich, H.E. and Ruef, M.},
  date = {2006},
  edition = {2},
  publisher = {{SAGE Publications}},
  location = {{Thousand Oaks, CA}},
  isbn = {978-1-4129-1047-7}
}

@article{armstrong_competitive_1980,
  ids = {armstrong_competitive_1980-1},
  title = {Competitive {{Exclusion}}},
  author = {Armstrong, Robert A. and McGehee, Richard},
  date = {1980-02-01},
  journaltitle = {The American Naturalist},
  shortjournal = {The American Naturalist},
  volume = {115},
  number = {2},
  pages = {151--170},
  publisher = {{The University of Chicago Press}},
  issn = {0003-0147},
  abstract = {Recent developments in the mathematical theory of competitive exclusion are discussed and placed in historical perspective. The models which have been used in theoretical investigations of competitive exclusion are classified into two groups: those in which the resources regenerate according to an algebraic relationship (abiotic resource models), and those in which resource regeneration is governed by differential equations (biotic resource models). We then propose a mathematical framework for considering problems of competitive exclusion, and provide examples in which n competitors can coexist on k {$<$} n resources (both biotic and abiotic). These systems persist because of internally generated cyclic behavior. We conclude that the competitive exclusion principle applies in general only to coexistence at fixed densities.},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/WY46EPM3/Nat - 2021 - Competitive Exclusion.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/6RRFPS4Z/283553.html}
}

@article{astley_two_1985,
  title = {The {{Two Ecologies}}: {{Population}} and {{Community Perspectives}} on {{Organizational Evolution}}},
  shorttitle = {The {{Two Ecologies}}},
  author = {Astley, W. Graham},
  date = {1985},
  journaltitle = {Administrative Science Quarterly},
  volume = {30},
  number = {2},
  eprint = {2393106},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {224--241},
  issn = {0001-8392},
  abstract = {This paper distinguishes between two ecological perspectives on organizational evolution: population ecology and community ecology. The perspectives adopt different levels of analysis and produce contrasting views of the characteristic mode and tempo of organizational evolution. Population ecology limits investigation to evolutionary change unfolding within established populations, emphasizing factors that homogenize organizational forms and maintain population stability. Population ecology thus fails to explain how populations originate in the first place or how evolutionary change occurs through the proliferation of heterogeneous organizational types. Community ecology overcomes these limitations: it focuses on the rise and fall of populations as basic units of evolutionary change, simultaneously explaining forces that produce homogeneity and stability within populations and heterogeneity between them.},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/4Q76BREE/Astley - 1985 - The Two Ecologies Population and Community Perspe.pdf}
}

@article{axelrod_evolution_1981,
  title = {The Evolution of Cooperation},
  author = {Axelrod, R. and Hamilton, W. D.},
  date = {1981-03-27},
  journaltitle = {Science},
  volume = {211},
  number = {4489},
  pages = {1390--1396},
  issn = {0036-8075, 1095-9203},
  abstract = {Cooperation in organisms, whether bacteria or primates, has been a difficulty for evolutionary theory since Darwin. On the assumption that interactions between pairs of individuals occur on a probabilistic basis, a model is developed based on the concept of an evolutionarily stable strategy in the context of the Prisoner's Dilemma game. Deductions from the model, and the results of a computer tournament show how cooperation based on reciprocity can get started in an asocial world, can thrive while interacting with a wide range of other strategies, and can resist invasion once fully established. Potential applications include specific aspects of territoriality, mating, and disease.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/5W7KPW9P/1390.html}
}

@article{banbura_large_2010,
  title = {Large {{Bayesian}} Vector Auto Regressions},
  author = {Bańbura, Marta and Giannone, Domenico and Reichlin, Lucrezia},
  date = {2010},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Applied Econometrics},
  volume = {25},
  number = {1},
  pages = {71--92},
  issn = {1099-1255},
  abstract = {This paper shows that vector auto regression (VAR) with Bayesian shrinkage is an appropriate tool for large dynamic models. We build on the results of De Mol and co-workers (2008) and show that, when the degree of shrinkage is set in relation to the cross-sectional dimension, the forecasting performance of small monetary VARs can be improved by adding additional macroeconomic variables and sectoral information. In addition, we show that large VARs with shrinkage produce credible impulse responses and are suitable for structural analysis. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
  langid = {english},
  annotation = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jae.1137},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/BJPRR8SM/Bańbura et al_2010_Large Bayesian vector auto regressions.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/8WJXYLQS/jae.html}
}

@article{barnett_competition_1987,
  title = {Competition and Mutualism among Early Telephone Companies},
  author = {Barnett, William P. and Carroll, Glenn R.},
  date = {1987},
  journaltitle = {Administrative Science Quarterly},
  volume = {32},
  number = {3},
  eprint = {2392912},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {400--421},
  issn = {0001-8392},
  abstract = {In an exploratory study of the early telephone industry, we search for evidence of competition and mutualism between legally autonomous companies. Neighboring companies are found to have both types of interdependencies, although their exact nature depends on organizational form. Companies in separate geographical locations are found to be competitive with each other, regardless of organizational form. The two prevalent organizational forms in the industry at this time each apparently flourished in distinct niches and were symbiotically related. The findings are interpreted within a community ecology framework.}
}

@incollection{baum_ecological_2006,
  title = {Ecological Approaches to Organizations},
  booktitle = {Sage {{Handbook}} for {{Organization Studies}}},
  author = {Baum, Joel A. C. and Shipilov, Andrew V.},
  date = {2006},
  pages = {55--110},
  publisher = {{Sage}},
  location = {{Rochester, NY}},
  abstract = {Our goal is to assess and consolidate the current state-of-the-art in organizational ecology. To accomplish this we review major theoretical statements, empirical studies, and arguments that are now being made. Although we attempt to survey ecological approaches to organizations comprehensively, because ecological research now constitutes a very large body of work, and because other extensive reviews are available (Aldrich \& Wiedenmayer, 1993; Barnett \& Carroll, 1995; Baum, 1996; Baum \& Amburgey, 2002; Baum \& Rao, 2004; Carroll, Dobrev \& Swaminathan, 2002; Galunic \& Weeks 2002; Rao, 2002; Singh \& Lumsden, 1990), we emphasize recent work that challenges and extends established theory and highlight new and emerging directions for future research that appear promising.  Our appraisal focuses on two main themes - demographic processes and ecological processes.},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/EGQC2W5I/Baum and Shipilov - 2006 - Ecological approaches to organizations.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/38MBRGMQ/papers.html}
}

@article{baumgartner_pushshift_2020,
  title = {The {{Pushshift Reddit}} Dataset},
  author = {Baumgartner, Jason and Zannettou, Savvas and Keegan, Brian and Squire, Megan and Blackburn, Jeremy},
  date = {2020-05-26},
  journaltitle = {Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media},
  shortjournal = {ICWSM},
  volume = {14},
  pages = {830--839},
  issn = {2334-0770},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {pushift,reddit},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/DHRFJ58I/Baumgartner et al. - 2020 - The Pushshift Reddit Dataset.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/G5E8SQFN/Baumgartner et al_2020_The Pushshift Reddit Dataset.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/A8X5UY9R/2001.html;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/B9FRQR94/7347.html}
}

@article{becker_theory_1965,
  title = {A {{Theory}} of the {{Allocation}} of {{Time}}},
  author = {Becker, Gary S.},
  date = {1965-09},
  journaltitle = {The Economic Journal},
  shortjournal = {The Economic Journal},
  volume = {75},
  number = {299},
  pages = {493},
  issn = {00130133},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/82WK59JA/Becker - 1965 - A Theory of the Allocation of Time.pdf}
}

@report{benkler_social_2013,
  type = {SSRN Scholarly Paper},
  title = {Social {{Mobilization}} and the {{Networked Public Sphere}}: {{Mapping}} the {{SOPA}}-{{PIPA Debate}}},
  shorttitle = {Social {{Mobilization}} and the {{Networked Public Sphere}}},
  author = {Benkler, Yochai and Roberts, Hal and Faris, Robert and Solow-Niederman, Alicia and Etling, Bruce},
  date = {2013},
  number = {ID 2295953},
  institution = {{Social Science Research Network}},
  location = {{Rochester, NY}},
  abstract = {This paper uses a new set of online research tools to develop a detailed study of the public debate over proposed legislation in the United States designed to give prosecutors and copyright holders new tools to pursue suspected online copyright violations. For this study, we compiled, mapped, and analyzed a set of 9,757 stories relevant to the COICA-SOPA-PIPA debate from September 2010 through the end of January 2012 using Media Cloud, an open source tool created at the Berkman Center to allow quantitative analysis of a large number of online media sources. This study applies a mixed-methods approach by combining text and link analysis with human coding and informal interviews to map the evolution of the controversy over time and to analyze the mobilization, roles, and interactions of various actors.This novel, data-driven perspective on the dynamics of the networked public sphere supports an optimistic view of the potential for networked democratic participation, and offers a view of a vibrant, diverse, and decentralized networked public sphere that exhibited broad participation, leveraged topical expertise, and focused public sentiment to shape national public policy. We find that the fourth estate function was fulfilled by a network of small-scale commercial tech media, standing non-media NGOs, and individuals, whose work was then amplified by traditional media. Mobilization was effective, and involved substantial experimentation and rapid development. We observe the rise to public awareness of an agenda originating in the networked public sphere and its framing in the teeth of substantial sums of money spent to shape the mass media narrative in favor of the legislation. Moreover, we witness what we call an attention backbone, in which more trafficked sites amplify less-visible individual voices on specific subjects. Some aspects of the events suggest that they may be particularly susceptible to these kinds of democratic features, and may not be generalizable. Nonetheless, the data suggest that, at least in this case, the networked public sphere enabled a dynamic public discourse that involved both individual and organizational  participants and offered substantive discussion of complex issues contributing to affirmative political action.Find more information about the paper, including raw data available for download and an interactive visualization of the maps included in this paper, on the Berkman Center website.},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/P9M6MASA/Benkler et al. - 2013 - Social Mobilization and the Networked Public Spher.pdf}
}

@book{benkler_wealth_2006,
  title = {The Wealth of Networks: {{How}} Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom},
  author = {Benkler, Yochai},
  date = {2006},
  publisher = {{Yale University Press}},
  location = {{New Haven, CT}},
  pagetotal = {528},
  keywords = {bookReview,Economics,FOSS,foundations of social computing,import,Innovation,Legal Studies,peer production}
}

@article{blei_latent_2003,
  title = {Latent Dirichlet Allocation},
  author = {Blei, David M. and Ng, Andrew Y. and Jordan, Michael I.},
  date = {2003},
  journaltitle = {The Journal of Machine Learning Research},
  volume = {3},
  pages = {993--1022},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/2K3E7TJH/Blei et al. - 2003 - Latent dirichlet allocation.pdf}
}

@inproceedings{blevis_ecological_2015,
  title = {Ecological {{Perspectives}} in {{HCI}}: {{Promise}}, {{Problems}}, and {{Potential}}},
  shorttitle = {Ecological {{Perspectives}} in {{HCI}}},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 33rd {{Annual ACM Conference Extended Abstracts}} on {{Human Factors}} in {{Computing Systems}}},
  author = {Blevis, Eli and Bødker, Susanne and Flach, John and Forlizzi, Jodi and Jung, Heekyoung and Kaptelinin, Victor and Nardi, Bonnie and Rizzo, Antonio},
  date = {2015-04-18},
  series = {{{CHI EA}} '15},
  pages = {2401--2404},
  publisher = {{Association for Computing Machinery}},
  location = {{New York, NY, USA}},
  abstract = {The aim of the workshop is to provide a forum for researchers and practitioners to discuss the present and future of ecological perspectives in HCI. The participants will reflect on the current uses and interpretations of "ecology" and related concepts in the field. The workshop will assess the potential of ecological perspectives in HCI for supporting rich and meaningful analysis, as well as innovative design, of interactive technologies in real-life contexts.},
  isbn = {978-1-4503-3146-3},
  keywords = {affordances,artifact ecologies,ecological psychology,ecology,habitat,information ecologies,social ecology,sustainability}
}

@article{bowker_bonnie_2001,
  title = {Bonnie {{Nardi}} and {{Vicki O}}'{{Day}}, {{Information Ecologies}}: {{Using Technology}} with {{Heart}}},
  shorttitle = {Bonnie {{Nardi}} and {{Vicki O}}'{{Day}}, {{Information Ecologies}}},
  author = {Bowker, Geoffrey C.},
  date = {2001-03},
  journaltitle = {Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW)},
  shortjournal = {Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW)},
  volume = {10},
  number = {1},
  pages = {143--145},
  issn = {0925-9724, 1573-7551},
  langid = {english}
}

@book{box-steffensmeier_time_2014,
  title = {Time Series Analysis for the Social Sciences},
  author = {Box-Steffensmeier, Janet M},
  date = {2014},
  abstract = {"Time-series, or longitudinal, data are ubiquitous in the social sciences. Unfortunately, analysts often treat the time-series properties of their data as a nuisance rather than a substantively meaningful dynamic process to be modeled and interpreted. Time-Series Analysis for Social Sciences provides accessible, up-to-date instruction and examples of the core methods in time-series econometrics. Janet M. Box-Steffensmeier, John R. Freeman, Jon C. Pevehouse, and Matthew P. Hitt cover a wide range of topics including ARIMA models, time-series regression, unit-root diagnosis, vector autoregressive models, error-correction models, intervention models, fractional integration, ARCH models, structural breaks, and forecasting. This book is aimed at researchers and graduate students who have taken at least one course in multivariate regression. Examples are drawn from several areas of social science, including political behavior, elections, international conflict, criminology, and comparative political economy"--},
  isbn = {978-0-521-87116-7 978-0-521-69155-0},
  langid = {english},
  annotation = {OCLC: 879601718}
}

@article{brandt_bayesian_2012,
  title = {A {{Bayesian Poisson Vector Autoregression Model}}},
  author = {Brandt, Patrick T. and Sandler, Todd},
  date = {2012},
  journaltitle = {Political Analysis},
  shortjournal = {Polit. anal.},
  volume = {20},
  number = {3},
  pages = {292--315},
  issn = {1047-1987, 1476-4989},
  abstract = {Multivariate count models are rare in political science, despite the presence of many count time series. This article develops a new Bayesian Poisson vector autoregression (BaP-VAR) model that can characterize endogenous dynamic counts with no restrictions on the contemporaneous correlations. Impulse responses, decomposition of the forecast errors, and dynamic multiplier methods for the effects of exogenous covariate shocks are illustrated for the model. Two full illustrations of the model, its interpretations, and results are presented. The first example is a dynamic model that reanalyzes the patterns and predictors of superpower rivalry events. The second example applies the model to analyze the dynamics of transnational terrorist targeting decisions between 1968 and 2008. The latter example’s results have direct implications for contemporary policy about terrorists’ targeting that are both novel and innovative in the study of terrorism.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/FXWYBXR7/Brandt and Sandler - 2012 - A Bayesian Poisson Vector Autoregression Model.pdf}
}

@article{butler_attraction-selection-attrition_2014,
  title = {An Attraction-Selection-Attrition Theory of Online Community Size and Resilience},
  author = {Butler, Brian S. and Bateman, Patrick J. and Gray, Peter H. and Diamant, E. Ilana},
  date = {2014-09},
  journaltitle = {MIS Q.},
  volume = {38},
  number = {3},
  pages = {699--728},
  issn = {0276-7783},
  abstract = {Online discussion communities play an important role in the development of relationships and the transfer of knowledge within and across organizations. Their underlying technologies enhance these processes by providing infrastructures through which group-based communication can occur. Community administrators often make decisions about technologies with the goal of enhancing the user experience, but the impact of such decisions on how a community develops must also be considered. To shed light on this complex and under-researched phenomenon, we offer a model of key latent constructs influenced by technology choices and possible causal paths by which they have dynamic effects on communities. Two important community characteristics that can be impacted are community size (number of members) and community resilience (membership that is willing to remain involved with the community in spite of variability and change in the topics discussed). To model community development, we build on attraction-selection-attrition (ASA) theory, introducing two new concepts: participation costs (how much time and effort are required to engage with content provided in a community) and topic consistency cues (how strongly a community signals that topics that may appear in the future will be consistent with what it has hosted in the past). We use the proposed ASA theory of online communities (OCASA) to develop a simulation model of community size and resilience that affirms some conventional wisdom and also has novel and counterintuitive implications. Analysis of the model leads to testable new propositions about the causal paths by which technology choices affect the emergence of community size and community resilience, and associated implications for community sustainability.},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/292C8XTF/Butler et al. - 2014 - An Attraction-selection-attrition Theory of Online.pdf}
}

@article{butler_cross-purposes_2011,
  title = {The Cross-Purposes of Cross-Posting: Boundary Reshaping Behavior in Online Discussion Communities},
  shorttitle = {The Cross-Purposes of Cross-Posting},
  author = {Butler, Brian S. and Wang, Xiaoqing},
  date = {2011-09-15},
  journaltitle = {Information Systems Research},
  shortjournal = {Information Systems Research},
  volume = {23},
  pages = {993--1010},
  issn = {1047-7047},
  abstract = {Increasingly, online discussion communities are used to support activities ranging from software development to political campaigns. An important feature of an online discussion community is its content boundaries, which are individual perceptions of what materials and discussions are part of the community and what are not, and how that community is related to others within a larger system. Yet in spite of its importance, many community infrastructures allow individual participants to reshape content boundaries by simultaneously associating their contributions with multiple online discussion communities. This reshaping behavior is a controversial aspect of the creation and management of many types of online discussion communities. On one hand, many communities explicitly discourage boundary reshaping behaviors in their frequently asked questions or terms-of-use document. On the other hand, community infrastructures continue to allow such reshaping behaviors. To explain this controversy, we theorize how the extent of boundary reshaping in an online discussion community has simultaneously positive and negative effects on its member dynamics and responsiveness. We test predictions about the conflicting effects of reshaping behaviors with 60 months of longitudinal data from 140 USENET newsgroups, focusing on cross-posting activities as a form of reshaping behavior. Empirical results are consistent with the proposed hypotheses that reshaping behaviors within a discussion community affect member dynamics and community responsiveness in both positive and negative ways. Taken together, the findings highlight the boundary-related design challenges faced by managers seeking to support ongoing activity within online discussion communities.},
  issue = {3-part-2},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/MHIHVXMA/Butler and Wang - 2012 - The Cross-Purposes of Cross-Posting Boundary Resh.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/ZDTPFJP3/Butler and Wang - 2011 - The Cross-Purposes of Cross-Posting Boundary Resh.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/5XCPFJS9/isre.1110.html}
}

@article{butler_membership_2001,
  title = {Membership Size, Communication Activity, and Sustainability: {{A}} Resource-Based Model of Online Social Structures},
  shorttitle = {Membership {{Size}}, {{Communication Activity}}, and {{Sustainability}}},
  author = {Butler, Brian S.},
  date = {2001},
  journaltitle = {Information Systems Research},
  shortjournal = {Information Systems Research},
  volume = {12},
  number = {4},
  eprint = {23011457},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {346--362},
  issn = {1047-7047},
  abstract = {As telecommunication networks become more common, there is an increasing interest in the factors underlying the development of online social structures. It has been proposed that these structures are new forms of organizing which are not subject to the same constraints as traditional social structures. However, from anecdotal evidence and case studies it is difficult to evaluate whether online social structures are subject to the same problems as traditional social structures. Drawing from prior studies of traditional social structures and empirical analyses of longitudinal data from a sample of Internet-based groups, this exploratory work considers the role of size and communication activity in sustainable online social structures. A resource-based theory of sustainable social structures is presented. Members contribute time, energy, and other resources, enabling a social structure to provide benefits for individuals. These benefits, which include information, influence, and social support, are the basis for a social structure's ability to attract and retain members. This model focuses on the system of opposing forces that link membership size as a component of resource availability and communication activity as an aspect of benefit provision to the sustainability of an online social structure. Analyses of data from a random sample of e-mail-based Internet social structures (listservs) indicate that communication activity and size have both positive and negative effects on a structure's sustainability. These results suggest that while the use of networked communication technologies may alter the form of communication, balancing the opposing impacts of membership size and communication activity in order to maintain resource availability and provide benefits for current members remains a fundamental problem underlying the development of sustainable online social structures.},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/4ENNLMAH/Butler - 2001 - Membership Size, Communication Activity, and Susta.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/U7AUNAZT/Butler-2001-ISR-Membership_size_communication_activitiy_sustainability.pdf}
}

@incollection{canova_bayesian_2007,
  title = {Bayesian {{VARs}}},
  booktitle = {Methods for {{Applied Macroeconomic Research}}},
  author = {Canova, Fabio},
  date = {2007},
  eprint = {j.ctvcm4hrv.13},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {373--417},
  publisher = {{Princeton University Press}},
  abstract = {We saw in chapter 4 that VAR models can be used to characterize any vector of time series under a minimal set of conditions. We have also seen that, since VARs are reduced-form models, identification restrictions, motivated by economic theory, are needed to conduct meaningful policy analyses. Reduced-form VARs are also typically unsuitable for out-of-sample forecasting. To reasonably approximate the Wold representation, it is in fact necessary to have a VAR with long lags. A generous parametrization means that unrestricted VARs are not operational alternatives to either standard macroeconometric models, where insignificant coefficients are purged out of the specification, or},
  isbn = {978-0-691-11504-7},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/PGQG5UX9/Canova - 2007 - Bayesian VARs.pdf}
}

