cdsc_examples_repository/dissertations/nathante_uw_2021/refs.bib

@inproceedings{ackerman_answer_1990,
  title = {Answer {{Garden}}: A {{Tool}} for {{Growing Organizational Memory}}},
  shorttitle = {Answer {{Garden}}},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the {{ACM SIGOIS}} and {{IEEE CS TC}}-{{OA Conference}} on {{Office Information Systems}}},
  author = {Ackerman, M. S. and Malone, T. W.},
  date = {1990},
  series = {{{COCS}} '90},
  pages = {31--39},
  publisher = {{ACM}},
  location = {{New York, NY}},
  abstract = {Answer Garden allows organizations to develop databases of commonly asked questions that grow “organically” as new questions arise and are answered. It is designed to help in situations (such as field service organizations and customer “hot lines”) where there is a continuing stream of questions, many of which occur over and over, but some of which the organization has never seen before. The system includes a branching network of diagnostic questions that helps users find the answers they want. If the answer is not present, the system automatically sends the question to the appropriate expert, and the answer is returned to the user as well as inserted into the branching network. Experts can also modify this network in response to users' problems. Our initial Answer Garden database contains questions and answers about how to use the X Window System.},
  isbn = {978-0-89791-358-4},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/Q6XN2KED/Ackerman and Malone - 1990 - Answer Garden A Tool for Growing Organizational M.pdf}
}

@article{ackerman_intellectual_2000,
  title = {The {{Intellectual Challenge}} of {{CSCW}}: The {{Gap Between Social Requirements}} and {{Technical Feasibility}}},
  shorttitle = {The {{Intellectual Challenge}} of {{CSCW}}},
  author = {Ackerman, Mark S.},
  date = {2000-09-01},
  journaltitle = {Human–Computer Interaction},
  volume = {15},
  number = {2-3},
  pages = {179--203},
  publisher = {{Taylor \& Francis}},
  issn = {0737-0024},
  abstract = {Over the last 10 years, Computer-Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) has identified a base set of findings. These findings are taken almost as assumptions within the field. In summary, they argue that human activity is highly flexible, nuanced, and contextualized and that computational entities such as information sharing, roles, and social norms need to be similarly flexible, nuanced, and contextualized. However, current systems cannot fully support the social world uncovered by these findings. In this article I argue that there is an inherent gap between the social requirements of CSCW and its technical mechanisms. The social-technical gap is the divide between what we know we must support socially and what we can support technically. Exploring, understanding, and hopefully ameliorating this social-technical gap is the central challenge for CSCW as a field and one of the central problems for human-computer interaction. Indeed, merely attesting the continued centrality of this gap could be one of the important intellectual contributions of CSCW. I also argue that the challenge of the social-technical gap creates an opportunity to refocus CSCW.},
  keywords = {essay,overview,social computing,theory},
  annotation = {\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327051HCI1523\_5},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/6SR5GJPQ/Ackerman - 2000 - The Intellectual Challenge of CSCW The Gap Betwee.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/E3NAR7N8/Ackerman - 2000 - The Intellectual Challenge of CSCW The Gap Betwee.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/GCVP7ANI/S15327051HCI1523_5.html}
}

@article{ackerman_sharing_2013,
  title = {Sharing {{Knowledge}} and {{Expertise}}: The {{CSCW View}} of {{Knowledge Management}}},
  shorttitle = {Sharing {{Knowledge}} and {{Expertise}}},
  author = {Ackerman, Mark S. and Dachtera, Juri and Pipek, Volkmar and Wulf, Volker},
  date = {2013-08-21},
  journaltitle = {Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW)},
  shortjournal = {Comput Supported Coop Work},
  volume = {22},
  number = {4-6},
  pages = {531--573},
  issn = {0925-9724, 1573-7551},
  abstract = {Knowledge Management (KM) is a diffuse and controversial term, which has been used by a large number of research disciplines. CSCW, over the last 20 years, has taken a critical stance towards most of these approaches, and instead, CSCW shifted the focus towards a practice-based perspective. This paper surveys CSCW researchers’ viewpoints on what has become called ‘knowledge sharing’ and ‘expertise sharing’. These are based in an understanding of the social contexts of knowledge work and practices, as well as in an emphasis on communication among knowledgeable humans. The paper provides a summary and overview of the two strands of knowledge and expertise sharing in CSCW, which, from an analytical standpoint, roughly represent ‘generations’ of research: an ‘object-centric’ and a ‘people-centric’ view. We also survey the challenges and opportunities ahead.},
  langid = {english}
}

@inproceedings{adamic_knowledge_2008,
  title = {Knowledge Sharing and Yahoo Answers: Everyone Knows Something},
  shorttitle = {Knowledge Sharing and Yahoo Answers},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on {{World Wide Web}}},
  author = {Adamic, Lada A. and Zhang, Jun and Bakshy, Eytan and Ackerman, Mark S.},
  date = {2008-04-21},
  series = {{{WWW}} '08},
  pages = {665--674},
  publisher = {{Association for Computing Machinery}},
  location = {{Beijing, China}},
  abstract = {Yahoo Answers (YA) is a large and diverse question-answer forum, acting not only as a medium for sharing technical knowledge, but as a place where one can seek advice, gather opinions, and satisfy one's curiosity about a countless number of things. In this paper, we seek to understand YA's knowledge sharing and activity. We analyze the forum categories and cluster them according to content characteristics and patterns of interaction among the users. While interactions in some categories resemble expertise sharing forums, others incorporate discussion, everyday advice, and support. With such a diversity of categories in which one can participate, we find that some users focus narrowly on specific topics, while others participate across categories. This not only allows us to map related categories, but to characterize the entropy of the users' interests. We find that lower entropy correlates with receiving higher answer ratings, but only for categories where factual expertise is primarily sought after. We combine both user attributes and answer characteristics to predict, within a given category, whether a particular answer will be chosen as the best answer by the asker.},
  isbn = {978-1-60558-085-2},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/W97ZJFJS/Adamic et al_2008_Knowledge sharing and yahoo answers.pdf}
}

@book{aldrich_organizations_2006,
  title = {Organizations {{Evolving}}},
  author = {Aldrich, H.E. and Ruef, M.},
  date = {2006},
  edition = {2},
  publisher = {{SAGE Publications}},
  location = {{Thousand Oaks, CA}},
  isbn = {978-1-4129-1047-7}
}

@inproceedings{arazy_determinants_2010,
  ids = {arazy_determinants_2010-1},
  title = {Determinants of {{Wikipedia}} Quality: The Roles of Global and Local Contribution Inequality},
  shorttitle = {Determinants of {{Wikipedia Quality}}},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2010 {{ACM Conference}} on {{Computer Supported Cooperative Work}} ({{CSCW}} '10)},
  author = {Arazy, Ofer and Nov, Oded},
  date = {2010},
  pages = {233--236},
  publisher = {{ACM}},
  location = {{New York, NY}},
  abstract = {The success of Wikipedia and the relative high quality of its articles seem to contradict conventional wisdom. Recent studies have begun shedding light on the processes contributing to Wikipedia's success, highlighting the role of coordination and contribution inequality. In this study, we expand on these works in two ways. First, we make a distinction between global (Wikipedia-wide) and local (article-specific) inequality and investigate both constructs. Second, we explore both direct and indirect effects of these inequalities, exposing the intricate relationships between global inequality, local inequality, coordination, and article quality. We tested our hypotheses on a sample of a Wikipedia articles using structural equation modeling and found that global inequality exerts significant positive impact on article quality, while the effect of local inequality is indirect and is mediated by coordination},
  isbn = {978-1-60558-795-0},
  keywords = {contribution inequality,coordination,global inequality,information quality,local inequality,wikipedia},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/D9KXITIH/Arazy and Nov - 2010 - Determinants of Wikipedia Quality The Roles of Gl.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/LJQVFJIK/Arazy_Nov_2010_Determinants of wikipedia quality.pdf}
}

@article{arazy_evolutionary_2019,
  title = {The Evolutionary Trajectories of Peer-Produced Artifacts: Group Composition, the Trajectories' Exploration, and the Quality of Artifacts},
  shorttitle = {The Evolutionary Trajectories of Peer-Produced Artifacts},
  author = {Arazy, Ofer and Lindberg, Aron and Rezaei, Mostafa and Samorani, Michele},
  date = {2019-12-10},
  journaltitle = {MIS Quarterly},
  shortjournal = {MIS Quarterly},
  abstract = {Members of an online community peer-produce digital artifacts by negotiating different perspectives and personal knowledge bases. These negotiations are manifested in the temporal evolution of the peer-produced artifact. In this study we conceptualize the evolution of a digital artifact as a trajectory in a feature space. Our theoretical frame suggests that through negotiations contributors' actions "pull" the trajectory and shape its movement in the feature space. We hypothesize that the type of contributors that work on a focal article influences the extent to which that article's trajectory explores alternative positions within that space, and that the trajectory's exploration is, in turn, associated with the artifact's quality. To test these hypotheses, we analyzed the trajectories of wiki articles drawn from two peer-production communities: Wikipedia and Wikia, tracking the evolution of 242 paired articles for over a decade during which the articles went through 536,745 revisions. We found that the contributors who are the most likely to increase the trajectory's exploration are those that (a) return to work on the focal artifact and (b) are unregistered members in the broader online community Further, our results show that the trajectory's exploration has a curvilinear association with article quality, indicating that exploration contributes positively to quality, but that the effect is reversed when exploration exceeds a certain level. The insights derived from this study highlight the value of an artifact-centric approach to increasing our understanding of the dynamics underlying peer-production.},
  keywords = {peer production,wikia},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/N79K2LTM/Arazy et al. - 2019 - The evolutionary trajectories of peer-produced art.pdf}
}

@inproceedings{arazy_functional_2015,
  title = {Functional Roles and Career Paths in {{Wikipedia}}},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 18th {{ACM Conference}} on {{Computer Supported Cooperative Work}} \& {{Social Computing}}},
  author = {Arazy, Ofer and Ortega, Felipe and Nov, Oded and Yeo, Lisa and Balila, Adam},
  date = {2015},
  series = {{{CSCW}} '15},
  pages = {1092--1105},
  publisher = {{ACM}},
  location = {{New York, NY}},
  abstract = {An understanding of participation dynamics within online production communities requires an examination of the roles assumed by participants. Recent studies have established that the organizational structure of such communities is not flat; rather, participants can take on a variety of well-defined functional roles. What is the nature of functional roles? How have they evolved? And how do participants assume these functions? Prior studies focused primarily on participants' activities, rather than functional roles. Further, extant conceptualizations of role transitions in production communities, such as the Reader to Leader framework, emphasize a single dimension: organizational power, overlooking distinctions between functions. In contrast, in this paper we empirically study the nature and structure of functional roles within Wikipedia, seeking to validate existing theoretical frameworks. The analysis sheds new light on the nature of functional roles, revealing the intricate "career paths" resulting from participants' role transitions.},
  isbn = {978-1-4503-2922-4},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/ZRNAAPUH/Arazy et al. - 2015 - Functional roles and career paths in Wikipedia.pdf}
}

@inproceedings{arazy_how_2017,
  ids = {arazy2017and},
  title = {On the "How" and "Why" of Emergent Role Behaviors in {{Wikipedia}}},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2017 {{ACM Conference}} on {{Computer Supported Cooperative Work}} and {{Social Computing}} - {{CSCW}} '17},
  author = {Arazy, Ofer and Liifshitz-Assaf, Hila and Nov, Oded and Daxenberger, Johannes and Balestra, Martina and Cheshire, Coye},
  date = {2017},
  pages = {2039--2051},
  publisher = {{ACM Press}},
  location = {{Portland, Oregon, USA}},
  abstract = {Research on peer-production suggests that as participants choose what actions to perform, prototypical activity patterns emerge. Recent work characterized these patterns and demonstrated that informal emergent roles are highly stable. Nonetheless, we know little about the ways in which contributors take on and shed emergent roles. The objectives of this study are to: (a) delineate the temporal dynamics of participants’ emergent role taking behaviors, and (b) identify the motivations driving role-transition behaviors. Our study links motivation to role-transition behaviors within Wikipedia. Our first sample covered eleven years and 222,119 contributors, and was used to identify four categories of temporal role-taking behaviors, that differ in their mobility between emergent roles and across Wikipedia articles. Our second examination linked the motivations of 175 new participants to their subsequent role-taking activity over 14 months. Together, the two analyses reveal that role-taking categories can be distinguished based on participants’ motivational orientation (intrinsic/extrinsic and self/others-oriented).},
  eventtitle = {The 2017 {{ACM Conference}}},
  isbn = {978-1-4503-4335-0},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/ZJ25SYGV/Arazy et al. - 2017 - On the How and Why of Emergent Role Behaviors .pdf}
}

@article{arazy_turbulent_2016,
  title = {Turbulent {{Stability}} of {{Emergent Roles}}: The {{Dualistic Nature}} of {{Self}}-{{Organizing Knowledge Coproduction}}},
  shorttitle = {Turbulent {{Stability}} of {{Emergent Roles}}},
  author = {Arazy, Ofer and Daxenberger, Johannes and Lifshitz-Assaf, Hila and Nov, Oded and Gurevych, Iryna},
  date = {2016-12},
  journaltitle = {Information Systems Research},
  shortjournal = {Information Systems Research},
  volume = {27},
  number = {4},
  pages = {792--812},
  issn = {1047-7047, 1526-5536},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/GJBJ39Q9/Arazy et al. - 2016 - Turbulent Stability of Emergent Roles The Dualist.pdf}
}

@article{armstrong_competitive_1980,
  ids = {armstrong_competitive_1980-1},
  title = {Competitive {{Exclusion}}},
  author = {Armstrong, Robert A. and McGehee, Richard},
  date = {1980-02-01},
  journaltitle = {The American Naturalist},
  shortjournal = {The American Naturalist},
  volume = {115},
  number = {2},
  pages = {151--170},
  publisher = {{The University of Chicago Press}},
  issn = {0003-0147},
  abstract = {Recent developments in the mathematical theory of competitive exclusion are discussed and placed in historical perspective. The models which have been used in theoretical investigations of competitive exclusion are classified into two groups: those in which the resources regenerate according to an algebraic relationship (abiotic resource models), and those in which resource regeneration is governed by differential equations (biotic resource models). We then propose a mathematical framework for considering problems of competitive exclusion, and provide examples in which n competitors can coexist on k {$<$} n resources (both biotic and abiotic). These systems persist because of internally generated cyclic behavior. We conclude that the competitive exclusion principle applies in general only to coexistence at fixed densities.},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/WY46EPM3/Nat - 2021 - Competitive Exclusion.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/6RRFPS4Z/283553.html}
}

@article{aronow_clusterrobust_2015,
  title = {Cluster–{{Robust Variance Estimation}} for {{Dyadic Data}}},
  author = {Aronow, Peter M. and Samii, Cyrus and Assenova, Valentina A.},
  date = {2015},
  journaltitle = {Political Analysis},
  volume = {23},
  number = {4},
  pages = {564--577},
  publisher = {{Cambridge University Press}},
  issn = {1047-1987, 1476-4989},
  abstract = {Dyadic data are common in the social sciences, although inference for such settings involves accounting for a complex clustering structure. Many analyses in the social sciences fail to account for the fact that multiple dyads share a member, and that errors are thus likely correlated across these dyads. We propose a non-parametric, sandwich-type robust variance estimator for linear regression to account for such clustering in dyadic data. We enumerate conditions for estimator consistency. We also extend our results to repeated and weighted observations, including directed dyads and longitudinal data, and provide an implementation for generalized linear models such as logistic regression. We examine empirical performance with simulations and an application to interstate disputes.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/T3EKTWJY/Aronow et al. - Cluster–Robust Variance Estimation for Dyadic Data.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/ZWVDRAYS/D43E12BF35240100C7A4ED3C28912C95.html}
}

@article{asthana_few_2018,
  title = {With {{Few Eyes}}, {{All Hoaxes Are Deep}}},
  author = {Asthana, Sumit and Halfaker, Aaron},
  date = {2018-11},
  journaltitle = {Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact.},
  volume = {2},
  pages = {21:1--21:18},
  issn = {2573-0142},
  abstract = {Quality control is critical to open production communities like Wikipedia. Wikipedia editors enact border quality control with edits (counter-vandalism) and new article creations (new page patrolling) shortly after they are saved. In this paper, we describe a long-standing set of inefficiencies that have plagued new page patrolling by drawing a contrast to the more efficient, distributed processes for counter-vandalism. Further, to address this issue, we demonstrate an effective automated topic model based on a labeling strategy that leverages a folksonomy developed by subject specific working groups in Wikipedia (WikiProject tags) and a flexible ontology (WikiProjects Directory) to arrive at a hierarchical and uniform label set. We are able to attain very high fitness measures (macro ROC-AUC: 95.2\%, macro PR-AUC: 74.5\%) and real-time performance using word2vec-based features. Finally, we present a proposal for how incorporating this model into current tools will shift the dynamics of new article review positively.},
  issue = {CSCW},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/CV6DS2XT/Asthana and Halfaker - 2018 - With Few Eyes, All Hoaxes Are Deep.pdf}
}

@article{astley_two_1985,
  title = {The {{Two Ecologies}}: Population and {{Community Perspectives}} on {{Organizational Evolution}}},
  shorttitle = {The {{Two Ecologies}}},
  author = {Astley, W. Graham},
  date = {1985},
  journaltitle = {Administrative Science Quarterly},
  volume = {30},
  number = {2},
  eprint = {2393106},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {224--241},
  issn = {0001-8392},
  abstract = {This paper distinguishes between two ecological perspectives on organizational evolution: population ecology and community ecology. The perspectives adopt different levels of analysis and produce contrasting views of the characteristic mode and tempo of organizational evolution. Population ecology limits investigation to evolutionary change unfolding within established populations, emphasizing factors that homogenize organizational forms and maintain population stability. Population ecology thus fails to explain how populations originate in the first place or how evolutionary change occurs through the proliferation of heterogeneous organizational types. Community ecology overcomes these limitations: it focuses on the rise and fall of populations as basic units of evolutionary change, simultaneously explaining forces that produce homogeneity and stability within populations and heterogeneity between them.},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/4Q76BREE/Astley - 1985 - The Two Ecologies Population and Community Perspe.pdf}
}

@article{axelrod_evolution_1981,
  title = {The Evolution of Cooperation},
  author = {Axelrod, R. and Hamilton, W. D.},
  date = {1981-03-27},
  journaltitle = {Science},
  volume = {211},
  number = {4489},
  pages = {1390--1396},
  issn = {0036-8075, 1095-9203},
  abstract = {Cooperation in organisms, whether bacteria or primates, has been a difficulty for evolutionary theory since Darwin. On the assumption that interactions between pairs of individuals occur on a probabilistic basis, a model is developed based on the concept of an evolutionarily stable strategy in the context of the Prisoner's Dilemma game. Deductions from the model, and the results of a computer tournament show how cooperation based on reciprocity can get started in an asocial world, can thrive while interacting with a wide range of other strategies, and can resist invasion once fully established. Potential applications include specific aspects of territoriality, mating, and disease.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/5W7KPW9P/1390.html}
}

@inproceedings{balestra_investigating_2017,
  title = {Investigating the {{Motivational Paths}} of {{Peer Production Newcomers}}},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2017 {{CHI Conference}} on {{Human Factors}} in {{Computing Systems}}},
  author = {Balestra, Martina and Cheshire, Coye and Arazy, Ofer and Nov, Oded},
  date = {2017},
  series = {{{CHI}} '17},
  pages = {6381--6385},
  publisher = {{ACM}},
  location = {{New York, NY, USA}},
  abstract = {Maintaining participation beyond the initial period of engagement is critical for peer production systems. Theory suggests that an increase in motivation is expected with contributors' movement from the community periphery to the core. Less is known, however, about how specific motivations change over time. We fill this gap by focusing on individual motivational paths in the formative periods of engagement, exploring which motivations change and how. We collected data on various instrumental and non-instrumental motivations at two points in study participants? Wikipedia career: when they started editing and again after six months. We found that non-instrumental motivations (including collective and intrinsic motives) decreased significantly over time, in contrast with socially-driven motivations such as norm-oriented motivates which did not change and social motives which increased marginally. The findings offer new insights into newcomers' evolving motivations, with implications for designing and managing peer-production systems.},
  isbn = {978-1-4503-4655-9},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/2E3UFPMA/Balestra et al. - 2017 - Investigating the Motivational Paths of Peer Produ.pdf}
}

@article{banbura_large_2010,
  title = {Large {{Bayesian}} Vector Auto Regressions},
  author = {Bańbura, Marta and Giannone, Domenico and Reichlin, Lucrezia},
  date = {2010},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Applied Econometrics},
  volume = {25},
  number = {1},
  pages = {71--92},
  issn = {1099-1255},
  abstract = {This paper shows that vector auto regression (VAR) with Bayesian shrinkage is an appropriate tool for large dynamic models. We build on the results of De Mol and co-workers (2008) and show that, when the degree of shrinkage is set in relation to the cross-sectional dimension, the forecasting performance of small monetary VARs can be improved by adding additional macroeconomic variables and sectoral information. In addition, we show that large VARs with shrinkage produce credible impulse responses and are suitable for structural analysis. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
  langid = {english},
  annotation = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jae.1137},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/BJPRR8SM/Bańbura et al_2010_Large Bayesian vector auto regressions.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/8WJXYLQS/jae.html}
}

@report{band_wikipedias_2013,
  type = {SSRN Scholarly Paper},
  title = {Wikipedia's {{Economic Value}}},
  author = {Band, Jonathan and Gerafi, Jonathan},
  date = {2013-10-07},
  institution = {{Social Science Research Network}},
  location = {{Rochester, NY}},
  abstract = {In the copyright policy debate, proponents of strong copyright protection tend to be dismissive of the quality of freely available content. In response to counter-examples such as open access scholarly publications and advertising-supported business models (e.g., newspaper websites and the over-the-air television broadcasts viewed by 50 million Americans), the strong copyright proponents center their attack on amateur content. In this narrative, YouTube is for cat videos and Wikipedia is a wildly unreliable source of information.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Jonathan Band,Jonathan Gerafi,SSRN,Wikipedia's Economic Value},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/SIEJTWL2/Band and Gerafi - 2013 - Wikipedia's Economic Value.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/HFS9JSGL/papers.html}
}

@article{barigozzi_nets:_2019-2,
  title = {{{NETS}}: Network Estimation for Time Series},
  shorttitle = {{{NETS}}},
  author = {Barigozzi, Matteo and Brownlees, Christian},
  date = {2019},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Applied Econometrics},
  volume = {34},
  number = {3},
  pages = {347--364},
  issn = {1099-1255},
  abstract = {We model a large panel of time series as a vector autoregression where the autoregressive matrices and the inverse covariance matrix of the system innovations are assumed to be sparse. The system has a network representation in terms of a directed graph representing predictive Granger relations and an undirected graph representing contemporaneous partial correlations. A LASSO algorithm called NETS is introduced to estimate the model. We apply the methodology to analyze a panel of volatility measures of 90 blue chips. The model captures an important fraction of total variability, on top of what is explained by volatility factors, and improves out-of-sample forecasting.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{barnett_competition_1987,
  title = {Competition and Mutualism among Early Telephone Companies},
  author = {Barnett, William P. and Carroll, Glenn R.},
  date = {1987},
  journaltitle = {Administrative Science Quarterly},
  volume = {32},
  number = {3},
  eprint = {2392912},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {400--421},
  issn = {0001-8392},
  abstract = {In an exploratory study of the early telephone industry, we search for evidence of competition and mutualism between legally autonomous companies. Neighboring companies are found to have both types of interdependencies, although their exact nature depends on organizational form. Companies in separate geographical locations are found to be competitive with each other, regardless of organizational form. The two prevalent organizational forms in the industry at this time each apparently flourished in distinct niches and were symbiotically related. The findings are interpreted within a community ecology framework.}
}

@article{barnett_predicting_2017,
  title = {Predicting International {{Facebook}} Ties through Cultural Homophily and Other Factors},
  author = {Barnett, George A and Benefield, Grace A},
  date = {2017-02-01},
  journaltitle = {New Media \& Society},
  shortjournal = {New Media \& Society},
  volume = {19},
  number = {2},
  pages = {217--239},
  publisher = {{SAGE Publications}},
  issn = {1461-4448},
  abstract = {This study describes the structure of the international Facebook friendship network and its determinants using various predictors, including physical proximity, cultural homophily, and communication. Network analysis resulted in one group of nations, with countries that bridge geographic and linguistic clusters (France, Spain, United Kingdom, and United Arab Emirates) being the most central. Countries with international Facebook friendship ties tended to share borders, language, civilization, and migration. Physical distance, shared hyperlinks, use of common websites, telephone traffic, cultural similarity, and international student exchange were either weakly or not significantly related to international Facebook friendships.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Communication network analysis,cultural homophily,Facebook,international friendship,social media (SNS)},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/LPCY3MMC/Barnett and Benefield - 2017 - Predicting international Facebook ties through cul.pdf}
}

@article{baronchelli_emergence_2018,
  title = {The Emergence of Consensus: A Primer},
  shorttitle = {The Emergence of Consensus},
  author = {Baronchelli, Andrea},
  date = {2018-02-01},
  journaltitle = {Open Science},
  volume = {5},
  number = {2},
  pages = {172189},
  issn = {2054-5703},
  abstract = {The origin of population-scale coordination has puzzled philosophers and scientists for centuries. Recently, game theory, evolutionary approaches and complex systems science have provided quantitative insights on the mechanisms of social consensus. However, the literature is vast and widely scattered across fields, making it hard for the single researcher to navigate it. This short review aims to provide a compact overview of the main dimensions over which the debate has unfolded and to discuss some representative examples. It focuses on those situations in which consensus emerges ‘spontaneously’ in the absence of centralized institutions and covers topics that include the macroscopic consequences of the different microscopic rules of behavioural contagion, the role of social networks and the mechanisms that prevent the formation of a consensus or alter it after it has emerged. Special attention is devoted to the recent wave of experiments on the emergence of consensus in social systems.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/BCQ4892J/Baronchelli - 2018 - The emergence of consensus a primer.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/WPXC9FJ7/172189.html}
}

@incollection{baum_ecological_2006,
  title = {Ecological Approaches to Organizations},
  booktitle = {Sage {{Handbook}} for {{Organization Studies}}},
  author = {Baum, Joel A. C. and Shipilov, Andrew V.},
  date = {2006},
  pages = {55--110},
  publisher = {{Sage}},
  location = {{Rochester, NY}},
  abstract = {Our goal is to assess and consolidate the current state-of-the-art in organizational ecology. To accomplish this we review major theoretical statements, empirical studies, and arguments that are now being made. Although we attempt to survey ecological approaches to organizations comprehensively, because ecological research now constitutes a very large body of work, and because other extensive reviews are available (Aldrich \& Wiedenmayer, 1993; Barnett \& Carroll, 1995; Baum, 1996; Baum \& Amburgey, 2002; Baum \& Rao, 2004; Carroll, Dobrev \& Swaminathan, 2002; Galunic \& Weeks 2002; Rao, 2002; Singh \& Lumsden, 1990), we emphasize recent work that challenges and extends established theory and highlight new and emerging directions for future research that appear promising.  Our appraisal focuses on two main themes - demographic processes and ecological processes.},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/EGQC2W5I/Baum and Shipilov - 2006 - Ecological approaches to organizations.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/38MBRGMQ/papers.html}
}

@article{baum_organizational_1994,
  title = {Organizational {{Niches}} and the {{Dynamics}} of {{Organizational Founding}}},
  author = {Baum, Joel A. C. and Singh, Jitendra V.},
  date = {1994},
  journaltitle = {Organization Science},
  volume = {5},
  number = {4},
  eprint = {2635178},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {483--501},
  publisher = {{INFORMS}},
  issn = {1047-7039},
  abstract = {In this paper we argue that patterns of organizational niche overlap and nonoverlap influence the organizational niches in which entrepreneurs create organizations. Organizational niches characterize the different resource requirements and productive capacities of individual organizations in a population. Depending on which organizational niches are targeted, entrepreneurs will face different competitive landscapes. For a population of day care centers (DCCs), we measure organizational niches and compute organizational niche overlaps in terms of the ages of children they are licensed to enroll. Using weights based on organizational niche overlaps, we disaggregate population density (i.e., the number of DCCs) into overlap density and nonoverlap density to measure the potential for competition and cooperation among DCCs. The overlap density of an organizational niche is equal to population density weighted by the overlaps of the focal organizational niche with all other organizational niches. Conversely, non-overlap density is equal to population density weighted by the absence of overlaps of a focal organizational niche with all other organizational niches. We hypothesize that overlap density will be negatively related to the founding rate. We expect entrepreneurs will be much less likely to target or be capable of founding organizations in crowded parts of the resource space than parts that are less densely populated. We also hypothesize that nonoverlap density will be positively related to the founding rate. This is because differentiated DCCs do not compete directly for resources, and, at the same time, their presence can have facilitative influences through complementary demand enhancement and widening social acceptance of the organization form. Supporting these predictions, a dynamic analysis showed that overlap density had a competitive effect on the founding rate, while nonoverlap density had a positive effect. Parallel effects were obtained when overlap and nonoverlap densities were further disaggregated on the basis of geographic proximity into local and diffuse components. Overall, our findings are consistent with earlier research on organizational founding at the population level, but reveal intrapopulation patterns of mutualism and competition that influence the likelihood of organizations being established in different organizational niches. The key result of this study, that location in a multidimensional resource space, together with the distribution of other competitors and noncompetitors, has a significant impact on founding probabilities serves to illuminate some of the underlying dynamics of competition and mutualism that impact strategic and entrepreneurial processes.},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/E2AGCRNI/Baum and Singh - 1994 - Organizational Niches and the Dynamics of Organiza.pdf}
}

@article{baum_organizational_1994-2,
  title = {Organizational {{Niches}} and the {{Dynamics}} of {{Organizational Mortality}}},
  author = {Baum, Joel A. C. and Singh, Jitendra V.},
  date = {1994},
  journaltitle = {American Journal of Sociology},
  volume = {100},
  number = {2},
  eprint = {2782073},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {346--380},
  publisher = {{University of Chicago Press}},
  issn = {0002-9602},
  abstract = {Departing from the population-level emphasis of density dependence research in organizational ecology, the authors examine how organizational niches within populations influence patterns of competition and mutualism. Organizational niches characterize intrapopulation variation in productive capacities and resource requirements and are operationalized for a population of day care centers (DCCs) based on the ages of children they are licensed to enroll. The authors find competitive effects of overlap density, the aggregate overlap of a DCC's organizational niche with those of all others, and mutualistic effects of nonoverlap density, the aggregate nonoverlap, which are strongest among neighboring DCCs. The authors discuss the implications of their findings for studying organizational population dynamics.}
}