@incollection{canova_var_2007,
  title = {{{VAR Models}}},
  booktitle = {Methods for {{Applied Macroeconomic Research}}},
  author = {Canova, Fabio},
  date = {2007},
  eprint = {j.ctvcm4hrv.7},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {111--164},
  publisher = {{Princeton University Press}},
  abstract = {This chapter describes a set of techniques which stand apart from those considered in the next three chapters, in the sense that economic theory is only minimally used in the inferential process. VAR models, pioneered by Chris Sims about 25 years ago, have acquired a permanent place in the toolkit of applied macroeconomists, both to summarize the information contained in the data and to conduct certain types of policy experiments. VAR models are well-suited to the first purpose: the Wold theorem ensures that any vector of time series has a VAR representation under mild regularity conditions and this makes them},
  isbn = {978-0-691-11504-7},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/ZQYCMAPQ/Canova - 2007 - VAR Models.pdf}
}

@article{carpenter_stan:_2016,
  title = {Stan: {{A}} Probabilistic Programming Language},
  shorttitle = {Stan},
  author = {Carpenter, Bob and Gelman, Andrew and Hoffman, Matt and Lee, Daniel and Goodrich, Ben and Betancourt, Michael and Brubaker, Michael A. and Guo, Jiqiang and Li, Peter and Riddell, Allen},
  date = {2016},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Statistical Software},
  volume = {20},
  number = {2},
  pages = {1--37},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/2L4LAHJ2/Stan - Probabilistic Programming Language.pdf}
}

@article{carroll_concentration_1985,
  title = {Concentration and Specialization: {{Dynamics}} of Niche Width in Populations of Organizations},
  shorttitle = {Concentration and {{Specialization}}},
  author = {Carroll, Glenn R.},
  date = {1985-05-01},
  journaltitle = {American Journal of Sociology},
  shortjournal = {American Journal of Sociology},
  volume = {90},
  number = {6},
  pages = {1262--1283},
  issn = {0002-9602},
  abstract = {This paper departs from the common practice of focusing on large, generalist organizations and shows that new organizational insights are obtined by adopting a broader, ecological perspective. The newspaper publishing industry is examined as an illustration. The ecological focus shows that many small, specialized organizations operate successfully in this industry, despite apparently high levels of local concentration. A resource-partitioning model is advanced to explain the interorganizational relationships between generalist and specialist organizations. Statistical tests of the model using historical data on 2,808 American local newspaper organizations show the merit of using the ecological perspective for analyzing industries.},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/G38AK5SZ/Carroll - 1985 - Concentration and specialization Dynamics of nich.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/8PG3QCP3/228210.html}
}

@article{carroll_density_1989,
  title = {Density Dependence in the Evolution of Populations of Newspaper Organizations},
  author = {Carroll, Glenn R. and Hannan, Michael T.},
  date = {1989-08},
  journaltitle = {American Sociological Review},
  volume = {54},
  number = {4},
  eprint = {2095875},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {524},
  issn = {00031224},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/TCCRW99U/DensitiyDependenceInNewspaperOrg_Carroll_Hannan_1989.pdf}
}

@article{cenci_regularized_2019,
  title = {Regularized {{S}}-Map for Inference and Forecasting with Noisy Ecological Time Series},
  author = {Cenci, Simone and Sugihara, George and Saavedra, Serguei},
  date = {2019},
  journaltitle = {Methods in Ecology and Evolution},
  volume = {10},
  number = {5},
  pages = {650--660},
  issn = {2041-210X},
  abstract = {It is well known that fluctuations of species abundances observed in ecological time series emerge from an interplay between deterministic nonlinear dynamics and stochastic forces. Importantly, nonlinearity and stochasticity introduce significant challenges to the analysis of ecological time series, such as the inference of the effect of species interactions on community dynamics and forecasting of species abundances. Local linear fits with state-space-dependent kernel functions, known as S-maps, provide an efficient method to infer Jacobian coefficients (a proxy for the local effect of species interactions) and to make reliable forecasts from nonlinear time series. Yet, while it has been shown that the S-map outperforms existing methods for nonparametric inference and forecasting, the methodology is sensitive to process noise. To overcome this limitation, we integrate the S-map with different regularization schemes. To validate our approach, we test our methodology against different levels of noise and nonlinearity using three standard population dynamics models. We show that an appropriate choice of the regularization scheme, alongside an accurate choice of the kernel functions, can significantly improve the in-sample inference of Jacobian coefficients and the out-of-sample forecast of species abundances in the presence of process noise. We further validate our methodology using two empirical time series of marine microbial communities. Our results illustrate that the regularized S-map is an efficient method for nonparametric inference and forecasting from noisy, nonlinear, ecological time series. Yet, attention must be paid on the regularization scheme and the structure of the kernel for whether inference or forecasting is the ultimate goal of a research study.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {_tablet,nonlinear time series,out-of-sample forecast,parameter inference,process noise,regularization,S-map},
  annotation = {\_eprint: https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/2041-210X.13150},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/J9VXK8CH/Cenci et al_2019_Regularized S-map for inference and forecasting with noisy ecological time.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/WTD6LD6D/2041-210X.html}
}

@article{certain_how_2018,
  title = {How Do {{MAR}}(1) Models Cope with Hidden Nonlinearities in Ecological Dynamics?},
  author = {Certain, Grégoire and Barraquand, Frédéric and Gårdmark, Anna},
  date = {2018-09-01},
  journaltitle = {Methods in Ecology and Evolution},
  shortjournal = {Methods in Ecology and Evolution},
  volume = {9},
  number = {9},
  pages = {1975--1995},
  issn = {2041-210X},
  abstract = {Abstract Multivariate autoregressive (MAR) models are an increasingly popular technique to infer interaction strengths between species in a community and to predict the community response to environmental change. The most commonly employed MAR(1) models, with one time lag, can be viewed either as multispecies competition models with Gompertz density dependence or, more generally, as a linear approximation of more complex, nonlinear dynamics around stable equilibria. This latter interpretation allows for broader applicability, but may come at a cost in terms of interpretation of estimates and reliability of both short- and long-term predictions. We investigate what these costs might be by fitting MAR(1) models to simulated 2-species competition, consumer-resource and host?parasitoid systems, as well as a larger food web influenced by the environment. We review how MAR(1) coefficients can be interpreted and evaluate how reliable are estimates of interaction strength, rank, or sign; accuracy of short-term forecasts; as well as the ability of MAR(1) models to predict the long-term responses of communities submitted to environmental change such as PRESS perturbations. The net effects of species j on species i are usually (90\%-95\%) well recovered in terms of sign or rank, with the notable exception of overcompensatory dynamics. In actual values, net effects of species j on species i are not well recovered when the underlying dynamics are nonlinear. MAR(1) models are better at making short-term qualitative forecasts (next point going up or down) than at predicting long-term responses to environmental perturbations, which can be severely over- as well as underestimated. We conclude that when applying MAR(1) models to ecological data, inferences on net effects among species should be limited to signs, or the Gompertz assumption should be tested and discussed. This particular assumption on density-dependence (log-linearity) is also required for unbiased long-term predictions. Overall, we think that MAR(1) models are highly useful tools to resolve and characterize community dynamics, but we recommend to use them in conjunction with alternative, nonlinear models resembling the ecological context in order to improve their interpretation in specific applications.},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/PHIQKS3T/2041-210X.html}
}

@article{chandrasekharan_internets_2018,
  title = {The Internet's Hidden Rules: {{An}} Empirical Study of Reddit Norm Violations at Micro, Meso, and Macro Scales},
  shorttitle = {The {{Internet}}'s {{Hidden Rules}}},
  author = {Chandrasekharan, Eshwar and Samory, Mattia and Jhaver, Shagun and Charvat, Hunter and Bruckman, Amy and Lampe, Cliff and Eisenstein, Jacob and Gilbert, Eric},
  date = {2018},
  journaltitle = {Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact.},
  volume = {2},
  pages = {32:1--32:25},
  issn = {2573-0142},
  abstract = {Norms are central to how online communities are governed. Yet, norms are also emergent, arise from interaction, and can vary significantly between communities---making them challenging to study at scale. In this paper, we study community norms on Reddit in a large-scale, empirical manner. Via 2.8M comments removed by moderators of 100 top subreddits over 10 months, we use both computational and qualitative methods to identify three types of norms: macro norms that are universal to most parts of Reddit; meso norms that are shared across certain groups of subreddits; and micro norms that are specific to individual, relatively unique subreddits. Given the size of Reddit's user base---and the wide range of topics covered by different subreddits---we argue this represents the first large-scale census of the norms in broader internet culture. In other words, these findings shed light on what Reddit values, and how widely-held those values are. We conclude by discussing implications for the design of new and existing online communities.},
  issue = {CSCW},
  keywords = {community norms,mixed methods.,moderation,online communities},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/2CA9ZVFB/Chandrasekharan et al. - 2018 - The Internet's Hidden Rules An Empirical Study of.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/HUP7XT5H/Chandrasekharan et al_2018_The Internet's Hidden Rules.pdf}
}

@article{chandrasekharan_you_2017,
  ids = {chandrasekharan_you_2017-1},
  title = {You Can't Stay Here: {{The}} Efficacy of Reddit's 2015 Ban Examined through Hate Speech},
  shorttitle = {You Can't Stay Here},
  author = {Chandrasekharan, Eshwar and Pavalanathan, Umashanthi and Srinivasan, Anirudh and Glynn, Adam and Eisenstein, Jacob and Gilbert, Eric},
  date = {2017-12},
  journaltitle = {Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact.},
  volume = {1},
  pages = {31:1--31:22},
  issn = {2573-0142},
  abstract = {In 2015, Reddit closed several subreddits-foremost among them r/fatpeoplehate and r/CoonTown-due to violations of Reddit's anti-harassment policy. However, the effectiveness of banning as a moderation approach remains unclear: banning might diminish hateful behavior, or it may relocate such behavior to different parts of the site. We study the ban of r/fatpeoplehate and r/CoonTown in terms of its effect on both participating users and affected subreddits. Working from over 100M Reddit posts and comments, we generate hate speech lexicons to examine variations in hate speech usage via causal inference methods. We find that the ban worked for Reddit. More accounts than expected discontinued using the site; those that stayed drastically decreased their hate speech usage-by at least 80\%. Though many subreddits saw an influx of r/fatpeoplehate and r/CoonTown "migrants," those subreddits saw no significant changes in hate speech usage. In other words, other subreddits did not inherit the problem. We conclude by reflecting on the apparent success of the ban, discussing implications for online moderation, Reddit and internet communities more broadly.},
  issue = {CSCW},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/5Z8CCRM2/Chandrasekharan et al. - 2017 - You Can'T Stay Here The Efficacy of Reddit's 2015.pdf}
}

@book{charmaz_constructing_2015,
  ids = {charmaz_constructing_2014},
  title = {Constructing Grounded Theory: {{A}} Practical Guide through Qualitative Analysis},
  shorttitle = {Constructing {{Grounded Theory}}},
  author = {Charmaz, Kathy},
  date = {2015},
  edition = {2},
  publisher = {{SAGE}},
  location = {{Thousand Oaks, California}},
  isbn = {0-7619-7352-4}
}

@article{chen_impact_2019,
  title = {The {{Impact}} of {{Media Censorship}}: 1984 or {{Brave New World}}?},
  shorttitle = {The {{Impact}} of {{Media Censorship}}},
  author = {Chen, Yuyu and Yang, David Y.},
  date = {2019-06},
  journaltitle = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {109},
  number = {6},
  pages = {2294--2332},
  issn = {0002-8282},
  abstract = {Media censorship is a hallmark of authoritarian regimes. We conduct a field experiment in China to measure the effects of providing citizens with access to an  uncensored internet. We track subjects' media consumption, beliefs regarding the media, economic beliefs, political attitudes, and behaviors over 18 months. We find  four main results: (i) free access alone does not induce subjects to acquire politically sensitive information; (ii) temporary encouragement leads to a persistent increase  in acquisition, indicating that demand is not permanently low; (iii) acquisition brings broad, substantial, and persistent changes to knowledge, beliefs, attitudes, and  intended behaviors; and (iv) social transmission of information is statistically significant but small in magnitude. We calibrate a simple model to show that the  combination of low demand for uncensored information and the moderate social transmission means China's censorship apparatus may remain robust to a large  number of citizens receiving access to an uncensored internet.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/DI644H6E/Chen and Yang - 2019 - The Impact of Media Censorship 1984 or Brave New .pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/FZC97WCG/Chen and Yang - 2019 - The Impact of Media Censorship 1984 or Brave New .pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/95EW4R3G/articles.html}
}

@inproceedings{choudhury_social_2016,
  title = {Social {{Media Participation}} in an {{Activist Movement}} for {{Racial Equality}}},
  booktitle = {Tenth {{International AAAI Conference}} on {{Web}} and {{Social Media}}},
  author = {Choudhury, Munmun De and Jhaver, Shagun and Sugar, Benjamin and Weber, Ingmar},
  date = {2016-03-31},
  abstract = {From the Arab Spring to the Occupy Movement, social media has been instrumental in driving and supporting socio-political movements throughout the world. In this paper, we present one of the first social media investigations of an activist movement around racial discrimination and police violence, known as “Black Lives Matter”. Considering Twitter as a sensor for the broader community’s perception of the events related to the movement, we study participation over time, the geographical differences in this participation, and its relationship to protests that unfolded on the ground. We find evidence for continued participation across four temporally separated events related to the movement, with notable changes in engagement and language over time. We also find that participants from regions of historically high rates of black victimization due to police violence tend to express greater negativity and make more references to loss of life. Finally, we observe that social media attributes of affect, behavior and language can predict future protest participation on the ground. We discuss the role of social media in enabling collective action around this unique movement and how social media platforms may help understand perceptions on a socially contested and sensitive issue like race.},
  eventtitle = {Tenth {{International AAAI Conference}} on {{Web}} and {{Social Media}}},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/FF8RRANF/De Choudhury et al_2016_Social Media Participation in an Activist Movement for Racial Equality.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/PIRFXX7F/Choudhury et al_2016_Social Media Participation in an Activist Movement for Racial Equality.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/ZBVVGIXA/De Choudhury et al_2016_Social Media Participation in an Activist Movement for Racial Equality.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/6XM9W7ZH/13168.html;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/HIXCPVI3/13168.html;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/SF7VFSH4/13168.html}
}

@article{copland_reddit_2020,
  title = {Reddit Quarantined: Can Changing Platform Affordances Reduce Hateful Material Online?},
  shorttitle = {Reddit Quarantined},
  author = {Copland, Simon},
  date = {2020-10-21},
  journaltitle = {Internet Policy Review},
  volume = {9},
  number = {4},
  publisher = {{Berlin: Alexander von Humboldt Institute for Internet and Society}},
  issn = {2197-6775},
  abstract = {Can we reduce hateful material online through changing platform affordances? Studying Reddit’s quarantine function, this paper argues the results of this approach are mixed.},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/KY4RZWR4/Copland_2020_Reddit quarantined.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/SZWA55IE/Copland_2020_Reddit quarantined.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/9KXC37K7/225653.html;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/M6NKY3K2/reddit-quarantined-can-changing-platform-affordances-reduce-hateful-material.html}
}

@inproceedings{cunha_are_2019,
  ids = {cunha_are_2019-1,cunha_are_2019-2},
  title = {Are All Successful Communities Alike? {{Characterizing}} and Predicting the Success of Online Communities},
  shorttitle = {Are All Successful Communities Alike?},
  booktitle = {The {{World Wide Web Conference}}},
  author = {Cunha, Tiago and Jurgens, David and Tan, Chenhao and Romero, Daniel},
  date = {2019-05-13},
  series = {{{WWW}} '19},
  pages = {318--328},
  publisher = {{Association for Computing Machinery}},
  location = {{New York, NY, USA}},
  abstract = {The proliferation of online communities has created exciting opportunities to study the mechanisms that explain group success. While a growing body of research investigates community success through a single measure - typically, the number of members - we argue that there are multiple ways of measuring success. Here, we present a systematic study to understand the relations between these success definitions and test how well they can be predicted based on community properties and behaviors from the earliest period of a community's lifetime. We identify four success measures that are desirable for most communities: (i) growth in the number of members; (ii) retention of members; (iii) long term survival of the community; and (iv) volume of activities within the community. Surprisingly, we find that our measures do not exhibit very high correlations, suggesting that they capture different types of success. Additionally, we find that different success measures are predicted by different attributes of online communities, suggesting that success can be achieved through different behaviors. Our work sheds light on the basic understanding on what success represents in online communities and what predicts it. Our results suggest that success is multi-faceted and cannot be measured nor predicted by a single measurement. This insight has practical implications for the creation of new online communities and the design of platforms that facilitate such communities.},
  isbn = {978-1-4503-6674-8},
  keywords = {Group Dynamics,Online Communities,Reddit,Success},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/CGBFCUGX/Cunha et al_2019_Are All Successful Communities Alike.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/IYW3WKHV/Cunha et al_2019_Are All Successful Communities Alike.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/PFS6682S/Cunha et al_2019_Are All Successful Communities Alike.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/SMX88EL3/Cunha et al. - 2019 - Are All Successful Communities Alike Characterizi.pdf}
}

@inproceedings{dabbish_fresh_2012,
  ids = {dabbish_fresh_2012-1},
  title = {Fresh Faces in the Crowd: Turnover, Identity, and Commitment in Online Groups},
  shorttitle = {Fresh Faces in the Crowd},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the {{ACM}} 2012 Conference on {{Computer Supported Cooperative Work}}},
  author = {Dabbish, Laura and Farzan, Rosta and Kraut, Robert and Postmes, Tom},
  date = {2012-02-11},
  series = {{{CSCW}} '12},
  pages = {245--248},
  publisher = {{Association for Computing Machinery}},
  location = {{New York, NY, USA}},
  abstract = {Turnover is commonplace in many online groups because of low barriers of entry and exit. In offline settings, turnover can have a negative impact because of reduced attachment to the group as an entity. However, in an online setting, turnover in terms of changes in the visible membership of a group may have a very different impact. Online only a limited amount of information about members and their activities is observable; in particular, it is easier to see the behavior of the subset of members who are active than the potentially larger set who are not. In this paper, we describe an experiment examining the influence of visible membership turnover on commitment to an online group. Our results suggest that increased turnover in an online group may increase social presence, creating perceptions of liveness, in turn leading to increased levels of participation in the group. However, this result holds primarily for groups with a common identity, suggesting that attention to behavior of others may be stronger when people share an identity with those others. Our results extend understandings of attachment in an online setting as well as theory about social tuning.},
  isbn = {978-1-4503-1086-4},
  keywords = {attachment,commitment,identity.,online groups,turnover},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/3IQQP4JM/Dabbish et al. - 2012 - Fresh faces in the crowd turnover, identity, and .pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/GEVF3A53/Dabbish et al. - 2012 - Fresh faces in the crowd turnover, identity, and .pdf}
}

@inproceedings{danescu-niculescu-mizil_no_2013,
  ids = {danescu-niculescu-mizil_no_2013-1},
  title = {No Country for Old Members: User Lifecycle and Linguistic Change in Online Communities},
  shorttitle = {No Country for Old Members},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on {{World Wide Web}} - {{WWW}} '13},
  author = {Danescu-Niculescu-Mizil, Cristian and West, Robert and Jurafsky, Dan and Leskovec, Jure and Potts, Christopher},
  date = {2013},
  pages = {307--318},
  publisher = {{ACM Press}},
  location = {{Rio de Janeiro, Brazil}},
  abstract = {Vibrant online communities are in constant flux. As members join and depart, the interactional norms evolve, stimulating further changes to the membership and its social dynamics. Linguistic change—in the sense of innovation that becomes accepted as the norm—is essential to this dynamic process: it both facilitates individual expression and fosters the emergence of a collective identity. We propose a framework for tracking linguistic change as it happens and for understanding how specific users react to these evolving norms. By applying this framework to two large online communities we show that users follow a determined two-stage lifecycle with respect to their susceptibility to linguistic change: a linguistically innovative learning phase in which users adopt the language of the community followed by a conservative phase in which users stop changing and the evolving community norms pass them by.},
  eventtitle = {The 22nd International Conference},
  isbn = {978-1-4503-2035-1},
  langid = {english},
  venue = {Rio de Janeiro, Brazil},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/L532IPRV/Danescu-Niculescu-Mizil et al. - 2013 - No Country for Old Members User Lifecycle and Lin.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/LWECW2QM/Danescu-Niculescu-Mizil et al. - 2013 - No country for old members user lifecycle and lin.pdf}
}

@article{datta_extracting_2019,
  title = {Extracting {{Inter}}-{{Community Conflicts}} in {{Reddit}}},
  author = {Datta, Srayan and Adar, Eytan},
  date = {2019-07-06},
  journaltitle = {Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media},
  volume = {13},
  pages = {146--157},
  issn = {2334-0770},
  abstract = {Anti-social behaviors in social media can happen both at user and community levels. While a great deal of attention is on the individual as an ‘aggressor,’ the banning of entire Reddit subcommunities (i.e., subreddits) demonstrates that this is a multi-layer concern. Existing research on inter-community conflict has largely focused on specific subcommunities or ideological opponents. However, antagonistic behaviors may be more pervasive and integrate into the broader network. In this work, we study the landscape of conflicts among subreddits by deriving higher-level (community) behaviors from the way individuals are sanctioned and rewarded. By constructing a conflict network, we characterize different patterns in subreddit-to-subreddit conflicts as well as communities of ‘co-targeted’ subreddits .The dynamics of these interactions also reveals a shift in conflict focus over time.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/6IA9VN8K/Datta_Adar_2019_Extracting Inter-Community Conflicts in Reddit.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/F3MHZ7Z6/3217.html}
}