@article{baumgartner_punctuated_2009,
  title = {Punctuated {{Equilibrium}} in {{Comparative Perspective}}},
  author = {Baumgartner, Frank R. and Breunig, Christian and Green‐Pedersen, Christoffer and Jones, Bryan D. and Mortensen, Peter B. and Nuytemans, Michiel and Walgrave, Stefaan},
  date = {2009-07-01},
  journaltitle = {American Journal of Political Science},
  volume = {53},
  number = {3},
  pages = {603--620},
  issn = {1540-5907},
  abstract = {We explore the impact of institutional design on the distribution of changes in outputs of governmental processes in the United States, Belgium, and Denmark. Using comprehensive indicators of governmental actions over several decades, we show that in each country the level of institutional friction increases as we look at processes further along the policy cycle. Assessing multiple policymaking institutions in each country allows us to control for the nature of the policy inputs, as all the institutions we consider cover the full range of social and political issues in the country. We find that all distributions exhibit high kurtosis values, significantly higher than the Normal distribution which would be expected if changes in government attention and activities were proportionate to changes in social inputs. Further, in each country, those institutions that impose higher decision-making costs show progressively higher kurtosis values. The results suggest general patterns that we hypothesize to be related to boundedly rational behavior in a complex social environment.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/MI3L3WCA/Baumgartner et al. - 2009 - Punctuated Equilibrium in Comparative Perspective.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/H8BBFG97/j.1540-5907.2009.00389.html}
}

@article{baumgartner_pushshift_2020,
  title = {The {{Pushshift Reddit}} Dataset},
  author = {Baumgartner, Jason and Zannettou, Savvas and Keegan, Brian and Squire, Megan and Blackburn, Jeremy},
  date = {2020-05-26},
  journaltitle = {Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media},
  shortjournal = {ICWSM},
  volume = {14},
  pages = {830--839},
  issn = {2334-0770},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {pushift,reddit},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/DHRFJ58I/Baumgartner et al. - 2020 - The Pushshift Reddit Dataset.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/G5E8SQFN/Baumgartner et al_2020_The Pushshift Reddit Dataset.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/A8X5UY9R/2001.html;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/B9FRQR94/7347.html}
}

@article{becker_theory_1965,
  title = {A {{Theory}} of the {{Allocation}} of {{Time}}},
  author = {Becker, Gary S.},
  date = {1965-09},
  journaltitle = {The Economic Journal},
  shortjournal = {The Economic Journal},
  volume = {75},
  number = {299},
  pages = {493},
  issn = {00130133},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/82WK59JA/Becker - 1965 - A Theory of the Allocation of Time.pdf}
}

@article{belmonte_hierarchical_2014,
  title = {Hierarchical {{Shrinkage}} in {{Time}}-{{Varying Parameter Models}}},
  author = {Belmonte, Miguel A. G. and Koop, Gary and Korobilis, Dimitris},
  date = {2014},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Forecasting},
  volume = {33},
  number = {1},
  pages = {80--94},
  issn = {1099-131X},
  abstract = {ABSTRACTIn this paper, we forecast EU area inflation with many predictors using time-varying parameter models. The facts that time-varying parameter models are parameter rich and the time span of our data is relatively short motivate a desire for shrinkage. In constant coefficient regression models, the Bayesian Lasso is gaining increasing popularity as an effective tool for achieving such shrinkage. In this paper, we develop econometric methods for using the Bayesian Lasso with time-varying parameter models. Our approach allows for the coefficient on each predictor to be: (i) time varying; (ii) constant over time; or (iii) shrunk to zero. The econometric methodology decides automatically to which category each coefficient belongs. Our empirical results indicate the benefits of such an approach. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/U7CB9Y87/Belmonte et al. - 2014 - Hierarchical Shrinkage in Time-Varying Parameter M.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/CAU9FJGR/for.html}
}

@article{benkler_coases_2002,
  title = {Coase's Penguin, or, {{Linux}} and `{{The}} Nature of the Firm'},
  author = {Benkler, Yochai},
  date = {2002-12},
  journaltitle = {The Yale Law Journal},
  volume = {112},
  number = {3},
  pages = {369},
  keywords = {Advantages,Economics,FOSS,Internet,Law,Legal Studies,Open source software,Production cooperatives,Socioeconomic factors}
}

@incollection{benkler_peer_2015,
  title = {Peer Production: A Form of Collective Intelligence},
  booktitle = {Handbook of {{Collective Intelligence}}},
  author = {Benkler, Yochai and Shaw, Aaron and Hill, Benjamin Mako},
  editor = {Malone, Thomas W. and Bernstein, Michael S.},
  date = {2015},
  pages = {175--204},
  publisher = {{MIT Press}},
  location = {{Cambridge, MA}},
  isbn = {978-0-262-02981-0},
  langid = {english}
}

@report{benkler_social_2013,
  type = {SSRN Scholarly Paper},
  title = {Social {{Mobilization}} and the {{Networked Public Sphere}}: Mapping the {{SOPA}}-{{PIPA Debate}}},
  shorttitle = {Social {{Mobilization}} and the {{Networked Public Sphere}}},
  author = {Benkler, Yochai and Roberts, Hal and Faris, Robert and Solow-Niederman, Alicia and Etling, Bruce},
  date = {2013},
  number = {ID 2295953},
  institution = {{Social Science Research Network}},
  location = {{Rochester, NY}},
  abstract = {This paper uses a new set of online research tools to develop a detailed study of the public debate over proposed legislation in the United States designed to give prosecutors and copyright holders new tools to pursue suspected online copyright violations. For this study, we compiled, mapped, and analyzed a set of 9,757 stories relevant to the COICA-SOPA-PIPA debate from September 2010 through the end of January 2012 using Media Cloud, an open source tool created at the Berkman Center to allow quantitative analysis of a large number of online media sources. This study applies a mixed-methods approach by combining text and link analysis with human coding and informal interviews to map the evolution of the controversy over time and to analyze the mobilization, roles, and interactions of various actors.This novel, data-driven perspective on the dynamics of the networked public sphere supports an optimistic view of the potential for networked democratic participation, and offers a view of a vibrant, diverse, and decentralized networked public sphere that exhibited broad participation, leveraged topical expertise, and focused public sentiment to shape national public policy. We find that the fourth estate function was fulfilled by a network of small-scale commercial tech media, standing non-media NGOs, and individuals, whose work was then amplified by traditional media. Mobilization was effective, and involved substantial experimentation and rapid development. We observe the rise to public awareness of an agenda originating in the networked public sphere and its framing in the teeth of substantial sums of money spent to shape the mass media narrative in favor of the legislation. Moreover, we witness what we call an attention backbone, in which more trafficked sites amplify less-visible individual voices on specific subjects. Some aspects of the events suggest that they may be particularly susceptible to these kinds of democratic features, and may not be generalizable. Nonetheless, the data suggest that, at least in this case, the networked public sphere enabled a dynamic public discourse that involved both individual and organizational  participants and offered substantive discussion of complex issues contributing to affirmative political action.Find more information about the paper, including raw data available for download and an interactive visualization of the maps included in this paper, on the Berkman Center website.},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/P9M6MASA/Benkler et al. - 2013 - Social Mobilization and the Networked Public Spher.pdf}
}

@book{benkler_wealth_2006,
  title = {The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom},
  author = {Benkler, Yochai},
  date = {2006},
  publisher = {{Yale University Press}},
  location = {{New Haven, CT}},
  pagetotal = {528},
  keywords = {bookReview,Economics,FOSS,foundations of social computing,import,Innovation,Legal Studies,peer production}
}

@incollection{bernstein_quantifying_2013,
  title = {Quantifying the Invisible Audience in Social Networks},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the {{SIGCHI Conference}} on {{Human Factors}} in {{Computing Systems}}},
  author = {Bernstein, Michael S. and Bakshy, Eytan and Burke, Moira and Karrer, Brian},
  date = {2013-04-27},
  pages = {21--30},
  publisher = {{Association for Computing Machinery}},
  location = {{New York, NY, USA}},
  abstract = {When you share content in an online social network, who is listening? Users have scarce information about who actually sees their content, making their audience seem invisible and difficult to estimate. However, understanding this invisible audience can impact both science and design, since perceived audiences influence content production and self-presentation online. In this paper, we combine survey and large-scale log data to examine how well users' perceptions of their audience match their actual audience on Facebook. We find that social media users consistently underestimate their audience size for their posts, guessing that their audience is just 27\% of its true size. Qualitative coding of survey responses reveals folk theories that attempt to reverse-engineer audience size using feedback and friend count, though none of these approaches are particularly accurate. We analyze audience logs for 222,000 Facebook users' posts over the course of one month and find that publicly visible signals --- friend count, likes, and comments --- vary widely and do not strongly indicate the audience of a single post. Despite the variation, users typically reach 61\% of their friends each month. Together, our results begin to reveal the invisible undercurrents of audience attention and behavior in online social networks.},
  isbn = {978-1-4503-1899-0},
  keywords = {audience,information distribution,social networks}
}

@article{bilgrei_broscience_2018,
  title = {Broscience: Creating Trust in Online Drug Communities},
  shorttitle = {Broscience},
  author = {Bilgrei, Ola Røed},
  date = {2018-08-01},
  journaltitle = {New Media \& Society},
  shortjournal = {New Media \& Society},
  volume = {20},
  number = {8},
  pages = {2712--2727},
  publisher = {{SAGE Publications}},
  issn = {1461-4448},
  abstract = {This study explores the social mechanisms involved in online community trust. Drawing on interviews with members from two Norwegian Internet drug forums, the article illustrates how forum members evaluate the trustworthiness of online user-generated drug content, referred to as ‘broscience’. First, the shared narratives and boundaries within the forums generated a sense of collective identity, where members defined their online surroundings in terms of community trust and collaboration. Second, the subcultural argot within the forums helped members express a level of subcultural competence and authenticity, in which they were able to assess their credibility and initial trustworthiness. Third, the reputation linked to online identities created expectations and predictability as a basis for evaluating members’ trustworthiness. These findings touch upon the ambivalence of trust in an online setting and highlight the communal process that caused their ambivalence to be suspended, thereby enabling online community trust.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Broscience,drugs,Internet subculture,online community,trust},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/WBMSUCSH/Bilgrei - 2018 - Broscience Creating trust in online drug communit.pdf}
}

@book{bimber_collective_2012,
  ids = {bimber_collective_2012-1},
  title = {Collective Action in Organizations: Interaction and Engagement in an Era of Technological Change},
  shorttitle = {Collective Action in Organizations},
  author = {Bimber, Bruce A. and Flanagin, Andrew J. and Stohl, Cynthia},
  date = {2012},
  publisher = {{Cambridge University Press}},
  location = {{New York, NY}},
  abstract = {"This book explores how people participate in public life through organizations. The authors examine The American Legion, AARP, and MoveOn, and show surprising similarities across these three organizations"--Provided by publisher. "This book offers a new theory of collective action for the age of digital media, attesting to the continued relevance of formal organizations in a time when digital media can make it seem that organizations are outdated. The authors examine the dynamics of membership in three distinctive organizations: The American Legion, AARP, and MoveOn. They develop the theory of Collective Action Space to demonstrate the important dimensions of membership and use survey and interview data to explore commonalities across the organizations, each of which exhibits four, ♯p︢articipatory styles., ♯ ̮The book shows that predictors of participation vary greatly across participatory styles, and rather little across organizations. The book wrestles with a crucial feature of contemporary collective action, wherein technology does not necessarily make people participate more, but people consistently use technology when they participate. The result is a theoretically rich and empirically fresh portrait of collective action, organization, and technology"--Provided by publisher.},
  isbn = {978-0-521-19172-2},
  langid = {english},
  pagetotal = {224}
}

@article{blei_latent_2003,
  title = {Latent Dirichlet Allocation},
  author = {Blei, David M. and Ng, Andrew Y. and Jordan, Michael I.},
  date = {2003},
  journaltitle = {The Journal of Machine Learning Research},
  volume = {3},
  pages = {993--1022},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/2K3E7TJH/Blei et al. - 2003 - Latent dirichlet allocation.pdf}
}

@inproceedings{blevis_ecological_2015,
  title = {Ecological {{Perspectives}} in {{HCI}}: Promise, {{Problems}}, and {{Potential}}},
  shorttitle = {Ecological {{Perspectives}} in {{HCI}}},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 33rd {{Annual ACM Conference Extended Abstracts}} on {{Human Factors}} in {{Computing Systems}}},
  author = {Blevis, Eli and Bødker, Susanne and Flach, John and Forlizzi, Jodi and Jung, Heekyoung and Kaptelinin, Victor and Nardi, Bonnie and Rizzo, Antonio},
  date = {2015-04-18},
  series = {{{CHI EA}} '15},
  pages = {2401--2404},
  publisher = {{Association for Computing Machinery}},
  location = {{New York, NY, USA}},
  abstract = {The aim of the workshop is to provide a forum for researchers and practitioners to discuss the present and future of ecological perspectives in HCI. The participants will reflect on the current uses and interpretations of "ecology" and related concepts in the field. The workshop will assess the potential of ecological perspectives in HCI for supporting rich and meaningful analysis, as well as innovative design, of interactive technologies in real-life contexts.},
  isbn = {978-1-4503-3146-3},
  keywords = {affordances,artifact ecologies,ecological psychology,ecology,habitat,information ecologies,social ecology,sustainability}
}

@article{bowker_bonnie_2001,
  title = {Bonnie {{Nardi}} and {{Vicki O}}'{{Day}}, {{Information Ecologies}}: Using {{Technology}} with {{Heart}}},
  shorttitle = {Bonnie {{Nardi}} and {{Vicki O}}'{{Day}}, {{Information Ecologies}}},
  author = {Bowker, Geoffrey C.},
  date = {2001-03},
  journaltitle = {Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW)},
  shortjournal = {Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW)},
  volume = {10},
  number = {1},
  pages = {143--145},
  issn = {0925-9724, 1573-7551},
  langid = {english}
}

@book{box-steffensmeier_time_2014,
  title = {Time Series Analysis for the Social Sciences},
  author = {Box-Steffensmeier, Janet M},
  date = {2014},
  abstract = {"Time-series, or longitudinal, data are ubiquitous in the social sciences. Unfortunately, analysts often treat the time-series properties of their data as a nuisance rather than a substantively meaningful dynamic process to be modeled and interpreted. Time-Series Analysis for Social Sciences provides accessible, up-to-date instruction and examples of the core methods in time-series econometrics. Janet M. Box-Steffensmeier, John R. Freeman, Jon C. Pevehouse, and Matthew P. Hitt cover a wide range of topics including ARIMA models, time-series regression, unit-root diagnosis, vector autoregressive models, error-correction models, intervention models, fractional integration, ARCH models, structural breaks, and forecasting. This book is aimed at researchers and graduate students who have taken at least one course in multivariate regression. Examples are drawn from several areas of social science, including political behavior, elections, international conflict, criminology, and comparative political economy"--},
  isbn = {978-0-521-87116-7 978-0-521-69155-0},
  langid = {english},
  annotation = {OCLC: 879601718}
}

@article{boyd_social_2007,
  title = {Social {{Network Sites}}: Definition, {{History}}, and {{Scholarship}}},
  shorttitle = {Social {{Network Sites}}},
  author = {Boyd, Danah M and Ellison, Nicole B.},
  date = {2007-10-01},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication},
  shortjournal = {J Comput Mediat Commun},
  volume = {13},
  number = {1},
  pages = {210--230},
  publisher = {{Oxford Academic}},
  abstract = {Social network sites (SNSs) are increasingly attracting the attention of academic and industry researchers intrigued by their affordances and reach. This special theme section of the Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication brings together scholarship on these emergent phenomena. In this introductory article, we describe features of SNSs and propose a comprehensive definition. We then present one perspective on the history of such sites, discussing key changes and developments. After briefly summarizing existing scholarship concerning SNSs, we discuss the articles in this special section and conclude with considerations for future research.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/6BMGYUAE/Boyd and Ellison - 2007 - Social Network Sites Definition, History, and Sch.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/JK59CLHH/4583062.html}
}

@article{brandt_bayesian_2012,
  title = {A {{Bayesian Poisson Vector Autoregression Model}}},
  author = {Brandt, Patrick T. and Sandler, Todd},
  date = {2012},
  journaltitle = {Political Analysis},
  shortjournal = {Polit. anal.},
  volume = {20},
  number = {3},
  pages = {292--315},
  issn = {1047-1987, 1476-4989},
  abstract = {Multivariate count models are rare in political science, despite the presence of many count time series. This article develops a new Bayesian Poisson vector autoregression (BaP-VAR) model that can characterize endogenous dynamic counts with no restrictions on the contemporaneous correlations. Impulse responses, decomposition of the forecast errors, and dynamic multiplier methods for the effects of exogenous covariate shocks are illustrated for the model. Two full illustrations of the model, its interpretations, and results are presented. The first example is a dynamic model that reanalyzes the patterns and predictors of superpower rivalry events. The second example applies the model to analyze the dynamics of transnational terrorist targeting decisions between 1968 and 2008. The latter example’s results have direct implications for contemporary policy about terrorists’ targeting that are both novel and innovative in the study of terrorism.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/FXWYBXR7/Brandt and Sandler - 2012 - A Bayesian Poisson Vector Autoregression Model.pdf}
}

@inproceedings{brandtzaeg_user_2008,
  title = {User {{Loyalty}} and {{Online Communities}}: Why {{Members}} of {{Online Communities}} Are Not {{Faithful}}},
  shorttitle = {User {{Loyalty}} and {{Online Communities}}},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd {{International Conference}} on {{INtelligent TEchnologies}} for Interactive {{enterTAINment}}},
  author = {Brandtzæg, Petter Bae and Heim, Jan},
  date = {2008},
  publisher = {{ICST}},
  location = {{Cancun, Mexico}},
  abstract = {Online communities are getting increasingly important for several different user groups; at the same time, community members seem to lack loyalty, as they often change from one community to another or use their community less over time. To survive and thrive, online communities must meet members’ needs. By using qualitative data are from an extensive online survey of online community users and a representative sample of Internet users, 200 responses to an open question regarding community-loyalty was analyzed. Results show that there are 9 main reasons why community-users decrease in their participation over time or, in simple terms, stop using their online community: 1) Lack of interesting people/friends attending, 2) Low quality content, 3) Low usability, 4) Harassment and bullying 5) Timeconsuming/isolating, 6) Low trust, 7) Over-commercialized, 8) Dissatisfaction with moderators and 9) Unspecified boring. The results, design implications and future research are discussed.},
  eventtitle = {2nd {{International Conference}} on {{INtelligent TEchnologies}} for Interactive {{enterTAINment}}},
  isbn = {978-963-9799-13-4},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/2KNF5QHS/Brandtzæg and Heim - 2008 - User Loyalty and Online Communities Why Members o.pdf}
}

@article{brown_social_1987,
  title = {Social {{Ties}} and {{Word}}-of-{{Mouth Referral Behavior}}},
  author = {Brown, Jacqueline Johnson and Reingen, Peter H.},
  date = {1987},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Consumer Research},
  volume = {14},
  number = {3},
  eprint = {2489496},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {350--362},
  publisher = {{Oxford University Press}},
  issn = {0093-5301},
  abstract = {This article presents a network analysis of word-of-mouth referral behavior in a natural environment. The relational properties of tie strength and homophily were employed to examine referral behavior at micro and macro levels of inquiry. The study demonstrates different roles played by weak and strong social ties. At the macro level, weak ties displayed an important bridging function, allowing information to travel from one distinct subgroup of referral actors to another subgroup in the broader social system. At the micro level, strong and homophilous ties were more likely to be activated for the flow of referral information. Strong ties were also perceived as more influential than weak ties, and they were more likely to be utilized as sources of information for related goods.}
}

@inproceedings{bryant_becoming_2005,
  title = {Becoming {{Wikipedian}}: Transformation of Participation in a Collaborative Online Encyclopedia},
  shorttitle = {Becoming {{Wikipedian}}},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2005 {{International ACM SIGGROUP Conference}} on {{Supporting Group Work}}},
  author = {Bryant, Susan L. and Forte, Andrea and Bruckman, Amy},
  date = {2005},
  series = {{{GROUP}} '05},
  pages = {1--10},
  publisher = {{ACM}},
  location = {{New York, NY}},
  abstract = {Traditional activities change in surprising ways when computer-mediated communication becomes a component of the activity system. In this descriptive study, we leverage two perspectives on social activity to understand the experiences of individuals who became active collaborators in Wikipedia, a prolific, cooperatively-authored online encyclopedia. Legitimate peripheral participation provides a lens for understanding participation in a community as an adaptable process that evolves over time. We use ideas from activity theory as a framework to describe our results. Finally, we describe how activity on the Wikipedia stands in striking contrast to traditional publishing and suggests a new paradigm for collaborative systems.},
  isbn = {1-59593-223-2},
  keywords = {activity theory,community,legitimate peripheral participation,qualitative,Wiki,wikipedia},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/VJXQFTDD/Bryant et al. - 2005 - Becoming Wikipedian transformation of participati.pdf}
}

@article{burgelman_intraorganizational_1991,
  title = {Intraorganizational {{Ecology}} of {{Strategy Making}} and {{Organizational Adaptation}}: Theory and {{Field Research}}},
  shorttitle = {Intraorganizational {{Ecology}} of {{Strategy Making}} and {{Organizational Adaptation}}},
  author = {Burgelman, Robert A.},
  date = {1991-08-01},
  journaltitle = {Organization Science},
  volume = {2},
  number = {3},
  pages = {239--262},
  publisher = {{INFORMS}},
  issn = {1047-7039},
  abstract = {This paper presents an intraorganizational ecological perspective on strategy making, and examines how internal selection may combine with external selection to explain organizational change and survival. The perspective serves to illuminate data from a field study of the evolution of Intel Corporation's corporate strategy. The data, in turn, are used to refine and deepen the conceptual framework. Relationships between induced and autonomous strategic processes and four modes of organizational adaptation are discussed. Apparent paradoxes associated with structural inertia and strategic reorientation arguments are elucidated and several new propositions derived. The paper proposes that consistently successful organizations are characterized by top managements who spend efforts on building the induced and autonomous strategic processes, as well as concerning themselves with the content of strategy; that such organizations simultaneously exercise induced and autonomous processes; and that successful reorientations in organizations are likely to have been preceded by internal experimentation and selection processes effected through the autonomous process.},
  keywords = {corporate strategy,evolutionary management,organizational ecology,selection and adaptation}
}

@inbook{burgess_computational_2018,
  ids = {foote_computational_2017},
  title = {A Computational Analysis of Social Media Scholarship},
  booktitle = {The {{SAGE Handbook}} of {{Social Media}}},
  author = {Foote, Jeremy and Shaw, Aaron and Hill, Benjamin Mako},
  date = {2018},
  pages = {111--134},
  publisher = {{SAGE Publications Ltd}},
  location = {{1 Oliver's Yard,~55 City Road~London~EC1Y 1SP}},
  abstract = {Data from social media platforms and online communities have fueled the growth of computational social science. In this chapter, we use computational analysis to characterize the state of research on social media and demonstrate the utility of such methods. First, we discuss how to obtain datasets from the APIs published by many social media platforms. Then, we perform some of the most widely used computational analyses on a dataset of social media scholarship we extract from the Scopus bibliographic database’s API. We apply three methods: network analysis, topic modeling using latent Dirichlet allocation, and statistical prediction using machine learning. For each technique, we explain the method and demonstrate how it can be used to draw insights from our dataset. Our analyses reveal overlapping scholarly communities studying social media. We find that early social media research applied social network analysis and quantitative methods, but the most cited and influential work has come from marketing and medical research. We also find that publication venue and, to a lesser degree, textual features of papers explain the largest variation in incoming citations. We conclude with some consideration of the limitations of computational research and future directions.},
  bookauthor = {Burgess, Jean and Marwick, Alice and Poell, Thomas},
  isbn = {978-1-4129-6229-2 978-1-4739-8406-6},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/W8C4ULRU/Foote et al. - 2018 - A Computational Analysis of Social Media Scholarsh.pdf}
}

@article{burnett_information_2004,
  title = {Information {{Exchange}} in {{Virtual Communities}}: A {{Comparative Study}}},
  shorttitle = {Information {{Exchange}} in {{Virtual Communities}}},
  author = {Burnett, Gary and Buerkle, Harry},
  date = {2004-01-01},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication},
  shortjournal = {Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication},
  volume = {9},
  issn = {1083-6101},
  abstract = {Burnett's (2000) typology of information exchange in virtual communities attempts to provide a framework for examining the range of activities undertaken by participants in such communities. This study is the first in a series to apply the typology to specific virtual communities, in an effort to assess its accuracy against the day-to-day interactions to be found in two online communities. Through a comparison of these two communities using the typology, revisions to the typology are proposed which will allow it to reflect more accurately activities found within the communities. By providing a metric through which to address such questions, the revised typology will allow a richer understanding of virtual communities as social information environments.},
  issue = {JCMC922},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/39C7RSD8/4614481.html}
}

@article{butler_attraction-selection-attrition_2014,
  title = {An Attraction-Selection-Attrition Theory of Online Community Size and Resilience},
  author = {Butler, Brian S. and Bateman, Patrick J. and Gray, Peter H. and Diamant, E. Ilana},
  date = {2014-09},
  journaltitle = {MIS Q.},
  volume = {38},
  number = {3},
  pages = {699--728},
  issn = {0276-7783},
  abstract = {Online discussion communities play an important role in the development of relationships and the transfer of knowledge within and across organizations. Their underlying technologies enhance these processes by providing infrastructures through which group-based communication can occur. Community administrators often make decisions about technologies with the goal of enhancing the user experience, but the impact of such decisions on how a community develops must also be considered. To shed light on this complex and under-researched phenomenon, we offer a model of key latent constructs influenced by technology choices and possible causal paths by which they have dynamic effects on communities. Two important community characteristics that can be impacted are community size (number of members) and community resilience (membership that is willing to remain involved with the community in spite of variability and change in the topics discussed). To model community development, we build on attraction-selection-attrition (ASA) theory, introducing two new concepts: participation costs (how much time and effort are required to engage with content provided in a community) and topic consistency cues (how strongly a community signals that topics that may appear in the future will be consistent with what it has hosted in the past). We use the proposed ASA theory of online communities (OCASA) to develop a simulation model of community size and resilience that affirms some conventional wisdom and also has novel and counterintuitive implications. Analysis of the model leads to testable new propositions about the causal paths by which technology choices affect the emergence of community size and community resilience, and associated implications for community sustainability.},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/292C8XTF/Butler et al. - 2014 - An Attraction-selection-attrition Theory of Online.pdf}
}

@article{butler_cross-purposes_2011,
  title = {The Cross-Purposes of Cross-Posting: Boundary Reshaping Behavior in Online Discussion Communities},
  shorttitle = {The Cross-Purposes of Cross-Posting},
  author = {Butler, Brian S. and Wang, Xiaoqing},
  date = {2011-09-15},
  journaltitle = {Information Systems Research},
  shortjournal = {Information Systems Research},
  volume = {23},
  pages = {993--1010},
  issn = {1047-7047},
  abstract = {Increasingly, online discussion communities are used to support activities ranging from software development to political campaigns. An important feature of an online discussion community is its content boundaries, which are individual perceptions of what materials and discussions are part of the community and what are not, and how that community is related to others within a larger system. Yet in spite of its importance, many community infrastructures allow individual participants to reshape content boundaries by simultaneously associating their contributions with multiple online discussion communities. This reshaping behavior is a controversial aspect of the creation and management of many types of online discussion communities. On one hand, many communities explicitly discourage boundary reshaping behaviors in their frequently asked questions or terms-of-use document. On the other hand, community infrastructures continue to allow such reshaping behaviors. To explain this controversy, we theorize how the extent of boundary reshaping in an online discussion community has simultaneously positive and negative effects on its member dynamics and responsiveness. We test predictions about the conflicting effects of reshaping behaviors with 60 months of longitudinal data from 140 USENET newsgroups, focusing on cross-posting activities as a form of reshaping behavior. Empirical results are consistent with the proposed hypotheses that reshaping behaviors within a discussion community affect member dynamics and community responsiveness in both positive and negative ways. Taken together, the findings highlight the boundary-related design challenges faced by managers seeking to support ongoing activity within online discussion communities.},
  issue = {3-part-2},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/MHIHVXMA/Butler and Wang - 2012 - The Cross-Purposes of Cross-Posting Boundary Resh.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/ZDTPFJP3/Butler and Wang - 2011 - The Cross-Purposes of Cross-Posting Boundary Resh.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/5XCPFJS9/isre.1110.html}
}

@article{butler_membership_2001,
  title = {Membership Size, Communication Activity, and Sustainability: A Resource-Based Model of Online Social Structures},
  shorttitle = {Membership {{Size}}, {{Communication Activity}}, and {{Sustainability}}},
  author = {Butler, Brian S.},
  date = {2001},
  journaltitle = {Information Systems Research},
  shortjournal = {Information Systems Research},
  volume = {12},
  number = {4},
  eprint = {23011457},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {346--362},
  issn = {1047-7047},
  abstract = {As telecommunication networks become more common, there is an increasing interest in the factors underlying the development of online social structures. It has been proposed that these structures are new forms of organizing which are not subject to the same constraints as traditional social structures. However, from anecdotal evidence and case studies it is difficult to evaluate whether online social structures are subject to the same problems as traditional social structures. Drawing from prior studies of traditional social structures and empirical analyses of longitudinal data from a sample of Internet-based groups, this exploratory work considers the role of size and communication activity in sustainable online social structures. A resource-based theory of sustainable social structures is presented. Members contribute time, energy, and other resources, enabling a social structure to provide benefits for individuals. These benefits, which include information, influence, and social support, are the basis for a social structure's ability to attract and retain members. This model focuses on the system of opposing forces that link membership size as a component of resource availability and communication activity as an aspect of benefit provision to the sustainability of an online social structure. Analyses of data from a random sample of e-mail-based Internet social structures (listservs) indicate that communication activity and size have both positive and negative effects on a structure's sustainability. These results suggest that while the use of networked communication technologies may alter the form of communication, balancing the opposing impacts of membership size and communication activity in order to maintain resource availability and provide benefits for current members remains a fundamental problem underlying the development of sustainable online social structures.},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/4ENNLMAH/Butler - 2001 - Membership Size, Communication Activity, and Susta.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/U7AUNAZT/Butler-2001-ISR-Membership_size_communication_activitiy_sustainability.pdf}
}

@inproceedings{campbell_thousands_2016,
  title = {Thousands of {{Positive Reviews}}: Distributed {{Mentoring}} in {{Online Fan Communities}}},
  shorttitle = {Thousands of {{Positive Reviews}}},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 19th {{ACM Conference}} on {{Computer}}-{{Supported Cooperative Work}} \& {{Social Computing}}},
  author = {Campbell, Julie and Aragon, Cecilia and Davis, Katie and Evans, Sarah and Evans, Abigail and Randall, David},
  date = {2016-02-27},
  series = {{{CSCW}} '16},
  pages = {691--704},
  publisher = {{Association for Computing Machinery}},
  location = {{New York, NY, USA}},
  abstract = {Young people worldwide are participating in ever-increasing numbers in online fan communities. Far from mere shallow repositories of pop culture, these sites are accumulating significant evidence that sophisticated informal learning is taking place online in novel and unexpected ways. In order to understand and analyze in more detail how learning might be occurring, we conducted an in-depth nine-month ethnographic investigation of online fanfiction communities, including participant observation and fanfiction author interviews. Our observations led to the development of a theory we term distributed mentoring, which we present in detail in this paper. Distributed mentoring exemplifies one instance of how networked technology affords new extensions of behaviors that were previously bounded by time and space. Distributed mentoring holds potential for application beyond the spontaneous mentoring observed in this investigation and may help students receive diverse, thoughtful feedback in formal learning environments as well.},
  isbn = {978-1-4503-3592-8},
  keywords = {digital youth.,distributed mentoring,fanfiction,informal learning,Mentoring,online communities},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/D9ZM58VV/Campbell et al. - 2016 - Thousands of Positive Reviews Distributed Mentori.pdf}
}

@incollection{campbell_variation_1965,
  title = {Variation and Selective Retention in Socio-Cultural Evolution},
  booktitle = {Social {{Change In Developing Areas}}},
  author = {Campbell, Don T},
  editor = {Barringer, Herbert R. and Blanksten, George I. and Mack, Raymond W.},
  date = {1965},
  publisher = {{Schenkman Publishing Company}},
  location = {{Cambridge  Mass.}},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/MT3K69NQ/campbell_sociocultural_evoluation_ocr.pdf}
}

@incollection{canova_bayesian_2007,
  title = {Bayesian {{VARs}}},
  booktitle = {Methods for {{Applied Macroeconomic Research}}},
  author = {Canova, Fabio},
  date = {2007},
  eprint = {j.ctvcm4hrv.13},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {373--417},
  publisher = {{Princeton University Press}},
  abstract = {We saw in chapter 4 that VAR models can be used to characterize any vector of time series under a minimal set of conditions. We have also seen that, since VARs are reduced-form models, identification restrictions, motivated by economic theory, are needed to conduct meaningful policy analyses. Reduced-form VARs are also typically unsuitable for out-of-sample forecasting. To reasonably approximate the Wold representation, it is in fact necessary to have a VAR with long lags. A generous parametrization means that unrestricted VARs are not operational alternatives to either standard macroeconometric models, where insignificant coefficients are purged out of the specification, or},
  isbn = {978-0-691-11504-7},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/PGQG5UX9/Canova - 2007 - Bayesian VARs.pdf}
}

@book{canova_methods_2011,
  title = {Methods for {{Applied Macroeconomic Research}}},
  author = {Canova, Fabio},
  date = {2011-09-19},
  eprint = {WGSHNRj_DwcC},
  eprinttype = {googlebooks},
  publisher = {{Princeton University Press}},
  abstract = {The last twenty years have witnessed tremendous advances in the mathematical, statistical, and computational tools available to applied macroeconomists. This rapidly evolving field has redefined how researchers test models and validate theories. Yet until now there has been no textbook that unites the latest methods and bridges the divide between theoretical and applied work. Fabio Canova brings together dynamic equilibrium theory, data analysis, and advanced econometric and computational methods to provide the first comprehensive set of techniques for use by academic economists as well as professional macroeconomists in banking and finance, industry, and government. This graduate-level textbook is for readers knowledgeable in modern macroeconomic theory, econometrics, and computational programming using RATS, MATLAB, or Gauss. Inevitably a modern treatment of such a complex topic requires a quantitative perspective, a solid dynamic theory background, and the development of empirical and numerical methods--which is where Canova's book differs from typical graduate textbooks in macroeconomics and econometrics. Rather than list a series of estimators and their properties, Canova starts from a class of DSGE models, finds an approximate linear representation for the decision rules, and describes methods needed to estimate their parameters, examining their fit to the data. The book is complete with numerous examples and exercises. Today's economic analysts need a strong foundation in both theory and application. Methods for Applied Macroeconomic Research offers the essential tools for the next generation of macroeconomists.},
  isbn = {978-1-4008-4102-8},
  langid = {english},
  pagetotal = {509},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/TGBFQNPZ/64846.html}
}

@incollection{canova_var_2007,
  title = {{{VAR Models}}},
  booktitle = {Methods for {{Applied Macroeconomic Research}}},
  author = {Canova, Fabio},
  date = {2007},
  eprint = {j.ctvcm4hrv.7},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {111--164},
  publisher = {{Princeton University Press}},
  abstract = {This chapter describes a set of techniques which stand apart from those considered in the next three chapters, in the sense that economic theory is only minimally used in the inferential process. VAR models, pioneered by Chris Sims about 25 years ago, have acquired a permanent place in the toolkit of applied macroeconomists, both to summarize the information contained in the data and to conduct certain types of policy experiments. VAR models are well-suited to the first purpose: the Wold theorem ensures that any vector of time series has a VAR representation under mild regularity conditions and this makes them},
  isbn = {978-0-691-11504-7},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/ZQYCMAPQ/Canova - 2007 - VAR Models.pdf}
}

@article{carpenter_stan:_2016,
  title = {Stan: A Probabilistic Programming Language},
  shorttitle = {Stan},
  author = {Carpenter, Bob and Gelman, Andrew and Hoffman, Matt and Lee, Daniel and Goodrich, Ben and Betancourt, Michael and Brubaker, Michael A. and Guo, Jiqiang and Li, Peter and Riddell, Allen},
  date = {2016},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Statistical Software},
  volume = {20},
  number = {2},
  pages = {1--37},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/2L4LAHJ2/Stan - Probabilistic Programming Language.pdf}
}

@article{carriero_bayesian_2015,
  title = {Bayesian {{VARs}}: Specification {{Choices}} and {{Forecast Accuracy}}},
  shorttitle = {Bayesian {{VARs}}},
  author = {Carriero, Andrea and Clark, Todd E. and Marcellino, Massimiliano},
  date = {2015},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Applied Econometrics},
  volume = {30},
  number = {1},
  pages = {46--73},
  issn = {1099-1255},
  abstract = {In this paper we discuss how the point and density forecasting performance of Bayesian vector autoregressions (BVARs) is affected by a number of specification choices. We adopt as a benchmark a common specification in the literature, a BVAR with variables entering in levels and a prior modeled along the lines of Sims and Zha (International Economic Review 1998; 39: 949–968). We then consider optimal choice of the tightness, of the lag length and of both; evaluate the relative merits of modeling in levels or growth rates; compare alternative approaches to h-step-ahead forecasting (direct, iterated and pseudo-iterated); discuss the treatment of the error variance and of cross-variable shrinkage; and assess rolling versus recursive estimation. Finally, we analyze the robustness of the results to the VAR size and composition (using also data for France, Canada and the UK, while the main analysis is for the USA). We obtain a large set of empirical results, but the overall message is that we find very small losses (and sometimes even gains) from the adoption of specification choices that make BVAR modeling quick and easy, in particular for point forecasting. This finding could therefore further enhance the diffusion of the BVAR as an econometric tool for a vast range of applications. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/DIVRTRXW/Carriero et al. - 2015 - Bayesian VARs Specification Choices and Forecast .pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/J44RGYG2/jae.html}
}

@article{carroll_concentration_1985,
  title = {Concentration and Specialization: Dynamics of Niche Width in Populations of Organizations},
  shorttitle = {Concentration and {{Specialization}}},
  author = {Carroll, Glenn R.},
  date = {1985-05-01},
  journaltitle = {American Journal of Sociology},
  shortjournal = {American Journal of Sociology},
  volume = {90},
  number = {6},
  pages = {1262--1283},
  issn = {0002-9602},
  abstract = {This paper departs from the common practice of focusing on large, generalist organizations and shows that new organizational insights are obtined by adopting a broader, ecological perspective. The newspaper publishing industry is examined as an illustration. The ecological focus shows that many small, specialized organizations operate successfully in this industry, despite apparently high levels of local concentration. A resource-partitioning model is advanced to explain the interorganizational relationships between generalist and specialist organizations. Statistical tests of the model using historical data on 2,808 American local newspaper organizations show the merit of using the ecological perspective for analyzing industries.},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/G38AK5SZ/Carroll - 1985 - Concentration and specialization Dynamics of nich.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/8PG3QCP3/228210.html}
}

@article{carroll_density_1989,
  title = {Density Dependence in the Evolution of Populations of Newspaper Organizations},
  author = {Carroll, Glenn R. and Hannan, Michael T.},
  date = {1989-08},
  journaltitle = {American Sociological Review},
  volume = {54},
  number = {4},
  eprint = {2095875},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {524},
  issn = {00031224},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/TCCRW99U/DensitiyDependenceInNewspaperOrg_Carroll_Hannan_1989.pdf}
}

@article{carroll_stochastic_1983,
  ids = {carroll_stochastic_1983-1},
  title = {A Stochastic Model of Organizational Mortality: Review and Reanalysis},
  shorttitle = {A Stochastic Model of Organizational Mortality},
  author = {Carroll, Glenn R},
  date = {1983-12-01},
  journaltitle = {Social Science Research},
  shortjournal = {Social Science Research},
  volume = {12},
  number = {4},
  pages = {303--329},
  issn = {0049-089X},
  abstract = {An effort is made to integrate the research literatures of business policy and organizational sociology as they concern organizational mortality. The previous empirical studies of organizational mortality are reviewed and considered in light of current theoretical arguments. Three stochastic models are developed to test hypotheses concerning organizational mortality: the constant rate model, the Gompertz model, and Makeham's Law. The parameters of these models are estimated for 52 sets of data on organizational mortality. The findings show that Makeham's Law is the best-fitting model, although its estimation requires data with low levels of censoring. Substantively, the findings show strong support for Stinchombe's liability-of-newness hypothesis [A. L. Stinchcombe (1965), “Organizations and social structure,” in Handbook of Organizations (J. G. March, Ed.), pp. 153–193, Rand McNally, Chicago].},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {obscolescence},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/YVBBBKIN/Carroll_1983_A stochastic model of organizational mortality.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/2T6Z5LPV/0049089X83900224.html;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/BK75HWEF/0049089X83900224.html}
}

@article{carroll_why_2000,
  title = {Why the Microbrewery Movement? Organizational Dynamics of Resource Partitioning in the {{U}}.{{S}}. Brewing Industry},
  shorttitle = {Why the {{Microbrewery Movement}}?},
  author = {Carroll, Glenn R. and Swaminathan, Anand},
  date = {2000},
  journaltitle = {American Journal of Sociology},
  shortjournal = {American Journal of Sociology},
  volume = {106},
  number = {3},
  eprint = {10.1086/318962},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {715--762},
  issn = {0002-9602},
  abstract = {The number of small specialty brewers in the U.S. beer brewing industry has increased dramatically in recent decades, even as the market for beer became increasingly dominated by mass‐production brewing companies. Using the resource‐partitioning model of organizational ecology, this article shows that these two apparently contradictory trends are fundamentally interrelated. Hypotheses developed here refine the way scale competition among generalist organizations is modeled and improve the theoretical development of the sociological bases for the appeal of specialist organizations' products, especially those related to organizational identity. Evidence drawn from qualitative and quantitative research provides strong support for the theory. The article offers a brief discussion of the theoretical and substantive issues involved in application of the model to other industries and to other cultures.},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/X2ITSCRL/Carroll and Swaminathan - 2000 - Why the microbrewery movement Organizational dyna.pdf}
}

@book{castells_rise_1996,
  title = {Rise of {{The Network Society}} ({{Information Age Series}})},
  author = {Castells, Manuel},
  date = {1996},
  edition = {1},
  publisher = {{Wiley-Blackwell}},
  isbn = {1-55786-617-1},
  pagetotal = {481}
}

@article{cenci_assessing_2020,
  title = {Assessing the Predictability of Nonlinear Dynamics under Smooth Parameter Changes},
  author = {Cenci, Simone and Medeiros, Lucas P. and Sugihara, George and Saavedra, Serguei},
  date = {2020-01-29},
  journaltitle = {Journal of The Royal Society Interface},
  shortjournal = {Journal of The Royal Society Interface},
  volume = {17},
  number = {162},
  pages = {20190627},
  publisher = {{Royal Society}},
  abstract = {Short-term forecasts of nonlinear dynamics are important for risk-assessment studies and to inform sustainable decision-making for physical, biological and financial problems, among others. Generally, the accuracy of short-term forecasts depends upon two main factors: the capacity of learning algorithms to generalize well on unseen data and the intrinsic predictability of the dynamics. While generalization skills of learning algorithms can be assessed with well-established methods, estimating the predictability of the underlying nonlinear generating process from empirical time series remains a big challenge. Here, we show that, in changing environments, the predictability of nonlinear dynamics can be associated with the time-varying stability of the system with respect to smooth changes in model parameters, i.e. its local structural stability. Using synthetic data, we demonstrate that forecasts from locally structurally unstable states in smoothly changing environments can produce significantly large prediction errors, and we provide a systematic methodology to identify these states from data. Finally, we illustrate the practical applicability of our results using an empirical dataset. Overall, this study provides a framework to associate an uncertainty level with short-term forecasts made in smoothly changing environments.},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/7GP4IHYY/Cenci et al_2020_Assessing the predictability of nonlinear dynamics under smooth parameter.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/XYD4DTBB/rsif.2019.html}
}

@article{cenci_non-parametric_2019,
  title = {Non-Parametric Estimation of the Structural Stability of Non-Equilibrium Community Dynamics},
  author = {Cenci, Simone and Saavedra, Serguei},
  date = {2019-06},
  journaltitle = {Nature Ecology \& Evolution},
  volume = {3},
  number = {6},
  pages = {912--918},
  publisher = {{Nature Publishing Group}},
  issn = {2397-334X},
  abstract = {Environmental factors are important drivers of community dynamics. Yet, despite extensive research, it is still extremely challenging to predict the effect of environmental changes on the dynamics of ecological communities. Equilibrium- and model-based approaches have provided a theoretical framework with which to investigate this problem systematically. However, the applicability of this framework to empirical data has been limited because equilibrium dynamics of populations within communities are seldom observed in nature and exact equations for community dynamics are rarely known. To overcome these limitations, here we develop a data-driven non-parametric framework to estimate the tolerance of non-equilibrium community dynamics to environmental perturbations (that is, their structural stability). Following our approach, we show that in non-equilibrium systems, structural stability can vary significantly across time. As a case study, we investigate the structural stability of a rocky intertidal community with dynamics at the edge of chaos. The structural stability of the community as a whole exhibited a clear seasonal pattern, despite the persistent chaotic dynamics of individual populations. Importantly, we show that this seasonal pattern of structural stability is causally driven by sea temperature. Overall, our approach provides novel opportunities for estimating the tolerance of ecological communities to environmental changes within a non-parametric framework.},
  issue = {6},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/IVN95DQL/Cenci_Saavedra_2019_Non-parametric estimation of the structural stability of non-equilibrium.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/YVUB966N/Cenci_Saavedra_2019_Non-parametric estimation of the structural stability of non-equilibrium.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/KXS6YBEH/s41559-019-0879-1.html;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/UEDZDI82/s41559-019-0879-1.html}
}

@article{cenci_regularized_2019,
  title = {Regularized {{S}}-Map for Inference and Forecasting with Noisy Ecological Time Series},
  author = {Cenci, Simone and Sugihara, George and Saavedra, Serguei},
  date = {2019},
  journaltitle = {Methods in Ecology and Evolution},
  volume = {10},
  number = {5},
  pages = {650--660},
  issn = {2041-210X},
  abstract = {It is well known that fluctuations of species abundances observed in ecological time series emerge from an interplay between deterministic nonlinear dynamics and stochastic forces. Importantly, nonlinearity and stochasticity introduce significant challenges to the analysis of ecological time series, such as the inference of the effect of species interactions on community dynamics and forecasting of species abundances. Local linear fits with state-space-dependent kernel functions, known as S-maps, provide an efficient method to infer Jacobian coefficients (a proxy for the local effect of species interactions) and to make reliable forecasts from nonlinear time series. Yet, while it has been shown that the S-map outperforms existing methods for nonparametric inference and forecasting, the methodology is sensitive to process noise. To overcome this limitation, we integrate the S-map with different regularization schemes. To validate our approach, we test our methodology against different levels of noise and nonlinearity using three standard population dynamics models. We show that an appropriate choice of the regularization scheme, alongside an accurate choice of the kernel functions, can significantly improve the in-sample inference of Jacobian coefficients and the out-of-sample forecast of species abundances in the presence of process noise. We further validate our methodology using two empirical time series of marine microbial communities. Our results illustrate that the regularized S-map is an efficient method for nonparametric inference and forecasting from noisy, nonlinear, ecological time series. Yet, attention must be paid on the regularization scheme and the structure of the kernel for whether inference or forecasting is the ultimate goal of a research study.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {_tablet,nonlinear time series,out-of-sample forecast,parameter inference,process noise,regularization,S-map},
  annotation = {\_eprint: https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/2041-210X.13150},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/J9VXK8CH/Cenci et al_2019_Regularized S-map for inference and forecasting with noisy ecological time.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/WTD6LD6D/2041-210X.html}
}

@article{cenci_uncertainty_2018,
  title = {Uncertainty Quantification of the Effects of Biotic Interactions on Community Dynamics from Nonlinear Time-Series Data},
  author = {Cenci, Simone and Saavedra, Serguei},
  date = {2018-10-31},
  journaltitle = {Journal of The Royal Society Interface},
  shortjournal = {Journal of The Royal Society Interface},
  volume = {15},
  number = {147},
  pages = {20180695},
  publisher = {{Royal Society}},
  abstract = {Biotic interactions are expected to play a major role in shaping the dynamics of ecological systems. Yet, quantifying the effects of biotic interactions has been challenging due to a lack of appropriate methods to extract accurate measurements of interaction parameters from experimental data. One of the main limitations of existing methods is that the parameters inferred from noisy, sparsely sampled, nonlinear data are seldom uniquely identifiable. That is, many different parameters can be compatible with the same dataset and can generalize to independent data equally well. Hence, it is difficult to justify conclusive assertions about the effect of biotic interactions without information about their associated uncertainty. Here, we develop an ensemble method based on model averaging to quantify the uncertainty associated with the effect of biotic interactions on community dynamics from non-equilibrium ecological time-series data. Our method is able to detect the most informative time intervals for each biotic interaction within a multivariate time series and can be easily adapted to different regression schemes. Overall, this novel approach can be used to associate a time-dependent uncertainty with the effect of biotic interactions. Moreover, because we quantify uncertainty with minimal assumptions about the data-generating process, our approach can be applied to any data for which interactions among variables strongly affect the overall dynamics of the system.},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/HZYK4XGH/Cenci_Saavedra_2018_Uncertainty quantification of the effects of biotic interactions on community.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/DTGV6Y3C/rsif.2018.html}
}

@article{certain_how_2018,
  title = {How Do {{MAR}}(1) Models Cope with Hidden Nonlinearities in Ecological Dynamics?},
  author = {Certain, Grégoire and Barraquand, Frédéric and Gårdmark, Anna},
  date = {2018-09-01},
  journaltitle = {Methods in Ecology and Evolution},
  shortjournal = {Methods in Ecology and Evolution},
  volume = {9},
  number = {9},
  pages = {1975--1995},
  issn = {2041-210X},
  abstract = {Abstract Multivariate autoregressive (MAR) models are an increasingly popular technique to infer interaction strengths between species in a community and to predict the community response to environmental change. The most commonly employed MAR(1) models, with one time lag, can be viewed either as multispecies competition models with Gompertz density dependence or, more generally, as a linear approximation of more complex, nonlinear dynamics around stable equilibria. This latter interpretation allows for broader applicability, but may come at a cost in terms of interpretation of estimates and reliability of both short- and long-term predictions. We investigate what these costs might be by fitting MAR(1) models to simulated 2-species competition, consumer-resource and host?parasitoid systems, as well as a larger food web influenced by the environment. We review how MAR(1) coefficients can be interpreted and evaluate how reliable are estimates of interaction strength, rank, or sign; accuracy of short-term forecasts; as well as the ability of MAR(1) models to predict the long-term responses of communities submitted to environmental change such as PRESS perturbations. The net effects of species j on species i are usually (90\%-95\%) well recovered in terms of sign or rank, with the notable exception of overcompensatory dynamics. In actual values, net effects of species j on species i are not well recovered when the underlying dynamics are nonlinear. MAR(1) models are better at making short-term qualitative forecasts (next point going up or down) than at predicting long-term responses to environmental perturbations, which can be severely over- as well as underestimated. We conclude that when applying MAR(1) models to ecological data, inferences on net effects among species should be limited to signs, or the Gompertz assumption should be tested and discussed. This particular assumption on density-dependence (log-linearity) is also required for unbiased long-term predictions. Overall, we think that MAR(1) models are highly useful tools to resolve and characterize community dynamics, but we recommend to use them in conjunction with alternative, nonlinear models resembling the ecological context in order to improve their interpretation in specific applications.},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/PHIQKS3T/2041-210X.html}
}

@article{champion_underproduction_2021,
  title = {Underproduction: An Approach for Measuring Risk in Open Source Software},
  author = {Champion, Kaylea and Hill, Benjamin Mako},
  date = {2021-02-27},
  journaltitle = {IEEE International Conference on Software Analysis, Evolution and Reengineering},
  shortjournal = {IEEE SANER},
  eprint = {2103.00352},
  eprinttype = {arxiv},
  primaryclass = {cs.SE},
  abstract = {The widespread adoption of Free/Libre and Open Source Software (FLOSS) means that the ongoing maintenance of many widely used software components relies on the collaborative effort of volunteers who set their own priorities and choose their own tasks. We argue that this has created a new form of risk that we call 'underproduction' which occurs when the supply of software engineering labor becomes out of alignment with the demand of people who rely on the software produced. We present a conceptual framework for identifying relative underproduction in software as well as a statistical method for applying our framework to a comprehensive dataset from the Debian GNU/Linux distribution that includes 21,902 source packages and the full history of 461,656 bugs. We draw on this application to present two experiments: (1) a demonstration of how our technique can be used to identify at-risk software packages in a large FLOSS repository and (2) a validation of these results using an alternate indicator of package risk. Our analysis demonstrates both the utility of our approach and reveals the existence of widespread underproduction in a range of widely-installed software components in Debian.},
  archiveprefix = {arXiv}
}

@inproceedings{chancellor_norms_2018,
  title = {Norms {{Matter}}: Contrasting {{Social Support Around Behavior Change}} in {{Online Weight Loss Communities}}},
  shorttitle = {Norms {{Matter}}},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2018 {{CHI Conference}} on {{Human Factors}} in {{Computing Systems}}},
  author = {Chancellor, Stevie and Hu, Andrea and De Choudhury, Munmun},
  date = {2018-04-21},
  series = {{{CHI}} '18},
  pages = {1--14},
  publisher = {{Association for Computing Machinery}},
  location = {{Montreal QC, Canada}},
  abstract = {Online health communities (OHCs) provide support across conditions; for weight loss, OHCs offer support to foster positive behavior change. However, weight loss behaviors can also be subverted on OHCs to promote disordered eating practices. Using comments as proxies for support, we use computational linguistic methods to juxtapose similarities and differences in two Reddit weight loss communities, r/proED and r/loseit. We employ language modeling and find that word use in both communities is largely similar. Then, by building a word embedding model, specifically a deep neural network on comment words, we contrast the context of word use and find differences that imply different behavior change goals in these OHCs. Finally, these content and context norms predict whether a comment comes from r/proED or r/loseit. We show that norms matter in understanding how different OHCs provision support to promote behavior change and discuss the implications for design and moderation of OHCs.},
  isbn = {978-1-4503-5620-6},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/77YDPVB6/Chancellor et al. - 2018 - Norms Matter Contrasting Social Support Around Be.pdf}
}

@article{chandrasekharan_crossmod:_2019,
  title = {Crossmod: A Cross-Community Learning-Based System to Assist Reddit Moderators},
  shorttitle = {Crossmod},
  author = {Chandrasekharan, Eshwar and Gandhi, Chaitrali and Mustelier, Matthew Wortley and Gilbert, Eric},
  date = {2019-11-07},
  journaltitle = {Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction},
  shortjournal = {Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact.},
  volume = {3},
  pages = {1--30},
  issn = {2573-0142},
  issue = {CSCW},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/HLXKLJYX/Chandrasekharan et al. - Crossmod A Cross-Community Learning-based System .pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/YXMAQZAG/Chandrasekharan et al. - 2019 - Crossmod A Cross-Community Learning-based System .pdf}
}

@article{chandrasekharan_internets_2018,
  title = {The Internet's Hidden Rules: An Empirical Study of Reddit Norm Violations at Micro, Meso, and Macro Scales},
  shorttitle = {The {{Internet}}'s {{Hidden Rules}}},
  author = {Chandrasekharan, Eshwar and Samory, Mattia and Jhaver, Shagun and Charvat, Hunter and Bruckman, Amy and Lampe, Cliff and Eisenstein, Jacob and Gilbert, Eric},
  date = {2018},
  journaltitle = {Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact.},
  volume = {2},
  pages = {32:1--32:25},
  issn = {2573-0142},
  abstract = {Norms are central to how online communities are governed. Yet, norms are also emergent, arise from interaction, and can vary significantly between communities---making them challenging to study at scale. In this paper, we study community norms on Reddit in a large-scale, empirical manner. Via 2.8M comments removed by moderators of 100 top subreddits over 10 months, we use both computational and qualitative methods to identify three types of norms: macro norms that are universal to most parts of Reddit; meso norms that are shared across certain groups of subreddits; and micro norms that are specific to individual, relatively unique subreddits. Given the size of Reddit's user base---and the wide range of topics covered by different subreddits---we argue this represents the first large-scale census of the norms in broader internet culture. In other words, these findings shed light on what Reddit values, and how widely-held those values are. We conclude by discussing implications for the design of new and existing online communities.},
  issue = {CSCW},
  keywords = {community norms,mixed methods.,moderation,online communities},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/2CA9ZVFB/Chandrasekharan et al. - 2018 - The Internet's Hidden Rules An Empirical Study of.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/HUP7XT5H/Chandrasekharan et al_2018_The Internet's Hidden Rules.pdf}
}

@online{chandrasekharan_quarantined_2020,
  title = {Quarantined! {{Examining}} the {{Effects}} of a {{Community}}-{{Wide Moderation Intervention}} on {{Reddit}}},
  author = {Chandrasekharan, Eshwar and Jhaver, Shagun and Bruckman, Amy and Gilbert, Eric},
  date = {2020-09-24},
  eprint = {2009.11483},
  eprinttype = {arxiv},
  primaryclass = {cs},
  abstract = {Should social media platforms intervene when communities repeatedly break rules? What actions can they consider? In light of this hotly debated issue, platforms have begun experimenting with softer alternatives to outright bans. We examine one such intervention called quarantining, that impedes direct access to and promotion of controversial communities. Specifically, we present two case studies of what happened when Reddit quarantined the influential communities r/TheRedPill (TRP) and r/The\_Donald (TD). Working with over 85M Reddit posts, we apply causal inference methods to examine the quarantine’s effects on TRP and TD. We find that the quarantine made it more difficult to recruit new members: new user influx to TRP and TD decreased by 79.5\% and 58\%, respectively. Despite quarantining, existing users’ misogyny and racism levels remained unaffected. We conclude by reflecting on the effectiveness of this design friction in limiting the influence of toxic communities and discuss broader implications for content moderation.},
  archiveprefix = {arXiv},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Computer Science - Human-Computer Interaction,Computer Science - Social and Information Networks},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/CB26SNVJ/Chandrasekharan et al. - 2020 - Quarantined! Examining the Effects of a Community-.pdf}
}

@article{chandrasekharan_you_2017,
  ids = {chandrasekharan_you_2017-1},
  title = {You Can't Stay Here: The Efficacy of Reddit's 2015 Ban Examined through Hate Speech},
  shorttitle = {You Can't Stay Here},
  author = {Chandrasekharan, Eshwar and Pavalanathan, Umashanthi and Srinivasan, Anirudh and Glynn, Adam and Eisenstein, Jacob and Gilbert, Eric},
  date = {2017-12},
  journaltitle = {Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact.},
  volume = {1},
  pages = {31:1--31:22},
  issn = {2573-0142},
  abstract = {In 2015, Reddit closed several subreddits-foremost among them r/fatpeoplehate and r/CoonTown-due to violations of Reddit's anti-harassment policy. However, the effectiveness of banning as a moderation approach remains unclear: banning might diminish hateful behavior, or it may relocate such behavior to different parts of the site. We study the ban of r/fatpeoplehate and r/CoonTown in terms of its effect on both participating users and affected subreddits. Working from over 100M Reddit posts and comments, we generate hate speech lexicons to examine variations in hate speech usage via causal inference methods. We find that the ban worked for Reddit. More accounts than expected discontinued using the site; those that stayed drastically decreased their hate speech usage-by at least 80\%. Though many subreddits saw an influx of r/fatpeoplehate and r/CoonTown "migrants," those subreddits saw no significant changes in hate speech usage. In other words, other subreddits did not inherit the problem. We conclude by reflecting on the apparent success of the ban, discussing implications for online moderation, Reddit and internet communities more broadly.},
  issue = {CSCW},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/5Z8CCRM2/Chandrasekharan et al. - 2017 - You Can'T Stay Here The Efficacy of Reddit's 2015.pdf}
}