@article{datta_identifying_2017,
  title = {Identifying {{Misaligned Inter}}-{{Group Links}} and {{Communities}}},
  author = {Datta, Srayan and Phelan, Chanda and Adar, Eytan},
  date = {2017-12-06},
  journaltitle = {Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction},
  shortjournal = {Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact.},
  volume = {1},
  pages = {37:1--37:23},
  abstract = {Many social media systems explicitly connect individuals (e.g., Facebook or Twitter); as a result, they are the targets of most research on social networks. However, many systems do not emphasize or support explicit linking between people (e.g., Wikipedia or Reddit), and even fewer explicitly link communities. Instead, network analysis is performed through inference on implicit connections, such as co-authorship or text similarity. Depending on how inference is done and what data drove it, different networks may emerge. While correlated structures often indicate stability, in this work we demonstrate that differences, or misalignment, between inferred networks also capture interesting behavioral patterns. For example, high-text but low-author similarity often reveals communities "at war" with each other over an issue or high-author but low-text similarity can suggest community fragmentation. Because we are able to model edge direction, we also find that asymmetry in degree (in-versus-out) co-occurs with marginalized identities (subreddits related to women, people of color, LGBTQ, etc.). In this work, we provide algorithms that can identify misaligned links, network structures and communities. We then apply these techniques to Reddit to demonstrate how these algorithms can be used to decipher inter-group dynamics in social media.},
  issue = {CSCW},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/52FT8LT8/Datta et al. - 2017 - Identifying Misaligned Inter-Group Links and Commu.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/WKCJHV6R/Datta et al. - 2017 - Identifying Misaligned Inter-Group Links and Commu.pdf}
}

@article{de_choudhury_mental_2014,
  title = {Mental Health Discourse on Reddit: Self-Disclosure, Social Support, and Anonymity},
  shorttitle = {Mental Health Discourse on Reddit},
  author = {De Choudhury, Munmun and De, Sushovan},
  date = {2014-05-16},
  journaltitle = {Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media},
  shortjournal = {ICWSM},
  volume = {8},
  number = {1},
  pages = {71--80},
  issn = {2334-0770},
  issue = {1},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {disinhibition},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/KNC2AQLL/Choudhury and De - 2014 - Mental Health Discourse on reddit Self-Disclosure.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/GE2HKJ48/14526.html}
}

@online{del_tredici_semantic_2018,
  title = {Semantic {{Variation}} in {{Online Communities}} of {{Practice}}},
  author = {Del Tredici, Marco and Fernández, Raquel},
  date = {2018-06-15},
  eprint = {1806.05847},
  eprinttype = {arxiv},
  primaryclass = {cs},
  abstract = {We introduce a framework for quantifying semantic variation of common words in Communities of Practice and in sets of topic-related communities. We show that while some meaning shifts are shared across related communities, others are community-specific, and therefore independent from the discussed topic. We propose such findings as evidence in favour of sociolinguistic theories of socially-driven semantic variation. Results are evaluated using an independent language modelling task. Furthermore, we investigate extralinguistic features and show that factors such as prominence and dissemination of words are related to semantic variation.},
  archiveprefix = {arXiv},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/E62NF57M/Del Tredici and Fernández - 2018 - Semantic Variation in Online Communities of Practi.pdf}
}

@article{dimaggio_social_2001,
  title = {Social Implications of the {{Internet}}},
  author = {DiMaggio, Paul and Hargittai, Eszter and Neuman, W. Russell and Robinson, John P.},
  date = {2001-08},
  journaltitle = {Annual Review of Sociology},
  volume = {27},
  number = {1},
  pages = {307--336},
  abstract = {The Internet is a critically important research site for sociologists testing theories of technology diffusion and media effects, particularly because it is a medium uniquely capable of integrating modes of communication and forms of content. Current research tends to focus on the Internet's implications in five domains: 1) inequality (the “digital divide”); 2) community and social capital; 3) political participation; 4) organizations and other economic institutions; and 5) cultural participation and cultural diversity. A recurrent theme across domains is that the Internet tends to complement rather than displace existing media and patterns of behavior. Thus in each domain, utopian claims and dystopic warnings based on extrapolations from technical possibilities have given way to more nuanced and circumscribed understandings of how Internet use adapts to existing patterns, permits certain innovations, and reinforces particular kinds of change. Moreover, in each domain the ultimate social implications of this new technology depend on economic, legal, and policy decisions that are shaping the Internet as it becomes institutionalized. Sociologists need to study the Internet more actively and, particularly, to synthesize research findings on individual user behavior with macroscopic analyses of institutional and political-economic factors that constrain that behavior.},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/DQUKUVBM/DiMaggio et al. - 2001 - Social implications of the internet.pdf}
}

@article{dobrev_dynamics_2001,
  title = {Dynamics of Niche Width and Resource Partitioning},
  author = {Dobrev, Stanislav D. and Kim, Tai‐Young and Hannan, Michael T.},
  date = {2001},
  journaltitle = {American Journal of Sociology},
  shortjournal = {American Journal of Sociology},
  volume = {106},
  number = {5},
  eprint = {10.1086/320821},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {1299--1337},
  issn = {0002-9602},
  abstract = {This article examines the effects of crowding in a market center on rates of change in organizational niche width and on organizational mortality. It proposes that, although firms with wide niches benefit from risk spreading and economies of scale, they are simultaneously exposed to intense competition. An analysis of organizational dynamics in automobile manufacturing firms in France, Germany, and Great Britain shows that competitive pressure not only increases the hazard of disbanding but also prompts organizational transformations that give rise to processes of resource partitioning. Emphasizing the content/process distinction in conceptualizing organizational change, the article finds that the process effect of changes in niche width and position increases mortality hazards. We discuss our findings in light of the processes investigated by the ecological theories of density dependence, resource partitioning, and structural inertia, and point to the theoretical links that help to integrate these theories.},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/7HQIXSCS/Dobrev et al. - 2001 - Dynamics of niche width and resource partitioning.pdf}
}

@inproceedings{ducheneaut_alone_2006,
  title = {"{{Alone}} Together?": Exploring the Social Dynamics of Massively Multiplayer Online Games},
  shorttitle = {"{{Alone Together}}?},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the {{SIGCHI Conference}} on {{Human Factors}} in {{Computing Systems}}},
  author = {Ducheneaut, Nicolas and Yee, Nicholas and Nickell, Eric and Moore, Robert J.},
  date = {2006},
  series = {{{CHI}} '06},
  pages = {407--416},
  publisher = {{ACM}},
  location = {{New York, NY, USA}},
  abstract = {Massively Multiplayer Online Games (MMOGs) routinely attract millions of players but little empirical data is available to assess their players' social experiences. In this paper, we use longitudinal data collected directly from the game to examine play and grouping patterns in one of the largest MMOGs: World of Warcraft. Our observations show that the prevalence and extent of social activities in MMOGs might have been previously over-estimated, and that gaming communities face important challenges affecting their cohesion and eventual longevity. We discuss the implications of our findings for the design of future games and other online social spaces.},
  isbn = {978-1-59593-372-0},
  keywords = {activity metrics,massively multiplayer online games,MUDs,Online Communities,quantitative,social dynamics},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/SXB825WY/Ducheneaut et al. - 2006 - Alone together exploring the social dynamics o.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/ZMRDXAKE/Ducheneaut et al. - 2006 - Alone Together Exploring the Social Dynamics o.pdf}
}

@article{dumais_latent_2004,
  title = {Latent Semantic Analysis},
  author = {Dumais, Susan T.},
  date = {2004},
  journaltitle = {Annual Review of Information Science and Technology},
  volume = {38},
  number = {1},
  pages = {188--230},
  issn = {1550-8382},
  langid = {english},
  annotation = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/aris.1440380105},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/FJRA3VVC/Dumais_2004_Latent semantic analysis.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/Y6WQY5QL/aris.html}
}

@article{fiesler_moving_2020,
  ids = {fiesler_moving_2020-1,fiesler_moving_2020-2},
  title = {Moving {{Across Lands}}: {{Online Platform Migration}} in {{Fandom Communities}}},
  shorttitle = {Moving {{Across Lands}}},
  author = {Fiesler, Casey and Dym, Brianna},
  date = {2020-05-28},
  journaltitle = {Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction},
  shortjournal = {Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact.},
  volume = {4},
  pages = {042:1--042:25},
  abstract = {When online platforms rise and fall, sometimes communities fade away, and sometimes they pack their bags and relocate to a new home. To explore the causes and effects of online community migration, we examine transformative fandom, a longstanding, technology-agnostic community surrounding the creation, sharing, and discussion of creative works based on existing media. For over three decades, community members have left and joined many different online spaces, from Usenet to Tumblr to platforms of their own design. Through analysis of 28 in-depth interviews and 1,886 survey responses from fandom participants, we traced these migrations, the reasons behind them, and their impact on the community. Our findings highlight catalysts for migration that provide insights into factors that contribute to success and failure of platforms, including issues surrounding policy, design, and community. Further insights into the disruptive consequences of migrations (such as social fragmentation and lost content) suggest ways that platforms might both support commitment and better support migration when it occurs.},
  issue = {CSCW1},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/ER8P5AJ2/Fiesler_Dym_2020_Moving Across Lands.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/JHDILSYU/Fiesler and Dym - 2020 - Moving Across Lands Online Platform Migration in .pdf}
}

@inproceedings{fiesler_reddit_2018,
  title = {Reddit Rules! {{Characterizing}} an Ecosystem of Governance.},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the {{AAAI International Conference}} on {{Web}} and {{Social Media}}},
  author = {Fiesler, Casey and Jiang, Jialun" Aaron" and McCann, Joshua and Frye, Kyle and Brubaker, Jed R.},
  date = {2018},
  pages = {72--81},
  publisher = {{AAAI}},
  location = {{Stanford, CA}},
  eventtitle = {{{ICWSM}}},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/34TYXTGB/Fiesler - Reddit Rules! Characterizing an Ecosystem of Gover.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/G9VFI2L7/Fiesler et al. - Reddit Rules! Characterizing an Ecosystem of Gover.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/KT7KNG3J/Fiesler et al. - 2018 - Reddit rules! Characterizing an ecosystem of gover.pdf}
}

@online{foote_how_2020,
  title = {How Individual Behaviors Drive Inequality in Online Community Sizes: An Agent-Based Simulation},
  shorttitle = {How Individual Behaviors Drive Inequality in Online Community Sizes},
  author = {Foote, Jeremy and TeBlunthuis, Nathan and Hill, Benjamin Mako and Shaw, Aaron},
  date = {2020-06-04},
  eprint = {2006.03119},
  eprinttype = {arxiv},
  primaryclass = {cs},
  abstract = {Why are online community sizes so extremely unequal? Most answers to this question have pointed to general mathematical processes drawn from physics like cumulative advantage. These explanations provide little insight into specific social dynamics or decisions that individuals make when joining and leaving communities. In addition, explanations in terms of cumulative advantage do not draw from the enormous body of social computing research that studies individual behavior. Our work bridges this divide by testing whether two influential social mechanisms used to explain community joining can also explain the distribution of community sizes. Using agent-based simulations, we evaluate how well individual-level processes of social exposure and decisions based on individual expected benefits reproduce empirical community size data from Reddit. Our simulations contribute to social computing theory by providing evidence that both processes together---but neither alone---generate realistic distributions of community sizes. Our results also illustrate the potential value of agent-based simulation to online community researchers to both evaluate and bridge individual and group-level theories.},
  archiveprefix = {arXiv},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/PMZDH4B2/Foote et al_2020_How individual behaviors drive inequality in online community sizes.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/D57HFTGF/2006.html}
}

@article{freeman_community_2006,
  ids = {freeman_community_2006-1},
  title = {Community Ecology and the Sociology of Organizations},
  author = {Freeman, John H. and Audia, Pino G.},
  date = {2006},
  journaltitle = {Annual Review of Sociology},
  shortjournal = {Annual Review of Sociology},
  volume = {32},
  eprint = {29737735},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {145--169},
  issn = {0360-0572},
  abstract = {Research on organizations is increasingly informed by analysis of community context. Community can be conceptualized as sets of relations between organizational forms or as places where organizations are located in resource space or in geography. In both modes, organizations operate interdependently with social institutions and with other units of social structure. Because such relationships channel flows of resources, opportunities are granted or withheld from social actors depending in part on their organization connections. Such considerations encourage analyses of organizations in ways that spread the relevance of results beyond organizationally defined research problem areas.},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/UT6RXR39/Freeman_Audia_2006_Community Ecology and the Sociology of Organizations.pdf}
}

@article{freeman_liability_1983,
  title = {The {{Liability}} of {{Newness}}: {{Age Dependence}} in {{Organizational Death Rates}}},
  shorttitle = {The {{Liability}} of {{Newness}}},
  author = {Freeman, John and Carroll, Glenn R. and Hannan, Michael T.},
  date = {1983},
  journaltitle = {American Sociological Review},
  shortjournal = {American Sociological Review},
  volume = {48},
  number = {5},
  eprint = {2094928},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {692--710},
  issn = {0003-1224},
  abstract = {Age dependence in organizational death rates is studied using data on three populations of organizations: national labor unions, semiconductor electronics manufacturers, and newspaper publishing companies. There is a liability of newness in each of these populations but it differs depending on whether death occurs through dissolution or by absorption through merger. Liabilities of smallness and bigness are also identified but controlling for them does not eliminate age dependence.},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/CT32HPF2/Freeman et al. - 1983 - The Liability of Newness Age Dependence in Organi.pdf}
}

@article{frey_clustering_2007,
  title = {Clustering by {{Passing Messages Between Data Points}}},
  author = {Frey, Brendan J. and Dueck, Delbert},
  date = {2007-02-16},
  journaltitle = {Science},
  volume = {315},
  number = {5814},
  eprint = {17218491},
  eprinttype = {pmid},
  pages = {972--976},
  publisher = {{American Association for the Advancement of Science}},
  issn = {0036-8075, 1095-9203},
  abstract = {Clustering data by identifying a subset of representative examples is important for processing sensory signals and detecting patterns in data. Such “exemplars” can be found by randomly choosing an initial subset of data points and then iteratively refining it, but this works well only if that initial choice is close to a good solution. We devised a method called “affinity propagation,” which takes as input measures of similarity between pairs of data points. Real-valued messages are exchanged between data points until a high-quality set of exemplars and corresponding clusters gradually emerges. We used affinity propagation to cluster images of faces, detect genes in microarray data, identify representative sentences in this manuscript, and identify cities that are efficiently accessed by airline travel. Affinity propagation found clusters with much lower error than other methods, and it did so in less than one-hundredth the amount of time. An algorithm that exchanges messages about the similarity of pairs of data points speeds identification of representative examples in a complex data set, such as genes in DNA data. An algorithm that exchanges messages about the similarity of pairs of data points speeds identification of representative examples in a complex data set, such as genes in DNA data.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/PVGJU5KN/Frey_Dueck_2007_Clustering by Passing Messages Between Data Points.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/ERM5BMQT/972.html}
}

@article{frey_emergence_2019,
  title = {Emergence of Integrated Institutions in a Large Population of Self-Governing Communities},
  author = {Frey, Seth and Sumner, Robert W.},
  date = {2019-07-11},
  journaltitle = {PLOS ONE},
  shortjournal = {PLOS ONE},
  volume = {14},
  number = {7},
  pages = {e0216335},
  publisher = {{Public Library of Science}},
  issn = {1932-6203},
  abstract = {Most aspects of our lives are governed by large, highly developed institutions that integrate several governance tasks under one authority structure. But theorists differ as to the mechanisms that drive the development of such concentrated governance systems from rudimentary beginnings. Is the emergence of integrated governance schemes a symptom of consolidation of authority by small status groups? Or does integration occur because a complex institution has more potential responses to a complex environment? Here we examine the emergence of complex governance regimes in 5,000 sovereign, resource-constrained, self-governing online communities, ranging in scale from one to thousands of users. Each community begins with no community members and no governance infrastructure. As communities grow, they are subject to selection pressures that keep better managed servers better populated. We identify predictors of community success and test the hypothesis that governance complexity can enhance community fitness. We find that what predicts success depends on size: changes in complexity predict increased success with larger population servers. Specifically, governance rules in a large successful community are more numerous and broader in scope. They also tend to rely more on rules that concentrate power in administrators, and on rules that manage bad behavior and limited server resources. Overall, this work is consistent with theories that formal integrated governance systems emerge to organize collective responses to interdependent resource management problems, especially as factors such as population size exacerbate those problems.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Community ecology,Computer software,Forests,Games,Internet,Online encyclopedias,Political theory,Resource management,Social psychology,Video games},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/AXDJPNKE/Frey and Sumner - 2019 - Emergence of integrated institutions in a large po.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/DA5HAVLH/Frey_Sumner_2019_Emergence of integrated institutions in a large population of self-governing.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/Q3FI9DBS/Frey and Sumner - 2019 - Emergence of integrated institutions in a large po.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/4B26ZMHH/article.html;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/4CRK5UUM/article.html;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/8XFADRSX/article.html}
}

@article{fulk_connective_1996,
  title = {Connective and Communal Public Goods in Interactive Communication Systems},
  author = {Fulk, Janet and Flanagin, Andrew J. and Kalman, Michael E. and Monge, Peter R. and Ryan, Timothy},
  date = {1996},
  journaltitle = {Communication Theory},
  volume = {6},
  number = {1},
  pages = {60--87},
  issn = {1468-2885},
  abstract = {This paper extends theories of public goods to interactive communication systems. Two key public communication goods are identified. Connectivity provides point-to-point communication, and communality links members through commonly held information, such as that often found in databases. These extensions are important, we argue, because communication public goods operate differently from traditional material public goods. These differences have important implications for costs, benefits, and the realization of a critical mass of users that is necessary for realization of the good. We also explore multifunctional goods that combine various features and hybrid goods that link private goods to public ones. We examine the applicability of two key assumptions of public goods theory to interactive communication systems. First, jointness of supply specifies that consumption of a public good does not diminish its availability to others. Second, impossibility of exclusion stipulates that all members of the public have access to the good. We conclude with suggestions for further theoretical development.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {mantaining public goods},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/ZJVU4TGW/Fulk et al. - 1996 - Connective and communal public goods in interactiv.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/8J5CPWLV/4259000.html}
}

@inproceedings{geiger_using_2013,
  title = {Using Edit Sessions to Measure Participation in {{Wikipedia}}},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on {{Computer}} Supported Cooperative Work},
  author = {Geiger, R. Stuart and Halfaker, Aaron},
  date = {2013},
  pages = {861--870},
  publisher = {{ACM}},
  keywords = {activity,labor,labor-hours,peer production,quantitative methods,sessions,wikipedia,work,work practices},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/6EZ7WJ4T/Geiger and Halfaker - 2013 - Using edit sessions to measure participation in Wi.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/9Z6ATSSC/cscw-sessions.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/MFHWZS8R/Geiger and Halfaker - 2013 - Using Edit Sessions to Measure Participation in Wi.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/VZ7BVKRW/citation.html}
}

@article{gelman_why_2012,
  title = {Why We (Usually) Don't Have to Worry about Multiple Comparisons},
  author = {Gelman, Andrew and Hill, Jennifer and Yajima, Masanao},
  date = {2012-04-01},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Research on Educational Effectiveness},
  volume = {5},
  number = {2},
  pages = {189--211},
  publisher = {{Routledge}},
  issn = {1934-5747},
  abstract = {Applied researchers often find themselves making statistical inferences in settings that would seem to require multiple comparisons adjustments. We challenge the Type I error paradigm that underlies these corrections. Moreover we posit that the problem of multiple comparisons can disappear entirely when viewed from a hierarchical Bayesian perspective. We propose building multilevel models in the settings where multiple comparisons arise. Multilevel models perform partial pooling (shifting estimates toward each other), whereas classical procedures typically keep the centers of intervals stationary, adjusting for multiple comparisons by making the intervals wider (or, equivalently, adjusting the p values corresponding to intervals of fixed width). Thus, multilevel models address the multiple comparisons problem and also yield more efficient estimates, especially in settings with low group-level variation, which is where multiple comparisons are a particular concern.},
  keywords = {Bayesian inference,hierarchical modeling,multiple comparisons,statistical significance,Type S error},
  annotation = {\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/19345747.2011.618213}
}

@article{gneiting_strictly_2007,
  title = {Strictly {{Proper Scoring Rules}}, {{Prediction}}, and {{Estimation}}},
  author = {Gneiting, Tilmann and Raftery, Adrian E.},
  date = {2007-03-01},
  journaltitle = {Journal of the American Statistical Association},
  volume = {102},
  number = {477},
  pages = {359--378},
  publisher = {{Taylor \& Francis}},
  issn = {0162-1459},
  abstract = {Scoring rules assess the quality of probabilistic forecasts, by assigning a numerical score based on the predictive distribution and on the event or value that materializes. A scoring rule is proper if the forecaster maximizes the expected score for an observation drawn from the distributionF if he or she issues the probabilistic forecast F, rather than G ≠ F. It is strictly proper if the maximum is unique. In prediction problems, proper scoring rules encourage the forecaster to make careful assessments and to be honest. In estimation problems, strictly proper scoring rules provide attractive loss and utility functions that can be tailored to the problem at hand. This article reviews and develops the theory of proper scoring rules on general probability spaces, and proposes and discusses examples thereof. Proper scoring rules derive from convex functions and relate to information measures, entropy functions, and Bregman divergences. In the case of categorical variables, we prove a rigorous version of the Savage representation. Examples of scoring rules for probabilistic forecasts in the form of predictive densities include the logarithmic, spherical, pseudospherical, and quadratic scores. The continuous ranked probability score applies to probabilistic forecasts that take the form of predictive cumulative distribution functions. It generalizes the absolute error and forms a special case of a new and very general type of score, the energy score. Like many other scoring rules, the energy score admits a kernel representation in terms of negative definite functions, with links to inequalities of Hoeffding type, in both univariate and multivariate settings. Proper scoring rules for quantile and interval forecasts are also discussed. We relate proper scoring rules to Bayes factors and to cross-validation, and propose a novel form of cross-validation known as random-fold cross-validation. A case study on probabilistic weather forecasts in the North American Pacific Northwest illustrates the importance of propriety. We note optimum score approaches to point and quantile estimation, and propose the intuitively appealing interval score as a utility function in interval estimation that addresses width as well as coverage.},
  keywords = {Bayes factor,Bregman divergence,Brier score,Coherent,Continuous ranked probability score,Cross-validation,Entropy,Kernel score,Loss function,Minimum contrast estimation,Negative definite function,Prediction interval,Predictive distribution,Quantile forecast,Scoring rule,Skill score,Strictly proper,Utility function},
  annotation = {\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1198/016214506000001437},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/ZDL34XF9/Gneiting_Raftery_2007_Strictly Proper Scoring Rules, Prediction, and Estimation.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/6DRGUBQI/016214506000001437.html}
}