@inproceedings{chang_specialization_2014,
  title = {Specialization, Homophily, and Gender in a Social Curation Site: Findings from Pinterest},
  shorttitle = {Specialization, Homophily, and Gender in a Social Curation Site},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 17th {{ACM}} Conference on {{Computer}} Supported Cooperative Work \& Social Computing},
  author = {Chang, Shuo and Kumar, Vikas and Gilbert, Eric and Terveen, Loren G.},
  date = {2014-02-15},
  series = {{{CSCW}} '14},
  pages = {674--686},
  publisher = {{Association for Computing Machinery}},
  location = {{New York, NY, USA}},
  abstract = {Pinterest is a popular social curation site where people collect, organize, and share pictures of items. We studied a fundamental issue for such sites: what patterns of activity attract attention (audience and content reposting)-- We organized our studies around two key factors: the extent to which users specialize in particular topics, and homophily among users. We also considered the existence of differences between female and male users. We found: (a) women and men differed in the types of content they collected and the degree to which they specialized; male Pinterest users were not particularly interested in stereotypically male topics; (b) sharing diverse types of content increases your following, but only up to a certain point; (c) homophily drives repinning: people repin content from other users who share their interests; homophily also affects following, but to a lesser extent. Our findings suggest strategies both for users (e.g., strategies to attract an audience) and maintainers (e.g., content recommendation methods) of social curation sites.},
  isbn = {978-1-4503-2540-0},
  keywords = {data analysis,social network,topic detection,user profiling},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/RVP6MZ6S/Chang et al. - 2014 - Specialization, homophily, and gender in a social .pdf}
}

@book{charmaz_constructing_2015,
  ids = {charmaz_constructing_2014},
  title = {Constructing Grounded Theory: A Practical Guide through Qualitative Analysis},
  shorttitle = {Constructing {{Grounded Theory}}},
  author = {Charmaz, Kathy},
  date = {2015},
  edition = {2},
  publisher = {{SAGE}},
  location = {{Thousand Oaks, California}},
  isbn = {0-7619-7352-4}
}

@article{chen_impact_2019,
  title = {The {{Impact}} of {{Media Censorship}}: 1984 or {{Brave New World}}?},
  shorttitle = {The {{Impact}} of {{Media Censorship}}},
  author = {Chen, Yuyu and Yang, David Y.},
  date = {2019-06},
  journaltitle = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {109},
  number = {6},
  pages = {2294--2332},
  issn = {0002-8282},
  abstract = {Media censorship is a hallmark of authoritarian regimes. We conduct a field experiment in China to measure the effects of providing citizens with access to an  uncensored internet. We track subjects' media consumption, beliefs regarding the media, economic beliefs, political attitudes, and behaviors over 18 months. We find  four main results: (i) free access alone does not induce subjects to acquire politically sensitive information; (ii) temporary encouragement leads to a persistent increase  in acquisition, indicating that demand is not permanently low; (iii) acquisition brings broad, substantial, and persistent changes to knowledge, beliefs, attitudes, and  intended behaviors; and (iv) social transmission of information is statistically significant but small in magnitude. We calibrate a simple model to show that the  combination of low demand for uncensored information and the moderate social transmission means China's censorship apparatus may remain robust to a large  number of citizens receiving access to an uncensored internet.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/DI644H6E/Chen and Yang - 2019 - The Impact of Media Censorship 1984 or Brave New .pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/FZC97WCG/Chen and Yang - 2019 - The Impact of Media Censorship 1984 or Brave New .pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/95EW4R3G/articles.html}
}

@article{chesney_other_2004,
  title = {“Other People Benefit. i Benefit from Their Work.” {{Sharing Guitar Tabs Online}}},
  author = {Chesney, Thomas},
  date = {2004-11-01},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication},
  shortjournal = {Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication},
  volume = {10},
  issn = {1083-6101},
  abstract = {This paper reports the results of a study into a public space Internet portal which publishes guitar tabs (tablature) online, to examine what motivates people to participate in this activity and what benefits they get from doing so. A guitar tab is essentially sheet music for guitarists. The study examines why people contribute when it is easier for them not to publish their tabs and simply use the tabs that other people have posted. Answers to this will have implications for businesses wanting to encourage their employees to share their knowledge. An open ended questionnaire was sent to 183 tab publishers with a usable response rate of 39\%, which is considered high for surveys. The questionnaire sought to gather data on motivations, benefits and community interaction. The paper begins with a review of relevant theories of knowledge sharing and publishing, in particular the private-collective model of innovation (von Hippel \&amp; von Krogh, 2003) which is used to analyze the results. Motivations are listed as under two categories, self and altruistic, with the most popular motivation being to share the songs with others, which is from the altruistic category. The most common benefit is personal satisfaction. The results show tab publishing fits with the private-collective model of innovation which means that a tab published online can be seen as a public good, as it is available to all, that has significant private elements. These private elements are the benefits that tab publishers get which the people who only use tabs without contributing their own, do not. The implications of the work are as follows. Enjoyment of the domain seems to be an important factor in motivating knowledge sharing. People who feel like they are part of a community and get satisfaction from being part of a community, will be more likely to contribute. The act of sharing knowledge should be as close to effortless as possible to encourage contributions. The act of preparing (collecting, collating etc.) the material to be shared should have meaning in itself for the person who is preparing it. If the act of sharing leads to increased status in the community people will be more likely to contribute. To encourage knowledge sharing, those who make use of the shared knowledge should be encouraged to give positive feedback to the person who shared it. To date, there has been little empirical work examining online posting forums.},
  issue = {JCMC1012},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/JWW5X2DI/4614460.html}
}

@online{choi_spontaneous_2020,
  title = {Spontaneous versus Interaction-Driven Burstiness in Human Dynamics: The Case of {{Wikipedia}} Edit History},
  shorttitle = {Spontaneous versus Interaction-Driven Burstiness in Human Dynamics},
  author = {Choi, Jeehye and Hiraoka, Takayuki and Jo, Hang-Hyun},
  date = {2020-11-03},
  eprint = {2011.01562},
  eprinttype = {arxiv},
  primaryclass = {physics},
  abstract = {The origin of non-Poissonian or bursty temporal patterns observed in various datasets for human social dynamics has been extensively studied, yet its understanding still remains incomplete. Considering the fact that humans are social beings, a fundamental question arises: Is the bursty human dynamics dominated by individual characteristics or by interaction between individuals? In this paper we address this question by analyzing the Wikipedia edit history to see how spontaneous individual editors are in initiating bursty periods of editing, i.e., spontaneous burstiness, and to what extent individual behaviors are driven by interaction with other editors in those periods, i.e., interaction-driven burstiness. We quantify the degree of initiative (DOI) of an editor of interest in each Wikipedia article by using the statistics of bursty periods containing the editor's edits. The integrated value of the DOI over all relevant timescales reveals which is dominant between spontaneous and interaction-driven burstiness. We empirically find that this value tends to be larger for weaker temporal correlations in the editor's editing behavior and/or stronger editorial correlations. These empirical findings are successfully confirmed by deriving an analytic form of the DOI from a model capturing the essential features of the edit sequence. Thus our approach provides a deeper insight into the origin and underlying mechanisms of bursts in human social dynamics.},
  archiveprefix = {arXiv},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Physics - Physics and Society},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/PVEY34PE/Choi et al. - 2020 - Spontaneous versus interaction-driven burstiness i.pdf}
}

@inproceedings{choudhury_social_2016,
  title = {Social {{Media Participation}} in an {{Activist Movement}} for {{Racial Equality}}},
  booktitle = {Tenth {{International AAAI Conference}} on {{Web}} and {{Social Media}}},
  author = {Choudhury, Munmun De and Jhaver, Shagun and Sugar, Benjamin and Weber, Ingmar},
  date = {2016-03-31},
  abstract = {From the Arab Spring to the Occupy Movement, social media has been instrumental in driving and supporting socio-political movements throughout the world. In this paper, we present one of the first social media investigations of an activist movement around racial discrimination and police violence, known as “Black Lives Matter”. Considering Twitter as a sensor for the broader community’s perception of the events related to the movement, we study participation over time, the geographical differences in this participation, and its relationship to protests that unfolded on the ground. We find evidence for continued participation across four temporally separated events related to the movement, with notable changes in engagement and language over time. We also find that participants from regions of historically high rates of black victimization due to police violence tend to express greater negativity and make more references to loss of life. Finally, we observe that social media attributes of affect, behavior and language can predict future protest participation on the ground. We discuss the role of social media in enabling collective action around this unique movement and how social media platforms may help understand perceptions on a socially contested and sensitive issue like race.},
  eventtitle = {Tenth {{International AAAI Conference}} on {{Web}} and {{Social Media}}},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/FF8RRANF/De Choudhury et al_2016_Social Media Participation in an Activist Movement for Racial Equality.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/PIRFXX7F/Choudhury et al_2016_Social Media Participation in an Activist Movement for Racial Equality.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/ZBVVGIXA/De Choudhury et al_2016_Social Media Participation in an Activist Movement for Racial Equality.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/6XM9W7ZH/13168.html;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/HIXCPVI3/13168.html;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/SF7VFSH4/13168.html}
}

@article{ciampaglia_production_2015,
  title = {The Production of Information in the Attention Economy},
  author = {Ciampaglia, Giovanni Luca and Flammini, Alessandro and Menczer, Filippo},
  date = {2015-05-19},
  journaltitle = {Scientific Reports},
  volume = {5},
  pages = {9452},
  issn = {2045-2322},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/Z5SM58N9/srep09452.pdf}
}

@book{coleman_foundations_1990,
  title = {Foundations of Social Theory},
  author = {Coleman, James Samuel},
  date = {1990},
  publisher = {{The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press}},
  location = {{Cambridge, Mass.}},
  isbn = {978-0-674-31226-5},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{coleman_social_1988,
  title = {Social {{Capital}} in the {{Creation}} of {{Human Capital}}},
  author = {Coleman, James S.},
  date = {1988},
  journaltitle = {American Journal of Sociology},
  shortjournal = {American Journal of Sociology},
  volume = {94},
  eprint = {2780243},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {S95-S120},
  issn = {0002-9602},
  abstract = {In this paper, the concept of social capital is introduced and illustrated, its forms are described, the social structural conditions under which it arises are examined, and it is used in an analysis of dropouts from high school. Use of the concept of social capital is part of a general theoretical strategy discussed in the paper: taking rational action as a starting point but rejecting the extreme individualistic premises that often accompany it. The conception of social capital as a resource for action is one way of introducing social structure into the rational action paradigm. Three forms of social capital are examined: obligations and expectations, information channels, and social norms. The role of closure in the social structure in facilitating the first and third of these forms of social capital is described. An analysis of the effect of the lack of social capital available to high school sophomores on dropping out of school before graduation is carried out. The effect of social capital within the family and in the community outside the family is examined.},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/8B8X2LBV/Coleman - 1988 - Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/83B63Z3Y/Coleman - 1988 - Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital.html}
}

@inproceedings{cook_contribution_2009,
  title = {Contribution, Commercialization \&amp; Audience: Understanding Participation in an Online Creative Community},
  shorttitle = {Contribution, Commercialization \&amp; Audience},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the {{ACM}} 2009 International Conference on {{Supporting}} Group Work},
  author = {Cook, Eric and Teasley, Stephanie D. and Ackerman, Mark S.},
  date = {2009-05-10},
  series = {{{GROUP}} '09},
  pages = {41--50},
  publisher = {{Association for Computing Machinery}},
  location = {{New York, NY, USA}},
  abstract = {This paper presents a qualitative study of attitudes towards participation and contribution in an online creative community. The setting of the work is an online community of practice focused on the use and development of a user-customizable music software package called Reaktor. Findings from the study highlight four emergent topics in the discourse related to user contributions to the community: contribution assessment, support for learning, perceptions of audience and tensions about commercialization. Our analysis of these topics frames discussion about the value and challenges of attending to amateur and professional users in online creative communities.},
  isbn = {978-1-60558-500-0},
  keywords = {amateurs,audiences,commercialization,community of practice,creativity,learning,online community,professionals,user-generated content}
}

@article{copland_reddit_2020,
  title = {Reddit Quarantined: Can Changing Platform Affordances Reduce Hateful Material Online?},
  shorttitle = {Reddit Quarantined},
  author = {Copland, Simon},
  date = {2020-10-21},
  journaltitle = {Internet Policy Review},
  volume = {9},
  number = {4},
  publisher = {{Berlin: Alexander von Humboldt Institute for Internet and Society}},
  issn = {2197-6775},
  abstract = {Can we reduce hateful material online through changing platform affordances? Studying Reddit’s quarantine function, this paper argues the results of this approach are mixed.},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/KY4RZWR4/Copland_2020_Reddit quarantined.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/SZWA55IE/Copland_2020_Reddit quarantined.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/9KXC37K7/225653.html;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/M6NKY3K2/reddit-quarantined-can-changing-platform-affordances-reduce-hateful-material.html}
}

@article{cress_competition_1997,
  title = {Competition and {{Commitment}} in {{Voluntary Memberships}}: The {{Paradox}} of {{Persistence}} and {{Participation}}},
  shorttitle = {Competition and {{Commitment}} in {{Voluntary Memberships}}},
  author = {Cress, Daniel M. and McPherson, J. Miller and Rotolo, Thomas},
  date = {1997-03-01},
  journaltitle = {Sociological Perspectives},
  shortjournal = {Sociological Perspectives},
  volume = {40},
  number = {1},
  pages = {61--79},
  issn = {0731-1214},
  abstract = {Much of the research on voluntary associations has argued that commitment to the group determines member participation and persistence. In this framework, highly committed members participate to a greater degree than less committed members, and maintain their connection with the group over longer periods of time. Less committed members, on the other hand, participate sporadically, and tend to drop their memberships easily. This commitment thesis implies a positive relationship between participation and persistence: the more the member participates, the longer the duration of membership. We argue that this individual level thesis should be supplanted by a system level understanding, in which the competition among social groups for individual resources determines persistence and participation. This competition thesis predicts a negative relationship between persistence of membership and participation in group activities: the more the member participates, the shorter the average duration of membership. We use event history analysis to test these opposing hypotheses on a sample of 1587 membership spells covering a fifteen year time period. We find strong and consistent support for the competition thesis.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/VWW9ZVQI/Cress et al. - 1997 - Competition and Commitment in Voluntary Membership.pdf}
}

@inproceedings{cunha_are_2019,
  ids = {cunha_are_2019-1,cunha_are_2019-2},
  title = {Are All Successful Communities Alike? Characterizing and Predicting the Success of Online Communities},
  shorttitle = {Are All Successful Communities Alike?},
  booktitle = {The {{World Wide Web Conference}}},
  author = {Cunha, Tiago and Jurgens, David and Tan, Chenhao and Romero, Daniel},
  date = {2019-05-13},
  series = {{{WWW}} '19},
  pages = {318--328},
  publisher = {{Association for Computing Machinery}},
  location = {{New York, NY, USA}},
  abstract = {The proliferation of online communities has created exciting opportunities to study the mechanisms that explain group success. While a growing body of research investigates community success through a single measure - typically, the number of members - we argue that there are multiple ways of measuring success. Here, we present a systematic study to understand the relations between these success definitions and test how well they can be predicted based on community properties and behaviors from the earliest period of a community's lifetime. We identify four success measures that are desirable for most communities: (i) growth in the number of members; (ii) retention of members; (iii) long term survival of the community; and (iv) volume of activities within the community. Surprisingly, we find that our measures do not exhibit very high correlations, suggesting that they capture different types of success. Additionally, we find that different success measures are predicted by different attributes of online communities, suggesting that success can be achieved through different behaviors. Our work sheds light on the basic understanding on what success represents in online communities and what predicts it. Our results suggest that success is multi-faceted and cannot be measured nor predicted by a single measurement. This insight has practical implications for the creation of new online communities and the design of platforms that facilitate such communities.},
  isbn = {978-1-4503-6674-8},
  keywords = {Group Dynamics,Online Communities,Reddit,Success},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/CGBFCUGX/Cunha et al_2019_Are All Successful Communities Alike.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/IYW3WKHV/Cunha et al_2019_Are All Successful Communities Alike.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/PFS6682S/Cunha et al_2019_Are All Successful Communities Alike.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/SMX88EL3/Cunha et al. - 2019 - Are All Successful Communities Alike Characterizi.pdf}
}

@inproceedings{dabbish_fresh_2012,
  ids = {dabbish_fresh_2012-1},
  title = {Fresh Faces in the Crowd: Turnover, Identity, and Commitment in Online Groups},
  shorttitle = {Fresh Faces in the Crowd},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the {{ACM}} 2012 Conference on {{Computer Supported Cooperative Work}}},
  author = {Dabbish, Laura and Farzan, Rosta and Kraut, Robert and Postmes, Tom},
  date = {2012-02-11},
  series = {{{CSCW}} '12},
  pages = {245--248},
  publisher = {{Association for Computing Machinery}},
  location = {{New York, NY, USA}},
  abstract = {Turnover is commonplace in many online groups because of low barriers of entry and exit. In offline settings, turnover can have a negative impact because of reduced attachment to the group as an entity. However, in an online setting, turnover in terms of changes in the visible membership of a group may have a very different impact. Online only a limited amount of information about members and their activities is observable; in particular, it is easier to see the behavior of the subset of members who are active than the potentially larger set who are not. In this paper, we describe an experiment examining the influence of visible membership turnover on commitment to an online group. Our results suggest that increased turnover in an online group may increase social presence, creating perceptions of liveness, in turn leading to increased levels of participation in the group. However, this result holds primarily for groups with a common identity, suggesting that attention to behavior of others may be stronger when people share an identity with those others. Our results extend understandings of attachment in an online setting as well as theory about social tuning.},
  isbn = {978-1-4503-1086-4},
  keywords = {attachment,commitment,identity.,online groups,turnover},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/3IQQP4JM/Dabbish et al. - 2012 - Fresh faces in the crowd turnover, identity, and .pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/GEVF3A53/Dabbish et al. - 2012 - Fresh faces in the crowd turnover, identity, and .pdf}
}

@inproceedings{danescu-niculescu-mizil_no_2013,
  ids = {danescu-niculescu-mizil_no_2013-1},
  title = {No Country for Old Members: User Lifecycle and Linguistic Change in Online Communities},
  shorttitle = {No Country for Old Members},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on {{World Wide Web}} - {{WWW}} '13},
  author = {Danescu-Niculescu-Mizil, Cristian and West, Robert and Jurafsky, Dan and Leskovec, Jure and Potts, Christopher},
  date = {2013},
  pages = {307--318},
  publisher = {{ACM Press}},
  location = {{Rio de Janeiro, Brazil}},
  abstract = {Vibrant online communities are in constant flux. As members join and depart, the interactional norms evolve, stimulating further changes to the membership and its social dynamics. Linguistic change—in the sense of innovation that becomes accepted as the norm—is essential to this dynamic process: it both facilitates individual expression and fosters the emergence of a collective identity. We propose a framework for tracking linguistic change as it happens and for understanding how specific users react to these evolving norms. By applying this framework to two large online communities we show that users follow a determined two-stage lifecycle with respect to their susceptibility to linguistic change: a linguistically innovative learning phase in which users adopt the language of the community followed by a conservative phase in which users stop changing and the evolving community norms pass them by.},
  eventtitle = {The 22nd International Conference},
  isbn = {978-1-4503-2035-1},
  langid = {english},
  venue = {Rio de Janeiro, Brazil},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/L532IPRV/Danescu-Niculescu-Mizil et al. - 2013 - No Country for Old Members User Lifecycle and Lin.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/LWECW2QM/Danescu-Niculescu-Mizil et al. - 2013 - No country for old members user lifecycle and lin.pdf}
}

@article{datta_extracting_2019,
  title = {Extracting {{Inter}}-{{Community Conflicts}} in {{Reddit}}},
  author = {Datta, Srayan and Adar, Eytan},
  date = {2019-07-06},
  journaltitle = {Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media},
  volume = {13},
  pages = {146--157},
  issn = {2334-0770},
  abstract = {Anti-social behaviors in social media can happen both at user and community levels. While a great deal of attention is on the individual as an ‘aggressor,’ the banning of entire Reddit subcommunities (i.e., subreddits) demonstrates that this is a multi-layer concern. Existing research on inter-community conflict has largely focused on specific subcommunities or ideological opponents. However, antagonistic behaviors may be more pervasive and integrate into the broader network. In this work, we study the landscape of conflicts among subreddits by deriving higher-level (community) behaviors from the way individuals are sanctioned and rewarded. By constructing a conflict network, we characterize different patterns in subreddit-to-subreddit conflicts as well as communities of ‘co-targeted’ subreddits .The dynamics of these interactions also reveals a shift in conflict focus over time.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/6IA9VN8K/Datta_Adar_2019_Extracting Inter-Community Conflicts in Reddit.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/F3MHZ7Z6/3217.html}
}

@article{datta_identifying_2017,
  title = {Identifying {{Misaligned Inter}}-{{Group Links}} and {{Communities}}},
  author = {Datta, Srayan and Phelan, Chanda and Adar, Eytan},
  date = {2017-12-06},
  journaltitle = {Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction},
  shortjournal = {Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact.},
  volume = {1},
  pages = {37:1--37:23},
  abstract = {Many social media systems explicitly connect individuals (e.g., Facebook or Twitter); as a result, they are the targets of most research on social networks. However, many systems do not emphasize or support explicit linking between people (e.g., Wikipedia or Reddit), and even fewer explicitly link communities. Instead, network analysis is performed through inference on implicit connections, such as co-authorship or text similarity. Depending on how inference is done and what data drove it, different networks may emerge. While correlated structures often indicate stability, in this work we demonstrate that differences, or misalignment, between inferred networks also capture interesting behavioral patterns. For example, high-text but low-author similarity often reveals communities "at war" with each other over an issue or high-author but low-text similarity can suggest community fragmentation. Because we are able to model edge direction, we also find that asymmetry in degree (in-versus-out) co-occurs with marginalized identities (subreddits related to women, people of color, LGBTQ, etc.). In this work, we provide algorithms that can identify misaligned links, network structures and communities. We then apply these techniques to Reddit to demonstrate how these algorithms can be used to decipher inter-group dynamics in social media.},
  issue = {CSCW},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/52FT8LT8/Datta et al. - 2017 - Identifying Misaligned Inter-Group Links and Commu.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/WKCJHV6R/Datta et al. - 2017 - Identifying Misaligned Inter-Group Links and Commu.pdf}
}

@article{de_choudhury_mental_2014,
  title = {Mental Health Discourse on Reddit: Self-Disclosure, Social Support, and Anonymity},
  shorttitle = {Mental Health Discourse on Reddit},
  author = {De Choudhury, Munmun and De, Sushovan},
  date = {2014-05-16},
  journaltitle = {Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media},
  shortjournal = {ICWSM},
  volume = {8},
  number = {1},
  pages = {71--80},
  issn = {2334-0770},
  issue = {1},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {disinhibition},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/KNC2AQLL/Choudhury and De - 2014 - Mental Health Discourse on reddit Self-Disclosure.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/GE2HKJ48/14526.html}
}

@online{del_tredici_semantic_2018,
  title = {Semantic {{Variation}} in {{Online Communities}} of {{Practice}}},
  author = {Del Tredici, Marco and Fernández, Raquel},
  date = {2018-06-15},
  eprint = {1806.05847},
  eprinttype = {arxiv},
  primaryclass = {cs},
  abstract = {We introduce a framework for quantifying semantic variation of common words in Communities of Practice and in sets of topic-related communities. We show that while some meaning shifts are shared across related communities, others are community-specific, and therefore independent from the discussed topic. We propose such findings as evidence in favour of sociolinguistic theories of socially-driven semantic variation. Results are evaluated using an independent language modelling task. Furthermore, we investigate extralinguistic features and show that factors such as prominence and dissemination of words are related to semantic variation.},
  archiveprefix = {arXiv},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/E62NF57M/Del Tredici and Fernández - 2018 - Semantic Variation in Online Communities of Practi.pdf}
}

@article{dellaposta_why_2015,
  title = {Why {{Do Liberals Drink Lattes}}?},
  author = {DellaPosta, Daniel and Shi, Yongren and Macy, Michael},
  date = {2015-03},
  journaltitle = {American Journal of Sociology},
  volume = {120},
  number = {5},
  pages = {1473--1511},
  issn = {0002-9602, 1537-5390},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/LMVF2MJ5/DellaPosta et al_2015_Why Do Liberals Drink Lattes.pdf}
}

@article{deyle_tracking_2016,
  title = {Tracking and Forecasting Ecosystem Interactions in Real Time},
  author = {Deyle, Ethan R. and May, Robert M. and Munch, Stephan B. and Sugihara, George},
  date = {2016-01-13},
  journaltitle = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences},
  shortjournal = {Proc. R. Soc. B.},
  volume = {283},
  number = {1822},
  pages = {20152258},
  issn = {0962-8452, 1471-2954},
  abstract = {Evidence shows that species interactions are not constant but change as the ecosystem shifts to new states. Although controlled experiments and model investigations demonstrate how nonlinear interactions can arise in principle, empirical tools to track and predict them in nature are lacking. Here we present a practical method, using available time-series data, to measure and forecast changing interactions in real systems, and identify the underlying mechanisms. The method is illustrated with model data from a marine mesocosm experiment and limnologic field data from Sparkling Lake, WI, USA. From simple to complex, these examples demonstrate the feasibility of quantifying, predicting and understanding state-dependent, nonlinear interactions as they occur               in situ               and in real time—a requirement for managing resources in a nonlinear, non-equilibrium world.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/QJ4YSNWC/Deyle et al_2016_Tracking and forecasting ecosystem interactions in real time.pdf}
}

@article{dimaggio_iron_1983,
  title = {The {{Iron Cage Revisited}}: Institutional {{Isomorphism}} and {{Collective Rationality}} in {{Organizational Fields}}},
  shorttitle = {The {{Iron Cage Revisited}}},
  author = {DiMaggio, Paul J. and Powell, Walter W.},
  date = {1983},
  journaltitle = {American Sociological Review},
  volume = {48},
  number = {2},
  eprint = {2095101},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {147--160},
  issn = {0003-1224},
  abstract = {[What makes organizations so similar? We contend that the engine of rationalization and bureaucratization has moved from the competitive marketplace to the state and the professions. Once a set of organizations emerges as a field, a paradox arises: rational actors make their organizations increasingly similar as they try to change them. We describe three isomorphic processes--coercive, mimetic, and normative--leading to this outcome. We then specify hypotheses about the impact of resource centralization and dependency, goal ambiguity and technical uncertainty, and professionalization and structuration on isomorphic change. Finally, we suggest implications for theories of organizations and social change.]},
  keywords = {Organization Behavior,Sociology},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/9A5PXKRT/DiMaggio and Powell - 1983 - The iron cage revisited Institutional isomorphism.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/AQWAT6RA/2095101.html}
}

@article{dimaggio_social_2001,
  title = {Social Implications of the {{Internet}}},
  author = {DiMaggio, Paul and Hargittai, Eszter and Neuman, W. Russell and Robinson, John P.},
  date = {2001-08},
  journaltitle = {Annual Review of Sociology},
  volume = {27},
  number = {1},
  pages = {307--336},
  abstract = {The Internet is a critically important research site for sociologists testing theories of technology diffusion and media effects, particularly because it is a medium uniquely capable of integrating modes of communication and forms of content. Current research tends to focus on the Internet's implications in five domains: 1) inequality (the “digital divide”); 2) community and social capital; 3) political participation; 4) organizations and other economic institutions; and 5) cultural participation and cultural diversity. A recurrent theme across domains is that the Internet tends to complement rather than displace existing media and patterns of behavior. Thus in each domain, utopian claims and dystopic warnings based on extrapolations from technical possibilities have given way to more nuanced and circumscribed understandings of how Internet use adapts to existing patterns, permits certain innovations, and reinforces particular kinds of change. Moreover, in each domain the ultimate social implications of this new technology depend on economic, legal, and policy decisions that are shaping the Internet as it becomes institutionalized. Sociologists need to study the Internet more actively and, particularly, to synthesize research findings on individual user behavior with macroscopic analyses of institutional and political-economic factors that constrain that behavior.},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/DQUKUVBM/DiMaggio et al. - 2001 - Social implications of the internet.pdf}
}

@article{dimmick_theory_1984,
  title = {The {{Theory}} of the {{Niche}}: Quantifying {{Competition Among Media Industries}}},
  shorttitle = {The {{Theory}} of the {{Niche}}},
  author = {Dimmick, John and Rothenbuhler, Eric},
  date = {1984-03-01},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Communication},
  volume = {34},
  number = {1},
  pages = {103--119},
  issn = {1460-2466},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/GDM85NW7/Dimmick and Rothenbuhler - 1984 - The Theory of the Niche Quantifying Competition A.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/3RUMQPRP/abstract.html}
}

@article{dobrev_dynamics_2001,
  title = {Dynamics of Niche Width and Resource Partitioning},
  author = {Dobrev, Stanislav D. and Kim, Tai‐Young and Hannan, Michael T.},
  date = {2001},
  journaltitle = {American Journal of Sociology},
  shortjournal = {American Journal of Sociology},
  volume = {106},
  number = {5},
  eprint = {10.1086/320821},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {1299--1337},
  issn = {0002-9602},
  abstract = {This article examines the effects of crowding in a market center on rates of change in organizational niche width and on organizational mortality. It proposes that, although firms with wide niches benefit from risk spreading and economies of scale, they are simultaneously exposed to intense competition. An analysis of organizational dynamics in automobile manufacturing firms in France, Germany, and Great Britain shows that competitive pressure not only increases the hazard of disbanding but also prompts organizational transformations that give rise to processes of resource partitioning. Emphasizing the content/process distinction in conceptualizing organizational change, the article finds that the process effect of changes in niche width and position increases mortality hazards. We discuss our findings in light of the processes investigated by the ecological theories of density dependence, resource partitioning, and structural inertia, and point to the theoretical links that help to integrate these theories.},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/7HQIXSCS/Dobrev et al. - 2001 - Dynamics of niche width and resource partitioning.pdf}
}

@article{dobrev_evolution_2002,
  title = {The {{Evolution}} of {{Organizational Niches}}: U.{{S}}. {{Automobile Manufacturers}}, 1885–1981},
  shorttitle = {The {{Evolution}} of {{Organizational Niches}}},
  author = {Dobrev, Stanislav D. and Kim, Tai-Young and Carroll, Glenn R.},
  date = {2002-06-01},
  journaltitle = {Administrative Science Quarterly},
  shortjournal = {Administrative Science Quarterly},
  volume = {47},
  number = {2},
  pages = {233--264},
  publisher = {{SAGE Publications Inc}},
  issn = {0001-8392},
  abstract = {Although the niche figures prominently in contemporary theories of organization, analysts often fail to tie micro processes within the niche to long-term changes in the broader environment. In this paper, we advance arguments about the relationship between an organization's niche and evolution in the structure of its organizational population over time. We focus on the technological niche and processes of positioning and crowding among firms in the niche space, relating them to the level of concentration among all firms in the market. Building on previous empirical studies in organizational ecology, we study the evolution of concentration in the American automobile industry from 1885 to 1981 and estimate models of the hazard of exit of individual producers from the market. The findings show that niche and concentration interact in complex ways, yielding a more unified depiction of organizational evolution than typically described or reported.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/B6XNLXEX/Dobrev et al_2002_The Evolution of Organizational Niches.pdf}
}