@article{graeff_battle_2014,
  title = {The Battle for ‘{{Trayvon Martin}}’: {{Mapping}} a Media Controversy Online and off-Line},
  shorttitle = {The Battle for ‘{{Trayvon Martin}}’},
  author = {Graeff, Erhardt and Stempeck, Matt and Zuckerman, Ethan},
  date = {2014-01},
  journaltitle = {First Monday},
  volume = {19},
  number = {2},
  issn = {13960466},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {controversy mapping,media cloud,networked gatekeeping,political networks,quantitative media analysis},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/EXNM66WB/Graeff et al. - 2014 - The battle for ‘Trayvon Martin’ Mapping a media c.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/BW5KPRPA/4947.html;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/T7J9BSVG/3821.html}
}

@article{gu_competition_2007,
  ids = {gu_competition_2007-1},
  title = {Competition among Virtual Communities and User Valuation: {{The}} Case of Investing-Related Communities},
  shorttitle = {Competition {{Among Virtual Communities}} and {{User Valuation}}},
  author = {Gu, Bin and Konana, Prabhudev and Rajagopalan, Balaji and Chen, Hsuan-Wei Michelle},
  date = {2007},
  journaltitle = {Information Systems Research},
  shortjournal = {Information Systems Research},
  volume = {18},
  number = {1},
  eprint = {23211832},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {68--85},
  issn = {1047-7047},
  abstract = {Virtual communities are a significant source of information for consumers and businesses. This research examines how users value virtual communities and how virtual communities differ in their value propositions. In particular, this research examines the nature of trade-offs between information quantity and quality, and explores the sources of positive and negative externalities in virtual communities. The analyses are based on more than 500,000 postings collected from three large virtual investing-related communities (VICs) for 14 different stocks over a period of four years. The findings suggest that the VICs engage in differentiated competition as they face trade-offs between information quantity and quality. This differentiation among VICs, in turn, attracts users with different characteristics. We find both positive and negative externalities at work in virtual communities. We propose and validate that the key factor that determines the direction of network externalities is posting quality. The contributions of the study include the extension of our understanding of the virtual community evaluation by users, the exposition of competition between virtual communities, the role of network externalities in virtual communities, and the development of an algorithmic methodology to evaluate the quality (noise or signal) of textual data. The insights from the study provide useful guidance for design and management of VICs.},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/ACBCQ93N/Gu et al. - 2007 - Competition Among Virtual Communities and User Val.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/KJZXB8P6/Gu et al. - 2007 - Competition Among Virtual Communities and User Val.pdf}
}

@inproceedings{hale_cross-language_2015,
  title = {Cross-Language {{Wikipedia Editing}} of {{Okinawa}}, {{Japan}}},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 33rd {{Annual ACM Conference}} on {{Human Factors}} in {{Computing Systems}}},
  author = {Hale, Scott A.},
  date = {2015},
  series = {{{CHI}} '15},
  pages = {183--192},
  publisher = {{ACM}},
  location = {{New York, NY, USA}},
  abstract = {This article analyzes users who edit Wikipedia articles about Okinawa, Japan, in English and Japanese. It finds these users are among the most active and dedicated users in their primary languages, where they make many large, high-quality edits. However, when these users edit in their non-primary languages, they tend to make edits of a different type that are overall smaller in size and more often restricted to the narrow set of articles that exist in both languages. Design changes to motivate wider contributions from users in their non-primary languages and to encourage multilingual users to transfer more information across language divides are presented.},
  isbn = {978-1-4503-3145-6},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/WL3BSR4A/Hale - 2015 - Cross-language Wikipedia Editing of Okinawa, Japan.pdf}
}

@article{halfaker_rise_2013,
  title = {The Rise and Decline of an Open Collaboration System: How {{Wikipedia}}'s Reaction to Popularity Is Causing Its Decline},
  shorttitle = {The {{Rise}} and {{Decline}} of an {{Open Collaboration System}}},
  author = {Halfaker, Aaron and Geiger, R. Stuart and Morgan, Jonathan T. and Riedl, John},
  date = {2013-05-01},
  journaltitle = {American Behavioral Scientist},
  shortjournal = {American Behavioral Scientist},
  volume = {57},
  number = {5},
  pages = {664--688},
  issn = {0002-7642},
  abstract = {Open collaboration systems, such as Wikipedia, need to maintain a pool of volunteer contributors to remain relevant. Wikipedia was created through a tremendous number of contributions by millions of contributors. However, recent research has shown that the number of active contributors in Wikipedia has been declining steadily for years and suggests that a sharp decline in the retention of newcomers is the cause. This article presents data that show how several changes the Wikipedia community made to manage quality and consistency in the face of a massive growth in participation have ironically crippled the very growth they were designed to manage. Specifically, the restrictiveness of the encyclopedia’s primary quality control mechanism and the algorithmic tools used to reject contributions are implicated as key causes of decreased newcomer retention. Furthermore, the community’s formal mechanisms for norm articulation are shown to have calcified against changes—especially changes proposed by newer editors.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/7B7AFK58/Halfaker et al. - 2013 - The rise and decline of an open collaboration syst.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/Y9676KNV/The Rise and Decline of an Open Collaboration Syst.pdf}
}

@online{hamilton_loyalty_2017,
  title = {Loyalty in Online Communities},
  author = {Hamilton, William L. and Zhang, Justine and Danescu-Niculescu-Mizil, Cristian and Jurafsky, Dan and Leskovec, Jure},
  date = {2017-05-24},
  eprint = {1703.03386},
  eprinttype = {arxiv},
  primaryclass = {cs},
  abstract = {Loyalty is an essential component of multi-community engagement. When users have the choice to engage with a variety of different communities, they often become loyal to just one, focusing on that community at the expense of others. However, it is unclear how loyalty is manifested in user behavior, or whether loyalty is encouraged by certain community characteristics. In this paper we operationalize loyalty as a user-community relation: users loyal to a community consistently prefer it over all others; loyal communities retain their loyal users over time. By exploring this relation using a large dataset of discussion communities from Reddit, we reveal that loyalty is manifested in remarkably consistent behaviors across a wide spectrum of communities. Loyal users employ language that signals collective identity and engage with more esoteric, less popular content, indicating they may play a curational role in surfacing new material. Loyal communities have denser user-user interaction networks and lower rates of triadic closure, suggesting that community-level loyalty is associated with more cohesive interactions and less fragmentation into subgroups. We exploit these general patterns to predict future rates of loyalty. Our results show that a user's propensity to become loyal is apparent from their first interactions with a community, suggesting that some users are intrinsically loyal from the very beginning.},
  archiveprefix = {arXiv},
  keywords = {Computer Science - Computation and Language,Computer Science - Social and Information Networks},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/HQQUMCBD/Hamilton et al_2017_Loyalty in Online Communities.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/5RE84JF9/1703.html}
}

@book{hannan_organizational_1989,
  title = {Organizational Ecology},
  author = {Hannan, Michael T. and Freeman, John},
  date = {1989},
  edition = {1},
  publisher = {{Harvard University Press}},
  location = {{Cambridge, MA}}
}

@article{hannan_population_1977,
  title = {The Population Ecology of Organizations},
  author = {Hannan, Michael T. and Freeman, John},
  date = {1977},
  journaltitle = {American Journal of Sociology},
  shortjournal = {American Journal of Sociology},
  volume = {82},
  number = {5},
  eprint = {2777807},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {929--964},
  issn = {0002-9602},
  abstract = {A population ecology perspective on organization-environment relations is proposed as an alternative to the dominant adaptation perspective. The strength of inertial pressures on organizational structure suggests the application of models that depend on competition and selection in populations of organizations. Several such models as well as issues that arise in attempts to apply them to the organization-environment problem are discussed.},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/TVD48Q77/Hannan and Freeman - 1977 - The Population Ecology of Organizations.pdf}
}

@book{hawley_human_1986,
  title = {Human Ecology: A Theoretical Essay},
  shorttitle = {Human Ecology},
  author = {Hawley, Amos Henry},
  date = {1986},
  publisher = {{University of Chicago Press}},
  location = {{Chicago; London}},
  isbn = {978-0-226-31983-4 978-0-226-31984-1},
  langid = {english},
  annotation = {OCLC: 993363851}
}

@online{heaps_enforcing_2020,
  title = {Enforcing Stationarity through the Prior in Vector Autoregressions},
  author = {Heaps, Sarah E.},
  date = {2020-04-20},
  eprint = {2004.09455},
  eprinttype = {arxiv},
  primaryclass = {stat},
  abstract = {Stationarity is a very common assumption in time series analysis. A vector autoregressive (VAR) process is stationary if and only if the roots of its characteristic equation lie outside the unit circle, constraining the autoregressive coefficient matrices to lie in the stationary region. However, the stationary region has a highly complex geometry which impedes specification of a prior distribution. In this work, an unconstrained reparameterisation of a stationary VAR model is presented. The new parameters are based on partial autocorrelation matrices, which are interpretable, and can be transformed bijectively to the space of unconstrained square matrices. This transformation preserves various structural forms of the partial autocorrelation matrices and readily facilitates specification of a prior. Properties of this prior are described along with an important special case which is exchangeable with respect to the order of the elements in the observation vector. Posterior inference and computation are described and implemented using Hamiltonian Monte Carlo via Stan. The prior and inferential procedures are illustrated with an application to a macroeconomic time series which highlights the benefits of enforcing stationarity.},
  archiveprefix = {arXiv},
  version = {1},
  keywords = {_tablet,VAR},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/VNW4X7ZM/Heaps_2020_Enforcing stationarity through the prior in vector autoregressions.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/AKKHZYXS/2004.html}
}

@inproceedings{hessel_science_2016,
  ids = {hessel_science_2016-1},
  title = {Science, Askscience, and Badscience: On the Coexistence of Highly Related Communities},
  shorttitle = {Science, Askscience, and Badscience},
  booktitle = {Tenth {{International AAAI Conference}} on {{Web}} and {{Social Media}}},
  author = {Hessel, Jack and Tan, Chenhao and Lee, Lillian},
  date = {2016-03-31},
  eprint = {1612.07487},
  eprinttype = {arxiv},
  pages = {11},
  abstract = {When large social-media platforms allow users to easily formand self-organize into interest groups, highly related communities can arise. For example, the Reddit site hosts not just a group called food, but also HealthyFood, foodhacks,foodporn, and cooking, among others. Are these highly related communities created for similar classes of reasons (e.g.,to focus on a subtopic, to create a place for allegedly more “high-minded” discourse, etc.)? How do users allocate attention between such close alternatives when they are available or emerge over time? Are there different types of relations between close alternatives such as sharing many users vs. a new community drawing away members of an older one vs. a splinter group failing to cohere into a viable separate community? We investigate the interactions between highly related communities using data from reddit.com consisting of 975M posts and comments spanning an 8-year period. We identify a set of typical affixes that users adopt to create highly related communities and build a taxonomy of affixes. One interesting finding regarding users’ behavior is: after a newer community is created, for several types of highly-related community pairs, users that engage in a newer community tend to be more active in their original community than users that do not explore, even when controlling for previous level of engagement.},
  archiveprefix = {arXiv},
  eventtitle = {Tenth {{International AAAI Conference}} on {{Web}} and {{Social Media}}},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Computer Science - Social and Information Networks,Physics - Physics and Society},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/2W6YBUBD/Hessel et al_2016_Science, AskScience, and BadScience.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/4FLLXNV9/Hessel et al. - 2016 - Science, AskScience, and BadScience On the Coexis.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/WS6TW26Q/Hessel et al. - 2016 - Science, AskScience, and BadScience On the Coexis.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/3NHVFA3U/1612.html;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/DXX4CJ7T/14739.html;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/YSX2WN2J/13106.html}
}

@incollection{hill_almost_2013,
  title = {Almost {{Wikipedia}}: {{What}} Eight Early Online Collaborative Encyclopedia Projects Reveal about the Mechanisms of Collective Action.},
  booktitle = {Essays on Volunteer Mobilization in Peer Production},
  author = {Hill, Benjamin Mako},
  date = {2013},
  publisher = {{Massachusetts Institute of Technology}},
  location = {{Cambridge, Massachusetts}},
  annotation = {PhD Dissertation}
}

@incollection{hill_studying_2019,
  title = {Studying Populations of Online Communities},
  booktitle = {The {{Oxford Handbook}} of {{Networked Communication}}},
  author = {Hill, Benjamin Mako and Shaw, Aaron},
  editor = {Foucault Welles, Brooke and González-Bailón, Sandra},
  date = {2019-09},
  pages = {173--193},
  publisher = {{Oxford University Press}},
  location = {{Oxford, UK}},
  abstract = {While the large majority of published research on online communities consists of analyses conducted entirely within individual communities, this chapter argues for a population-based approach, in which researchers study groups of similar communities. For example, although there have been thousands of papers published about Wikipedia, a population-based approach might compare all wikis on a particular topic. Using examples from published empirical studies, the chapter describes five key benefits of this approach. First, it argues that population-level research increases the generalizability of findings. Next, it describes four processes and dynamics that are only possible to study using populations: community-level variables, information diffusion processes across communities, ecological dynamics, and multilevel community processes. The chapter concludes with a discussion of a series of limitations and challenges.},
  isbn = {978-0-19-046051-8},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/39ZWGGYN/Hill and Shaw - 2019 - Studying Populations of Online Communities.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/BTB3AQGV/oxfordhb-9780190460518-e-8.html}
}

@article{hirsch_sacrifice_1990-1,
  title = {Sacrifice for the {{Cause}}: {{Group Processes}}, {{Recruitment}}, and {{Commitment}} in a {{Student Social Movement}}},
  shorttitle = {Sacrifice for the {{Cause}}},
  author = {Hirsch, Eric L.},
  date = {1990},
  journaltitle = {American Sociological Review},
  volume = {55},
  number = {2},
  eprint = {2095630},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {243--254},
  issn = {0003-1224},
  abstract = {[Recruitment and commitment in protest movements are best explained by analyzing group-level political processes such as consciousness-raising, collective empowerment, polarization, and collective decision-making. Such processes increase protesters' political solidarity--their commitment to the cause and their belief in the non-institutional tactics that further that cause. Other frameworks, such as the rational choice and collective behavior approaches, are less adequate in accounting for recruitment and commitment. Rational choice perspectives neglect group processes by suggesting that decisions about whether to join or stay at a protest are based largely on isolated individual cost/benefit calculations. The collective behavior view that protests are spawned by confused and insecure individuals in situations of social unrest cannot be reconciled with the fact that most protests originate among close-knit groups of politically committed activists using carefully planned strategies and tactics. These conclusions are based on a study of the 1985 Columbia University divestment protest.]},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/3IITPEFE/Hirsch - 1990 - Sacrifice for the Cause Group Processes, Recruitm.pdf}
}

@book{hirschman_exit_1970,
  title = {Exit, {{Voice}}, and {{Loyalty}}: {{Responses}} to {{Decline}} in {{Firms}}, {{Organizations}}, and {{States}}},
  shorttitle = {Exit, {{Voice}}, and {{Loyalty}}},
  author = {Hirschman, Albert O.},
  date = {1970},
  publisher = {{Harvard University Press}},
  abstract = {An innovator in contemporary thought on economic and political development looks here at decline rather than growth. Albert O. Hirschman makes a basic distinction between alternative ways of reacting to deterioration in business firms and, in general, to dissatisfaction with organizations: one, “exit,” is for the member to quit the organization or for the customer to switch to the competing product, and the other, “voice,” is for members or customers to agitate and exert influence for change “from within.”The efficiency of the competitive mechanism, with its total reliance on exit, is questioned for certain important situations. As exit often undercuts voice while being unable to counteract decline, loyalty is seen in the function of retarding exit and of permitting voice to play its proper role.The interplay of the three concepts turns out to illuminate a wide range of economic, social, and political phenomena. As the author states in the preface, “having found my own unifying way of looking at issues as diverse as competition and the two-party system, divorce and the American character, black power and the failure of 'unhappy' top officials to resign over Vietnam, I decided to let myself go a little.”},
  isbn = {978-0-674-27660-4},
  langid = {english},
  pagetotal = {180},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/87VQQN7Z/Hirschman - 1970 - Exit, Voice, and Loyalty Responses to Decline in .pdf}
}

@online{hollister_twitter_2021,
  title = {Twitter Is Deleting {{Trump}}’s Attempts to Circumvent Ban},
  author = {Hollister, Sean},
  date = {2021-01-08T20:45:51-05:00},
  abstract = {He suggested he would build his own platform in now-deleted messages.},
  langid = {english},
  organization = {{The Verge}},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/A7QDJJ3Y/trump-tried-to-evade-his-ban-with-potus-but-those-tweets-were-instantly-deleted.html}
}

@article{iriberri_life-cycle_2009,
  title = {A Life-Cycle Perspective on Online Community Success},
  author = {Iriberri, Alicia and Leroy, Gondy},
  date = {2009-02},
  journaltitle = {ACM Computing Surveys},
  shortjournal = {ACM Comput. Surv.},
  volume = {41},
  number = {2},
  pages = {1--29},
  issn = {0360-0300, 1557-7341},
  abstract = {Using the information systems lifecycle as a unifying framework, we review online communities research and propose a sequence for incorporating success conditions during initiation and development to increase their chances of becoming a successful community, one in which members participate actively and develop lasting relationships. Online communities evolve following distinctive lifecycle stages and recommendations for success are more or less relevant depending on the developmental stage of the online community. In addition, the goal of the online community under study determines the components to include in the development of a successful online community. Online community builders and researchers will benefit from this review of the conditions that help online communities succeed.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {lifecycle,literature review,Online communities,success factors},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/3BRDSVKE/Iriberri and Leroy - 2009 - A life-cycle perspective on online community succe.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/3V8BAWQT/Iriberri and Leroy - 2009 - A life-cycle perspective on online community succe.pdf}
}

@article{ives_estimating_2003,
  title = {Estimating {{Community Stability}} and {{Ecological Interactions}} from {{Time}}-{{Series Data}}},
  author = {Ives, A. R. and Dennis, B. and Cottingham, K. L. and Carpenter, S. R.},
  date = {2003-05},
  journaltitle = {Ecological Monographs},
  shortjournal = {Ecological Monographs},
  volume = {73},
  number = {2},
  pages = {301--330},
  issn = {0012-9615},
  abstract = {Natural ecological communities are continuously buffeted by a varying environment, often making it difficult to measure the stability of communities using concepts requiring the existence of an equilibrium point. Instead of an equilibrium point, the equilibrial state of communities subject to environmental stochasticity is a stationary distribution, which is characterized by means, variances, and other statistical moments. Here, we derive three properties of stochastic multispecies communities that measure different characteristics associated with community stability. These properties can be estimated from multispecies time-series data using first-order multivariate autoregressive (MAR(1)) models. We demonstrate how to estimate the parameters of MAR(1) models and obtain confidence intervals for both parameters and the measures of stability. We also address the problem of estimation when there is observation (measurement) error. To illustrate these methods, we compare the stability of the planktonic communities in three lakes in which nutrient loading and planktivorous fish abundance were experimentally manipulated. MAR(1) models and the statistical methods we present can be used to identify dynamically important interactions between species and to test hypotheses about stability and other dynamical properties of naturally varying ecological communities. Thus, they can be used to integrate theoretical and empirical studies of community dynamics.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/S394LE96/Ives et al_2003_Estimating Community Stability and Ecological Interactions from Time-Series Data.pdf}
}

@online{jing_sameness_2019,
  ids = {jing_sameness_2019-1},
  title = {Sameness {{Attracts}}, {{Novelty Disturbs}}, but {{Outliers Flourish}} in {{Fanfiction Online}}},
  author = {Jing, Elise and DeDeo, Simon and Ahn, Yong-Yeol},
  date = {2019-04-16},
  eprint = {1904.07741},
  eprinttype = {arxiv},
  primaryclass = {cs},
  abstract = {The nature of what people enjoy is not just a central question for the creative industry, it is a driving force of cultural evolution. It is widely believed that successful cultural products balance novelty and conventionality: they provide something familiar but at least somewhat divergent from what has come before, and occupy a satisfying middle ground between "more of the same" and "too strange". We test this belief using a large dataset of over half a million works of fanfiction from the website Archive of Our Own (AO3), looking at how the recognition a work receives varies with its novelty. We quantify the novelty through a term-based language model, and a topic model, in the context of existing works within the same fandom. Contrary to the balance theory, we find that the lowest-novelty are the most popular and that popularity declines monotonically with novelty. A few exceptions can be found: extremely popular works that are among the highest novelty within the fandom. Taken together, our findings not only challenge the traditional theory of the hedonic value of novelty, they invert it: people prefer the least novel things, are repelled by the middle ground, and have an occasional enthusiasm for extreme outliers. It suggests that cultural evolution must work against inertia --- the appetite people have to continually reconsume the familiar, and may resemble a punctuated equilibrium rather than a smooth evolution.},
  archiveprefix = {arXiv},
  keywords = {cultural evolution,novelty},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/PU4D24ZW/Jing et al. - 2019 - Sameness Attracts, Novelty Disturbs, but Outliers .pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/SJNNBUWE/Jing et al_2019_Sameness Attracts, Novelty Disturbs, but Outliers Flourish in Fanfiction Online.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/ENUI7ANA/1904.html;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/HWUJ5XXT/1904.html}
}

@article{johnson_emergence_2014,
  title = {Emergence of Power Laws in Online Communities: {{The}} Role of Social Mechanisms and Preferential Attachment.},
  shorttitle = {Emergence of {{Power Laws}} in {{Online Communities}}},
  author = {Johnson, Steven L. and Faraj, Samer and Kudaravalli, Srinivas},
  date = {2014},
  journaltitle = {Management Information Systems Quarterly},
  volume = {38},
  number = {3},
  pages = {795--808},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/MPZJHWCB/Johnson et al. - 2014 - Emergence of power laws in online communities The.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/525WPBUV/10.html}
}

@article{jordan_evaluating_2019,
  title = {Evaluating {{Probabilistic Forecasts}} with {{scoringRules}}},
  author = {Jordan, Alexander and Krüger, Fabian and Lerch, Sebastian},
  date = {2019-08-21},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Statistical Software},
  volume = {90},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1--37},
  issn = {1548-7660},
  issue = {1},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {comparative evaluation,ensemble forecasts,out-of-sample evaluation,predictive distributions,proper scoring rules,R,score computation},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/4FH4NMHR/Jordan et al_2019_Evaluating Probabilistic Forecasts with scoringRules.pdf}
}

@inproceedings{kairam_life_2012,
  title = {The Life and Death of Online Groups: Predicting Group Growth and Longevity},
  shorttitle = {The Life and Death of Online Groups},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Fifth {{ACM}} International Conference on {{Web}} Search and Data Mining},
  author = {Kairam, Sanjay Ram and Wang, Dan J. and Leskovec, Jure},
  date = {2012-02-08},
  series = {{{WSDM}} '12},
  pages = {673--682},
  publisher = {{Association for Computing Machinery}},
  location = {{New York, NY, USA}},
  abstract = {We pose a fundamental question in understanding how to identify and design successful communities: What factors predict whether a community will grow and survive in the long term? Social scientists have addressed this question extensively by analyzing offline groups which endeavor to attract new members, such as social movements, finding that new individuals are influenced strongly by their ties to members of the group. As a result, prior work on the growth of communities has treated growth primarily as a diffusion processes, leading to findings about group evolution which can be difficult to explain. The proliferation of online social networks and communities, however, has created new opportunities to study, at a large scale and with very fine resolution, the mechanisms which lead to the formation, growth, and demise of online groups. In this paper, we analyze data from several thousand online social networks built on the Ning platform with the goal of understanding the factors contributing to the growth and longevity of groups within these networks. Specifically, we investigate the role that two types of growth (growth through diffusion and growth by other means) play during a group's formative stages from the perspectives of both the individual member and the group. Applying these insights to a population of groups of different ages and sizes, we build a model to classify groups which will grow rapidly over the short-term and long-term. Our model achieves over 79\% accuracy in predicting group growth over the following two months and over 78\% accuracy in predictions over the following two years. We utilize a similar approach to predict which groups will die within a year. The results of our combined analysis provide insight into how both early non-diffusion growth and a complex set of network constraints appear to contribute to the initial and continued growth and success of groups within social networks. Finally we discuss implications of this work for the design, maintenance, and analysis of online communities.},
  isbn = {978-1-4503-0747-5},
  keywords = {group formation,information diffusion,online communities,social networks},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/NS675EXH/Kairam et al_The Life and Death of Online Groups.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/QZR8T2QH/Kairam et al_2012_The life and death of online groups.pdf}
}

@book{kantz_nonlinear_2003,
  title = {Nonlinear {{Time Series Analysis}}},
  author = {Kantz, Holger and Schreiber, Thomas},
  date = {2003},
  edition = {2},
  publisher = {{Cambridge University Press}},
  location = {{Cambridge}},
  abstract = {The paradigm of deterministic chaos has influenced thinking in many fields of science. Chaotic systems show rich and surprising mathematical structures. In the applied sciences, deterministic chaos provides a striking explanation for irregular behaviour and anomalies in systems which do not seem to be inherently stochastic. The most direct link between chaos theory and the real world is the analysis of time series from real systems in terms of nonlinear dynamics. Experimental technique and data analysis have seen such dramatic progress that, by now, most fundamental properties of nonlinear dynamical systems have been observed in the laboratory. Great efforts are being made to exploit ideas from chaos theory wherever the data displays more structure than can be captured by traditional methods. Problems of this kind are typical in biology and physiology but also in geophysics, economics, and many other sciences.},
  isbn = {978-0-521-52902-0},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/BQVXZ6AD/519783E4E8A2C3DCD4641E42765309C7.html}
}

@article{katz_network_1985,
  title = {Network {{Externalities}}, {{Competition}}, and {{Compatibility}}},
  author = {Katz, Michael L. and Shapiro, Carl},
  date = {1985},
  journaltitle = {The American Economic Review},
  volume = {75},
  number = {3},
  eprint = {1814809},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {424--440},
  publisher = {{American Economic Association}},
  issn = {0002-8282},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/FPC475A5/Katz_Shapiro_1985_Network Externalities, Competition, and Compatibility.pdf}
}

@article{kiene_managing_2018,
  title = {Managing Organizational Culture in Online Group Mergers},
  author = {Kiene, Charles and Shaw, Aaron and Hill, Benjamin Mako},
  date = {2018},
  journaltitle = {Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction},
  volume = {2},
  pages = {89:1-89-21},
  issue = {CSCW},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/NV8YEK8W/Kiene et al. - 2018 - Managing organizational culture in online group me.pdf}
}

@article{kiene_technological_2019,
  title = {Technological Frames and User Innovation: Exploring Technological Change in Community Moderation Teams},
  shorttitle = {Technological Frames and User Innovation},
  author = {Kiene, Charles and Jiang, Jialun "Aaron" and Hill, Benjamin Mako},
  date = {2019-11-07},
  journaltitle = {Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction},
  shortjournal = {Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact.},
  volume = {3},
  pages = {44:1--44:23},
  abstract = {Management of technological change in organizations is one of the most enduring topics in the literature on computer-supported cooperative work. The successful navigation of technological change is both more challenging and more critical in online communities that are entirely mediated by technology than it is in traditional organizations. This paper presents an analysis of 14 in-depth interviews with moderators of subcommunities of one technological platform (Reddit) that added communities on a new technological platform (Discord). Moderation teams experienced several problems related to moderating content at scale as well as a disconnect between the affordances of Discord and their assumptions based on their experiences on Reddit. We found that moderation teams used Discord's API to create scripts and bots that augmented Discord to make the platform work more like tools on Reddit. These tools were particularly important in communities struggling with scale. Our findings suggest that increasingly widespread end user programming allow users of social computing systems to innovate and deploy solutions to unanticipated design problems by transforming new technological platforms to align with their past expectations.},
  issue = {CSCW},
  keywords = {API,bots,chat,computer-mediated communication,discord,moderation,online communities,reddit,social computing,technological change},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/E2PDCY58/Kiene et al. - 2019 - Technological frames and user innovation explorin.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/U7M6IZY4/Kiene et al. - 2019 - Technological Frames and User Innovation Explorin.pdf}
}

@article{koh_encouraging_2007,
  title = {Encouraging Participation in Virtual Communities},
  author = {Koh, Joon and Kim, Young-Gul and Butler, Brian and Bock, Gee-Woo},
  date = {2007-02-01},
  journaltitle = {Communications of the ACM},
  shortjournal = {Commun. ACM},
  volume = {50},
  number = {2},
  pages = {68--73},
  issn = {00010782},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/TP9FPWMG/Koh et al. - 2007 - Encouraging participation in virtual communities.pdf}
}

@article{krafft_disinformation_2020,
  title = {Disinformation by {{Design}}: {{The Use}} of {{Evidence Collages}} and {{Platform Filtering}} in a {{Media Manipulation Campaign}}},
  shorttitle = {Disinformation by {{Design}}},
  author = {Krafft, P. M. and Donovan, Joan},
  date = {2020-03-03},
  journaltitle = {Political Communication},
  volume = {37},
  number = {2},
  pages = {194--214},
  publisher = {{Routledge}},
  issn = {1058-4609},
  abstract = {Disinformation campaigns such as those perpetrated by far-right groups in the United States seek to erode democratic social institutions. Looking to understand these phenomena, previous models of disinformation have emphasized identity-confirmation and misleading presentation of facts to explain why such disinformation is shared. A risk of these accounts, which conjure images of echo chambers and filter bubbles, is portraying people who accept disinformation as relatively passive recipients or conduits. Here we conduct a case study of tactics of disinformation to show how platform design and decentralized communication contribute to advancing the spread of disinformation even when that disinformation is continuously and actively challenged where it appears. Contrary to a view of disinformation flowing within homogeneous echo chambers, in our case study we observe substantial skepticism against disinformation narratives as they form. To examine how disinformation spreads amidst skepticism in this case, we employ a document-driven multi-site trace ethnography to analyze a contested rumor that crossed anonymous message boards, the conservative media ecosystem, and other platforms. We identify two important factors that filtered out skepticism and contested explanations, which facilitated the transformation of this rumor into a disinformation campaign: (1) the aggregation of information into evidence collages—image files that aggregate positive evidence—and (2) platform filtering—the decontextualization of information as these claims crossed platforms. Our findings provide an elucidation of “trading up the chain” dynamics explored by previous researchers and a counterpoint to the relatively mechanistic accounts of passive disinformation propagation that dominate the quantitative literature. We conclude with a discussion of how these factors relate to the communication power available to disparate groups at different times, as well as practical implications for inferring intent from social media traces and practical implications for the design of social media platforms.},
  keywords = {4chan,Alt-right,disinformation,media manipulation,tactics},
  annotation = {\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2019.1686094},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/3EQB8KSG/Krafft_Donovan_2020_Disinformation by Design.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/MRRVEJWU/10584609.2019.html}
}

@book{kraut_building_2012,
  ids = {kraut2012building,kraut_building_2012-1},
  title = {Building Successful Online Communities: {{Evidence}}-Based Social Design},
  author = {Kraut, Robert E. and Resnick, Paul and Kiesler, Sara},
  date = {2012},
  publisher = {{MIT Press}},
  location = {{Cambridge, MA}},
  abstract = {Uses insights from social science, psychology, and economics to offer advice on planning and managing an online community.},
  isbn = {978-0-262-29831-5},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {design,foundations of social computing},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/B4XSKAVW/04-kraut10-Newcomers-current.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/CX4KDC3G/01-Resnick10-Intro-current.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/IJCEWA6L/06-Resnick10-Startup-current.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/JEWAVXHG/02-Resnick10-Intro-current.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/RIM4D9KS/05-kiesler10-Regulation-current.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/S6Z28BBS/03-Ren10-Commitment-current.pdf}
}

@inproceedings{kraut_role_2014,
  ids = {kraut_role_2014-1},
  title = {The {{Role}} of {{Founders}} in {{Building Online Groups}}},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 17th {{ACM Conference}} on {{Computer Supported Cooperative Work}} \& {{Social Computing}}},
  author = {Kraut, Robert E. and Fiore, Andrew T.},
  date = {2014},
  series = {{{CSCW}} '14},
  pages = {722--732},
  publisher = {{ACM}},
  location = {{Baltimore, Maryland, USA}},
  abstract = {As a class, online groups are popular, but many die before they become successful. This research traced the fate of 472,231 new online groups. By the end of a 3-month observation period, 57\% of the groups had died, ceasing to post new content. Founders' human and social capital before the group was formed, the decisions they made when they created the group and their behavior in the group during its first week all predicted group survival. Many of the results suggest that founders create more successful groups if they have more resources (e.g., more online friends) and opportunities for acquiring relevant skills (e.g., more experience with online groups) and are more active in their group. However, founders who are too controlling seem to present a threat their groups. Their groups are more likely to fail if they are the only group administrator, if they have ties to all group members and if they were responsible for adding all group members.},
  isbn = {978-1-4503-2540-0},
  keywords = {birth,death,facebook,founder,online groups},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/EXXNCL5Q/Kraut_Fiore_2014_The role of founders in building online groups.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/Z25RMXV6/Kraut and Fiore - 2014 - The Role of Founders in Building Online Groups.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/BPWDS3GX/citation.html}
}

@book{kropotkin_mutual_2012,
  title = {Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution},
  shorttitle = {Mutual {{Aid}}},
  author = {Kropotkin, Peter},
  date = {2012-05-02},
  origdate = {1902},
  publisher = {{Courier Corporation}},
  abstract = {In this cornerstone of modern liberal social theory, Peter Kropotkin states that the most effective human and animal communities are essentially cooperative, rather than competitive. Kropotkin based this classic on his observations of natural phenomena and history, forming a work of stunning and well-reasoned scholarship. Essential to the understanding of human evolution as well as social organization, it offers a powerful counterpoint to the tenets of Social Darwinism. It also cites persuasive evidence of human nature's innate compatibility with anarchist society."Kropotkin's basic argument is correct," noted evolutionary biologist Stephen Jay Gould. "Struggle does occur in many modes, and some lead to cooperation among members of a species as the best pathway to advantage for individuals." Anthropologist Ashley Montagu declared that "Mutual Aid will never be any more out of date than will the Declaration of Independence. New facts may increasingly become available, but we can already see that they will serve largely to support Kropotkin's conclusion that 'in the ethical progress of man, mutual support—not mutual struggle—has had the leading part.'" Physician and author Alex Comfort asserted that "Kropotkin profoundly influenced human biology by his theory of Mutual Aid. . . . He was one of the first systematic students of animal communities, and may be regarded as the founder of modern social ecology."},
  isbn = {978-0-486-12153-6},
  langid = {english},
  pagetotal = {338}
}

@article{kubiszewski_production_2010,
  title = {The Production and Allocation of Information as a Good That Is Enhanced with Increased Use},
  author = {Kubiszewski, Ida and Farley, Joshua and Costanza, Robert},
  date = {2010-04-01},
  journaltitle = {Ecological Economics},
  shortjournal = {Ecological Economics},
  series = {Special {{Section}} - {{Payments}} for {{Environmental Services}}: {{Reconciling Theory}} and {{Practice}}},
  volume = {69},
  number = {6},
  pages = {1344--1354},
  issn = {0921-8009},
  abstract = {Information has some unique characteristics. Unlike most other goods and services, it is neither rival (use by one prevents use by others) nor non-rival (use by one does not affect use by others), but is enhanced with increased use, or ‘additive’. Therefore a unique allocation system for both the production and consumption of information is needed. Under the current market-based allocation system, production of information is often limited through the exclusive rights produced by patents and copyrights. This limits scientists' ability to share and build on each other's knowledge. We break the problem down into three separate questions: (1) do markets generate the type of information most important for modern society? (2) are markets the most appropriate institution for producing that information? and (3) once information is produced, are markets the most effective way of maximizing the social value of that information? We conclude that systematic market failures make it unlikely that markets will generate the most important types of information, while the unique characteristics of information reduce the cost-effectiveness of markets in generating information and in maximizing its social value. We then discuss alternative methods that do not have these shortcomings, and that would lead to greater overall economic efficiency, social justice and ecological sustainability. These methods include monetary prizes, publicly funded research from which the produced information is released into the public domain, and status driven incentive structures like those in academia and the “open-source” community.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Allocation,Anti-rival,Copyrights,Information,Intellectual property rights,Knowledge,Market failure,Patents},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/DX84YZM7/S092180091000039X.html}
}

@inproceedings{kumar_community_2018,
  ids = {kumar_community_2018-1},
  title = {Community {{Interaction}} and {{Conflict}} on the {{Web}}},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2018 {{World Wide Web Conference}}},
  author = {Kumar, Srijan and Hamilton, William L. and Leskovec, Jure and Jurafsky, Dan},
  date = {2018-04-23},
  series = {{{WWW}} '18},
  pages = {933--943},
  publisher = {{International World Wide Web Conferences Steering Committee}},
  location = {{Lyon, France}},
  abstract = {Users organize themselves into communities on web platforms. These communities can interact with one another, often leading to conflicts and toxic interactions. However, little is known about the mechanisms of interactions between communities and how they impact users. Here we study intercommunity interactions across 36,000 communities on Reddit, examining cases where users of one community are mobilized by negative sentiment to comment in another community. We show that such conflicts tend to be initiated by a handful of communities---less than 1\% of communities start 74\% of conflicts. While conflicts tend to be initiated by highly active community members, they are carried out by significantly less active members. We find that conflicts are marked by formation of echo chambers, where users primarily talk to other users from their own community. In the long-term, conflicts have adverse effects and reduce the overall activity of users in the targeted communities. Our analysis of user interactions also suggests strategies for mitigating the negative impact of conflicts---such as increasing direct engagement between attackers and defenders. Further, we accurately predict whether a conflict will occur by creating a novel LSTM model that combines graph embeddings, user, community, and text features. This model can be used to create an early-warning system for community moderators to prevent conflicts. Altogether, this work presents a data-driven view of community interactions and conflict, and paves the way towards healthier online communities.},
  isbn = {978-1-4503-5639-8},
  keywords = {antisocial behavior,community,conflict,interaction,intercommunity,society,web},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/3R7J48EQ/Kumar et al_2018_Community Interaction and Conflict on the Web.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/FPJ44933/Kumar et al. - 2018 - Community Interaction and Conflict on the Web.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/U6GYGZDS/Kumar_et_al-2018-Community_interaction_conflict-WWW.pdf}
}

@inproceedings{lanzara_knowledge_2003,
  title = {The Knowledge Ecology of Open-Source Software Projects},
  booktitle = {19th {{EGOS Colloquium}}, {{Copenhagen}}},
  author = {Lanzara, Giovan Francesco and Morner, Michele and others},
  date = {2003},
  annotation = {00082},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/MY6MJGIC/Lanzara et al_2003_The knowledge ecology of open-source software projects.pdf}
}

@book{lave_situated_1991,
  title = {Situated Learning: {{Legitimate}} Peripheral Participation},
  shorttitle = {Situated {{Learning}}},
  author = {Lave, Jean and Wenger, Etienne},
  date = {1991},
  publisher = {{Cambridge University Press}},
  location = {{Cambridge, UK}},
  abstract = {In this important theoretical treatise, Jean Lave, anthropologist, and Etienne Wenger, computer scientist, push forward the notion of situated learning–that learning is fundamentally a social process and not solely in the learner's head. The authors maintain that learning viewed as situated activity has as its central defining characteristic a process they call legitimate peripheral participation. Learners participate in communities of practitioners, moving toward full participation in the sociocultural practices of a community. Legitimate peripheral participation provides a way to speak about crucial relations between newcomers and oldtimers and about their activities, identities, artifacts, knowledge and practice. The communities discussed in the book are midwives, tailors, quartermasters, butchers, and recovering alcoholics, however, the process by which participants in those communities learn can be generalized to other social groups.},
  isbn = {978-0-521-42374-8},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Education / Educational Psychology,Psychology / Cognitive Psychology & Cognition,Psychology / Developmental / General,Psychology / General,Psychology / Personality}
}

@inproceedings{ludford_think_2004,
  title = {Think {{Different}}: {{Increasing Online Community Participation Using Uniqueness}} and {{Group Dissimilarity}}},
  shorttitle = {Think {{Different}}},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the {{SIGCHI Conference}} on {{Human Factors}} in {{Computing Systems}}},
  author = {Ludford, Pamela J. and Cosley, Dan and Frankowski, Dan and Terveen, Loren},
  date = {2004},
  series = {{{CHI}} '04},
  pages = {631--638},
  publisher = {{ACM}},
  location = {{New York, NY, USA}},
  abstract = {Online communities can help people form productive relationships. Unfortunately, this potential is not always fulfilled: many communities fail, and designers don't have a solid understanding of why. We know community activity begets activity. The trick, however, is to inspire participation in the first place. Social theories suggest methods to spark positive community participation. We carried out a field experiment that tested two such theories. We formed discussion communities around an existing movie recommendation web site, manipulating two factors: (1) similarity-we controlled how similar group members' movie ratings were; and (2) uniqueness-we told members how their movie ratings (with respect to a discussion topic) were unique within the group. Both factors positively influenced participation. The results offer a practical success story in applying social science theory to the design of online communities.},
  isbn = {978-1-58113-702-6},
  venue = {Vienna, Austria},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/94P38A6I/Ludford et al. - 2004 - Think Different Increasing Online Community Parti.pdf}
}

@book{manning_introduction_2018,
  title = {Introduction to Information Retrieval},
  author = {Manning, Christopher D and Raghavan, Prabhakar and Schütze, Hinrich and {Cambridge University Press}},
  date = {2018},
  publisher = {{Cambridge University Press}},
  location = {{Cambridge}},
  isbn = {978-0-521-86571-5},
  langid = {english},
  annotation = {OCLC: 1077323048}
}

@article{margolin_normative_2012,
  title = {Normative {{Influences}} on {{Network Structure}} in the {{Evolution}} of the {{Children}}’s {{Rights NGO Network}}, 1977-2004:},
  shorttitle = {Normative {{Influences}} on {{Network Structure}} in the {{Evolution}} of the {{Children}}’s {{Rights NGO Network}}, 1977-2004},
  author = {Margolin, Drew B. and Shen, Cuihua and Lee, Seungyoon and Weber, Matthew S. and Fulk, Janet and Monge, Peter},
  date = {2012-10-23},
  journaltitle = {Communication Research},
  abstract = {This study examines the impact of legitimacy on the dynamics of interorganizational networks within the nongovernmental organizations’ children’s rights communi...},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {codification,community ecology,evolution,network evolution,NGOs,norms,SIENA},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/295X7HRD/Margolin et al_2012_Normative Influences on Network Structure in the Evolution of the Children’s.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/T494X64A/0093650212463731.html}
}