@article{dobrev_shifting_2003,
  ids = {dobrev_shifting_2003-1},
  title = {Shifting {{Gears}}, {{Shifting Niches}}: Organizational {{Inertia}} and {{Change}} in the {{Evolution}} of the {{U}}.{{S}}. {{Automobile Industry}}, 1885-1981},
  shorttitle = {Shifting {{Gears}}, {{Shifting Niches}}},
  author = {Dobrev, Stanislav D. and Kim, Tai-Young and Carroll, Glenn R.},
  date = {2003},
  journaltitle = {Organization Science},
  volume = {14},
  number = {3},
  eprint = {4135136},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {264--282},
  publisher = {{INFORMS}},
  issn = {1047-7039},
  abstract = {We examine how experiential learning affects organizational change and its consequences on firm mortality. We develop hypotheses about the interactions of experiences with a specific type of organizational change on the one hand, and environmental stability, organizational size, and organizational niche width on the other hand. Our findings draw from analysis of the U.S. automobile industry between 1885 and 1981 and support the general prediction that "process" effects of change in the organizational core elevate the hazard of failure. We also find that a dynamic interpretation of organizational environments as comprised of other organizations helps to explicate the interplay between organization and environmental forces that shape the occurrence and outcome of transformation.},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/TJUKWSQJ/Dobrev et al_2003_Shifting Gears, Shifting Niches.pdf}
}

@article{doerfel_evolutionary_2010,
  title = {The Evolutionary Role of Interorganizational Communication: Modeling Social Capital in Disaster Contexts},
  shorttitle = {The {{Evolutionary Role}} of {{Interorganizational Communication}}},
  author = {Doerfel, Marya L. and Lai, Chih-Hui and Chewning, Lisa V.},
  date = {2010-04-01},
  journaltitle = {Human Communication Research},
  shortjournal = {HCR},
  volume = {36},
  number = {2},
  pages = {125--162},
  issn = {1468-2958},
  abstract = {Employing a community ecology perspective, this study examines how interorganizational (IO) communication and social capital (SC) facilitated organizational recovery after Hurricane Katrina. In-depth interviews with 56 New Orleans organizations enabled longitudinal analysis and a grounded theory model that illustrates how communication differentiated four phases of recovery: personal emergency, professional emergency, transition, rebuilding. Communicative action taking place across phases corresponds with the evolutionary mechanisms. Most organizations did not turn to interorganizational relationships (IORs) until the transitional phase, during which indirect ties were critical and incoming versus outgoing communication was substantively different. Organizations did not consistently use IO SC until the last phase. This study underlines the fact that organizations and their systems are fundamentally human and (re)constructed through communicative action.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/8V785QCD/Doerfel et al. - 2010 - The Evolutionary Role of Interorganizational Commu.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/YXGI7HM5/4107472.html}
}

@article{dormann_method_2014,
  title = {A Method for Detecting Modules in Quantitative Bipartite Networks},
  author = {Dormann, Carsten F. and Strauss, Rouven},
  date = {2014},
  journaltitle = {Methods in Ecology and Evolution},
  volume = {5},
  number = {1},
  pages = {90--98},
  issn = {2041-210X},
  abstract = {Ecological networks are often composed of different subcommunities (often referred to as modules). Identifying such modules has the potential to develop a better understanding of the assembly of ecological communities and to investigate functional overlap or specialization. The most informative form of networks are quantitative or weighted networks. Here, we introduce an algorithm to identify modules in quantitative bipartite (or two-mode) networks. It is based on the hierarchical random graphs concept of Clauset et al. (2008 Nature 453: 98–101) and is extended to include quantitative information and adapted to work with bipartite graphs. We define the algorithm, which we call QuanBiMo, sketch its performance on simulated data and illustrate its potential usefulness with a case study. Modules are detected with a higher accuracy in simulated quantitative networks than in their binary counterparts. Even at high levels of noise, QuanBiMo still classifies 70\% of links correctly as within- or between-modules. Recursively applying the algorithm results in additional information of within-module organization of the network. The algorithm introduced here must be seen as a considerable improvement over the current standard of algorithms for binary networks. Due to its higher sensitivity, it is likely to lead to be useful for detecting modules in the typically noisy data of ecological networks.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {compartments,groups,modularity,null model,pollination networks,weighted networks},
  annotation = {\_eprint: https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/2041-210X.12139},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/UI392VVJ/Dormann_Strauss_2014_A method for detecting modules in quantitative bipartite networks.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/WDLTVHCF/2041-210X.html}
}

@thesis{driscoll_hobbyist_2014,
  title = {Hobbyist Inter-Networking and the Popular Internet Imaginary: Forgotten Histories of Networked Personal Computing, 1978-1998},
  shorttitle = {Hobbyist Inter-Networking and the Popular Internet Imaginary},
  author = {Driscoll, Kevin},
  date = {2014},
  institution = {{ProQuest Dissertations Publishing}},
  abstract = {Popular social computing began in the late-1970s with the emergence of dial-up bulletin-board systems (BBS). For nearly two decades, tens of thousands of dial-up computer networks were run out of the homes and offices of hobbyists, volunteers, and entrepreneurs throughout North America. It was on these bulletin board systems that personal computer owners first began to use their machines for popular communication. The history of BBSing portrays amateurs, hobbyists, and enthusiasts as key agents in the development and diffusion of social computing. Indeed, the users and administrators of early BBSes were the first to confront the fundamental challenges of living and working in online communities. Their experiences and experiments with anonymity, identity, privacy, sexuality, and trust established norms and values that were reproduced in the commercial services and social media systems to follow. Restoring the popular memory of the BBS movement confers legitimacy on amateur users to speak with authority about the present and future of internet technology and policy.},
  editora = {Jenkins, Henry and Bar, Francois and Trope, Alison},
  editoratype = {collaborator},
  langid = {english}
}

@inproceedings{ducheneaut_alone_2006,
  title = {"{{Alone}} Together?": Exploring the Social Dynamics of Massively Multiplayer Online Games},
  shorttitle = {"{{Alone Together}}?},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the {{SIGCHI Conference}} on {{Human Factors}} in {{Computing Systems}}},
  author = {Ducheneaut, Nicolas and Yee, Nicholas and Nickell, Eric and Moore, Robert J.},
  date = {2006},
  series = {{{CHI}} '06},
  pages = {407--416},
  publisher = {{ACM}},
  location = {{New York, NY, USA}},
  abstract = {Massively Multiplayer Online Games (MMOGs) routinely attract millions of players but little empirical data is available to assess their players' social experiences. In this paper, we use longitudinal data collected directly from the game to examine play and grouping patterns in one of the largest MMOGs: World of Warcraft. Our observations show that the prevalence and extent of social activities in MMOGs might have been previously over-estimated, and that gaming communities face important challenges affecting their cohesion and eventual longevity. We discuss the implications of our findings for the design of future games and other online social spaces.},
  isbn = {978-1-59593-372-0},
  keywords = {activity metrics,massively multiplayer online games,MUDs,Online Communities,quantitative,social dynamics},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/SXB825WY/Ducheneaut et al. - 2006 - Alone together exploring the social dynamics o.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/ZMRDXAKE/Ducheneaut et al. - 2006 - Alone Together Exploring the Social Dynamics o.pdf}
}

@article{dumais_latent_2004,
  title = {Latent Semantic Analysis},
  author = {Dumais, Susan T.},
  date = {2004},
  journaltitle = {Annual Review of Information Science and Technology},
  volume = {38},
  number = {1},
  pages = {188--230},
  issn = {1550-8382},
  langid = {english},
  annotation = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/aris.1440380105},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/FJRA3VVC/Dumais_2004_Latent semantic analysis.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/Y6WQY5QL/aris.html}
}

@article{dvir-gvirsman_media_2017,
  title = {Media Audience Homophily: Partisan Websites, Audience Identity and Polarization Processes},
  shorttitle = {Media Audience Homophily},
  author = {Dvir-Gvirsman, Shira},
  date = {2017-07-01},
  journaltitle = {New Media \& Society},
  shortjournal = {New Media \& Society},
  volume = {19},
  number = {7},
  pages = {1072--1091},
  publisher = {{SAGE Publications}},
  issn = {1461-4448},
  abstract = {The study suggests that media consumers favor certain websites not only due to their content but also due to their audience. A new concept is introduced: “audience homophily,” which describes one’s preference for partisan media websites catering to a homogeneous, likeminded consumership. This attraction is explained in terms of the need for self-consistency, and I suggest that over time such behavior will polarize political identity through a spiral of reinforcement. Based on both a survey-experiment (N\,=\,300) and a panel study combined with web-tracking technology that recorded online-exposure behavior (N\,=\,397), it was found that individuals with more extreme ideology present higher levels of audience homophily and that, longitudinally, audience homophily is somewhat associated with ideological polarization, intolerance, and accessibility of political self-definition.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Homophily,network analysis,partisan media,reinforcing-spiral model,selective exposure},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/WEQEAEJ4/Dvir-Gvirsman - 2017 - Media audience homophily Partisan websites, audie.pdf}
}

@incollection{eldredge_punctuated_1972,
  title = {Punctuated Equilibria: An Alternative to Phyletic Gradualism},
  booktitle = {Models in {{Paleobiology}}},
  author = {Eldredge, Niles and Gould, Stephen Jay},
  editor = {Schopf, Thomas J.M.},
  date = {1972},
  eprint = {3ULyAgAAQBAJ},
  eprinttype = {googlebooks},
  pages = {82--115},
  publisher = {{Freeman, Cooper and Company}},
  location = {{San Fransisco}},
  abstract = {Evolutionary biology is one of the most fascinating and controversial fields of science, and its principles are fundamental to science as a whole. Presented here are 48 classic papers, selected and introduced by two of the world’s most distinguished evolutionary biologists, Francisco J. Ayala and John C. Avise. The volume reveals, in chronological order, 150 years of evolutionary biology, from the field’s origins to recent discoveries and reinterpretations based on new theory and evidence.A perfect book for seminar courses in biology, zoology, botany, ecology or evolution, this comprehensive tour of landmark publications traces scholarly thought from the foggy nineteenth-century birth of evolutionary biology to the mapping of the human genome. Each selection is preceded by a short essay that explains its significance.The papers represent hallmark publications by seminal thinkers in the field such as Charlesworth, Dobzhansky, Ehrlich and Raven, Gould and Lewontin, Hamilton, Hardy, Hillis, Margulis, Maynard Smith, Mayr, MacArthur and Wilson, McClintock, Simpson, Trivers, Watson and Crick, West-Eberhard, and Wright. Subjects include natural selection, adaptation, and complex design, as well as mutation, chromosome speciation, and pseudogenes.In short, Essential Readings in Evolutionary Biology provides a captivating history of the foundation and growth of biology’s central discipline.},
  isbn = {978-1-4214-1305-1},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/2M6QZZV6/Eldredge and Gould - 1972 - Punctuated equilibria an alternative to phyletic .pdf}
}

@article{ellison_benefits_2007,
  ids = {ellison_benefits_2007-1},
  title = {The {{Benefits}} of {{Facebook}} “{{Friends}}:” {{Social Capital}} and {{College Students}}’ {{Use}} of {{Online Social Network Sites}}},
  shorttitle = {The {{Benefits}} of {{Facebook}} “{{Friends}}},
  author = {Ellison, Nicole B. and Steinfield, Charles and Lampe, Cliff},
  date = {2007-07-01},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication},
  volume = {12},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1143--1168},
  publisher = {{Oxford Academic}},
  issn = {1083-6101},
  abstract = {This study examines the relationship between use of Facebook, a popular online social network site, and the formation and maintenance of social capital. In addition to assessing bonding and bridging social capital, we explore a dimension of social capital that assesses one’s ability to stay connected with members of a previously inhabited community, which we call maintained social capital. Regression analyses conducted on results from a survey of undergraduate students (N = 286) suggest a strong association between use of Facebook and the three types of social capital, with the strongest relationship being to bridging social capital. In addition, Facebook usage was found to interact with measures of psychological well-being, suggesting that it might provide greater benefits for users experiencing low self-esteem and low life satisfaction.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {CMC,quantitative,SNS,Social capital,survey},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/C6PUU2LZ/Ellison et al. - 2007 - The Benefits of Facebook “Friends” Social Capital.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/I5D8LMF3/Ellison et al. - 2007 - The Benefits of Facebook “Friends” Social Capital.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/CFMJSBYE/4582961.html;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/YZWIMZS9/abstract.html}
}

@article{faraj_online_2016,
  ids = {faraj_special_2016},
  title = {Online Community as Space for Knowledge Flows},
  author = {Faraj, Samer and von Krogh, Georg and Monteiro, Eric and Lakhani, Karim R.},
  options = {useprefix=true},
  date = {2016-12-01},
  journaltitle = {Information Systems Research},
  shortjournal = {INFORMS},
  volume = {27},
  number = {4},
  pages = {668--684},
  issn = {1047-7047},
  abstract = {Online communities frequently create significant economic and relational value for community participants and beyond. It is widely accepted that the underlying source of such value is the collective flow of knowledge among community participants. We distinguish the conditions for flows of tacit and explicit knowledge in online communities and advance an unconventional theoretical conjecture: Online communities give rise to tacit knowledge flows between participants. The crucial condition for these flows is not the advent of novel, digital technology as often portrayed in the literature, but instead the technology’s domestication by humanity and the sociality it affords. This conjecture holds profound implications for theory and research in the study of management and organization, as well as their relation to information technology.},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/4TH94S6Q/Faraj et al. - 2016 - Online Community as Space for Knowledge Flows.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/NCY7A6S4/Faraj et al. - 2016 - Special Section Introduction—Online Community as S.pdf}
}

@inproceedings{fiesler_growing_2017,
  ids = {fiesler_growing_2017-1},
  title = {Growing {{Their Own}}: Legitimate {{Peripheral Participation}} for {{Computational Learning}} in an {{Online Fandom Community}}},
  shorttitle = {Growing {{Their Own}}},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2017 {{ACM Conference}} on {{Computer Supported Cooperative Work}} and {{Social Computing}}},
  author = {Fiesler, Casey and Morrison, Shannon and Shapiro, R. Benjamin and Bruckman, Amy S.},
  date = {2017-02-25},
  series = {{{CSCW}} '17},
  pages = {1375--1386},
  publisher = {{Association for Computing Machinery}},
  location = {{New York, NY, USA}},
  abstract = {Online communities dedicated to the creation of fanworks (e.g., fiction or art inspired by media such as books or television shows) often serve as communities of practice for learning communication, artistic, and technical skills. In studying one successful fan fiction archive that was designed and built entirely by (predominantly women) fans, we observed processes of legitimate peripheral participation (LPP) in which some of these fans began in peripheral roles and came to be more involved in the technical aspects of the archive over time. In addition to outlining positive outcomes, we discuss the challenges of supporting learning within this CoP, particularly with respect to the burden on experts. We discuss potential implications and solutions for the problem of expert scarcity in CoPs, and propose that LPP within fan communities can be leveraged for broadening participation in computing among women.},
  isbn = {978-1-4503-4335-0},
  keywords = {broadening participation in computing,communities of practice,computing education,fandom,fanfiction,learning,legitimate peripheral participation,online communities,open source},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/QUSETR8Z/Fiesler et al. - 2017 - Growing Their Own Legitimate Peripheral Participa.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/VRDFMKHZ/Fiesler et al_2017_Growing Their Own.pdf}
}

@article{fiesler_moving_2020,
  ids = {fiesler_moving_2020-1,fiesler_moving_2020-2},
  title = {Moving {{Across Lands}}: Online {{Platform Migration}} in {{Fandom Communities}}},
  shorttitle = {Moving {{Across Lands}}},
  author = {Fiesler, Casey and Dym, Brianna},
  date = {2020-05-28},
  journaltitle = {Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact},
  shortjournal = {Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact.},
  volume = {4},
  pages = {042:1--042:25},
  abstract = {When online platforms rise and fall, sometimes communities fade away, and sometimes they pack their bags and relocate to a new home. To explore the causes and effects of online community migration, we examine transformative fandom, a longstanding, technology-agnostic community surrounding the creation, sharing, and discussion of creative works based on existing media. For over three decades, community members have left and joined many different online spaces, from Usenet to Tumblr to platforms of their own design. Through analysis of 28 in-depth interviews and 1,886 survey responses from fandom participants, we traced these migrations, the reasons behind them, and their impact on the community. Our findings highlight catalysts for migration that provide insights into factors that contribute to success and failure of platforms, including issues surrounding policy, design, and community. Further insights into the disruptive consequences of migrations (such as social fragmentation and lost content) suggest ways that platforms might both support commitment and better support migration when it occurs.},
  issue = {CSCW1},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/ER8P5AJ2/Fiesler_Dym_2020_Moving Across Lands.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/JHDILSYU/Fiesler and Dym - 2020 - Moving Across Lands Online Platform Migration in .pdf}
}

@inproceedings{fiesler_reddit_2018,
  title = {Reddit Rules! {{Characterizing}} an Ecosystem of Governance.},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the {{International AAAI Conference}} on {{Web}} and {{Social Media}}},
  author = {Fiesler, Casey and Jiang, Jialun" Aaron" and McCann, Joshua and Frye, Kyle and Brubaker, Jed R.},
  date = {2018},
  pages = {72--81},
  publisher = {{AAAI}},
  location = {{Stanford, CA}},
  eventtitle = {{{ICWSM}}},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/34TYXTGB/Fiesler - Reddit Rules! Characterizing an Ecosystem of Gover.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/G9VFI2L7/Fiesler et al. - Reddit Rules! Characterizing an Ecosystem of Gover.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/KT7KNG3J/Fiesler et al. - 2018 - Reddit rules! Characterizing an ecosystem of gover.pdf}
}

@article{figeac_how_2021,
  title = {How Behavioral Homophily on Social Media Influences the Perception of Tie-Strengthening within Young Adults’ Personal Networks},
  author = {Figeac, Julien and Favre, Guillaume},
  date = {2021-06-25},
  journaltitle = {New Media \& Society},
  shortjournal = {New Media \& Society},
  pages = {14614448211020691},
  publisher = {{SAGE Publications}},
  issn = {1461-4448},
  abstract = {This study examines how social media and information-sharing behavior can influence young adults’ perceptions of changes in tie strength within their own personal networks. By focusing on the extended personal networks (27.56 relationships) of young adults, we show that social media leads them to feel closer to their “friends” whom they think of as exhibiting online behaviors similar to their own. This behavioral homophily mainly stems from frequent reactions between friends, when they like or comment upon each other’s posts. Such homophily is also related to the sharing of political news and entertaining content, which constitute a salient affordance in the “pervasive awareness” of social media and lead users to feel closer to those exhibiting similar content-sharing behavior. This similarity reveals how social media platforms help to shape personal networks over time, particularly by influencing user relationships with weak ties who share similar online behavior.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Entertaining content,homophily,information-sharing,personal networks,pervasive awareness,political news,social media,weak ties},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/YAKLRLVE/Figeac and Favre - 2021 - How behavioral homophily on social media influence.pdf}
}

@unpublished{foote_agent-based_2018,
  title = {An {{Agent}}-{{Based Model}} of {{Online Community Joining}}},
  author = {Foote, Jeremy},
  date = {2018-07},
  editora = {TeBlunthuis, Nathan and Hill, Benjamin Mako and Shaw, Aaron},
  editoratype = {collaborator},
  eventtitle = {International {{Conference}} on {{Computational Social Science}} ({{IC2S2}})},
  venue = {{Evanston, IL}}
}

@inproceedings{foote_behavior_2018,
  title = {The Behavior and Network Position of Peer Production Founders},
  booktitle = {{{iConference}} 2018: Transforming {{Digital Worlds}}},
  author = {Foote, Jeremy and Contractor, Noshir},
  editor = {Chowdhury, Gobinda and McLeod, Julie and Gillet, Val and Willett, Peter},
  date = {2018},
  series = {Lecture {{Notes}} in {{Computer Science}}},
  pages = {99--106},
  publisher = {{Springer}},
  abstract = {Online peer production projects, such as Wikipedia and open-source software, have become important producers of cultural and technological goods. While much research has been done on the way that large existing projects work, little is known about how projects get started or who starts them. Nor is it clear how much influence founders have on the future trajectory of a community. We measure the behavior and social networks of 60,959 users on Wikia.com over a two month period. We compare the activity, local network positions, and global network positions of future founders and non-founders. We then explore the relationship between these measures and the relative growth of a founder’s wikis. We suggest hypotheses for future research based on this exploratory analysis.},
  isbn = {978-3-319-78105-1},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/6I8T7IER/Foote and Contractor - 2018 - The Behavior and Network Position of Peer Producti.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/QW9VAHSU/10.html}
}

@thesis{foote_formation_2019,
  type = {PhD dissertation},
  title = {The Formation and Growth of Collaborative Online Organizations},
  author = {Foote, Jeremy},
  date = {2019},
  institution = {{Northwestern University}},
  location = {{Evanston, IL}},
  abstract = {Explore millions of resources from scholarly journals, books, newspapers, videos and more, on the ProQuest Platform.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/FATUNJ49/2.html}
}

@online{foote_how_2020,
  title = {How Individual Behaviors Drive Inequality in Online Community Sizes: An Agent-Based Simulation},
  shorttitle = {How Individual Behaviors Drive Inequality in Online Community Sizes},
  author = {Foote, Jeremy and TeBlunthuis, Nathan and Hill, Benjamin Mako and Shaw, Aaron},
  date = {2020-06-04},
  eprint = {2006.03119},
  eprinttype = {arxiv},
  primaryclass = {cs},
  abstract = {Why are online community sizes so extremely unequal? Most answers to this question have pointed to general mathematical processes drawn from physics like cumulative advantage. These explanations provide little insight into specific social dynamics or decisions that individuals make when joining and leaving communities. In addition, explanations in terms of cumulative advantage do not draw from the enormous body of social computing research that studies individual behavior. Our work bridges this divide by testing whether two influential social mechanisms used to explain community joining can also explain the distribution of community sizes. Using agent-based simulations, we evaluate how well individual-level processes of social exposure and decisions based on individual expected benefits reproduce empirical community size data from Reddit. Our simulations contribute to social computing theory by providing evidence that both processes together---but neither alone---generate realistic distributions of community sizes. Our results also illustrate the potential value of agent-based simulation to online community researchers to both evaluate and bridge individual and group-level theories.},
  archiveprefix = {arXiv},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/PMZDH4B2/Foote et al_2020_How individual behaviors drive inequality in online community sizes.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/D57HFTGF/2006.html}
}

@dataset{foote_replication_2017,
  title = {Replication Data for: Starting Online Communities: Motivations and Goals of Wiki Founders},
  shorttitle = {Replication {{Data}} For},
  author = {Foote, Jeremy and Gergle, Darren and Shaw, Aaron},
  date = {2017-05-12},
  journaltitle = {Harvard Dataverse},
  abstract = {Anonymized survey data from our CHI 2017 Note: Starting Online Communities: Motivations and Goals of Wiki Founders},
  langid = {english}
}

@inproceedings{foote_starting_2017,
  title = {Starting Online Communities: Motivations and Goals of Wiki Founders},
  shorttitle = {Starting {{Online Communities}}},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2017 {{CHI Conference}} on {{Human Factors}} in {{Computing Systems}} ({{CHI}} '17)},
  author = {Foote, Jeremy and Gergle, Darren and Shaw, Aaron},
  date = {2017},
  pages = {6376--6380},
  publisher = {{ACM}},
  location = {{New York, NY}},
  abstract = {Why do people start new online communities? Previous research has studied what helps communities to grow and what motivates contributors, but the reasons that people create new communities in the first place remain unclear. We present the results of a survey of over 300 founders of new communities on the online wiki hosting site Wikia.com. We analyze the motivations and goals of wiki creators, finding that founders have diverse reasons for starting wikis and diverse ways of defining their success. Many founders see their communities as occupying narrow topics, and neither seek nor expect a large group of contributors. We also find that founders with differing goals approach community building differently. We argue that community platform designers can create interfaces that support the diverse goals of founders more effectively.},
  isbn = {978-1-4503-4655-9},
  keywords = {peer production,survey,wikis},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/BWAIBPUK/Foote et al. - 2017 - Starting Online Communities Motivations and Goals.pdf}
}

@article{fortunato_community_2010,
  title = {Community Detection in Graphs},
  author = {Fortunato, Santo},
  date = {2010-02},
  journaltitle = {Physics Reports},
  shortjournal = {Physics Reports},
  volume = {486},
  number = {3-5},
  eprint = {0906.0612},
  eprinttype = {arxiv},
  pages = {75--174},
  issn = {03701573},
  abstract = {The modern science of networks has brought significant advances to our understanding of complex systems. One of the most relevant features of graphs representing real systems is community structure, or clustering, i. e. the organization of vertices in clusters, with many edges joining vertices of the same cluster and comparatively few edges joining vertices of different clusters. Such clusters, or communities, can be considered as fairly independent compartments of a graph, playing a similar role like, e. g., the tissues or the organs in the human body. Detecting communities is of great importance in sociology, biology and computer science, disciplines where systems are often represented as graphs. This problem is very hard and not yet satisfactorily solved, despite the huge effort of a large interdisciplinary community of scientists working on it over the past few years. We will attempt a thorough exposition of the topic, from the definition of the main elements of the problem, to the presentation of most methods developed, with a special focus on techniques designed by statistical physicists, from the discussion of crucial issues like the significance of clustering and how methods should be tested and compared against each other, to the description of applications to real networks.},
  archiveprefix = {arXiv},
  keywords = {Computer Science - Information Retrieval,Condensed Matter - Statistical Mechanics,Physics - Biological Physics,Physics - Computational Physics,Physics - Physics and Society,Quantitative Biology - Quantitative Methods},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/TV2TW34A/Fortunato_2010_Community detection in graphs.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/9U2MCQYD/0906.html}
}

@article{fortunato_community_2016,
  title = {Community Detection in Networks: A User Guide},
  shorttitle = {Community Detection in Networks},
  author = {Fortunato, Santo and Hric, Darko},
  date = {2016-11},
  journaltitle = {Physics Reports},
  shortjournal = {Physics Reports},
  volume = {659},
  eprint = {1608.00163},
  eprinttype = {arxiv},
  pages = {1--44},
  issn = {03701573},
  abstract = {Community detection in networks is one of the most popular topics of modern network science. Communities, or clusters, are usually groups of vertices having higher probability of being connected to each other than to members of other groups, though other patterns are possible. Identifying communities is an ill-defined problem. There are no universal protocols on the fundamental ingredients, like the definition of community itself, nor on other crucial issues, like the validation of algorithms and the comparison of their performances. This has generated a number of confusions and misconceptions, which undermine the progress in the field. We offer a guided tour through the main aspects of the problem. We also point out strengths and weaknesses of popular methods, and give directions to their use.},
  archiveprefix = {arXiv},
  keywords = {Computer Science - Information Retrieval,Computer Science - Social and Information Networks,Physics - Physics and Society},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/VTZJUPV4/Fortunato_Hric_2016_Community detection in networks.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/5FILHBS2/1608.html}
}

@article{fotouhi_babak_evolution_2019-1,
  title = {Evolution of Cooperation on Large Networks with Community Structure},
  author = {{Fotouhi Babak} and {Momeni Naghmeh} and {Allen Benjamin} and {Nowak Martin A.}},
  date = {2019-03-29},
  journaltitle = {Journal of The Royal Society Interface},
  shortjournal = {Journal of The Royal Society Interface},
  volume = {16},
  number = {152},
  pages = {20180677},
  abstract = {Cooperation is a major factor in the evolution of human societies. The structure of social networks, which affects the dynamics of cooperation and other interpersonal phenomena, have common structural signatures. One of these signatures is the tendency to organize as groups. This tendency gives rise to networks with community structure, which are composed of distinct modules. In this paper, we study analytically the evolutionary game dynamics on large modular networks in the limit of weak selection. We obtain novel analytical conditions such that natural selection favours cooperation over defection. We calculate the transition point for each community to favour cooperation. We find that a critical inter-community link creation probability exists for given group density, such that the overall network supports cooperation even if individual communities inhibit it. As a byproduct, we present solutions for the critical benefit-to-cost ratio which perform with remarkable accuracy for diverse generative network models, including those with community structure and heavy-tailed degree distributions. We also demonstrate the generalizability of the results to arbitrary two-player games.}
}

@article{freeman_community_2006,
  ids = {freeman_community_2006-1},
  title = {Community Ecology and the Sociology of Organizations},
  author = {Freeman, John H. and Audia, Pino G.},
  date = {2006},
  journaltitle = {Annual Review of Sociology},
  shortjournal = {Annual Review of Sociology},
  volume = {32},
  eprint = {29737735},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {145--169},
  issn = {0360-0572},
  abstract = {Research on organizations is increasingly informed by analysis of community context. Community can be conceptualized as sets of relations between organizational forms or as places where organizations are located in resource space or in geography. In both modes, organizations operate interdependently with social institutions and with other units of social structure. Because such relationships channel flows of resources, opportunities are granted or withheld from social actors depending in part on their organization connections. Such considerations encourage analyses of organizations in ways that spread the relevance of results beyond organizationally defined research problem areas.},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/UT6RXR39/Freeman_Audia_2006_Community Ecology and the Sociology of Organizations.pdf}
}

@article{freeman_liability_1983,
  title = {The {{Liability}} of {{Newness}}: Age {{Dependence}} in {{Organizational Death Rates}}},
  shorttitle = {The {{Liability}} of {{Newness}}},
  author = {Freeman, John and Carroll, Glenn R. and Hannan, Michael T.},
  date = {1983},
  journaltitle = {American Sociological Review},
  shortjournal = {American Sociological Review},
  volume = {48},
  number = {5},
  eprint = {2094928},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {692--710},
  issn = {0003-1224},
  abstract = {Age dependence in organizational death rates is studied using data on three populations of organizations: national labor unions, semiconductor electronics manufacturers, and newspaper publishing companies. There is a liability of newness in each of these populations but it differs depending on whether death occurs through dissolution or by absorption through merger. Liabilities of smallness and bigness are also identified but controlling for them does not eliminate age dependence.},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/CT32HPF2/Freeman et al. - 1983 - The Liability of Newness Age Dependence in Organi.pdf}
}