@article{mcinnes_hdbscan_2017,
  title = {Hdbscan: {{Hierarchical}} Density Based Clustering},
  shorttitle = {Hdbscan},
  author = {McInnes, Leland and Healy, John and Astels, Steve},
  date = {2017-03-21},
  journaltitle = {The Journal of Open Source Software},
  shortjournal = {JOSS},
  volume = {2},
  number = {11},
  pages = {205},
  issn = {2475-9066},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/6B488I3N/McInnes et al. - 2017 - hdbscan Hierarchical density based clustering.pdf}
}

@inproceedings{mcmahon_substantial_2017,
  title = {The Substantial Interdependence of {{Wikipedia}} and {{Google}}: {{A}} Case Study on the Relationship between Peer Production Communities and Information Technologies},
  shorttitle = {The {{Substantial Interdependence}} of {{Wikipedia}} and {{Google}}},
  booktitle = {International {{AAAI Conference}} on {{Web}} and {{Social Media}} ({{ICWSM}} 2017)},
  author = {McMahon, Connor and Johnson, Isaac L. and Hecht, Brent J.},
  date = {2017},
  pages = {142--151},
  publisher = {{AAAI}},
  location = {{Palo Alto, California}},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/6TX35RFQ/McMahon et al. - 2017 - The substantial interdependence of Wikipedia and G.pdf}
}

@article{mcpherson_ecology_1983,
  title = {An Ecology of Affiliation},
  author = {McPherson, J. Miller},
  date = {1983},
  journaltitle = {American Sociological Review},
  shortjournal = {American Sociological Review},
  volume = {48},
  number = {4},
  eprint = {2117719},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {519--532},
  issn = {0003-1224},
  abstract = {This paper develops an ecological model of the competition of social organizations for members. The concept of the ecological niche is quantified explicitly in a way which ties together geography, time, and the social composition of organizations. A differential equation model analogous to the Lotka-Volterra competition equations in biology captures the dynamics of the system. This dynamic model is related to the niche concept in a novel way, which produces an easily understood and powerful picture of the static and dynamic structure of the community. This new perspective provides a theoretical link between the aggregate macrostructural theory of Blau (1977a,b) and the microstructural dynamics of organizational demography (Pfeffer, 1983). The model is tested with data on organizations from a midwestern city.},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/WIDCF8XB/McPherson - 1983 - An ecology of affiliation.pdf}
}

@article{mcpherson_testing_1996,
  title = {Testing a {{Dynamic Model}} of {{Social Composition}}: {{Diversity}} and {{Change}} in {{Voluntary Groups}}},
  shorttitle = {Testing a {{Dynamic Model}} of {{Social Composition}}},
  author = {McPherson, J. Miller and Rotolo, Thomas},
  date = {1996},
  journaltitle = {American Sociological Review},
  volume = {61},
  number = {2},
  eprint = {2096330},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {179--202},
  issn = {0003-1224},
  abstract = {[We test a dynamic model of the social composition of voluntary groups. The model is based on the idea that sociodemographic variables define social niches in which voluntary groups grow and decline, share and compete, and change or remain static. The flow of individuals through such groups depends on the competition of other groups for their time and other resources. We build a dynamic model of this process and show how this model can account for changes in the social composition and the social heterogeneity of voluntary groups. We use life history data on the group affiliations of 1,050 individuals from 1974 to 1989 to test hypotheses about the diversity of education among group members and about the mean level of education of the members. Our data strongly support the hypotheses.]},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/KCQZTDG3/McPherson and Rotolo - 1996 - Testing a Dynamic Model of Social Composition Div.pdf}
}

@article{menge_competition_1972,
  title = {Competition for {{Food}} between {{Two Intertidal Starfish Species}} and Its {{Effect}} on {{Body Size}} and {{Feeding}}},
  author = {Menge, Bruce A.},
  date = {1972-07-01},
  journaltitle = {Ecology},
  volume = {53},
  number = {4},
  pages = {635--644},
  issn = {1939-9170},
  abstract = {Two predaceous intertidal starfish that overlap broadly with respect to food, space, and time were found to compete for a limited food supply in the San Juan Islands, Washington State. The experiment involved complete removal of a larger (up to 600 g average wet weight) starfish (Pisaster ochraceus) from a small island—reef and addition of them to a second island—reef while a third reef served as a control. In response to Pisaster removal, the mean individual wet weight of the smaller (maximum size = 45 g wet weight) asteroid (Leptasterias hexactis) increased significantly in 15 months. Addition of Pisaster resulted in a significant decrease in Leptasterias size; no change in average Leptasterias size was observed on the control reef. A highly significant inverse correlation between the estimated biomass densities (wet weight/m2) of the two species at 10 areas suggests that competition is widespread and that the species are generally in competitive equilibrium. A major consequence of the small size of Leptasterias is an apparent inability to capture larger prey. Coexistence seems based upon "specialization" by each predator on different—sized prey. Evidently, reduced competition stress results in an increase in Leptsterias's community role as a predator. Conversely, when competition is severe, the community role of Leptasterias appears unimportant.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/45XBILMY/Menge_1972_Competition for Food between Two Intertidal Starfish Species and its Effect on.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/KGMIJVUZ/Menge - 1972 - Competition for Food between Two Intertidal Starfi.html}
}

@article{monge_communication_2008,
  title = {Communication Network Evolution in Organizational Communities},
  author = {Monge, Peter R. and Heiss, Bettina M. and Margolin, Drew B.},
  date = {2008-11-01},
  journaltitle = {Communication Theory},
  volume = {18},
  number = {4},
  pages = {449--477},
  issn = {1468-2885},
  abstract = {Organizational communities are typically defined as populations of organizations that are tied together by networks of communication and other relations in overlapping resource niches. Traditionally, evolutionary theorists and researchers have examined organizational populations that comprise organizational communities by focusing on their properties rather than on the networks that link them. However, a full understanding of the evolution of organizational communities requires insight into both organizations and their networks. Consequently, this article presents a variety of conceptual tools for applying evolutionary theory to organizations, organizational communities, and their networks, including the notions of relational carrying capacity and linkage fitness. It illustrates evolutionary principles, such as variation, selection, and retention, that lead to the formation, growth, maintenance, and eventual demise of communication and other network linkages. This perspective allows us to understand the ways in which community survival and success are as dependent on their communication linkages as they are on the organizations they connect. The article concludes with suggestions for potential applications of evolutionary theory to other areas of human communication.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/EX9I2ZQ7/Monge et al. - 2008 - Communication network evolution in organizational .pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/CGNEW4L6/abstract.html}
}

@article{monge_evolution_2008,
  ids = {monge_evolution_2008-1},
  title = {The Evolution of Organizational Communication},
  author = {Monge, Peter and Poole, Marshall Scott},
  date = {2008-12-01},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Communication},
  shortjournal = {J Commun},
  volume = {58},
  number = {4},
  pages = {679--692},
  issn = {0021-9916},
  abstract = {Organizational communication, by its very definition, constitutes an intersection, one that exists between the study of human communication and the study of hum},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/AXJW4Y2U/Monge Poole - 2008 - The Evolution of Organizational Communication.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/CIRHK5AY/Monge and Poole - 2008 - The evolution of organizational communication.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/6S8MJ277/4098380.html;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/ZSAC9PZZ/abstract.html}
}

@article{monge_evolutionary_2011,
  title = {Evolutionary and Ecological Models for Organizational Communication},
  author = {Monge, Peter R. and Lee, Seungyoon and Fulk, Janet and Frank, Lauren B. and Margolin, Drew and Schultz, Courtney and Shen, Cuihua and Weber, Matthew},
  date = {2011},
  journaltitle = {Advancing research in organizational communication through qualitative methodology, Management Communication Quarterly},
  volume = {25},
  number = {1},
  pages = {26--34}
}

@book{nardi_information_1999,
  title = {Information {{Ecologies}} : Using Technology with Heart},
  author = {Nardi, Bonnie A. and O'Day, Vicki L.},
  date = {1999},
  publisher = {{The MIT Press}},
  location = {{Cambridge, Massachusetts}},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/EFBVQ3YV/Nardi and O'Day - 2000 - Information ecologies using technology with heart.pdf}
}

@article{newell_user_nodate,
  title = {User {{Migration}} in {{Online Social Networks}}: {{A Case Study}} on {{Reddit During}} a {{Period}} of {{Community Unrest}}},
  author = {Newell, Edward and Jurgens, David and Saleem, Haji Mohammad and Vala, Hardik and Sassine, Jad and Armstrong, Caitrin and Ruths, Derek},
  pages = {10},
  abstract = {Platforms like Reddit have attracted large and vibrant communities, but the individuals in those communities are free to migrate to other platforms at any time. History has borne this out with the mass migration from Slashdot to Digg. The underlying motivations of individuals who migrate between platforms, and the conditions that favor migration online are not well-understood. We examine Reddit during a period of community unrest affecting millions of users in the summer of 2015, and analyze large-scale changes in user behavior and migration patterns to Reddit-like alternative platforms. Using self-reported statements from user comments, surveys, and a computational analysis of the activity of users with accounts on multiple platforms, we identify the primary motivations driving user migration. While a notable number of Reddit users left for other platforms, we found that an important pull factor that enabled Reddit to retain users was its long tail of niche content. Other platforms may reach critical mass to support popular or “mainstream” topics, but Reddit’s large userbase provides a key advantage in supporting niche topics.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/YM2YE9P9/Newell et al. - User Migration in Online Social Networks A Case S.pdf}
}

@article{novak_characterizing_2016,
  title = {Characterizing {{Species Interactions}} to {{Understand Press Perturbations}}: {{What Is}} the {{Community Matrix}}?},
  shorttitle = {Characterizing {{Species Interactions}} to {{Understand Press Perturbations}}},
  author = {Novak, Mark and Yeakel, Justin D. and Noble, Andrew E. and Doak, Daniel F. and Emmerson, Mark and Estes, James A. and Jacob, Ute and Tinker, M. Timothy and Wootton, J. Timothy},
  date = {2016},
  journaltitle = {Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics},
  volume = {47},
  number = {1},
  pages = {409--432},
  abstract = {The community matrix is among ecology's most important mathematical abstractions, formally encapsulating the interconnected network of effects that species have on one another's populations. Despite its importance, the term “community matrix” has been applied to multiple types of matrices that have differing interpretations. This has hindered the application of theory for understanding community structure and perturbation responses. Here, we clarify the correspondence and distinctions among the Interaction matrix, the Alpha matrix, and the Jacobian matrix, terms that are frequently used interchangeably as well as synonymously with the term “community matrix.” We illustrate how these matrices correspond to different ways of characterizing interaction strengths, how they permit insights regarding different types of press perturbations, and how these are related by a simple scaling relationship. Connections to additional interaction strength characterizations encapsulated by the Beta matrix, the Gamma matrix, and the Removal matrix are also discussed. Our synthesis highlights the empirical challenges that remain in using these tools to understand actual communities.},
  annotation = {\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-032416-010215},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/5JMM6PUA/Novak et al_2016_Characterizing Species Interactions to Understand Press Perturbations.pdf}
}

@incollection{ostrom_public_1977,
  title = {Public Goods and Public Choices},
  booktitle = {Alternatives {{For Delivering Public Services}}: {{Toward Improved Performance}}},
  author = {Ostrom, Vincent and Ostrom, Elinor},
  editor = {Savas, Emanuel S.},
  date = {1977},
  pages = {7--49},
  publisher = {{Westview Press}},
  location = {{Boulder, CO}}
}

@article{park_human_1936,
  title = {Human {{Ecology}}},
  author = {Park, Robert Ezra},
  date = {1936-07-01},
  journaltitle = {American Journal of Sociology},
  shortjournal = {American Journal of Sociology},
  volume = {42},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1--15},
  issn = {0002-9602},
  abstract = {Human ecology is an attempt to apply to the interrelations of human beings a type of analysis previously applied to the interrelations of plants and animals. The term "symbiosis" describes a type of social relationship that is biotic rather than cultural. This biotic social order comes into existence and is maintained by competition. In plant and animal societies competition is unrestricted by an institutional or moral order. Human society is a consequence and effect of this limitation of the symbiotic social order by the cultural. Different social sciences are concerned with the forms which this limitation of the natural or ecological social order assumes on (1) the economic, (2) the political, and (3) the moral level.},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/CBVGR8RU/Park - 1936 - Human Ecology.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/UKMY6VUE/217327.html}
}

@article{pedregosa_scikit-learn:_2011,
  ids = {pedregosa_scikit-learn_2011},
  title = {Scikit-Learn: {{Machine}} Learning in Python},
  shorttitle = {Scikit-Learn},
  author = {Pedregosa, Fabian and Varoquaux, Gaël and Gramfort, Alexandre and Michel, Vincent and Thirion, Bertrand and Grisel, Olivier and Blondel, Mathieu and Prettenhofer, Peter and Weiss, Ron and Dubourg, Vincent and Vanderplas, Jake and Passos, Alexandre and Cournapeau, David and Brucher, Matthieu and Perrot, Matthieu and Duchesnay, Édouard},
  date = {2011-10},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Machine Learning Research},
  volume = {12},
  number = {85},
  pages = {2825--2830},
  abstract = {Scikit-learn is a Python module integrating a wide range of state-of-the-art machine learning algorithms for medium-scale supervised and unsupervised problems. This package focuses on bringing machine learning to non-specialists using a general-purpose high-level language.  Emphasis is put on ease of use, performance, documentation, and API consistency.  It has minimal dependencies and is distributed under the simplified BSD license, encouraging its use in both academic and commercial settings.  Source code, binaries, and documentation can be downloaded from http://scikit-learn.sourceforge.net.},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/4TQWE3MC/Pedregosa et al_2011_Scikit-learn.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/6XS2PM2P/Pedregosa et al. - 2011 - Scikit-learn Machine Learning in Python.pdf}
}

@article{pfaff_var_2008,
  title = {{{VAR}}, {{SVAR}} and {{SVEC Models}}: {{Implementation Within R Package}} Vars},
  shorttitle = {{{VAR}}, {{SVAR}} and {{SVEC Models}}},
  author = {Pfaff, Bernhard},
  date = {2008-07-29},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Statistical Software},
  volume = {27},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1--32},
  issn = {1548-7660},
  issue = {1},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/RH6KYQN4/Pfaff_2008_VAR, SVAR and SVEC Models.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/TV4UBIR4/v027i04.html}
}

@article{piantadosi_ecological_1988,
  title = {The Ecological Fallacy},
  author = {Piantadosi, Steven and Byar, David P and Green, Sylvan B},
  date = {1988},
  journaltitle = {American Journal of Epidemiology},
  volume = {127},
  pages = {893--904},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/2UZWZ4L5/Piantadosi et al. - THE ECOLOGICAL FALLACY.pdf}
}

@article{pontikes_ecology_2014,
  title = {An {{Ecology}} of {{Social Categories}}},
  author = {Pontikes, Elizabeth and Hannan, Michael},
  date = {2014},
  journaltitle = {Sociological Science},
  volume = {1},
  pages = {311--343},
  issn = {23306696},
  abstract = {This article proposes that meaningful social classification emerges from an ecological dynamic that operates in two planes: feature space and label space. It takes a dynamic view of classification, allowing objects’ movements in both spaces to change the meaning of social categories. The first part of the theory argues that agents assign labels to objects based on perceptions of their similarities to existing members of a category. The second part of the theory shows that an object’s perceived similarity to members of other categories reduces its typicality in a focal category. This means that for categories with a high degree of overlap with other categories in label space (lenient categories), the link between feature-based similarities and labeling weakens. The findings suggest that social classification will likely evolve to contain both constraining and lenient categories. The theory implies that this process is self-reinforcing, so that constraining categories become more constraining, whereas lenient categories become more lenient.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/XPRTHWKT/Pontikes and Hannan - 2014 - An Ecology of Social Categories.pdf}
}

@article{powell_network_2005,
  title = {Network {{Dynamics}} and {{Field Evolution}}: {{The Growth}} of {{Interorganizational Collaboration}} in the {{Life Sciences}}},
  shorttitle = {Network {{Dynamics}} and {{Field Evolution}}},
  author = {Powell, Walter W. and White, Douglas R. and Koput, Kenneth W. and Owen‐Smith, Jason},
  date = {2005-01-01},
  journaltitle = {American Journal of Sociology},
  shortjournal = {American Journal of Sociology},
  volume = {110},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1132--1205},
  issn = {0002-9602},
  abstract = {A recursive analysis of network and institutional evolution is offered to account for the decentralized structure of the commercial field of the life sciences. Four alternative logics of attachment—accumulative advantage, homophily, follow‐the‐trend, and multiconnectivity—are tested to explain the structure and dynamics of interorganizational collaboration in biotechnology. Using multiple novel methods, the authors demonstrate how different rules for affiliation shape network evolution. Commercialization strategies pursued by early corporate entrants are supplanted by universities, research institutes, venture capital, and small firms. As organizations increase their collaborative activities and diversify their ties to others, cohesive subnetworks form, characterized by multiple, independent pathways. These structural components, in turn, condition the choices and opportunities available to members of a field, thereby reinforcing an attachment logic based on differential connections to diverse partners.},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/EF4XB53L/Powell et al. - 2005 - Network Dynamics and Field Evolution The Growth o.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/LHDCZSJ8/Powell et al. - 2005 - Network Dynamics and Field Evolution The Growth o.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/DMFDV96J/421508.html;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/IA9J8P9S/421508.html}
}

@article{ransbotham_membership_2011,
  title = {Membership Turnover and Collaboration Success in Online Communities: {{Explaining}} Rises and Falls from Grace in {{Wikipedia}}},
  shorttitle = {Membership Turnover and Collaboration Success in Online Communities},
  author = {Ransbotham, Sam and Kane, Gerald C.},
  date = {2011},
  journaltitle = {MIS Quarterly},
  volume = {35},
  number = {3},
  pages = {613},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/76S4J3K6/8.html}
}

@incollection{resnick_starting_2012,
  title = {Starting New Online Communities},
  booktitle = {Building Successful Online Communities: {{Evidence}}-Based Social Design},
  author = {Resnick, Paul and Konstan, Joseph and Chen, Yan and Kraut, Robert E},
  date = {2012},
  pages = {231--280},
  publisher = {{MIT Press}},
  location = {{Cambridge, MA}},
  isbn = {978-0-262-29831-5},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/GFUVQWNN/06-Resnick10-Startup-current.pdf}
}

@article{robinson_ecological_1950,
  title = {Ecological {{Correlations}} and the {{Behavior}} of {{Individuals}}},
  author = {Robinson, W. S.},
  date = {1950},
  journaltitle = {American Sociological Review},
  volume = {15},
  number = {3},
  eprint = {2087176},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {351--357},
  publisher = {{[American Sociological Association, Sage Publications, Inc.]}},
  issn = {0003-1224},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/8SXZCILH/Robinson_1950_Ecological Correlations and the Behavior of Individuals.pdf}
}

@article{romer_endogenous_1990,
  ids = {romer_endogenous_nodate},
  title = {Endogenous {{Technological Change}}},
  author = {Romer, Paul M.},
  date = {1990-10-01},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Political Economy},
  shortjournal = {Journal of Political Economy},
  volume = {98},
  pages = {S71-S102},
  publisher = {{The University of Chicago Press}},
  issn = {0022-3808},
  abstract = {Growth in this model is driven by technological change that arises from intentional investment decisions made by profit-maximizing agents. The distinguishing feature of the technology as an input is that it is neither a conventional good nor a public good; it is a nonrival, partially excludable good. Because of the nonconvexity introduced by a nonrival good, price-taking competition cannot be supported. Instead, the equilibrium is one with monopolistic competition. The main conclusions are that the stock of human capital determines the rate of growth, that too little human capital is devoted to research in equilibrium, that integration into world markets will increase growth rates, and that having a large population is not sufficient to generate growth.},
  issue = {5, Part 2},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/7P2Z89NB/Romer - Endogenous Technological Change.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/LWDU35L4/Romer_1990_Endogenous Technological Change.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/ZGZ7ARQX/261725.html}
}

@article{roughgarden_competition_1983,
  title = {Competition and {{Theory}} in {{Community Ecology}}},
  author = {Roughgarden, Jonathan},
  date = {1983-11-01},
  journaltitle = {The American Naturalist},
  shortjournal = {The American Naturalist},
  volume = {122},
  number = {5},
  pages = {583--601},
  publisher = {{The University of Chicago Press}},
  issn = {0003-0147},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/GTX2ZMUV/Roughgarden_1983_Competition and Theory in Community Ecology.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/KW74SQ2C/284160.html}
}

@article{rousseeuw_silhouettes_1987,
  title = {Silhouettes: {{A}} Graphical Aid to the Interpretation and Validation of Cluster Analysis},
  shorttitle = {Silhouettes},
  author = {Rousseeuw, Peter J.},
  date = {1987-11-01},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics},
  shortjournal = {Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics},
  volume = {20},
  pages = {53--65},
  issn = {0377-0427},
  abstract = {A new graphical display is proposed for partitioning techniques. Each cluster is represented by a so-called silhouette, which is based on the comparison of its tightness and separation. This silhouette shows which objects lie well within their cluster, and which ones are merely somewhere in between clusters. The entire clustering is displayed by combining the silhouettes into a single plot, allowing an appreciation of the relative quality of the clusters and an overview of the data configuration. The average silhouette width provides an evaluation of clustering validity, and might be used to select an ‘appropriate’ number of clusters.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {classification,cluster analysis,clustering validity,Graphical display},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/FP4RLR43/Rousseeuw_1987_Silhouettes.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/SPBGRW8Q/0377042787901257.html}
}