@article{freeman_niche_1983,
  title = {Niche Width and the Dynamics of Organizational Populations},
  author = {Freeman, John and Hannan, Michael T.},
  date = {1983},
  journaltitle = {American Journal of Sociology},
  shortjournal = {American Journal of Sociology},
  volume = {88},
  number = {6},
  eprint = {2778966},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {1116--1145},
  issn = {0002-9602},
  abstract = {This paper explores the effects of environmental variability and grain on the niche width of organizational populations. It develops a model of the manner in which environmental variations affect the life changes of specialist and generalist organizations. This model predicts that death rates of generalists exceed those of specialists in fine-grained environments, regardless of the level of variability, but that generalists have lower death rates when environmental variation is both coarse grained and large. The model is applied to a sample of restaurant organizations in 18 California cities. Maximum likelihood estimates and tests confirm the major predictions of the model.},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/6UL6YJ3Y/Freeman and Hannan - 1983 - Niche Width and the Dynamics of Organizational Pop.pdf}
}

@article{frey_clustering_2007,
  title = {Clustering by {{Passing Messages Between Data Points}}},
  author = {Frey, Brendan J. and Dueck, Delbert},
  date = {2007-02-16},
  journaltitle = {Science},
  volume = {315},
  number = {5814},
  eprint = {17218491},
  eprinttype = {pmid},
  pages = {972--976},
  publisher = {{American Association for the Advancement of Science}},
  issn = {0036-8075, 1095-9203},
  abstract = {Clustering data by identifying a subset of representative examples is important for processing sensory signals and detecting patterns in data. Such “exemplars” can be found by randomly choosing an initial subset of data points and then iteratively refining it, but this works well only if that initial choice is close to a good solution. We devised a method called “affinity propagation,” which takes as input measures of similarity between pairs of data points. Real-valued messages are exchanged between data points until a high-quality set of exemplars and corresponding clusters gradually emerges. We used affinity propagation to cluster images of faces, detect genes in microarray data, identify representative sentences in this manuscript, and identify cities that are efficiently accessed by airline travel. Affinity propagation found clusters with much lower error than other methods, and it did so in less than one-hundredth the amount of time. An algorithm that exchanges messages about the similarity of pairs of data points speeds identification of representative examples in a complex data set, such as genes in DNA data. An algorithm that exchanges messages about the similarity of pairs of data points speeds identification of representative examples in a complex data set, such as genes in DNA data.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/PVGJU5KN/Frey_Dueck_2007_Clustering by Passing Messages Between Data Points.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/ERM5BMQT/972.html}
}

@unpublished{frey_designing_2019,
  type = {Preprint},
  title = {Designing for Participation and Change in Digital Institutions},
  author = {Frey, Seth and Keegan, Brian and Krafft, Peter},
  date = {2019-02-22},
  eprint = {1902.08728},
  eprinttype = {arxiv},
  abstract = {Whether we recognize it or not, the Internet is rife with exciting and original institutional forms that are transforming social organization on and offline. Issues of governance in these Internet platforms and other digital institutions have posed a challenge for software engineers, many of whom have little exposure to the relevant history or theory of institutional design. Here, we offer one useful framework with an aim to stimulate dialogue between computer scientists and political scientists. The dominant guiding practices for the design of digital institutions to date in human-computer interaction, computer-supported cooperative work, and the tech industry at large have been an incentive-focused behavioral engineering paradigm, a collection of atheoretical approaches such as A/B-testing, and incremental issue-driven software engineering. One institutional analysis framework that has been useful in the design of traditional institutions is the body of resource governance literature known as the “Ostrom Workshop”. A key finding of this literature that has yet to be broadly incorporated in the design of many digital institutions is the importance of including participatory change process mechanisms in what is called a “constitutional layer” of institutional design—in other words, defining rules that allow and facilitate diverse stakeholder participation in the ongoing process of institutional design change. We explore to what extent this consideration is met or could be better met in three varied cases of digital institutions: cryptocurrencies, cannabis informatics, and amateur Minecraft server governance. Examining such highly varied cases allows us to demonstrate the broad relevance of constitutional layers in many different types of digital institutions.},
  archiveprefix = {arXiv},
  howpublished = {Preprint},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Computer Science - Social and Information Networks,H.5.3,J.4,K.4.3},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/7BNDR3M8/Krafft et al. - 2019 - Designing for Participation and Change in Digital .pdf}
}

@article{frey_emergence_2019,
  title = {Emergence of Integrated Institutions in a Large Population of Self-Governing Communities},
  author = {Frey, Seth and Sumner, Robert W.},
  date = {2019-07-11},
  journaltitle = {PLOS ONE},
  shortjournal = {PLOS ONE},
  volume = {14},
  number = {7},
  pages = {e0216335},
  publisher = {{Public Library of Science}},
  issn = {1932-6203},
  abstract = {Most aspects of our lives are governed by large, highly developed institutions that integrate several governance tasks under one authority structure. But theorists differ as to the mechanisms that drive the development of such concentrated governance systems from rudimentary beginnings. Is the emergence of integrated governance schemes a symptom of consolidation of authority by small status groups? Or does integration occur because a complex institution has more potential responses to a complex environment? Here we examine the emergence of complex governance regimes in 5,000 sovereign, resource-constrained, self-governing online communities, ranging in scale from one to thousands of users. Each community begins with no community members and no governance infrastructure. As communities grow, they are subject to selection pressures that keep better managed servers better populated. We identify predictors of community success and test the hypothesis that governance complexity can enhance community fitness. We find that what predicts success depends on size: changes in complexity predict increased success with larger population servers. Specifically, governance rules in a large successful community are more numerous and broader in scope. They also tend to rely more on rules that concentrate power in administrators, and on rules that manage bad behavior and limited server resources. Overall, this work is consistent with theories that formal integrated governance systems emerge to organize collective responses to interdependent resource management problems, especially as factors such as population size exacerbate those problems.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Community ecology,Computer software,Forests,Games,Internet,Online encyclopedias,Political theory,Resource management,Social psychology,Video games},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/AXDJPNKE/Frey and Sumner - 2019 - Emergence of integrated institutions in a large po.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/DA5HAVLH/Frey_Sumner_2019_Emergence of integrated institutions in a large population of self-governing.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/Q3FI9DBS/Frey and Sumner - 2019 - Emergence of integrated institutions in a large po.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/4B26ZMHH/article.html;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/4CRK5UUM/article.html;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/8XFADRSX/article.html}
}

@article{fulk_connective_1996,
  title = {Connective and Communal Public Goods in Interactive Communication Systems},
  author = {Fulk, Janet and Flanagin, Andrew J. and Kalman, Michael E. and Monge, Peter R. and Ryan, Timothy},
  date = {1996},
  journaltitle = {Communication Theory},
  volume = {6},
  number = {1},
  pages = {60--87},
  issn = {1468-2885},
  abstract = {This paper extends theories of public goods to interactive communication systems. Two key public communication goods are identified. Connectivity provides point-to-point communication, and communality links members through commonly held information, such as that often found in databases. These extensions are important, we argue, because communication public goods operate differently from traditional material public goods. These differences have important implications for costs, benefits, and the realization of a critical mass of users that is necessary for realization of the good. We also explore multifunctional goods that combine various features and hybrid goods that link private goods to public ones. We examine the applicability of two key assumptions of public goods theory to interactive communication systems. First, jointness of supply specifies that consumption of a public good does not diminish its availability to others. Second, impossibility of exclusion stipulates that all members of the public have access to the good. We conclude with suggestions for further theoretical development.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {mantaining public goods},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/ZJVU4TGW/Fulk et al. - 1996 - Connective and communal public goods in interactiv.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/8J5CPWLV/4259000.html}
}

@article{gan_gender_2018,
  title = {Gender, Feedback, and Learners' Decisions to Share Their Creative Computing Projects},
  author = {Gan, Emilia F. and Hill, Benjamin Mako and Dasgupta, Sayamindu},
  date = {2018-11},
  journaltitle = {Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction},
  volume = {2},
  pages = {54:1-54:23},
  abstract = {Although informal online learning communities are made possible by users' decisions to share their creations, participation by females and other marginalized groups remains stubbornly low in technical communities. Using descriptive statistics and a unique dataset of shared and unshared projects from over 1.1 million users of Scratch-a collaborative programming community for young people-we show that while girls share less initially, this trend flips among experienced users. Using Bayesian regression analyses, we show that this relationship can largely be attributed to differences in the way boys and girls participate. We also find that while prior positive feedback is correlated with increased sharing among inexperienced users, this effect also reverses with experience or with the addition of controls. Our findings provide a description of the dynamics behind online learners' decisions to share, open new research questions, and point to several lessons for system designers.},
  issue = {CSCW},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {broadening participation,computer mediated communication,creative learning,gender differences,online communities,scratch,social computing and social navigation,social learning},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/II3Z28KL/Gan et al. - 2018 - Gender, feedback, and learners' decisions to share.pdf}
}

@inproceedings{geiger_using_2013,
  title = {Using Edit Sessions to Measure Participation in {{Wikipedia}}},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on {{Computer}} Supported Cooperative Work},
  author = {Geiger, R. Stuart and Halfaker, Aaron},
  date = {2013},
  pages = {861--870},
  publisher = {{ACM}},
  keywords = {activity,labor,labor-hours,peer production,quantitative methods,sessions,wikipedia,work,work practices},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/6EZ7WJ4T/Geiger and Halfaker - 2013 - Using edit sessions to measure participation in Wi.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/9Z6ATSSC/cscw-sessions.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/MFHWZS8R/Geiger and Halfaker - 2013 - Using Edit Sessions to Measure Participation in Wi.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/VZ7BVKRW/citation.html}
}

@article{gelman_why_2012,
  title = {Why We (Usually) Don't Have to Worry about Multiple Comparisons},
  author = {Gelman, Andrew and Hill, Jennifer and Yajima, Masanao},
  date = {2012-04-01},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Research on Educational Effectiveness},
  volume = {5},
  number = {2},
  pages = {189--211},
  publisher = {{Routledge}},
  issn = {1934-5747},
  abstract = {Applied researchers often find themselves making statistical inferences in settings that would seem to require multiple comparisons adjustments. We challenge the Type I error paradigm that underlies these corrections. Moreover we posit that the problem of multiple comparisons can disappear entirely when viewed from a hierarchical Bayesian perspective. We propose building multilevel models in the settings where multiple comparisons arise. Multilevel models perform partial pooling (shifting estimates toward each other), whereas classical procedures typically keep the centers of intervals stationary, adjusting for multiple comparisons by making the intervals wider (or, equivalently, adjusting the p values corresponding to intervals of fixed width). Thus, multilevel models address the multiple comparisons problem and also yield more efficient estimates, especially in settings with low group-level variation, which is where multiple comparisons are a particular concern.},
  keywords = {Bayesian inference,hierarchical modeling,multiple comparisons,statistical significance,Type S error},
  annotation = {\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/19345747.2011.618213}
}

@article{gneiting_strictly_2007,
  title = {Strictly {{Proper Scoring Rules}}, {{Prediction}}, and {{Estimation}}},
  author = {Gneiting, Tilmann and Raftery, Adrian E.},
  date = {2007-03-01},
  journaltitle = {Journal of the American Statistical Association},
  volume = {102},
  number = {477},
  pages = {359--378},
  publisher = {{Taylor \& Francis}},
  issn = {0162-1459},
  abstract = {Scoring rules assess the quality of probabilistic forecasts, by assigning a numerical score based on the predictive distribution and on the event or value that materializes. A scoring rule is proper if the forecaster maximizes the expected score for an observation drawn from the distributionF if he or she issues the probabilistic forecast F, rather than G ≠ F. It is strictly proper if the maximum is unique. In prediction problems, proper scoring rules encourage the forecaster to make careful assessments and to be honest. In estimation problems, strictly proper scoring rules provide attractive loss and utility functions that can be tailored to the problem at hand. This article reviews and develops the theory of proper scoring rules on general probability spaces, and proposes and discusses examples thereof. Proper scoring rules derive from convex functions and relate to information measures, entropy functions, and Bregman divergences. In the case of categorical variables, we prove a rigorous version of the Savage representation. Examples of scoring rules for probabilistic forecasts in the form of predictive densities include the logarithmic, spherical, pseudospherical, and quadratic scores. The continuous ranked probability score applies to probabilistic forecasts that take the form of predictive cumulative distribution functions. It generalizes the absolute error and forms a special case of a new and very general type of score, the energy score. Like many other scoring rules, the energy score admits a kernel representation in terms of negative definite functions, with links to inequalities of Hoeffding type, in both univariate and multivariate settings. Proper scoring rules for quantile and interval forecasts are also discussed. We relate proper scoring rules to Bayes factors and to cross-validation, and propose a novel form of cross-validation known as random-fold cross-validation. A case study on probabilistic weather forecasts in the North American Pacific Northwest illustrates the importance of propriety. We note optimum score approaches to point and quantile estimation, and propose the intuitively appealing interval score as a utility function in interval estimation that addresses width as well as coverage.},
  keywords = {Bayes factor,Bregman divergence,Brier score,Coherent,Continuous ranked probability score,Cross-validation,Entropy,Kernel score,Loss function,Minimum contrast estimation,Negative definite function,Prediction interval,Predictive distribution,Quantile forecast,Scoring rule,Skill score,Strictly proper,Utility function},
  annotation = {\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1198/016214506000001437},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/ZDL34XF9/Gneiting_Raftery_2007_Strictly Proper Scoring Rules, Prediction, and Estimation.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/6DRGUBQI/016214506000001437.html}
}

@inproceedings{gorbatai_exploring_2011,
  title = {Exploring {{Underproduction}} in {{Wikipedia}}},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 7th {{International Symposium}} on {{Wikis}} and {{Open Collaboration}}},
  author = {Gorbatai, Andreea D.},
  date = {2011},
  series = {{{WikiSym}} '11},
  pages = {205--206},
  abstract = {Researchers have used Wikipedia data to identify a wide range of antecedents to success in collective production. But we have not yet inquired whether collective production creates those public goods which bring most value-add from a social perspective. In this poster I explore two key circumstances in which collective production can fail to respond to social need: when goods fail to attain high quality despite (1) high demand or (2) explicit designation by producers as highly important. In the context of Wikipedia. I propose first to examine articles that remain low quality, or underproduced, despite the fact they are viewed often; and second, to examine articles that remain low quality despite the fact that they were identified as important by Wikipedia contributors. This research highlights the fact that collective production needs to be examined not only by itself but also in the context of a market for goods in order to ascertain the benefits of this production form. The final version of this study will integrate data on underproduced articles with data on knowledge categories to uncover systematic patterns of underproduction at the category level and predict which categories are most in need of quality improvement. Additionally I will use in-depth qualitative methods to examine the mechanisms through which underproduction occurs in select knowledge categories to distill practical recommendations for collective production improvement.},
  isbn = {978-1-4503-0909-7},
  keywords = {collective production,social goods,underproduction}
}

@article{graeff_battle_2014,
  title = {The Battle for ‘{{Trayvon Martin}}’: Mapping a Media Controversy Online and off-Line},
  shorttitle = {The Battle for ‘{{Trayvon Martin}}’},
  author = {Graeff, Erhardt and Stempeck, Matt and Zuckerman, Ethan},
  date = {2014-01},
  journaltitle = {First Monday},
  volume = {19},
  number = {2},
  issn = {13960466},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {controversy mapping,media cloud,networked gatekeeping,political networks,quantitative media analysis},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/EXNM66WB/Graeff et al. - 2014 - The battle for ‘Trayvon Martin’ Mapping a media c.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/BW5KPRPA/4947.html;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/T7J9BSVG/3821.html}
}

@article{graham_boundary_2019,
  title = {Boundary Maintenance and the Origins of Trolling},
  author = {Graham, Elyse},
  date = {2019-09-01},
  journaltitle = {New Media \& Society},
  shortjournal = {New Media \& Society},
  volume = {21},
  number = {9},
  pages = {2029--2047},
  publisher = {{SAGE Publications}},
  issn = {1461-4448},
  abstract = {This article presents a new social framework for understanding the origins of trolling and its expansion from an obscure practice, limited to a handful of boards on Usenet, to a pervasive component of Internet culture. I argue that trolling originated, in the term of sociologists, as a form of boundary maintenance that served to distinguish communities of self-identified online insiders from others beyond the boundaries of their community and to drive outsiders away from their spaces. This framework can help us to better understand the transformations that trolling has undergone in the decades since its inception, as well as the persistence of misogyny and prejudice throughout the history of the practice.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Boundary maintenance,Internet communities,Internet history,online harassment,politics of cyberspace,trolling},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/6IN6XJWV/Graham - 2019 - Boundary maintenance and the origins of trolling.pdf}
}

@online{graham_dyadic_2019,
  title = {Dyadic {{Regression}}},
  author = {Graham, Bryan S.},
  date = {2019-08-23},
  eprint = {1908.09029},
  eprinttype = {arxiv},
  primaryclass = {econ, stat},
  abstract = {Dyadic data, where outcomes reflecting pairwise interaction among sampled units are of primary interest, arise frequently in social science research. Regression analyses with such data feature prominently in many research literatures (e.g., gravity models of trade). The dependence structure associated with dyadic data raises special estimation and, especially, inference issues. This chapter reviews currently available methods for (parametric) dyadic regression analysis and presents guidelines for empirical researchers.},
  archiveprefix = {arXiv},
  keywords = {62F12,Economics - Econometrics,Statistics - Applications},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/BXRL9YEI/Graham - 2019 - Dyadic Regression.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/FVV64SD8/1908.html}
}

@article{granovetter_strength_1973,
  title = {The {{Strength}} of {{Weak Ties}}},
  author = {Granovetter, Mark S.},
  date = {1973-05-01},
  journaltitle = {American Journal of Sociology},
  shortjournal = {American Journal of Sociology},
  volume = {78},
  number = {6},
  pages = {1360--1380},
  issn = {0002-9602},
  abstract = {Analysis of social networks is suggested as a tool for linking micro and macro levels of sociological theory. The procedure is illustrated by elaboration of the macro implications of one aspect of small-scale interaction: the strength of dyadic ties. It is argued that the degree of overlap of two individuals' friendship networks varies directly with the strength of their tie to one another. The impact of this principle on diffusion of influence and information, mobility opportunity, and community organization is explored. Stress is laid on the cohesive power of weak ties. Most network models deal, implicitly, with strong ties, thus confining their applicability to small, well-defined groups. Emphasis on weak ties lends itself to discussion of relations between groups and to analysis of segments of social structure not easily defined in terms of primary groups.},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/GM6GICWI/225469.html}
}

@thesis{graves_open_2013,
  type = {Thesis},
  ids = {graves_open_2013-1},
  title = {Open Source Software Development as a Complex System},
  author = {Graves, John David Nicholas},
  date = {2013},
  institution = {{Auckland University of Technology}},
  abstract = {Open Source Software Development is an approach to software development involving open, public exposure of the source code of a computer program under development (hence, ‘open source’). Each open source program is shared online as a project in a source code repository.  The so-called ‘open source community’ is the system which coordinates the work of software developers on the code in the repositories. This research explored the growth dynamics of this system, first by launching open source projects and then via simulation. Following (Barabasi \& Albert, 1999) and a biodiversity model (Hubbell, 2001), simulations of a complex system driven by preferential attachment, where popular projects attract more developers and grow (subject to some attrition), provided a systematic explanation for the lack of growth typical of single-developer projects. In this multi-methodological study, the lack of growth in the research projects empirically demonstrated the need for a theoretical understanding of open source project initiation and growth while the subsequent simulation results showed how the pattern of no growth (one developer) projects could be explained by a simple model.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/PZVK297T/Graves - 2013 - Open source software development as a complex syst.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/TDXFC3JV/5729.html}
}

@article{greve_jumping_1995,
  title = {Jumping {{Ship}}: The {{Diffusion}} of {{Strategy Abandonment}}},
  shorttitle = {Jumping {{Ship}}},
  author = {Greve, Henrich R.},
  date = {1995},
  journaltitle = {Administrative Science Quarterly},
  volume = {40},
  number = {3},
  eprint = {2393793},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {444--473},
  publisher = {{[Sage Publications, Inc., Johnson Graduate School of Management, Cornell University]}},
  issn = {0001-8392},
  abstract = {This paper focuses on organizations' abandonment of strategy, which may be driven jointly by contagion and competition from other organizations. This paper treats both explanations but emphasizes contagion. I argue that strategy abandonment is contagious because the future performance of current and alternative strategies is highly uncertain, causing decision makers to examine the actions of other organizations in the industry for clues to the correct action. Contagion from organizations easily observed by the focal organization is stronger than contagion from other organizations, causing corporate links across markets to become important routes for the contagion of strategy abandonment. This theory is tested on a sample of radio stations abandoning a strategy and is supported by evidence that contagion of abandonment occurs through the influence of an organization's social reference groups.}
}

@inproceedings{grevet_combating_2013,
  title = {Combating Homophily through Design},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on {{Computer}} Supported Cooperative Work Companion},
  author = {Grevet, Catherine},
  date = {2013-02-23},
  series = {{{CSCW}} '13},
  pages = {57--60},
  publisher = {{Association for Computing Machinery}},
  location = {{New York, NY, USA}},
  abstract = {Social networking has allowed us to be in constant contact with friends from many different backgrounds, yet we are unaware of many of our friends' perspectives and opinions. Networks are highly homophilous, meaning that people tend to associate with others similar to them. This leads to homogenous clusters. How should we design social media to facilitate constructive exchanges rather than polarize individuals? In my work, I propose to look at whether users are currently aware of the homophily phenomenon in their online networks and exploring social network designs to break homophily.},
  isbn = {978-1-4503-1332-2},
  keywords = {awareness,homophily,social networks,tie strength},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/XFJCI35Y/Grevet - 2013 - Combating homophily through design.pdf}
}

@inproceedings{grevet_managing_2014,
  title = {Managing Political Differences in Social Media},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 17th {{ACM}} Conference on {{Computer}} Supported Cooperative Work \& Social Computing},
  author = {Grevet, Catherine and Terveen, Loren G. and Gilbert, Eric},
  date = {2014-02-15},
  series = {{{CSCW}} '14},
  pages = {1400--1408},
  publisher = {{Association for Computing Machinery}},
  location = {{New York, NY, USA}},
  abstract = {Most people associate with people like themselves, a process called homophily. Exposure to diversity, however, makes us more informed as individuals and as a society. In this paper, we investigate political disagreements on Facebook to explore the conditions under which diverse opinions can coexist online. Via a mixed methods approach comprising 103 survey responses and 13 interviews with politically engaged American social media users, we found that participants who perceived more differences with their friends engaged less on Facebook than those who perceived more homogeneity. Weak ties were particularly brittle to political disagreements, despite being the ties most likely to offer diversity. Finally, based on our findings we suggest potential design opportunities to bridge across ideological difference: 1) support exposure to weak ties; and 2) make common ground visible while friends converse.},
  isbn = {978-1-4503-2540-0},
  keywords = {facebook,homophily,politics,relationship management,self- censorship,social media,tie strength},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/8VK4PWVX/Grevet et al. - 2014 - Managing political differences in social media.pdf}
}

@article{gu_competition_2007,
  ids = {gu_competition_2007-1},
  title = {Competition among Virtual Communities and User Valuation: The Case of Investing-Related Communities},
  shorttitle = {Competition {{Among Virtual Communities}} and {{User Valuation}}},
  author = {Gu, Bin and Konana, Prabhudev and Rajagopalan, Balaji and Chen, Hsuan-Wei Michelle},
  date = {2007},
  journaltitle = {Information Systems Research},
  shortjournal = {Information Systems Research},
  volume = {18},
  number = {1},
  eprint = {23211832},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {68--85},
  issn = {1047-7047},
  abstract = {Virtual communities are a significant source of information for consumers and businesses. This research examines how users value virtual communities and how virtual communities differ in their value propositions. In particular, this research examines the nature of trade-offs between information quantity and quality, and explores the sources of positive and negative externalities in virtual communities. The analyses are based on more than 500,000 postings collected from three large virtual investing-related communities (VICs) for 14 different stocks over a period of four years. The findings suggest that the VICs engage in differentiated competition as they face trade-offs between information quantity and quality. This differentiation among VICs, in turn, attracts users with different characteristics. We find both positive and negative externalities at work in virtual communities. We propose and validate that the key factor that determines the direction of network externalities is posting quality. The contributions of the study include the extension of our understanding of the virtual community evaluation by users, the exposition of competition between virtual communities, the role of network externalities in virtual communities, and the development of an algorithmic methodology to evaluate the quality (noise or signal) of textual data. The insights from the study provide useful guidance for design and management of VICs.},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/ACBCQ93N/Gu et al. - 2007 - Competition Among Virtual Communities and User Val.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/KJZXB8P6/Gu et al. - 2007 - Competition Among Virtual Communities and User Val.pdf}
}

@inproceedings{guha_birds_2015,
  title = {Do {{Birds}} of a {{Feather Watch Each Other}}? Homophily and {{Social Surveillance}} in {{Location Based Social Networks}}},
  shorttitle = {Do {{Birds}} of a {{Feather Watch Each Other}}?},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 18th {{ACM Conference}} on {{Computer Supported Cooperative Work}} \& {{Social Computing}}},
  author = {Guha, Shion and Wicker, Stephen B.},
  date = {2015-02-28},
  series = {{{CSCW}} '15},
  pages = {1010--1020},
  publisher = {{Association for Computing Machinery}},
  location = {{New York, NY, USA}},
  abstract = {Location sharing applications (LSA) have proliferated in recent years. Current research principally focuses on egocentric privacy issues and design but has historically not explored the impact of surveillance on location sharing behavior. In this paper, we examine homophily in friendship and surveillance networks for 65 foursquare users. Our results indicate that location surveillance networks are strongly homophilous along the lines of race and gender while friendship networks are weakly homophilous on income. Qualitatively, an analysis of comments and interviews provides support for a discourse around location surveillance, which is mainly social, collaborative, positive and participatory. We relate these findings with prior literature on surveillance, self-presentation and homophily and situate this study in existing HCI/CSCW scholarship.},
  isbn = {978-1-4503-2922-4},
  keywords = {foursquare,homophily,privacy,surveillance,visibility,vision},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/4G3RN2C5/Guha and Wicker - 2015 - Do Birds of a Feather Watch Each Other Homophily .pdf}
}

@inproceedings{hale_cross-language_2015,
  title = {Cross-Language {{Wikipedia Editing}} of {{Okinawa}}, {{Japan}}},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 33rd {{Annual ACM Conference}} on {{Human Factors}} in {{Computing Systems}}},
  author = {Hale, Scott A.},
  date = {2015},
  pages = {183--192},
  publisher = {{ACM}},
  location = {{New York, NY, USA}},
  abstract = {This article analyzes users who edit Wikipedia articles about Okinawa, Japan, in English and Japanese. It finds these users are among the most active and dedicated users in their primary languages, where they make many large, high-quality edits. However, when these users edit in their non-primary languages, they tend to make edits of a different type that are overall smaller in size and more often restricted to the narrow set of articles that exist in both languages. Design changes to motivate wider contributions from users in their non-primary languages and to encourage multilingual users to transfer more information across language divides are presented.},
  isbn = {978-1-4503-3145-6},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/WL3BSR4A/Hale - 2015 - Cross-language Wikipedia Editing of Okinawa, Japan.pdf}
}

@article{halfaker_rise_2013,
  title = {The Rise and Decline of an Open Collaboration System: How {{Wikipedia}}'s Reaction to Popularity Is Causing Its Decline},
  shorttitle = {The {{Rise}} and {{Decline}} of an {{Open Collaboration System}}},
  author = {Halfaker, Aaron and Geiger, R. Stuart and Morgan, Jonathan T. and Riedl, John},
  date = {2013-05-01},
  journaltitle = {American Behavioral Scientist},
  shortjournal = {American Behavioral Scientist},
  volume = {57},
  number = {5},
  pages = {664--688},
  issn = {0002-7642},
  abstract = {Open collaboration systems, such as Wikipedia, need to maintain a pool of volunteer contributors to remain relevant. Wikipedia was created through a tremendous number of contributions by millions of contributors. However, recent research has shown that the number of active contributors in Wikipedia has been declining steadily for years and suggests that a sharp decline in the retention of newcomers is the cause. This article presents data that show how several changes the Wikipedia community made to manage quality and consistency in the face of a massive growth in participation have ironically crippled the very growth they were designed to manage. Specifically, the restrictiveness of the encyclopedia’s primary quality control mechanism and the algorithmic tools used to reject contributions are implicated as key causes of decreased newcomer retention. Furthermore, the community’s formal mechanisms for norm articulation are shown to have calcified against changes—especially changes proposed by newer editors.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/7B7AFK58/Halfaker et al. - 2013 - The rise and decline of an open collaboration syst.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/Y9676KNV/The Rise and Decline of an Open Collaboration Syst.pdf}
}

@online{hamilton_loyalty_2017,
  title = {Loyalty in Online Communities},
  author = {Hamilton, William L. and Zhang, Justine and Danescu-Niculescu-Mizil, Cristian and Jurafsky, Dan and Leskovec, Jure},
  date = {2017-05-24},
  eprint = {1703.03386},
  eprinttype = {arxiv},
  primaryclass = {cs},
  abstract = {Loyalty is an essential component of multi-community engagement. When users have the choice to engage with a variety of different communities, they often become loyal to just one, focusing on that community at the expense of others. However, it is unclear how loyalty is manifested in user behavior, or whether loyalty is encouraged by certain community characteristics. In this paper we operationalize loyalty as a user-community relation: users loyal to a community consistently prefer it over all others; loyal communities retain their loyal users over time. By exploring this relation using a large dataset of discussion communities from Reddit, we reveal that loyalty is manifested in remarkably consistent behaviors across a wide spectrum of communities. Loyal users employ language that signals collective identity and engage with more esoteric, less popular content, indicating they may play a curational role in surfacing new material. Loyal communities have denser user-user interaction networks and lower rates of triadic closure, suggesting that community-level loyalty is associated with more cohesive interactions and less fragmentation into subgroups. We exploit these general patterns to predict future rates of loyalty. Our results show that a user's propensity to become loyal is apparent from their first interactions with a community, suggesting that some users are intrinsically loyal from the very beginning.},
  archiveprefix = {arXiv},
  keywords = {Computer Science - Computation and Language,Computer Science - Social and Information Networks},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/HQQUMCBD/Hamilton et al_2017_Loyalty in Online Communities.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/5RE84JF9/1703.html}
}

@book{hannan_concepts_2019,
  title = {Concepts and Categories: Foundations for Sociological and Cultural Analysis},
  shorttitle = {Concepts and Categories},
  author = {Hannan, Michael T},
  date = {2019},
  abstract = {Why do people like books, music, or movies that adhere consistently to genre conventions? Why is it hard for politicians to take positions that cross ideological boundaries? Why do we have dramatically different expectations of companies that are categorized as social media platforms as opposed to news media sites? The answers to these questions require an understanding of how people use basic concepts in their everyday lives to give meaning to objects, other people, and social situations and actions. In this book, a team of sociologists presents a groundbreaking model of concepts and categorization that can guide sociological and cultural analysis of a wide variety of social situations. Drawing on research in various fields, including cognitive science, computational linguistics, and psychology, the book develops an innovative view of concepts. It argues that concepts have meanings that are probabilistic rather than sharp, occupying fuzzy, overlapping positions in a "conceptual space." Measurements of distances in this space reveal our mental representations of categories. Using this model, important yet commonplace phenomena such as our routine buying decisions can be quantified in terms of the cognitive distance between concepts. Concepts and Categories provides an essential set of formal theoretical tools and illustrates their application using an eclectic set of methodologies, from micro-level controlled experiments to macro-level language processing. It illuminates how explicit attention to concepts and categories can give us a new understanding of everyday situations and interactions.},
  isbn = {978-0-231-19272-9},
  langid = {english},
  annotation = {OCLC: 1083703599}
}

@book{hannan_logics_2007,
  ids = {hannan_logics_2012},
  title = {Logics of Organization Theory: Audiences, Codes, and Ecologies},
  shorttitle = {Logics of Organization Theory},
  author = {Hannan, Michael T and Pólos, László and Carroll, Glenn},
  date = {2007},
  publisher = {{Princeton University Press}},
  location = {{Princeton, N.J.}},
  abstract = {"Building theories of organizations is challenging: theories are partial and "folk" categories are fuzzy. The commonly used tools--first-order logic and its foundational set theory--are ill-suited for handling these complications. Here, three leading authorities rethink organization theory. Logics of Organization Theory sets forth and applies a new language for theory building based on a nonmonotonic logic and fuzzy set theory. In doing so, not only does it mark a major advance in organizational theory, but it also draws lessons for theory building elsewhere in the social sciences. Organizational research typically analyzes organizations in categories such as "bank," "hospital," or "university." These categories have been treated as crisp analytical constructs designed by researchers. But sociologists increasingly view categories as constructed by audiences. This book builds on cognitive psychology and anthropology to develop an audience-based theory of organizational categories. It applies this framework and the new language of theory building to organizational ecology. It reconstructs and integrates four central theory fragments, and in so doing reveals unexpected connections and new insights."--Publisher description.},
  isbn = {978-1-4008-4301-5},
  langid = {english},
  annotation = {OCLC: 646517503}
}

@book{hannan_organizational_1989,
  title = {Organizational Ecology},
  author = {Hannan, Michael T. and Freeman, John},
  date = {1989},
  edition = {1},
  publisher = {{Harvard University Press}},
  location = {{Cambridge, MA}}
}

@article{hannan_organizational_2003,
  title = {The {{Organizational Niche}}},
  author = {Hannan, Michael T. and Carroll, Glenn R. and Pólos, László},
  date = {2003},
  journaltitle = {Sociological Theory},
  volume = {21},
  number = {4},
  pages = {309--340},
  issn = {1467-9558},
  abstract = {Although the concept of niche has been extremely useful in sociological theory and research, some aspects of the concept have not been clearly developed. This article advances a theoretical reconstruction of the concept of niche, with special application to organizations. The proposed formal model unifies several active lines of sociological theory. It also extends the notion of the niche from the realm of behaviors to apply to the rules coding social identities and organizational forms. The reconstruction gives deeper insight into the niche of an organizational population as well as individual organizations. Finally, the model analyzes the (thus far) tacit assumption that niches are convex, examines the implications of convexity for commonly used measures of niche width, and provides a general sociological argument for the predominance of convex niches.},
  langid = {english},
  annotation = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1046/j.1467-9558.2003.00192.x},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/QVMN4EMC/Hannan et al_2003_The Organizational Niche.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/QPAD2LBR/j.1467-9558.2003.00192.html}
}

@article{hannan_population_1977,
  title = {The Population Ecology of Organizations},
  author = {Hannan, Michael T. and Freeman, John},
  date = {1977},
  journaltitle = {American Journal of Sociology},
  shortjournal = {American Journal of Sociology},
  volume = {82},
  number = {5},
  eprint = {2777807},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {929--964},
  issn = {0002-9602},
  abstract = {A population ecology perspective on organization-environment relations is proposed as an alternative to the dominant adaptation perspective. The strength of inertial pressures on organizational structure suggests the application of models that depend on competition and selection in populations of organizations. Several such models as well as issues that arise in attempts to apply them to the organization-environment problem are discussed.},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/TVD48Q77/Hannan and Freeman - 1977 - The Population Ecology of Organizations.pdf}
}

@article{hannan_structural_1984,
  title = {Structural Inertia and Organizational Change},
  author = {Hannan, Michael T. and Freeman, John},
  date = {1984-04},
  journaltitle = {American Sociological Review},
  volume = {49},
  number = {2},
  eprint = {2095567},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {149},
  issn = {00031224},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/DRMDTJYH/Hannan and Freeman - 1984 - Structural inertia and organizational change.pdf}
}

@article{hardin_competitive_1960,
  title = {The {{Competitive Exclusion Principle}}},
  author = {Hardin, Garrett},
  date = {1960},
  journaltitle = {Science},
  volume = {131},
  number = {3409},
  eprint = {1705965},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {1292--1297},
  publisher = {{American Association for the Advancement of Science}},
  issn = {0036-8075}
}

@article{hargittai_whose_2007,
  title = {Whose {{Space}}? Differences among {{Users}} and {{Non}}-{{Users}} of {{Social Network Sites}}},
  shorttitle = {Whose {{Space}}?},
  author = {Hargittai, Eszter},
  date = {2007-10-01},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication},
  shortjournal = {J Comput Mediat Commun},
  volume = {13},
  number = {1},
  pages = {276--297},
  publisher = {{Oxford Academic}},
  abstract = {Are there systematic differences between people who use social network sites and those who stay away, despite a familiarity with them? Based on data from a survey administered to a diverse group of young adults, this article looks at the predictors of SNS usage, with particular focus on Facebook, MySpace, Xanga, and Friendster. Findings suggest that use of such sites is not randomly distributed across a group of highly wired users. A person’s gender, race and ethnicity, and parental educational background are all associated with use, but in most cases only when the aggregate concept of social network sites is disaggregated by service. Additionally, people with more experience and autonomy of use are more likely to be users of such sites. Unequal participation based on user background suggests that differential adoption of such services may be contributing to digital inequality.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/WVFZWUGF/Hargittai - 2007 - Whose Space Differences among Users and Non-Users.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/C5TFC2YY/4583068.html}
}

@article{haveman_follow_1993,
  title = {Follow the {{Leader}}: Mimetic {{Isomorphism}} and {{Entry Into New Markets}}},
  shorttitle = {Follow the {{Leader}}},
  author = {Haveman, Heather A.},
  date = {1993},
  journaltitle = {Administrative Science Quarterly},
  volume = {38},
  number = {4},
  eprint = {2393338},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {593--627},
  publisher = {{[Sage Publications, Inc., Johnson Graduate School of Management, Cornell University]}},
  issn = {0001-8392},
  abstract = {This paper combines organizational ecology and neoinstitutional theory to explain the process of diversification, specifically, how the structure of markets affects rates of market entry. I extend the density-dependence model of competition and legitimation, which has been used to study organizational founding and failure, to the process of organizational change through entry into new markets. I argue that the number of organizations operating in a particular market will have an inverted-U-shaped relationship with the rate of entry into that market. I also examine propositions, drawn from neoinstitutional theory, that organizations will follow similar and successful organizations into new markets. I assess the link between entry into new markets and (1) the number of organizations operating in those markets similar to a potential entrant and (2) the number of successful organizations in those markets. I also explore whether these two mimetic processes act in concert by examining whether successful potential entrants to a market are influenced by the presence of other successful organizations. I test these hypotheses on a population of savings and loan associations. I find that these firms imitate large and profitable organizations, but I find only limited evidence of imitation of similarly sized organizations, as large organizations copy the actions of other large organizations.},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/UDA8NLIN/Haveman_1993_Follow the Leader.pdf}
}

@book{hawley_human_1986,
  title = {Human Ecology: A Theoretical Essay},
  shorttitle = {Human Ecology},
  author = {Hawley, Amos Henry},
  date = {1986},
  publisher = {{University of Chicago Press}},
  location = {{Chicago; London}},
  isbn = {978-0-226-31983-4 978-0-226-31984-1},
  langid = {english},
  annotation = {OCLC: 993363851}
}

@unpublished{healy_ecology_2003,
  type = {Working Paper},
  title = {The Ecology of Open-Source Software Development},
  author = {Healy, Kieran and Schussman, Alan},
  date = {2003},
  abstract = {Open Source Software (OSS) is an innovative method of developing software applications that has been very successful over the past eight to ten years. A number of theories have emerged to explain its success, mainly from economics and law. We analyze a very large sample of OSS projects and find striking patterns in the overall structure of the development community. The distribution of projects on a range of activity measures is spectacularly skewed, with only a relatively tiny number of projects showing evidence of the strong collaborative activity which is supposed to characterize OSS. Our findings are consistent with prior, smaller-scale empirical research. We argue that these findings pose problems for the dominant accounts of OSS. We suggest that the gulf between active and inactive projects may be explained by social-structural features of the community which have received little attention in the existing literature. We suggest some hypotheses that might better predict the observed ecology of projects.},
  howpublished = {Working Paper},
  keywords = {Do Not Cite,FOSS},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/6VRGKZI6/Healy and Schussman - 2003 - The ecology of open-source software development.pdf}
}

@online{heaps_enforcing_2020,
  title = {Enforcing Stationarity through the Prior in Vector Autoregressions},
  author = {Heaps, Sarah E.},
  date = {2020-04-20},
  eprint = {2004.09455},
  eprinttype = {arxiv},
  primaryclass = {stat},
  abstract = {Stationarity is a very common assumption in time series analysis. A vector autoregressive (VAR) process is stationary if and only if the roots of its characteristic equation lie outside the unit circle, constraining the autoregressive coefficient matrices to lie in the stationary region. However, the stationary region has a highly complex geometry which impedes specification of a prior distribution. In this work, an unconstrained reparameterisation of a stationary VAR model is presented. The new parameters are based on partial autocorrelation matrices, which are interpretable, and can be transformed bijectively to the space of unconstrained square matrices. This transformation preserves various structural forms of the partial autocorrelation matrices and readily facilitates specification of a prior. Properties of this prior are described along with an important special case which is exchangeable with respect to the order of the elements in the observation vector. Posterior inference and computation are described and implemented using Hamiltonian Monte Carlo via Stan. The prior and inferential procedures are illustrated with an application to a macroeconomic time series which highlights the benefits of enforcing stationarity.},
  archiveprefix = {arXiv},
  version = {1},
  keywords = {_tablet,VAR},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/VNW4X7ZM/Heaps_2020_Enforcing stationarity through the prior in vector autoregressions.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/AKKHZYXS/2004.html}
}

@article{helland_diaspora_2007,
  title = {Diaspora on the {{Electronic Frontier}}: Developing {{Virtual Connections}} with {{Sacred Homelands}}},
  shorttitle = {Diaspora on the {{Electronic Frontier}}},
  author = {Helland, Christopher},
  date = {2007-04-01},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication},
  shortjournal = {J Comput Mediat Commun},
  volume = {12},
  number = {3},
  pages = {956--976},
  publisher = {{Oxford Academic}},
  abstract = {This study demonstrates how diaspora religious traditions utilized the Internet to develop significant network connections among each other and also to their place of origins. By examining the early Usenet system, I argue that the religious beliefs and practices of diaspora religious traditions were a motivating factor for developing Usenet groups where geographically dispersed individuals could connect with each other in safe, supportive, and religiously tolerant environments. This article explores the new forms of religious practices that began to occur on these sites, focusing on the manner in which Internet technology and the World Wide Web were utilized for activities such as long-distance ritual practice, cyber pilgrimage, and other religiously-motivated undertakings. Through these new online religious activities, diaspora groups have been able to develop significant connections not only among people, but also between people and the sacred homeland itself.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/QAMFAZAW/Helland - 2007 - Diaspora on the Electronic Frontier Developing Vi.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/WNQX9GUY/4583017.html}
}

@inproceedings{hemetsberger_sharing_2004,
  title = {Sharing and Creating Knowledge in Open-Source Communities: The Case of {{KDE}}},
  booktitle = {Paper for {{Fifth European Conference}} on {{Organizational Knowledge}}, {{Learning}}, and {{Capabilities}}, {{Innsbruck}}},
  author = {Hemetsberger, Andrea and Reinhardt, Christian},
  date = {2004}
}

@article{hertling_dbkwik:_nodate-1,
  title = {{{DBkWik}}: A {{Consolidated Knowledge Graph}} from {{Thousands}} of {{Wikis}}},
  author = {Hertling, Sven and Paulheim, Heiko},
  pages = {8},
  abstract = {Popular knowledge graphs such as DBpedia and YAGO are built from Wikipedia, and therefore similar in coverage. In contrast, Wikifarms like Fandom contain Wikis for specific topics, which are often complementary to the information contained in Wikipedia, and thus DBpedia and YAGO. Extracting these Wikis with the DBpedia extraction framework is possible, but results in many isolated knowledge graphs. In this paper, we show how to create one consolidated knowledge graph, called DBkWik, from thousands of Wikis. We perform entity resolution and schema matching, and show that the resulting large-scale knowledge graph is complementary to DBpedia.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/JL9J56EN/Hertling and Paulheim - DBkWik A Consolidated Knowledge Graph from Thousa.pdf}
}

@inproceedings{hessel_science_2016,
  ids = {hessel_science_2016-1},
  title = {Science, Askscience, and Badscience: On the Coexistence of Highly Related Communities},
  shorttitle = {Science, Askscience, and Badscience},
  booktitle = {Tenth {{International AAAI Conference}} on {{Web}} and {{Social Media}}},
  author = {Hessel, Jack and Tan, Chenhao and Lee, Lillian},
  date = {2016-03-31},
  eprint = {1612.07487},
  eprinttype = {arxiv},
  pages = {11},
  abstract = {When large social-media platforms allow users to easily formand self-organize into interest groups, highly related communities can arise. For example, the Reddit site hosts not just a group called food, but also HealthyFood, foodhacks,foodporn, and cooking, among others. Are these highly related communities created for similar classes of reasons (e.g.,to focus on a subtopic, to create a place for allegedly more “high-minded” discourse, etc.)? How do users allocate attention between such close alternatives when they are available or emerge over time? Are there different types of relations between close alternatives such as sharing many users vs. a new community drawing away members of an older one vs. a splinter group failing to cohere into a viable separate community? We investigate the interactions between highly related communities using data from reddit.com consisting of 975M posts and comments spanning an 8-year period. We identify a set of typical affixes that users adopt to create highly related communities and build a taxonomy of affixes. One interesting finding regarding users’ behavior is: after a newer community is created, for several types of highly-related community pairs, users that engage in a newer community tend to be more active in their original community than users that do not explore, even when controlling for previous level of engagement.},
  archiveprefix = {arXiv},
  eventtitle = {Tenth {{International AAAI Conference}} on {{Web}} and {{Social Media}}},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Computer Science - Social and Information Networks,Physics - Physics and Society},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/2W6YBUBD/Hessel et al_2016_Science, AskScience, and BadScience.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/4FLLXNV9/Hessel et al. - 2016 - Science, AskScience, and BadScience On the Coexis.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/WS6TW26Q/Hessel et al. - 2016 - Science, AskScience, and BadScience On the Coexis.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/3NHVFA3U/1612.html;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/DXX4CJ7T/14739.html;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/YSX2WN2J/13106.html}
}

@book{heyes_cognitive_2018,
  title = {Cognitive Gadgets The Cultural Evolution of Thinking},
  author = {Heyes, Cecilia},
  date = {2018},
  publisher = {{Harvard University Press}},
  isbn = {978-0-674-98515-5},
  langid = {No Linguistic Content},
  annotation = {OCLC: 8162788163}
}

@inproceedings{hill_almost_2011,
  title = {Almost {{Wikipedia}}: What {{Eight Collaborative Encyclopedia Projects Reveal About Mechanisms}} of {{Collective Action}}},
  shorttitle = {Almost {{Wikipedia}}},
  author = {Hill, Benjamin Mako},
  date = {2011},
  location = {{Harvard University, Cambridge, MA}},
  eventtitle = {Berkman {{Center}} for {{Internet}} and {{Society Luncheon Series Presentation}}}
}

@incollection{hill_almost_2013,
  title = {Almost {{Wikipedia}}: What Eight Early Online Collaborative Encyclopedia Projects Reveal about the Mechanisms of Collective Action.},
  booktitle = {Essays on Volunteer Mobilization in Peer Production},
  author = {Hill, Benjamin Mako},
  date = {2013},
  publisher = {{Massachusetts Institute of Technology}},
  location = {{Cambridge, Massachusetts}},
  annotation = {PhD Dissertation}
}

@inproceedings{hill_consider_2014,
  title = {Consider the Redirect: A Missing Dimension of {{Wikipedia}} Research},
  shorttitle = {Consider the {{Redirect}}},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of {{The International Symposium}} on {{Open Collaboration}}},
  author = {Hill, Benjamin Mako and Shaw, Aaron},
  date = {2014},
  series = {{{OpenSym}} '14},
  pages = {28:1--28:4},
  publisher = {{ACM}},
  location = {{New York, NY, USA}},
  abstract = {Redirects are special pages in wikis that silently transport visitors to other pages. Although redirects make up a majority of all article pages in English Wikipedia, they have attracted very little attention and are rarely taken into account by researchers. This note describes redirects and illustrates why they play an important role in shaping activity in Wikipedia. We also present a novel longitudinal dataset of redirects for English Wikipedia and the software used to produce it. Using this dataset, we revisit several important published findings about Wikipedia to show that accounting for redirects can have important effects on research.},
  isbn = {978-1-4503-3016-9},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/QBK2TIWQ/Hill and Shaw - 2014 - Consider the Redirect A Missing Dimension of Wiki.pdf}
}

@book{hill_debian_2005,
  title = {Debian {{GNU}}/{{Linux}} 3.1 {{Bible}}},
  author = {Hill, Benjamin Mako},
  date = {2005},
  publisher = {{Wiley Pub}},
  location = {{Indianapolis, Ind}},
  editora = {Harris, David B},
  editoratype = {collaborator},
  keywords = {FOSS}
}

@software{hill_mediawiki_2018,
  title = {Mediawiki Dump Tools},
  author = {Hill, Benjamin Mako and TeBlunthuis, Nathan},
  date = {2018-09-03},
  version = {a4e60a9f}
}

@book{hill_official_2008,
  title = {Official {{Ubuntu}} Book},
  author = {Hill, Benjamin Mako and Burger, Corey and Jesse, Jonathan and Bacon, Jono},
  date = {2008},
  edition = {3},
  publisher = {{Prentice Hall}},
  isbn = {0-13-713668-4},
  keywords = {FOSS}
}

@inproceedings{hill_page_2015,
  title = {Page Protection: Another Missing Dimension of {{Wikipedia}} Research},
  shorttitle = {Page {{Protection}}},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 11th {{International Symposium}} on {{Open Collaboration}}},
  author = {Hill, Benjamin Mako and Shaw, Aaron},
  date = {2015},
  series = {{{OpenSym}} '15},
  pages = {15:1--15:4},
  publisher = {{ACM}},
  location = {{New York, NY, USA}},
  abstract = {Page protection is a feature of wiki software that allows administrators to restrict contributions to particular pages. For example, pages are frequently protected so that they can only be edited by administrators. Page protection affects tens of thousands of pages in English Wikipedia and renders many of Wikipedia's most visible pages uneditable by the vast majority of visitors. That said, page protection has attracted very little attention and is rarely taken into account by researchers. This note describes page protection and illustrates why it plays an important role in shaping user behavior on wikis. We also present a new longitudinal dataset of page protection events for English Wikipedia, the software used to produce it, and results from tests that support both the validity of the dataset and the impact of page protection on patterns of editing.},
  isbn = {978-1-4503-3666-6},
  keywords = {page protection,wikipedia},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/VH9BNJVA/Hill and Shaw - 2015 - Page Protection Another Missing Dimension of Wiki.pdf}
}

@incollection{hill_studying_2019,
  title = {Studying Populations of Online Communities},
  booktitle = {The {{Oxford Handbook}} of {{Networked Communication}}},
  author = {Hill, Benjamin Mako and Shaw, Aaron},
  editor = {Foucault Welles, Brooke and González-Bailón, Sandra},
  date = {2019-09},
  pages = {173--193},
  publisher = {{Oxford University Press}},
  location = {{Oxford, UK}},
  abstract = {While the large majority of published research on online communities consists of analyses conducted entirely within individual communities, this chapter argues for a population-based approach, in which researchers study groups of similar communities. For example, although there have been thousands of papers published about Wikipedia, a population-based approach might compare all wikis on a particular topic. Using examples from published empirical studies, the chapter describes five key benefits of this approach. First, it argues that population-level research increases the generalizability of findings. Next, it describes four processes and dynamics that are only possible to study using populations: community-level variables, information diffusion processes across communities, ecological dynamics, and multilevel community processes. The chapter concludes with a discussion of a series of limitations and challenges.},
  isbn = {978-0-19-046051-8},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/39ZWGGYN/Hill and Shaw - 2019 - Studying Populations of Online Communities.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/BTB3AQGV/oxfordhb-9780190460518-e-8.html}
}

@incollection{hill_whither_2018,
  title = {Whither Peer Production},
  booktitle = {Decentralizing the {{Commons}}},
  author = {Hill, Benjamin Mako},
  editor = {Hassan, Samer and De Felippi, Primavera},
  date = {2018},
  publisher = {{Institute for Network Culture}},
  location = {{Amsterdam, The Netherlands}},
  annotation = {Forthcoming}
}

@article{hill_wikipedia_2013,
  ids = {hill_wikipedia_2013-1},
  title = {The {{Wikipedia}} Gender Gap Revisited: Characterizing Survey Response Bias with Propensity Score Estimation},
  shorttitle = {The {{Wikipedia Gender Gap Revisited}}},
  author = {Hill, Benjamin Mako and Shaw, Aaron},
  date = {2013-06-26},
  journaltitle = {PLoS ONE},
  shortjournal = {PLoS ONE},
  volume = {8},
  number = {6},
  pages = {e65782},
  publisher = {{Public Library of Science}},
  abstract = {Opt-in surveys are the most widespread method used to study participation in online communities, but produce biased results in the absence of adjustments for non-response. A 2008 survey conducted by the Wikimedia Foundation and United Nations University at Maastricht is the source of a frequently cited statistic that less than 13\% of Wikipedia contributors are female. However, the same study suggested that only 39.9\% of Wikipedia readers in the US were female – a finding contradicted by a representative survey of American adults by the Pew Research Center conducted less than two months later. Combining these two datasets through an application and extension of a propensity score estimation technique used to model survey non-response bias, we construct revised estimates, contingent on explicit assumptions, for several of the Wikimedia Foundation and United Nations University at Maastricht claims about Wikipedia editors. We estimate that the proportion of female US adult editors was 27.5\% higher than the original study reported (22.7\%, versus 17.8\%), and that the total proportion of female editors was 26.8\% higher (16.1\%, versus 12.7\%).},
  keywords = {Internet,Language,Online encyclopedias,Schools,Survey research,Surveys,United States,Universities},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/WWED7HE2/Hill and Shaw - 2013 - The Wikipedia Gender Gap Revisited Characterizing.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/BGLYPWPW/article.html}
}

@inproceedings{hillman_alksjdflksfd_2014,
  title = {'alksjdf;{{Lksfd}}': Tumblr and the Fandom User Experience},
  shorttitle = {'alksjdf;{{Lksfd}}'},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on {{Designing}} Interactive Systems},
  author = {Hillman, Serena and Procyk, Jason and Neustaedter, Carman},
  date = {2014-06-21},
  series = {{{DIS}} '14},
  pages = {775--784},
  publisher = {{Association for Computing Machinery}},
  location = {{New York, NY, USA}},
  abstract = {A growing trend is the participation in online fandom communities through the support of the blogging platform Tumblr. While past research has investigated backchannels-chatter related to live entertainment on micro-blogging sites such as Twitter-there is a lack of research on the behaviours and motivations of Tumblr users. In our study, we investigate why fandom users chose Tumblr over other social networking sites, their motivations behind participating in fandoms, and how they interact within the Tumblr community. Our findings show that users face many user interface challenges when participating in Tumblr fandoms, especially initially; yet, despite this, Tumblr fandom communities thrive with a common sense of social purpose and exclusivity where users feel they can present a more authentic reflection of themselves to those sharing similar experiences and interests. We describe how this suggests design directions for social networking and blogging sites in order to promote communities of users.},
  isbn = {978-1-4503-2902-6},
  keywords = {backchannels,entertainment,fandoms,fanfiction,micro-blogging,social networking,television,Tumblr},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/HZCLCKCG/Hillman et al. - 2014 - 'alksjdf\;Lksfd' tumblr and the fandom user experi.pdf}
}

@article{himelboim_valence-based_2016,
  title = {Valence-Based Homophily on {{Twitter}}: Network {{Analysis}} of {{Emotions}} and {{Political Talk}} in the 2012 {{Presidential Election}}},
  shorttitle = {Valence-Based Homophily on {{Twitter}}},
  author = {Himelboim, Itai and Sweetser, Kaye D and Tinkham, Spencer F and Cameron, Kristen and Danelo, Matthew and West, Kate},
  date = {2016-08-01},
  journaltitle = {New Media \& Society},
  shortjournal = {New Media \& Society},
  volume = {18},
  number = {7},
  pages = {1382--1400},
  publisher = {{SAGE Publications}},
  issn = {1461-4448},
  abstract = {This study integrates network and content analyses to examine valence-based homophily on Twitter or the tendency for individuals to interact with those expressing similar valence. During the 2012 federal election cycle, we collected Twitter conversations about 10 controversial political topics and mapped their network ties. Using network analysis, we discovered clusters—subgroups of highly self-connected users—and coded messages in each cluster for their expressed positive-to-negative emotional valence, level of support or opposition, and political leaning. We found that valence-based homophily successfully explained the selection of user interactions on Twitter, in terms of expressed emotional valence in their tweets or support versus criticism to an issue. It also finds conservative voices to be associated with negatively valenced clusters and vice versa. This study expands the theory of homophily beyond its traditional conceptualization and provides a new understanding of political-issue interactions in a social media context.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {2012 Election,emotional valence,homophily,political talk,social networks,Twitter},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/QUK4ID26/Himelboim et al. - 2016 - Valence-based homophily on Twitter Network Analys.pdf}
}

@article{hirsch_sacrifice_1990-1,
  title = {Sacrifice for the {{Cause}}: Group {{Processes}}, {{Recruitment}}, and {{Commitment}} in a {{Student Social Movement}}},
  shorttitle = {Sacrifice for the {{Cause}}},
  author = {Hirsch, Eric L.},
  date = {1990},
  journaltitle = {American Sociological Review},
  volume = {55},
  number = {2},
  eprint = {2095630},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {243--254},
  issn = {0003-1224},
  abstract = {[Recruitment and commitment in protest movements are best explained by analyzing group-level political processes such as consciousness-raising, collective empowerment, polarization, and collective decision-making. Such processes increase protesters' political solidarity--their commitment to the cause and their belief in the non-institutional tactics that further that cause. Other frameworks, such as the rational choice and collective behavior approaches, are less adequate in accounting for recruitment and commitment. Rational choice perspectives neglect group processes by suggesting that decisions about whether to join or stay at a protest are based largely on isolated individual cost/benefit calculations. The collective behavior view that protests are spawned by confused and insecure individuals in situations of social unrest cannot be reconciled with the fact that most protests originate among close-knit groups of politically committed activists using carefully planned strategies and tactics. These conclusions are based on a study of the 1985 Columbia University divestment protest.]},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/3IITPEFE/Hirsch - 1990 - Sacrifice for the Cause Group Processes, Recruitm.pdf}
}

@book{hirschman_exit_1970,
  title = {Exit, {{Voice}}, and {{Loyalty}}: Responses to {{Decline}} in {{Firms}}, {{Organizations}}, and {{States}}},
  shorttitle = {Exit, {{Voice}}, and {{Loyalty}}},
  author = {Hirschman, Albert O.},
  date = {1970},
  publisher = {{Harvard University Press}},
  abstract = {An innovator in contemporary thought on economic and political development looks here at decline rather than growth. Albert O. Hirschman makes a basic distinction between alternative ways of reacting to deterioration in business firms and, in general, to dissatisfaction with organizations: one, “exit,” is for the member to quit the organization or for the customer to switch to the competing product, and the other, “voice,” is for members or customers to agitate and exert influence for change “from within.”The efficiency of the competitive mechanism, with its total reliance on exit, is questioned for certain important situations. As exit often undercuts voice while being unable to counteract decline, loyalty is seen in the function of retarding exit and of permitting voice to play its proper role.The interplay of the three concepts turns out to illuminate a wide range of economic, social, and political phenomena. As the author states in the preface, “having found my own unifying way of looking at issues as diverse as competition and the two-party system, divorce and the American character, black power and the failure of 'unhappy' top officials to resign over Vietnam, I decided to let myself go a little.”},
  isbn = {978-0-674-27660-4},
  langid = {english},
  pagetotal = {180},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/87VQQN7Z/Hirschman - 1970 - Exit, Voice, and Loyalty Responses to Decline in .pdf}
}

@article{hofman_prediction_2017,
  title = {Prediction and Explanation in Social Systems},
  author = {Hofman, Jake M. and Sharma, Amit and Watts, Duncan J.},
  date = {2017},
  journaltitle = {Science},
  volume = {355},
  number = {6324},
  eprint = {28154051},
  eprinttype = {pmid},
  pages = {486--488},
  issn = {0036-8075, 1095-9203},
  abstract = {Historically, social scientists have sought out explanations of human and social phenomena that provide interpretable causal mechanisms, while often ignoring their predictive accuracy. We argue that the increasingly computational nature of social science is beginning to reverse this traditional bias against prediction; however, it has also highlighted three important issues that require resolution. First, current practices for evaluating predictions must be better standardized. Second, theoretical limits to predictive accuracy in complex social systems must be better characterized, thereby setting expectations for what can be predicted or explained. Third, predictive accuracy and interpretability must be recognized as complements, not substitutes, when evaluating explanations. Resolving these three issues will lead to better, more replicable, and more useful social science.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/ISWU5DEQ/Hofman et al. - 2017 - Prediction and explanation in social systems.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/TSUJV7Y3/486.html}
}