@article{ruef_credit_2009,
  title = {Credit and {{Classification}}: {{The Impact}} of {{Industry Boundaries}} in {{Nineteenth}}-{{Century America}}},
  shorttitle = {Credit and {{Classification}}},
  author = {Ruef, Martin and Patterson, Kelly},
  date = {2009-09-01},
  journaltitle = {Administrative Science Quarterly},
  shortjournal = {Administrative Science Quarterly},
  volume = {54},
  number = {3},
  pages = {486--520},
  issn = {0001-8392},
  abstract = {In this article, we examine how issues of multi-category membership (hybridity) were handled during the evolution of one of the first general systems of industrial classification in the United States, the credit rating schema of R. G. Dun and Company. Drawing on a repeated cross-sectional study of credit evaluations during the postbellum period (1870–1900), our empirical analyses suggest that organizational membership in multiple categories need not be problematic when classification systems themselves are emergent or in flux and when organizations avoid rare combinations or identities involving ambiguous components. As Dun's schema became institutionalized, boundaries between industries were more clearly defined and boundary violations became subject to increased attention and penalty by credit reporters. Our perspective highlights the utility of an evolutionary perspective and tests its implications for the salience of distinct mechanisms of hybridity.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/6P8JPZX3/Ruef and Patterson - 2009 - Credit and Classification The Impact of Industry .pdf}
}

@article{ruef_emergence_2000,
  title = {The Emergence of Organizational Forms: {{A}} Community Ecology Approach},
  shorttitle = {The {{Emergence}} of {{Organizational Forms}}},
  author = {Ruef, Martin},
  date = {2000-11-01},
  journaltitle = {American Journal of Sociology},
  volume = {106},
  number = {3},
  pages = {658--714},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/X6KXYEI5/Ruef - 2000 - The Emergence of Organizational Forms A Community.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/NHGAJDIR/318963.html}
}

@book{sayama_introduction_2015,
  title = {Introduction to the {{Modeling}} and {{Analysis}} of {{Complex Systems}}},
  author = {Sayama, Hiroki},
  date = {2015},
  publisher = {{Open SUNY Textbooks, Milne Library}},
  location = {{Geneseo, NY}},
  isbn = {978-1-942341-09-3},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/PYSMX3D8/Sayama - Introduction to the Modeling and Analysis of Compl.pdf}
}

@article{schoener_resource_1974,
  title = {Resource {{Partitioning}} in {{Ecological Communities}}},
  author = {Schoener, Thomas W.},
  date = {1974},
  journaltitle = {Science},
  volume = {185},
  number = {4145},
  eprint = {1738612},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {27--39},
  issn = {0036-8075},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/R86IDGJN/1738612.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/U4UCJ2BT/Schoener - 1974 - Resource Partitioning in Ecological Communities.pdf}
}

@book{schweik_internet_2012,
  title = {Internet Success: {{A}} Study of Open-Source Software Commons},
  shorttitle = {Internet Success},
  author = {Schweik, Charles M. and English, Robert C.},
  date = {2012},
  publisher = {{MIT Press}},
  location = {{Cambridge, MA}},
  isbn = {978-0-262-01725-1},
  pagetotal = {351}
}

@article{shaw_laboratories_2014,
  title = {Laboratories of Oligarchy? {{How}} the Iron Law Extends to Peer Production},
  shorttitle = {Laboratories of {{Oligarchy}}?},
  author = {Shaw, Aaron and Hill, Benjamin Mako},
  date = {2014},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Communication},
  shortjournal = {J Commun},
  volume = {64},
  number = {2},
  pages = {215--238},
  issn = {1460-2466},
  abstract = {Peer production projects like Wikipedia have inspired voluntary associations, collectives, social movements, and scholars to embrace open online collaboration as a model of democratic organization. However, many peer production projects exhibit entrenched leadership and deep inequalities, suggesting that they may not fulfill democratic ideals. Instead, peer production projects may conform to Robert Michels' “iron law of oligarchy,” which proposes that democratic membership organizations become increasingly oligarchic as they grow. Using exhaustive data of internal processes from a sample of 683 wikis, we construct empirical measures of participation and test for increases in oligarchy associated with growth  in wikis' contributor bases. In contrast to previous studies, we find support for Michels' iron law and conclude that peer production entails oligarchic organizational forms.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/GIII687R/Shaw and Hill - 2014 - Laboratories of oligarchy How the iron law extend.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/W3846GC6/full.html}
}

@article{shaw_pipeline_2018,
  title = {The {{Pipeline}} of {{Online Participation Inequalities}}: {{The Case}} of {{Wikipedia Editing}}},
  shorttitle = {The {{Pipeline}} of {{Online Participation Inequalities}}},
  author = {Shaw, Aaron and Hargittai, Eszter},
  date = {2018-02-01},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Communication},
  shortjournal = {Journal of Communication},
  volume = {68},
  number = {1},
  pages = {143--168},
  issn = {0021-9916},
  abstract = {Digital inequalities undermine the democratizing potential of the Internet. While many people engage in public discourse through participatory media, knowledge gaps limit engagement in the networked public sphere. Participatory web platforms have unique potential to facilitate a more equitable production of knowledge. This paper conceptualizes a pipeline of online participation and models the awareness and behaviors necessary to become a contributor to the networked public sphere. We test the theory with the case of Wikipedia editing, relying on survey data from a diverse, national sample of U.S. adults. Our findings underscore the multidimensionality of digital inequalities and suggest new pathways toward closing knowledge gaps by highlighting the importance of education and Internet skills for online stratification processes.},
  keywords = {Digital Inequality,Internet & society,Internet Skills,Knowledge Gap,Knowledge gap theory (Communication),online participation,Social participation,Social stratification,Survey Research,wikipedia},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/IIFZGIVP/Shaw and Hargittai - 2018 - The pipeline of online participation inequalities.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/NCJPN2PQ/Shaw and Hargittai - 2018 - The Pipeline of Online Participation Inequalities.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/8VA8V6VV/Shaw and Hargittai - 2018.html;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/WAUM42SV/4915319.html}
}

@book{shirky_here_2008,
  title = {Here Comes Everybody : {{The}} Power of Organizing without Organizations},
  author = {Shirky, Clay.},
  date = {2008},
  publisher = {{Penguin Press}},
  location = {{New York, NY}},
  abstract = {An examination of how the rapid spread of new forms of social interaction enabled by technology is changing the way humans form groups and exist within them, with profound long-term economic and social effects--for good and for ill. Our age's new technologies of social networking are evolving, and evolving us, into new groups doing new things in new ways, and old and new groups alike doing the old things better and more easily. Hierarchical structures that exist to manage the work of groups are seeing their raisons d'e\^tre swiftly eroded by the rising tide. Business models are being destroyed, transformed, born at dizzying speeds, and the larger social impact is profound. Clay Shirky is one of our wisest observers of the transformational power of the new forms of tech-enabled social interaction, and this is his reckoning with the ramifications of all this on what we do and who we are.--From publisher description. Discusses and uses examples of how digital networks transform the ability of humans to gather and cooperate with one another.},
  isbn = {978-1-59420-153-0},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {FOSS,Media Studies},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/DHBTQ79D/shirky-2008.pdf}
}

@article{sims_macroeconomics_1980,
  title = {Macroeconomics and {{Reality}}},
  author = {Sims, Christopher A.},
  date = {1980},
  journaltitle = {Econometrica},
  volume = {48},
  number = {1},
  eprint = {1912017},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {1--48},
  issn = {0012-9682},
  abstract = {[Existing strategies for econometric analysis related to macroeconomics are subject to a number of serious objections, some recently formulated, some old. These objections are summarized in this paper, and it is argued that taken together they make it unlikely that macroeconomic models are in fact over identified, as the existing statistical theory usually assumes. The implications of this conclusion are explored, and an example of econometric work in a non-standard style, taking account of the objections to the standard style, is presented.]},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/5L9AKP48/Sims - 1980 - Macroeconomics and Reality.pdf}
}

@article{sorensen_recruitment-based_2004,
  ids = {sorensen_recruitment-based_2004-1},
  title = {Recruitment-Based Competition between Industries: A Community Ecology},
  shorttitle = {Recruitment-Based Competition between Industries},
  author = {Sørensen, Jesper B.},
  date = {2004-02-01},
  journaltitle = {Industrial and Corporate Change},
  shortjournal = {Ind Corp Change},
  volume = {13},
  number = {1},
  pages = {149--170},
  publisher = {{Oxford Academic}},
  issn = {0960-6491},
  abstract = {Abstract.  Because entrepreneurs often must recruit labor in order to launch their ventures, the labor market is a potential source of constraint in the entrepr},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/Z4KJZUBF/Sorensen - 2004 - Recruitment-based competition between industries .pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/PHCVIXUJ/707535.html}
}

@article{sugihara_nonlinear_1994,
  title = {Nonlinear Forecasting for the Classification of Natural Time Series},
  author = {Sugihara, George and Grenfell, Bryan Thomas and May, Robert McCredie and Tong, H.},
  date = {1994-09-15},
  journaltitle = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A: Physical and Engineering Sciences},
  shortjournal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A: Physical and Engineering Sciences},
  volume = {348},
  number = {1688},
  pages = {477--495},
  publisher = {{Royal Society}},
  abstract = {There is a growing trend in the natural sciences to view time series as products of dynamical systems. This viewpoint has proven to be particularly useful in stimulating debate and insight into the nature of the underlying generating mechanisms. Here I review some of the issues concerning the use of forecasting in the detection of nonlinearities and possible chaos, particularly with regard to stochastic chaos. Moreover, it is shown how recent attempts to measure meaningful Lyapunov exponents for ecological data are fundamentally flawed, and that when observational noise is convolved with process noise, computing Lyapunov exponents for the real system will be difficult. Such problems pave the way for more operational definitions of dynamic complexity (cf. Yao \& Tong, this volume) . Aside from its use in the characterization of chaos, nonlinear forecasting can be used more broadly in pragmatic classification problems. Here I review a recent example of nonlinear forecasting as it is applied to classify human heart rhythms. In particular, it is shown how forecast nonlinearity can be a good discriminator of the physiological effects of age, and how prediction-decay may discriminate heartdisease. In so doing, I introduce a method for characterizing nonlinearity using ‘S-maps’ and a method for analysing multiple short time series with composite attractors.},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/TGW3IUGS/Sugihara et al_1994_Nonlinear forecasting for the classification of natural time series.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/CGSTKS5R/rsta.1994.html}
}

@inproceedings{suh_singularity_2009,
  title = {The Singularity Is Not near: Slowing Growth of {{Wikipedia}}},
  shorttitle = {The {{Singularity}} Is {{Not Near}}},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 5th {{International Symposium}} on {{Wikis}} and {{Open Collaboration}}},
  author = {Suh, Bongwon and Convertino, Gregorio and Chi, Ed H. and Pirolli, Peter},
  date = {2009},
  series = {{{WikiSym}} '09},
  pages = {1--10},
  publisher = {{ACM}},
  location = {{New York, NY}},
  abstract = {Prior research on Wikipedia has characterized the growth in content and editors as being fundamentally exponential in nature, extrapolating current trends into the future. We show that recent editing activity suggests that Wikipedia growth has slowed, and perhaps plateaued, indicating that it may have come against its limits to growth. We measure growth, population shifts, and patterns of editor and administrator activities, contrasting these against past results where possible. Both the rate of page growth and editor growth has declined. As growth has declined, there are indicators of increased coordination and overhead costs, exclusion of newcomers, and resistance to new edits. We discuss some possible explanations for these new developments in Wikipedia including decreased opportunities for sharing existing knowledge and increased bureaucratic stress on the socio-technical system itself.},
  isbn = {978-1-60558-730-1},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/WTEMKAUC/Suh et al. - 2009 - The singularity is not near slowing growth of Wik.pdf}
}

@inproceedings{tan_all_2015,
  title = {All Who Wander: {{On}} the Prevalence and Characteristics of Multi-Community Engagement},
  shorttitle = {All Who Wander},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 24th {{International Conference}} on {{World Wide Web}}},
  author = {Tan, Chenhao and Lee, Lillian},
  date = {2015},
  series = {{{WWW}} '15},
  pages = {1056--1066},
  publisher = {{International World Wide Web Conferences Steering Committee}},
  location = {{Republic and Canton of Geneva, Switzerland}},
  abstract = {Although analyzing user behavior within individual communities is an active and rich research domain, people usually interact with multiple communities both on- and off-line. How do users act in such multi-community environments? Although there are a host of intriguing aspects to this question, it has received much less attention in the research community in comparison to the intra-community case. In this paper, we examine three aspects of multi-community engagement: the sequence of communities that users post to, the language that users employ in those communities, and the feedback that users receive, using longitudinal posting behavior on Reddit as our main data source, and DBLP for auxiliary experiments. We also demonstrate the effectiveness of features drawn from these aspects in predicting users' future level of activity. One might expect that a user's trajectory mimics the "settling-down" process in real life: an initial exploration of sub-communities before settling down into a few niches. However, we find that the users in our data continually post in new communities; moreover, as time goes on, they post increasingly evenly among a more diverse set of smaller communities. Interestingly, it seems that users that eventually leave the community are "destined" to do so from the very beginning, in the sense of showing significantly different "wandering" patterns very early on in their trajectories; this finding has potentially important design implications for community maintainers. Our multi-community perspective also allows us to investigate the "situation vs. personality" debate from language usage across different communities.},
  isbn = {978-1-4503-3469-3},
  keywords = {DBLP,language,lifecycle,multiple communities,reddit},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/8GL2XQG3/Tan and Lee - 2015 - All Who Wander On the Prevalence and Characterist.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/J3RVCH26/Tan and Lee - 2015 - All Who Wander On the Prevalence and Characterist.pdf}
}

@inproceedings{tan_tracing_2018,
  title = {Tracing Community Genealogy: How New Communities Emerge from the Old},
  shorttitle = {Tracing {{Community Genealogy}}},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the {{Twelfth International Conference}} on {{Web}} and {{Social Media}} ({{ICWSM}} '18)},
  author = {Tan, Chenhao},
  date = {2018},
  pages = {395--404},
  publisher = {{AAAI}},
  location = {{Palo Alto, California}},
  abstract = {The process by which new communities emerge is a central research issue in the social sciences. While a growing body of research analyzes the formation of a single community by examining social networks between individuals, we introduce a novel community-centered perspective. We highlight the fact that the context in which a new community emerges contains numerous existing communities. We reveal the emerging process of communities by tracing their early members’ previous community memberships.},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/QEAEMFYR/Tan - 2018 - Tracing Community Genealogy How New Communities E.pdf}
}

@inproceedings{teblunthuis_density_2017,
  title = {Density Dependence without Resource Partitioning: Population Ecology on {{Change}}.Org},
  shorttitle = {Density {{Dependence Without Resource Partitioning}}},
  booktitle = {Companion of the 2017 {{ACM Conference}} on {{Computer Supported Cooperative Work}} and {{Social Computing}}},
  author = {TeBlunthuis, Nathan and Shaw, Aaron and Hill, Benjamin Mako},
  date = {2017},
  series = {{{CSCW}} '17 {{Companion}}},
  pages = {323--326},
  publisher = {{ACM}},
  location = {{New York, NY, USA}},
  abstract = {E-petitioning is a prominent form of Internet-based collective action. We apply theories from organizational population ecology to investigate whether similar petitions compete for signatures. We use latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) topic modeling to identify topical niches. Using these niches, we test two theories from population ecology on 442,109 Change.org petitions. First, we find evidence for density dependence, an inverse-U-shaped relationship between the density of a petition's niche and the number of signatures the petition obtains. This suggests e-petitioning is competitive and that e-petitions draw on overlapping resource pools. Second, although resource partitioning theory predicts that topically specialized petitions will obtain more signatures in concentrated populations, we find no evidence of this. This suggests that specialists struggle to avoid competition with generalists.},
  isbn = {978-1-4503-4688-7},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/54585RCP/TeBlunthuis et al. - 2017 - Density dependence without resource partitioning .pdf}
}

@unpublished{teblunthuis_population_2020,
  title = {The Population Ecology of Online Collective Action},
  author = {TeBlunthuis, Nathan and Shaw, Aaron and Hill, Benjamin Mako},
  date = {2020-06-19},
  eventtitle = {6th {{International Conference}} on {{Computational Social Science}}}
}

@inproceedings{teblunthuis_revisiting_2018,
  title = {Revisiting "{{The}} Rise and Decline" in a Population of Peer Production Projects},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2018 {{CHI Conference}} on {{Human Factors}} in {{Computing Systems}} ({{CHI}} '18)},
  author = {TeBlunthuis, Nathan and Shaw, Aaron and Hill, Benjamin Mako},
  date = {2018},
  pages = {355:1--355:7},
  publisher = {{ACM}},
  location = {{New York, NY}},
  abstract = {Do patterns of growth and stabilization found in large peer production systems such as Wikipedia occur in other communities? This study assesses the generalizability of Halfaker et al.'s influential 2013 paper on "The Rise and Decline of an Open Collaboration System." We replicate its tests of several theories related to newcomer retention and norm entrenchment using a dataset of hundreds of active peer production wikis from Wikia. We reproduce the subset of the findings from Halfaker and colleagues that we are able to test, comparing both the estimated signs and magnitudes of our models. Our results support the external validity of Halfaker et al.'s claims that quality control systems may limit the growth of peer production communities by deterring new contributors and that norms tend to become entrenched over time.},
  isbn = {978-1-4503-5620-6},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/7YEVSVQM/TeBlunthuis et al. - 2018 - Revisiting The Rise and Decline in a Population .pdf}
}

@inproceedings{tsugawa_impact_2019,
  ids = {tsugawa_impact_2019-2},
  title = {The Impact of Social Network Structure on the Growth and Survival of Online Communities},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2019 {{IEEE}}/{{ACM International Conference}} on {{Advances}} in {{Social Networks Analysis}} and {{Mining}}},
  author = {Tsugawa, Sho and Niida, Sumaru},
  date = {2019-08-27},
  series = {{{ASONAM}} '19},
  pages = {1112--1119},
  publisher = {{Association for Computing Machinery}},
  location = {{Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada}},
  abstract = {While online communities are important platforms for various social activities, many online communities fail to survive, which motivates researchers to investigate factors affecting the growth and survival of online communities. We comprehensively examine the effects of a wide variety of social network features on the growth and survival of communities in Reddit. We show that several social network features, including clique ratio, density, clustering coefficient, reciprocity and centralization, have significant effects on the survival of communities. In contrast, we also show that social network features examined in this paper only have weak effects on the growth of communities. Moreover, we conducted experiments predicting future growth and survival of online communities from social network features. The results show that social network features are useful for predicting the survival of communities but not for predicting their growth.},
  isbn = {978-1-4503-6868-1},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/8JF3SZ74/Tsugawa and Niida - 2019 - The impact of social network structure on the grow.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/J9RMRP49/Tsugawa_Niida_2019_The impact of social network structure on the growth and survival of online.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/L4EQ4VRI/Tsugawa_Niida_2019_The impact of social network structure on the growth and survival of online.pdf}
}

@article{ven_explaining_1995,
  title = {Explaining {{Development}} and {{Change}} in {{Organizations}}},
  author = {Ven, Andrew H. Van De and Poole, Marshall Scott},
  date = {1995-07-01},
  journaltitle = {Academy of Management Review},
  shortjournal = {ACAD MANAGE REV},
  volume = {20},
  number = {3},
  pages = {510--540},
  issn = {0363-7425, 1930-3807},
  abstract = {This article introduces four basic theories that may serve as building blocks for explaining processes of change in organizations: life cycle, teleology, dialectics, and evolution. These four theories represent different sequences of change events that are driven by different conceptual motors and operate at different organizational levels. This article identifies the circumstances when each theory applies and proposes how interplay among the theories produces a wide variety of more complex theories of change and development in organizational life.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/APD9T5KZ/258786.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/FBX2F2XQ/510.html}
}

@book{verhoef_community_2010,
  title = {Community Ecology: Processes, Models, and Applications},
  shorttitle = {Community Ecology},
  author = {Verhoef, Herman A and Morin, Peter J},
  date = {2010},
  publisher = {{Oxford University Press}},
  location = {{Oxford}},
  isbn = {978-0-19-922897-3 978-0-19-922898-0},
  langid = {english},
  annotation = {OCLC: 876676566}
}

@inproceedings{vincent_examining_2018,
  title = {Examining {{Wikipedia}} with a Broader Lens: {{Quantifying}} the Value of {{Wikipedia}}'s Relationships with Other Large-Scale Online Communities},
  shorttitle = {Examining {{Wikipedia With}} a {{Broader Lens}}},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2018 {{CHI Conference}} on {{Human Factors}} in {{Computing Systems}}},
  author = {Vincent, Nicholas and Johnson, Isaac and Hecht, Brent},
  date = {2018},
  series = {{{CHI}} '18},
  pages = {566:1--566:13},
  publisher = {{ACM}},
  location = {{New York, NY}},
  abstract = {The extensive Wikipedia literature has largely considered Wikipedia in isolation, outside of the context of its broader Internet ecosystem. Very recent research has demonstrated the significance of this limitation, identifying critical relationships between Google and Wikipedia that are highly relevant to many areas of Wikipedia-based research and practice. This paper extends this recent research beyond search engines to examine Wikipedia's relationships with large-scale online communities, Stack Overflow and Reddit in particular. We find evidence of consequential, albeit unidirectional relationships. Wikipedia provides substantial value to both communities, with Wikipedia content increasing visitation, engagement, and revenue, but we find little evidence that these websites contribute to Wikipedia in return. Overall, these findings highlight important connections between Wikipedia and its broader ecosystem that should be considered by researchers studying Wikipedia. Critically, our results also emphasize the key role that volunteer-created Wikipedia content plays in improving other websites, even contributing to revenue generation.},
  isbn = {978-1-4503-5620-6},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/8YF9QUFS/Vincent et al. - 2018 - Examining Wikipedia With a Broader Lens Quantifyi.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/FHXYQSZK/Vincent et al. - 2018 - Examining Wikipedia With a Broader Lens Quantifyi.pdf}
}

@inproceedings{waller_generalists_2019,
  title = {Generalists and {{Specialists}}: {{Using Community Embeddings}} to {{Quantify Activity Diversity}} in {{Online Platforms}}},
  shorttitle = {Generalists and {{Specialists}}},
  booktitle = {The {{World Wide Web Conference}} on   - {{WWW}} '19},
  author = {Waller, Isaac and Anderson, Ashton},
  date = {2019},
  pages = {1954--1964},
  publisher = {{ACM Press}},
  location = {{San Francisco, CA, USA}},
  abstract = {In many online platforms, people must choose how broadly to allocate their energy. Should one concentrate on a narrow area of focus, and become a specialist, or apply oneself more broadly, and become a generalist? In this work, we propose a principled measure of how generalist or specialist a user is, and study behavior in online platforms through this lens. To do this, we construct highly accurate community embeddings that represent communities in a high-dimensional space. We develop sets of community analogies and use them to optimize our embeddings so that they encode community relationships extremely well. Based on these embeddings, we introduce a natural measure of activity diversity, the GS-score. Applying our embedding-based measure to online platforms, we observe a broad spectrum of user activity styles, from extreme specialists to extreme generalists, in both community membership on Reddit and programming contributions on GitHub. We find that activity diversity is related to many important phenomena of user behavior. For example, specialists are much more likely to stay in communities they contribute to, but generalists are much more likely to remain on platforms as a whole. We also find that generalists engage with significantly more diverse sets of users than specialists do. Furthermore, our methodology leads to a simple algorithm for community recommendation, matching state-of-theart methods like collaborative filtering. Our methods and results introduce an important new dimension of online user behavior and shed light on many aspects of online platform use.},
  eventtitle = {The {{World Wide Web Conference}}},
  isbn = {978-1-4503-6674-8},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {activity diversity,community embeddings,community recommendation,generalist and specialists},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/5F77953J/Waller and Anderson - 2019 - Generalists and Specialists Using Community Embed.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/PK32L55Y/Waller and Anderson - 2019 - Generalists and Specialists Using Community Embed.pdf}
}

@inproceedings{wang_coming_2015,
  title = {Coming of {{Age}} ({{Digitally}}): {{An Ecological View}} of {{Social Media Use}} among {{College Students}}},
  shorttitle = {Coming of {{Age}} ({{Digitally}})},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 18th {{ACM Conference}} on {{Computer Supported Cooperative Work}} \& {{Social Computing}}},
  author = {Wang, Yiran and Niiya, Melissa and Mark, Gloria and Reich, Stephanie M. and Warschauer, Mark},
  date = {2015-02-28},
  series = {{{CSCW}} '15},
  pages = {571--582},
  publisher = {{Association for Computing Machinery}},
  location = {{New York, NY, USA}},
  abstract = {We take an ecological approach to studying social media use and its relation to mood among college students. We conducted a mixed-methods study of computer and phone logging with daily surveys and interviews to track college students' use of social media during all waking hours over seven days. Continual and infrequent checkers show different preferences of social media sites. Age differences also were found. Lower classmen tend to be heavier users and to primarily use Facebook, while upper classmen use social media less frequently and utilize sites other than Facebook more often. Factor analysis reveals that social media use clusters into patterns of content-sharing, text-based entertainment/discussion, relationships, and video consumption. The more constantly one checks social media daily, the less positive is one's mood. Our results suggest that students construct their own patterns of social media usage to meet their changing needs in their environment. The findings can inform further investigation into social media use as a benefit and/or distraction for students.},
  isbn = {978-1-4503-2922-4},
  keywords = {college students,computer logging,facebook,in situ study,social media},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/B6BFNKKK/Wang et al_2015_Coming of Age (Digitally).pdf}
}

@article{wang_impact_2012,
  ids = {wang_impact_2013},
  title = {The Impact of Membership Overlap on Growth: {{An}} Ecological Competition View of Online Groups},
  shorttitle = {The Impact of Membership Overlap on Growth},
  author = {Wang, Xiaoqing and Butler, Brian S. and Ren, Yuqing},
  date = {2012-06-15},
  journaltitle = {Organization Science},
  shortjournal = {Organization Science},
  volume = {24},
  number = {2},
  pages = {414--431},
  publisher = {{INFORMS}},
  issn = {1047-7039},
  abstract = {The dominant narrative of the Internet has been one of unconstrained growth, abundance, and plenitude. It is in this context that new forms of organizing, such as online groups, have emerged. However, the same factors that underlie the utopian narrative of Internet life also give rise to numerous online groups, many of which fail to attract participants or to provide significant value. This suggests that despite the potential transformative nature of modern information technology, issues of scarcity, competition, and context may remain critical to the performance and functioning of online groups. In this paper, we draw from organizational ecology theories to develop an ecological view of online groups to explain how overlapping membership among online groups causes intergroup competition for member attention and affects a group's ability to grow. Hypotheses regarding the effects of group size, age, and membership overlap on growth are proposed and tested with data from a 64-month, longitudinal sample of 240 online discussion groups. The analysis shows that sharing members with other groups reduced future growth rates, suggesting that membership overlap puts competitive pressure on online groups. Our results also suggest that, compared with smaller and younger groups, larger and older groups experience greater difficulty in growing their membership. In addition, larger groups were more vulnerable to competitive pressure than smaller groups: larger groups experienced greater difficulty in growing their membership than smaller groups as competition intensified. Overall, our findings show how an abundance of opportunities afforded by technologies can create scarcity in user time and effort, which increases competitive pressure on online groups. Our ecological view extends organizational ecology theory to new organizational forms online and highlights the importance of studying the competitive environment of online groups.},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/3WI37Y9S/Wang et al. - 2013 - The Impact of Membership Overlap on Growth An Eco.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/D7GAZURV/Wang et al. - 2012 - The Impact of Membership Overlap on Growth An Eco.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/EQSW25XD/Wang et al. - 2012 - The impact of membership overlap on growth An eco.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/8QDPVTSM/orsc.1120.html;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/IK6SB3L8/orsc.1120.html}
}

@article{wasko_why_2005,
  title = {Why {{Should I Share}}? {{Examining Social Capital}} and {{Knowledge Contribution}} in {{Electronic Networks}} of {{Practice}}},
  shorttitle = {Why {{Should I Share}}?},
  author = {Wasko, Molly McLure and Faraj, Samer},
  date = {2005},
  journaltitle = {MIS Quarterly},
  volume = {29},
  number = {1},
  eprint = {25148667},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {35--57},
  publisher = {{Management Information Systems Research Center, University of Minnesota}},
  issn = {0276-7783},
  abstract = {Electronic networks of practice are computer-mediated discussion forums focused on problems of practice that enable individuals to exchange advice and ideas with others based on common interests. However, why individuals help strangers in these electronic networks is not well understood: there is no immediate benefit to the contributor, and free-riders are able to acquire the same knowledge as everyone else. To understand this paradox, we apply theories of collective action to examine how individual motivations and social capital influence knowledge contribution in electronic networks. This study reports on the activities of one electronic network supporting a professional legal association. Using archival, network, survey, and content analysis data, we empirically test a model of knowledge contribution. We find that people contribute their knowledge when they perceive that it enhances their professional reputations, when they have the experience to share, and when they are structurally embedded in the network. Surprisingly, contributions occur without regard to expectations of reciprocity from others or high levels of commitment to the network.},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/JHMZDCUP/Wasko_Faraj_2005_Why Should I Share.pdf}
}

@unpublished{weber_political_2000,
  title = {The {{Political Economy}} of {{Open Source Software}}},
  author = {Weber, Steven},
  date = {2000-06},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/MZQLT27W/Weber - The Political Economy of Open Source Software.pdf}
}

@book{worster_natures_1994,
  title = {Nature's Economy: A History of Ecological Ideas},
  shorttitle = {Nature's Economy},
  author = {Worster, Donald},
  date = {1994},
  publisher = {{Cambridge University Press}},
  location = {{Cambridge; New York, NY, USA}},
  abstract = {Nature's Economy is a wide-ranging investigation of ecology's past. It traces the origins of the concept, discusses the thinkers who have shaped it, and shows how it in turn has shaped the modern perception of our place in nature.},
  isbn = {978-1-107-26680-3},
  langid = {english},
  annotation = {OCLC: 855524849},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/E2XXC7KJ/(Studies in Environment and History) Worster D.-Nature's Economy_ A History of Ecological Ideas-Cambridge University Press (1994).djvu}
}

@article{xu_modeling_2017,
  title = {Modeling the Adoption of Social Media by Newspaper Organizations: {{An}} Organizational Ecology Approach},
  shorttitle = {Modeling the Adoption of Social Media by Newspaper Organizations},
  author = {Xu, Yu},
  date = {2017-02-01},
  journaltitle = {Telematics and Informatics},
  shortjournal = {Telematics and Informatics},
  volume = {34},
  number = {1},
  pages = {151--163},
  issn = {0736-5853},
  abstract = {Although the ecological approach has been utilized in the field of communication, no prior research has applied this perspective to examine the organizational selection of social media. This study employs the framework of density dependence to understand what drives the adoption of social media by organizations. Fixed-effects negative binominal regression models were run to test the hypotheses that predicted the founding rates of 2007 Chinese newspaper organizations in 31 provincial units on Sina Weibo from August 2009 to June 2015. The results show that the founding rate of party newspapers exhibits inverted U-shaped relationships to local or non-local party newspaper density and non-party newspaper density. At the same time, the density dependence hypothesis is supported only for the effect of non-party newspaper density outside the provincial unit on the founding rate of non-party newspapers. Unexpectedly, non-party newspaper density within the provincial boundary exerts no significant influence on this founding rate. Both local and non-local party newspaper densities significantly and negatively influence the decisions to start homepages on Sina Weibo among non-newspaper organizations. Discussion and implications are provided.},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/FZT5VZNZ/Xu - 2017 - Modeling the adoption of social media by newspaper.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/JYGYT3XA/XU - 2018 - The Ecological Dynamics of Organizational Change .pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/YLREBQ4E/S0736585315300812.html}
}

@article{yarchi_political_2021,
  title = {Political {{Polarization}} on the {{Digital Sphere}}: {{A Cross}}-Platform, {{Over}}-Time {{Analysis}} of {{Interactional}}, {{Positional}}, and {{Affective Polarization}} on {{Social Media}}},
  shorttitle = {Political {{Polarization}} on the {{Digital Sphere}}},
  author = {Yarchi, Moran and Baden, Christian and Kligler-Vilenchik, Neta},
  date = {2021-03-15},
  journaltitle = {Political Communication},
  volume = {38},
  number = {1-2},
  pages = {98--139},
  publisher = {{Routledge}},
  issn = {1058-4609},
  abstract = {Political polarization on the digital sphere poses a real challenge to many democracies around the world. Although the issue has received some scholarly attention, there is a need to improve the conceptual precision in the increasingly blurry debate. The use of computational communication science approaches allows us to track political conversations in a fine-grained manner within their natural settings – the realm of interactive social media. The present study combines different algorithmic approaches to studying social media data in order to capture both the interactional structure and content of dynamic political talk online. We conducted an analysis of political polarization across social media platforms (analyzing Facebook, Twitter, and WhatsApp) over 16 months, with close to a quarter million online contributions regarding a political controversy in Israel. Our comprehensive measurement of interactive political talk enables us to address three key aspects of political polarization: (1) interactional polarization – homophilic versus heterophilic user interactions; (2) positional polarization – the positions expressed, and (3) affective polarization – the emotions and attitudes expressed. Our findings indicate that political polarization on social media cannot be conceptualized as a unified phenomenon, as there are significant cross-platform differences. While interactions on Twitter largely conform to established expectations (homophilic interaction patterns, aggravating positional polarization, pronounced inter-group hostility), on WhatsApp, de-polarization occurred over time. Surprisingly, Facebook was found to be the least homophilic platform in terms of interactions, positions, and emotions expressed. Our analysis points to key conceptual distinctions and raises important questions about the drivers and dynamics of political polarization online.},
  keywords = {computational communication science approach,cross-platform analysis,over-time analysis,Political polarization,social media},
  annotation = {\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2020.1785067},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/2FVADM6B/Yarchi et al_2021_Political Polarization on the Digital Sphere.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/7YA6IE6V/10584609.2020.html}
}

@article{zhang_community_2017,
  title = {Community Identity and User Engagement in a Multi-Community Landscape},
  author = {Zhang, Justine and Hamilton, William L. and Danescu-Niculescu-Mizil, Cristian and Jurafsky, Dan and Leskovec, Jure},
  date = {2017-05},
  journaltitle = {Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media. International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media},
  shortjournal = {Proc Int AAAI Conf Weblogs Soc Media},
  volume = {2017},
  eprint = {29354325},
  eprinttype = {pmid},
  pages = {377--386},
  issn = {2162-3449},
  abstract = {A community’s identity defines and shapes its internal dynamics. Our current understanding of this interplay is mostly limited to glimpses gathered from isolated studies of individual communities. In this work we provide a systematic exploration of the nature of this relation across a wide variety of online communities. To this end we introduce a quantitative, language-based typology reflecting two key aspects of a community’s identity: how distinctive, and how temporally dynamic it is. By mapping almost 300 Reddit communities into the landscape induced by this typology, we reveal regularities in how patterns of user engagement vary with the characteristics of a community., Our results suggest that the way new and existing users engage with a community depends strongly and systematically on the nature of the collective identity it fosters, in ways that are highly consequential to community maintainers. For example, communities with distinctive and highly dynamic identities are more likely to retain their users. However, such niche communities also exhibit much larger acculturation gaps between existing users and newcomers, which potentially hinder the integration of the latter., More generally, our methodology reveals differences in how various social phenomena manifest across communities, and shows that structuring the multi-community landscape can lead to a better understanding of the systematic nature of this diversity.},
  pmcid = {PMC5774974},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/DZEYKKSS/Zhang et al. - 2017 - Community Identity and User Engagement in a Multi-.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/MMY3NEQ4/Zhang et al_2017_Community Identity and User Engagement in a Multi-Community Landscape.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/FFFSAVRR/14904.html}
}

@article{zhang_group_2011,
  title = {Group Size and Incentives to Contribute: A Natural Experiment at Chinese Wikipedia},
  shorttitle = {Group Size and Incentives to Contribute},
  author = {Zhang, Xiaoquan (Michael) and Zhu, Feng},
  date = {2011-06},
  journaltitle = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {101},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1601--1615},
  issn = {0002-8282},
  abstract = {The literature on the private provision of public goods suggests an inverse relationship between incentives to contribute and group size. We find, however, that after an exogenous reduction of group size at Chinese Wikipedia, the nonblocked contributors decrease their contributions by 42.8 percent on average. We attribute the cause to social effects: contributors receive social benefits that increase with both the amount of their contributions and group size, and the shrinking group size weakens these social benefits. Consistent with our explanation, we find that the more contributors value social benefits, the more they reduce their contributions after the block.  (JEL H41, L17, L82)},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Media,Public Goods; Open Source Products and Markets; Entertainment},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/63JBCUER/Zhang and Zhu - 2011 - Group Size and Incentives to Contribute A Natural.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/BWMQ96PV/articles.html}
}

@article{zhang_intergroup_2019,
  title = {Intergroup {{Contact}} in the {{Wild}}: {{Characterizing Language Differences}} between {{Intergroup}} and {{Single}}-Group {{Members}} in {{NBA}}-Related {{Discussion Forums}}},
  shorttitle = {Intergroup {{Contact}} in the {{Wild}}},
  author = {Zhang, Jason Shuo and Tan, Chenhao and Lv, Qin},
  date = {2019-11-07},
  journaltitle = {Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction},
  shortjournal = {Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact.},
  volume = {3},
  pages = {193:1--193:35},
  abstract = {Intergroup contact has long been considered as an effective strategy to reduce prejudice between groups. However, recent studies suggest that exposure to opposing groups in online platforms can exacerbate polarization. To further understand the behavior of individuals who actively engage in intergroup contact in practice, we provide a large-scale observational study of intragroup behavioral differences between members with and without intergroup contact. We leverage the existing structure of NBA-related discussion forums on Reddit to study the context of professional sports. We identify fans of each NBA team as members of a group and trace whether they have intergroup contact. Our results show that members with intergroup contact use more negative and abusive language in their affiliated group than those without such contact, after controlling for activity levels. We further quantify different levels of intergroup contact and show that there may exist nonlinear mechanisms regarding how intergroup contact relates to intragroup behavior. Our findings provide complementary evidence to experimental studies in a novel context and also shed light on possible reasons for the different outcomes in prior studies.},
  issue = {CSCW},
  keywords = {intergroup contact,intragroup behavior,language usage,nba-related discussion forums,polarization},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/B5RRUXKC/Zhang et al_2019_Intergroup Contact in the Wild.pdf}
}

@article{zhang_understanding_2021,
  title = {Understanding the {{Diverging User Trajectories}} in {{Highly}}-{{Related Online Communities During}} the {{Covid}}-19 {{Pandemic}}},
  author = {Zhang, Jason Shuo and Keegan, Brian and Lv, Qin and Tan, Chenhao},
  date = {2021},
  journaltitle = {Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media},
  volume = {5},
  eprint = {2006.04816},
  eprinttype = {arxiv},
  pages = {12},
  abstract = {As the COVID-19 pandemic is disrupting life worldwide, related online communities are popping up. In particular, two “new” communities, /r/China flu and /r/Coronavirus, emerged on Reddit and have been dedicated to COVIDrelated discussions from the very beginning of this pandemic. With /r/Coronavirus promoted as the official community on Reddit, it remains an open question how users choose between these two highly-related communities. In this paper, we characterize user trajectories in these two communities from the beginning of COVID-19 to the end of September 2020. We show that new users of /r/China flu and /r/Coronavirus were similar from January to March. After that, their differences steadily increase, evidenced by both language distance and membership prediction, as the pandemic continues to unfold. Furthermore, users who started at /r/China flu from January to March were more likely to leave, while those who started in later months tend to remain highly “loyal”. To understand this difference, we develop a movement analysis framework to understand membership changes in these two communities and identify a significant proportion of /r/China flu members (around 50\%) that moved to /r/Coronavirus in February. This movement turns out to be highly predictable based on other subreddits that users were previously active in. Our work demonstrates how two highly related communities emerge and develop their own identity in a crisis, and highlights the important role of existing communities in understanding such an emergence.},
  archiveprefix = {arXiv},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Computer Science - Computers and Society,Computer Science - Social and Information Networks},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/3HZBRY3S/Zhang et al. - Understanding the Diverging User Trajectories in H.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/V3QR9ASE/Zhang et al. - 2021 - Understanding the Diverging User Trajectories in H.pdf}
}

@inproceedings{zhu_impact_2014,
  title = {The Impact of Membership Overlap on the Survival of Online Communities},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the {{SIGCHI Conference}} on {{Human Factors}} in {{Computing Systems}}},
  author = {Zhu, Haiyi and Kraut, Robert E. and Kittur, Aniket},
  date = {2014-04-26},
  series = {{{CHI}} '14},
  pages = {281--290},
  publisher = {{Association for Computing Machinery}},
  location = {{New York, NY, USA}},
  abstract = {If the people belong to multiple online communities, their joint membership can influence the survival of each of the communities to which they belong. Communities with many joint memberships may struggle to get enough of their members' time and attention, but find it easy to import best practices from other communities. In this paper, we study the effects of membership overlap on the survival of online communities. By analyzing the historical data of 5673 Wikia communities, we find that higher levels of membership overlap are positively associated with higher survival rates of online communities. Furthermore, we find that it is beneficial for young communities to have shared members who play a central role in other mature communities. Our contributions are two-fold. Theoretically, by examining the impact of membership overlap on the survival of online communities we identified an important mechanism underlying the success of online communities. Practically, our findings may guide community creators on how to effectively manage their members, and tool designers on how to support this task.},
  isbn = {978-1-4503-2473-1},
  keywords = {membership overlap,online communities,survival analysis},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/GV2D7ZKS/Zhu et al. - 2014 - The Impact of Membership Overlap on the Survival o.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/IY4RTSGD/Zhu et al. - 2014 - The impact of membership overlap on the survival o.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/JZE5JGAZ/Zhu et al. - 2014 - The impact of membership overlap on the survival o.pdf}
}

@inproceedings{zhu_selecting_2014,
  title = {Selecting an Effective Niche: {{An}} Ecological View of the Success of Online Communities},
  shorttitle = {Selecting an Effective Niche},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the {{SIGCHI Conference}} on {{Human Factors}} in {{Computing Systems}}},
  author = {Zhu, Haiyi and Chen, Jilin and Matthews, Tara and Pal, Aditya and Badenes, Hernan and Kraut, Robert E.},
  date = {2014},
  series = {{{CHI}} '14},
  pages = {301--310},
  publisher = {{ACM}},
  location = {{New York, NY, USA}},
  abstract = {Online communities serve various important functions, but many fail to thrive. Research on community success has traditionally focused on internal factors. In contrast, we take an ecological view to understand how the success of a community is influenced by other communities. We measured a community's relationship with other communities - its "niche" - through four dimensions: topic overlap, shared members, content linking, and shared offline organizational affiliation. We used a mixed-method approach, combining the quantitative analysis of 9495 online enterprise communities and interviews with community members. Our results show that too little or too much overlap in topic with other communities causes a community's activity to suffer. We also show that this main result is moderated in predictable ways by whether the community shares members with, links to content in, or shares an organizational affiliation with other communities. These findings provide new insight on community success, guiding online community designers on how to effectively position their community in relation to others.},
  isbn = {978-1-4503-2473-1},
  venue = {Toronto, Ontario, Canada},
  keywords = {online communities,success,topic overlap,workplace},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/FNS9RSWC/Zhu et al. - 2014 - Selecting an Effective Niche An Ecological View o.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/KIHWVKUQ/Zhu et al. - 2014 - Selecting an effective niche an ecological view o.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/RFMX2CBJ/Zhu et al. - 2014 - Selecting an effective niche an ecological view o.pdf}
}