@incollection{hollingshead_fostering_2002,
  ids = {hollingshead_fostering_2002-1},
  title = {Fostering Intranet Knowledge Sharing: An Integration of Transactive Memory and Public Goods Approaches},
  shorttitle = {Fostering Intranet Knowledge Sharing},
  booktitle = {Distributed Work},
  author = {Hollingshead, Andrea B. and Fulk, Janet and Monge, Peter},
  date = {2002},
  pages = {335--355},
  publisher = {{Boston Review}},
  location = {{Cambridge, MA, US}},
  abstract = {Intranets--company Web sites designed for internal use--are an important technological innovation in many organizations that can aid in knowledge management, expertise recognition, and communication. This chapter identifies the conditions under which members of work groups are more likely to contribute to the development of intranets and the conditions under which intranets are more likely to result in more efficient and effective knowledge acquisition and dissemination. To that end, two theories developed to examine nontechnological systems are integrated and extended to intranets and computer-based knowledge systems: the theory of transactive memory and the public goods theory of collective action. Transactive memory theory is useful for predicting how organizational members use intranets to acquire, store, and retrieve knowledge. Public goods theory is useful for predicting which, how much, and when members will contribute and retrieve knowledge on intranets. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)},
  isbn = {978-0-262-08305-8},
  keywords = {Electronic Communication,Expert Systems,Information Systems,Organizational Effectiveness,Theories,Work Teams,Working Conditions},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/D34UXRQE/Hollingshead et al. - Fostering Intranet Knowledge Sharing An Integrati.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/3A3Y658C/2002-17012-014.html}
}

@online{hollister_twitter_2021,
  title = {Twitter Is Deleting {{Trump}}’s Attempts to Circumvent Ban},
  author = {Hollister, Sean},
  date = {2021-01-08T20:45:51-05:00},
  abstract = {He suggested he would build his own platform in now-deleted messages.},
  langid = {english},
  organization = {{The Verge}},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/A7QDJJ3Y/trump-tried-to-evade-his-ban-with-potus-but-those-tweets-were-instantly-deleted.html}
}

@inproceedings{hwang_why_2021,
  title = {Why Do People Participate in Small Online Communities?},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the {{ACM}} on {{Human}}-{{Computer Interaction}}},
  author = {Hwang, Sohyeon and Foote, Jeremy D.},
  date = {2021},
  eventtitle = {{{CSCW}}},
  keywords = {Computer Science - Human-Computer Interaction,Computer Science - Social and Information Networks},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/H4FXQNBH/Hwang and Foote - 2021 - Why do people participate in small online communit.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/UQYVIDWS/Hwang and Foote - 2021 - Why do people participate in small online communit.pdf}
}

@article{iriberri_life-cycle_2009,
  title = {A Life-Cycle Perspective on Online Community Success},
  author = {Iriberri, Alicia and Leroy, Gondy},
  date = {2009-02},
  journaltitle = {ACM Computing Surveys},
  shortjournal = {ACM Comput. Surv.},
  volume = {41},
  number = {2},
  pages = {1--29},
  issn = {0360-0300, 1557-7341},
  abstract = {Using the information systems lifecycle as a unifying framework, we review online communities research and propose a sequence for incorporating success conditions during initiation and development to increase their chances of becoming a successful community, one in which members participate actively and develop lasting relationships. Online communities evolve following distinctive lifecycle stages and recommendations for success are more or less relevant depending on the developmental stage of the online community. In addition, the goal of the online community under study determines the components to include in the development of a successful online community. Online community builders and researchers will benefit from this review of the conditions that help online communities succeed.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {lifecycle,literature review,Online communities,success factors},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/3BRDSVKE/Iriberri and Leroy - 2009 - A life-cycle perspective on online community succe.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/3V8BAWQT/Iriberri and Leroy - 2009 - A life-cycle perspective on online community succe.pdf}
}

@article{ives_estimating_2003,
  title = {Estimating {{Community Stability}} and {{Ecological Interactions}} from {{Time}}-{{Series Data}}},
  author = {Ives, A. R. and Dennis, B. and Cottingham, K. L. and Carpenter, S. R.},
  date = {2003-05},
  journaltitle = {Ecological Monographs},
  shortjournal = {Ecological Monographs},
  volume = {73},
  number = {2},
  pages = {301--330},
  issn = {0012-9615},
  abstract = {Natural ecological communities are continuously buffeted by a varying environment, often making it difficult to measure the stability of communities using concepts requiring the existence of an equilibrium point. Instead of an equilibrium point, the equilibrial state of communities subject to environmental stochasticity is a stationary distribution, which is characterized by means, variances, and other statistical moments. Here, we derive three properties of stochastic multispecies communities that measure different characteristics associated with community stability. These properties can be estimated from multispecies time-series data using first-order multivariate autoregressive (MAR(1)) models. We demonstrate how to estimate the parameters of MAR(1) models and obtain confidence intervals for both parameters and the measures of stability. We also address the problem of estimation when there is observation (measurement) error. To illustrate these methods, we compare the stability of the planktonic communities in three lakes in which nutrient loading and planktivorous fish abundance were experimentally manipulated. MAR(1) models and the statistical methods we present can be used to identify dynamically important interactions between species and to test hypotheses about stability and other dynamical properties of naturally varying ecological communities. Thus, they can be used to integrate theoretical and empirical studies of community dynamics.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {_tablet},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/S394LE96/Ives et al_2003_Estimating Community Stability and Ecological Interactions from Time-Series Data.pdf}
}

@article{jarvenpaa_communication_1998,
  ids = {jarvenpaa_communication_1998-1},
  title = {Communication and Trust in Global Virtual Teams},
  author = {Jarvenpaa, Sirkka L. and Leidner, Dorothy E.},
  date = {1998-06-01},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication},
  volume = {3},
  number = {4},
  pages = {0--0},
  issn = {1083-6101},
  abstract = {This paper explores the challenges of creating and maintaining trust in a global virtual team whose members transcend time, space, and culture. The challenges are highlighted by integrating recent literature on work teams, computer-mediated communication groups, cross-cultural communication, and interpersonal and organizational trust. To explore these challenges empirically, we report on a series of descriptive case studies on global virtual teams whose members were separated by location and culture, were challenged by a common collaborative project, and for whom the only economically and practically viable communication medium was asynchronous and synchronous computer-mediated communication. The results suggest that global virtual teams may experience a form of ‘swift’ trust but such trust appears to be very fragile and temporal. The study raises a number of issues to be explored and debated by future research. Pragmatically, the study describes communication behaviors that might facilitate trust in global virtual teams.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/CULRNXBT/abstract.html;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/VMME55NA/4584374.html}
}

@article{jiang_linguistic_2018,
  title = {Linguistic {{Signals}} under {{Misinformation}} and {{Fact}}-{{Checking}}: Evidence from {{User Comments}} on {{Social Media}}},
  shorttitle = {Linguistic {{Signals}} under {{Misinformation}} and {{Fact}}-{{Checking}}},
  author = {Jiang, Shan and Wilson, Christo},
  date = {2018-11-01},
  journaltitle = {Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction},
  shortjournal = {Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact.},
  volume = {2},
  pages = {82:1--82:23},
  abstract = {Misinformation and fact-checking are opposite forces in the news environment: the former creates inaccuracies to mislead people, while the latter provides evidence to rebut the former. These news articles are often posted on social media and attract user engagement in the form of comments. In this paper, we investigate linguistic (especially emotional and topical) signals expressed in user comments in the presence of misinformation and fact-checking. We collect and analyze a dataset of 5,303 social media posts with 2,614,374 user comments from Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube, and associate these posts to fact-check articles from Snopes and PolitiFact for veracity rulings (i.e., from true to false). We find that linguistic signals in user comments vary significantly with the veracity of posts, e.g., we observe more misinformation-awareness signals and extensive emoji and swear word usage with falser posts. We further show that these signals can help to detect misinformation. In addition, we find that while there are signals indicating positive effects after fact-checking, there are also signals indicating potential "backfire" effects.},
  issue = {CSCW},
  keywords = {"fake news",fact-checking,misinformation,social computing,social media},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/6IZA4RDR/Jiang_Wilson_2018_Linguistic Signals under Misinformation and Fact-Checking.pdf}
}

@article{jiang_moderation_2019,
  title = {Moderation Challenges in Voice-Based Online Communities on {{Discord}}},
  author = {Jiang, Jialun "Aaron" and Kiene, Charles and Middler, Skyler and Brubaker, Jed R. and Fiesler, Casey},
  date = {2019},
  journaltitle = {Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction},
  series = {{{CSCW}} '19},
  volume = {3},
  pages = {23},
  issue = {CSCW},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/ZLSXRJ5J/Jiang et al. - 2019 - Moderation challenges in voice-based online commun.pdf}
}

@online{jing_sameness_2019,
  ids = {jing_sameness_2019-1},
  title = {Sameness {{Attracts}}, {{Novelty Disturbs}}, but {{Outliers Flourish}} in {{Fanfiction Online}}},
  author = {Jing, Elise and DeDeo, Simon and Ahn, Yong-Yeol},
  date = {2019-04-16},
  eprint = {1904.07741},
  eprinttype = {arxiv},
  primaryclass = {cs},
  abstract = {The nature of what people enjoy is not just a central question for the creative industry, it is a driving force of cultural evolution. It is widely believed that successful cultural products balance novelty and conventionality: they provide something familiar but at least somewhat divergent from what has come before, and occupy a satisfying middle ground between "more of the same" and "too strange". We test this belief using a large dataset of over half a million works of fanfiction from the website Archive of Our Own (AO3), looking at how the recognition a work receives varies with its novelty. We quantify the novelty through a term-based language model, and a topic model, in the context of existing works within the same fandom. Contrary to the balance theory, we find that the lowest-novelty are the most popular and that popularity declines monotonically with novelty. A few exceptions can be found: extremely popular works that are among the highest novelty within the fandom. Taken together, our findings not only challenge the traditional theory of the hedonic value of novelty, they invert it: people prefer the least novel things, are repelled by the middle ground, and have an occasional enthusiasm for extreme outliers. It suggests that cultural evolution must work against inertia --- the appetite people have to continually reconsume the familiar, and may resemble a punctuated equilibrium rather than a smooth evolution.},
  archiveprefix = {arXiv},
  keywords = {cultural evolution,novelty},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/PU4D24ZW/Jing et al. - 2019 - Sameness Attracts, Novelty Disturbs, but Outliers .pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/SJNNBUWE/Jing et al_2019_Sameness Attracts, Novelty Disturbs, but Outliers Flourish in Fanfiction Online.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/ENUI7ANA/1904.html;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/HWUJ5XXT/1904.html}
}

@article{johnson_communication_2009,
  title = {Communication {{Communities}} or “{{CyberGhettos}}?”: A {{Path Analysis Model Examining Factors}} That {{Explain Selective Exposure}} to {{Blogs}}},
  shorttitle = {Communication {{Communities}} or “{{CyberGhettos}}?},
  author = {Johnson, Thomas J. and Bichard, Shannon L. and Zhang, Weiwu},
  date = {2009-10-01},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication},
  shortjournal = {J Comput Mediat Commun},
  volume = {15},
  number = {1},
  pages = {60--82},
  publisher = {{Oxford Academic}},
  abstract = {This study used an online panel of Internet users to examine the degree to which blog users practice selective exposure when seeking political information. The research employed a path analysis model to explore the extent to which exposure to offline and online discussion of political issues, and offline and online media use, as well as political variables and demographic factors, predict an individual's likelihood to engage in selective exposure to blogs. The findings indicate that respondents did practice selective exposure to blogs, predominantly those who are heavy blog users, politically active both online and offline, partisan, and highly educated.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/VXJLUSI9/Johnson et al. - 2009 - Communication Communities or “CyberGhettos” A Pa.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/R9C73297/4064810.html}
}

@article{johnson_emergence_2014,
  title = {Emergence of Power Laws in Online Communities: The Role of Social Mechanisms and Preferential Attachment.},
  shorttitle = {Emergence of {{Power Laws}} in {{Online Communities}}},
  author = {Johnson, Steven L. and Faraj, Samer and Kudaravalli, Srinivas},
  date = {2014},
  journaltitle = {Management Information Systems Quarterly},
  volume = {38},
  number = {3},
  pages = {795--808},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/MPZJHWCB/Johnson et al. - 2014 - Emergence of power laws in online communities The.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/525WPBUV/10.html}
}

@inproceedings{jones_rscience_2019,
  title = {R/Science: Challenges and {{Opportunities}} in {{Online Science Communication}}},
  shorttitle = {R/Science},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2019 {{CHI Conference}} on {{Human Factors}} in {{Computing Systems}}},
  author = {Jones, Ridley and Colusso, Lucas and Reinecke, Katharina and Hsieh, Gary},
  date = {2019-05-02},
  series = {{{CHI}} '19},
  pages = {1--14},
  publisher = {{Association for Computing Machinery}},
  location = {{Glasgow, Scotland Uk}},
  abstract = {Online discussion websites, such as Reddit's r/science forum, have the potential to foster science communication between researchers and the general public. However, little is known about who participates, what is discussed, and whether such websites are successful in achieving meaningful science discussions. To find out, we conducted a mixed-methods study analyzing 11,859 r/science posts and conducting interviews with 18 community members. Our results show that r/science facilitates rich information exchange and that the comments section provides a unique science communication document that guides engagement with scientific research. However, this community-sourced science communication comes largely from a knowledgeable public. We conclude with design suggestions for a number of critical problems that we uncovered: addressing the problem of topic newsworthiness and balancing broader participation and rigor.},
  isbn = {978-1-4503-5970-2},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/QJKUMC2A/Jones et al. - 2019 - rscience Challenges and Opportunities in Online .pdf}
}

@article{jordan_evaluating_2019,
  title = {Evaluating {{Probabilistic Forecasts}} with {{scoringRules}}},
  author = {Jordan, Alexander and Krüger, Fabian and Lerch, Sebastian},
  date = {2019-08-21},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Statistical Software},
  volume = {90},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1--37},
  issn = {1548-7660},
  issue = {1},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {comparative evaluation,ensemble forecasts,out-of-sample evaluation,predictive distributions,proper scoring rules,R,score computation},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/4FH4NMHR/Jordan et al_2019_Evaluating Probabilistic Forecasts with scoringRules.pdf}
}

@article{joyce_predicting_2006,
  title = {Predicting {{Continued Participation}} in {{Newsgroups}}},
  author = {Joyce, Elisabeth and Kraut, Robert E.},
  date = {2006-04-01},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication},
  shortjournal = {Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication},
  volume = {11},
  number = {3},
  pages = {723--747},
  issn = {1083-6101},
  abstract = {Turnover in online communities is very high, with most people who initially post a message to an online community never contributing again. In this paper, we test whether the responses that newcomers receive to their first posts influence the extent to which they continue to participate. The data come from initial posts made by 2,777 newcomers to six public newsgroups. We coded the content and valence of the initial post and its first response, if it received one, to see if these factors influenced newcomers’ likelihood of posting again. Approximately 61\% of newcomers received a reply to their initial post, and those who got a reply were 12\% more likely to post to the community again; their probability of posting again increased from 44\% to 56\%. They were more likely to receive a response if they asked a question or wrote a longer post. Surprisingly, the quality of the response they received—its emotional tone and whether it answered a newcomer’s question—did not influence the likelihood of the newcomer’s posting again.},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/KR2VSCNN/Joyce and Kraut - 2006 - Predicting Continued Participation in Newsgroups.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/ZVL66I3I/Joyce and Kraut - 2006 - Predicting Continued Participation in Newsgroups.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/VK44NCYI/4617705.html;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/YXZPKK8E/Joyce and Kraut - 2006 - Predicting Continued Participation in Newsgroups.html}
}

@inproceedings{kairam_life_2012,
  title = {The Life and Death of Online Groups: Predicting Group Growth and Longevity},
  shorttitle = {The Life and Death of Online Groups},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Fifth {{ACM}} International Conference on {{Web}} Search and Data Mining},
  author = {Kairam, Sanjay Ram and Wang, Dan J. and Leskovec, Jure},
  date = {2012-02-08},
  series = {{{WSDM}} '12},
  pages = {673--682},
  publisher = {{Association for Computing Machinery}},
  location = {{New York, NY, USA}},
  abstract = {We pose a fundamental question in understanding how to identify and design successful communities: What factors predict whether a community will grow and survive in the long term? Social scientists have addressed this question extensively by analyzing offline groups which endeavor to attract new members, such as social movements, finding that new individuals are influenced strongly by their ties to members of the group. As a result, prior work on the growth of communities has treated growth primarily as a diffusion processes, leading to findings about group evolution which can be difficult to explain. The proliferation of online social networks and communities, however, has created new opportunities to study, at a large scale and with very fine resolution, the mechanisms which lead to the formation, growth, and demise of online groups. In this paper, we analyze data from several thousand online social networks built on the Ning platform with the goal of understanding the factors contributing to the growth and longevity of groups within these networks. Specifically, we investigate the role that two types of growth (growth through diffusion and growth by other means) play during a group's formative stages from the perspectives of both the individual member and the group. Applying these insights to a population of groups of different ages and sizes, we build a model to classify groups which will grow rapidly over the short-term and long-term. Our model achieves over 79\% accuracy in predicting group growth over the following two months and over 78\% accuracy in predictions over the following two years. We utilize a similar approach to predict which groups will die within a year. The results of our combined analysis provide insight into how both early non-diffusion growth and a complex set of network constraints appear to contribute to the initial and continued growth and success of groups within social networks. Finally we discuss implications of this work for the design, maintenance, and analysis of online communities.},
  isbn = {978-1-4503-0747-5},
  keywords = {group formation,information diffusion,online communities,social networks},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/NS675EXH/Kairam et al_The Life and Death of Online Groups.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/QZR8T2QH/Kairam et al_2012_The life and death of online groups.pdf}
}

@book{kantz_nonlinear_2003,
  title = {Nonlinear {{Time Series Analysis}}},
  author = {Kantz, Holger and Schreiber, Thomas},
  date = {2003},
  edition = {2},
  publisher = {{Cambridge University Press}},
  location = {{Cambridge}},
  abstract = {The paradigm of deterministic chaos has influenced thinking in many fields of science. Chaotic systems show rich and surprising mathematical structures. In the applied sciences, deterministic chaos provides a striking explanation for irregular behaviour and anomalies in systems which do not seem to be inherently stochastic. The most direct link between chaos theory and the real world is the analysis of time series from real systems in terms of nonlinear dynamics. Experimental technique and data analysis have seen such dramatic progress that, by now, most fundamental properties of nonlinear dynamical systems have been observed in the laboratory. Great efforts are being made to exploit ideas from chaos theory wherever the data displays more structure than can be captured by traditional methods. Problems of this kind are typical in biology and physiology but also in geophysics, economics, and many other sciences.},
  isbn = {978-0-521-52902-0},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/BQVXZ6AD/519783E4E8A2C3DCD4641E42765309C7.html}
}

@incollection{karumur_content_2018,
  title = {Content Is {{King}}, {{Leadership Lags}}: Effects of {{Prior Experience}} on {{Newcomer Retention}} and {{Productivity}} in {{Online Production Groups}}},
  shorttitle = {Content Is {{King}}, {{Leadership Lags}}},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2018 {{CHI Conference}} on {{Human Factors}} in {{Computing Systems}}},
  author = {Karumur, Raghav Pavan and Yu, Bowen and Zhu, Haiyi and Konstan, Joseph A.},
  date = {2018-04-21},
  pages = {1--13},
  publisher = {{Association for Computing Machinery}},
  location = {{New York, NY, USA}},
  abstract = {Organizers of online groups often struggle to recruit members who can most effectively carry out the group's activities and remain part of the group over time. In a study of a sample of 30,000 new editors belonging to 1,054 English WikiProjects, we empirically examine the effects of generalized prior work-productivity experience (measured by overall prior article edits), prior leadership experience (measured by overall prior project edits), and localized prior work-productivity experience (measured by pre-joining article edits on a project) on early retention and productivity. We find that (1)generalized prior work-productivity experience is positively associated with retention, but negatively associated with productivity (2) prior leadership experience is negatively associated with both retention and productivity, and (3) localized prior work-productivity experience is positively associated with both retention and productivity within that focal project. We then discuss implications to inform the designs of early interventions aimed at group success.},
  isbn = {978-1-4503-5620-6},
  keywords = {learning transfer,newcomers,online communities,online groups,peer production,prior experience,productivity,resocialization,retention,subgroups,wikipedia,wikiprojects,withdrawal},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/YANJLZCB/Karumur et al. - 2018 - Content is King, Leadership Lags Effects of Prior.pdf}
}

@article{katz_network_1985,
  title = {Network {{Externalities}}, {{Competition}}, and {{Compatibility}}},
  author = {Katz, Michael L. and Shapiro, Carl},
  date = {1985},
  journaltitle = {The American Economic Review},
  volume = {75},
  number = {3},
  eprint = {1814809},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {424--440},
  publisher = {{American Economic Association}},
  issn = {0002-8282},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/FPC475A5/Katz_Shapiro_1985_Network Externalities, Competition, and Compatibility.pdf}
}

@article{kavanaugh_community_2005,
  title = {Community {{Networks}}: Where {{Offline Communities Meet Online}}},
  shorttitle = {Community {{Networks}}},
  author = {Kavanaugh, Andrea and Carroll, John M. and Rosson, Mary Beth and Zin, Than Than and Reese, Debbie Denise},
  date = {2005-07-01},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication},
  shortjournal = {Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication},
  volume = {10},
  issn = {1083-6101},
  abstract = {This study explores the design and practice of the Blacksburg Electronic Village (BEV), a mature networked community. We describe findings from longitudinal survey data on the use and social impact of community computer networking. The survey data show that increased involvement with people, issues and community since going online is explained by education, extroversion and age. Using path models, we show that a person's sense of belonging and collective efficacy, group memberships, activism and social use of the Internet act as mediating variables. These findings extend evidence in support of the argument that Internet use can strengthen social contact, community engagement and attachment. Conversely, it underlines concern about the impact of computer networking on people with lower levels of education, extroversion, efficacy, and community belonging. We suggest design strategies and innovative tools for non-experts that might increase social interaction and improve usability for disadvantaged and underrepresented individuals and groups.},
  issue = {JCMC10417},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/IWBLRSS4/4614510.html}
}

@inproceedings{keegan_analyzing_2016,
  title = {Analyzing {{Organizational Routines}} in {{Online Knowledge Collaborations}}: A {{Case}} for {{Sequence Analysis}} in {{CSCW}}},
  shorttitle = {Analyzing {{Organizational Routines}} in {{Online Knowledge Collaborations}}},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 19th {{ACM Conference}} on {{Computer}}-{{Supported Cooperative Work}} \& {{Social Computing}}},
  author = {Keegan, Brian and Lev, Shakked and Arazy, Ofer},
  date = {2016},
  series = {{{CSCW}} '16},
  pages = {1065--1079},
  publisher = {{ACM}},
  location = {{New York, NY, USA}},
  abstract = {Research into socio-technical systems like Wikipedia has overlooked important structural patterns in the coordination of distributed work. This paper argues for a conceptual reorientation towards sequences as a fundamental unit of analysis for understanding work routines in online knowledge collaboration. We outline a research agenda for researchers in computer-supported cooperative work (CSCW) to understand the relationships, patterns, antecedents, and consequences of sequential behavior using methods already developed in fields like bio-informatics. Using a data set of 37,515 revisions from 16,616 unique editors to 96 Wikipedia articles as a case study, we analyze the prevalence and significance of different sequences of editing patterns. We illustrate the mixed method potential of sequence approaches by interpreting the frequent patterns as general classes of behavioral motifs. We conclude by discussing the methodological opportunities for using sequence analysis for expanding existing approaches to analyzing and theorizing about co-production routines in online knowledge collaboration.},
  isbn = {978-1-4503-3592-8},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/9AK33B8M/Keegan et al. - 2016 - Analyzing Organizational Routines in Online Knowle.pdf}
}

@article{kiene_managing_2018,
  title = {Managing Organizational Culture in Online Group Mergers},
  author = {Kiene, Charles and Shaw, Aaron and Hill, Benjamin Mako},
  date = {2018},
  journaltitle = {Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact.},
  volume = {2},
  pages = {89:1-89-21},
  issue = {CSCW},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/NV8YEK8W/Kiene et al. - 2018 - Managing organizational culture in online group me.pdf}
}

@inproceedings{kiene_surviving_2016,
  title = {Surviving an “{{Eternal September}}”: How an Online Community Managed a Surge of Newcomers},
  shorttitle = {Surviving an "{{Eternal September}}"},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2016 {{CHI Conference}} on {{Human Factors}} in {{Computing Systems}}},
  author = {Kiene, Charles and Monroy-Hernández, Andrés and Hill, Benjamin Mako},
  date = {2016},
  pages = {1152--1156},
  publisher = {{ACM}},
  location = {{New York, NY}},
  abstract = {We present a qualitative analysis of interviews with participants in the NoSleep community within Reddit where millions of fans and writers of horror fiction congregate. We explore how the community handled a massive, sudden, and sustained increase in new members. Although existing theory and stories like Usenet's infamous "Eternal September" suggest that large influxes of newcomers can hurt online communities, our interviews suggest that NoSleep survived without major incident. We propose that three features of NoSleep allowed it to manage the rapid influx of newcomers gracefully: (1) an active and well-coordinated group of administrators, (2) a shared sense of community which facilitated community moderation, and (3) technological systems that mitigated norm violations. We also point to several important trade-offs and limitations.},
  isbn = {978-1-4503-3362-7},
  keywords = {newcomers,norms and governance,online communities,peer production,qualitative methods},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/2YPT6BUL/Kiene et al. - 2016 - Surviving an Eternal September How an Online Co.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/S9JX8XE5/Kiene et al. - 2016 - Surviving an “Eternal September” How an online co.pdf}
}

@article{kiene_technological_2019,
  title = {Technological Frames and User Innovation: Exploring Technological Change in Community Moderation Teams},
  shorttitle = {Technological Frames and User Innovation},
  author = {Kiene, Charles and Jiang, Jialun "Aaron" and Hill, Benjamin Mako},
  date = {2019-11-07},
  journaltitle = {Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction},
  shortjournal = {Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact.},
  volume = {3},
  pages = {44:1--44:23},
  abstract = {Management of technological change in organizations is one of the most enduring topics in the literature on computer-supported cooperative work. The successful navigation of technological change is both more challenging and more critical in online communities that are entirely mediated by technology than it is in traditional organizations. This paper presents an analysis of 14 in-depth interviews with moderators of subcommunities of one technological platform (Reddit) that added communities on a new technological platform (Discord). Moderation teams experienced several problems related to moderating content at scale as well as a disconnect between the affordances of Discord and their assumptions based on their experiences on Reddit. We found that moderation teams used Discord's API to create scripts and bots that augmented Discord to make the platform work more like tools on Reddit. These tools were particularly important in communities struggling with scale. Our findings suggest that increasingly widespread end user programming allow users of social computing systems to innovate and deploy solutions to unanticipated design problems by transforming new technological platforms to align with their past expectations.},
  issue = {CSCW},
  keywords = {API,bots,chat,computer-mediated communication,discord,moderation,online communities,reddit,social computing,technological change},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/E2PDCY58/Kiene et al. - 2019 - Technological frames and user innovation explorin.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/U7M6IZY4/Kiene et al. - 2019 - Technological Frames and User Innovation Explorin.pdf}
}

@unpublished{kiene_why_2021,
  title = {Why {{These Rules}}? Measuring {{How Adaptation}} and {{Leadership Shapes Online Community Governance}}},
  author = {Kiene, Charles and TeBlunthuis, Nathan and Hill, Benjamin Mako},
  date = {2021}
}

@article{klein_quality_2017,
  title = {Quality Standards, Service Orientation, and Power in {{Airbnb}} and {{Couchsurfing}}},
  author = {Klein, Maximilian and Zhao, Jinhao and Ni, Jiajun and Johnson, Isaac and Hill, Benjamin Mako and Zhu, Haiyi},
  date = {2017},
  journaltitle = {Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction},
  shortjournal = {Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact.},
  volume = {1},
  pages = {58:1--58:21},
  issn = {2573-0142},
  abstract = {Although Couchsurfing and Airbnb are both online communities that help users host strangers in their homes, they differ in an important sense: Couchsurfing prohibits monetary payment while Airbnb is built around it.We conducted interviews with users experienced on both Couchsurfing and Airbnb ("dual-users") to better understand systemic differences between the platforms. Based on these interviews we propose that, compared to Couchsurfing, Airbnb: (1) appears to require higher quality services, (2) places more emphasis on places over people, and (3) shifts social power from hosts to guests. Using public profiles from both platforms, we present analyses exploring each theme. Finally, we present evidence showing that Airbnb's growth has coincided with a decline in Couchsurfing. Taken together, our findings paint a complex picture of the changing character of network hospitality.},
  issue = {CSCW},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/WQS43NPP/Klein et al. - 2017 - Quality Standards, Service Orientation, and Power .pdf}
}

@article{koh_encouraging_2007,
  title = {Encouraging Participation in Virtual Communities},
  author = {Koh, Joon and Kim, Young-Gul and Butler, Brian and Bock, Gee-Woo},
  date = {2007-02-01},
  journaltitle = {Communications of the ACM},
  shortjournal = {Commun. ACM},
  volume = {50},
  number = {2},
  pages = {68--73},
  issn = {00010782},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/TP9FPWMG/Koh et al. - 2007 - Encouraging participation in virtual communities.pdf}
}

@article{koop_large_2013,
  title = {Large Time-Varying Parameter {{VARs}}},
  author = {Koop, Gary and Korobilis, Dimitris},
  date = {2013-12-01},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Econometrics},
  shortjournal = {Journal of Econometrics},
  series = {Dynamic {{Econometric Modeling}} and {{Forecasting}}},
  volume = {177},
  number = {2},
  pages = {185--198},
  issn = {0304-4076},
  abstract = {In this paper, we develop methods for estimation and forecasting in large time-varying parameter vector autoregressive models (TVP-VARs). To overcome computational constraints, we draw on ideas from the dynamic model averaging literature which achieve reductions in the computational burden through the use forgetting factors. We then extend the TVP-VAR~so that its dimension can change over time. For instance, we can have a large TVP-VAR as the forecasting model at some points in time, but a smaller TVP-VAR at others. A final extension lies in the development of a new method for estimating, in a time-varying manner, the parameter(s)~of the shrinkage priors commonly-used with large VARs. These extensions are operationalized through the use of forgetting factor methods and are, thus, computationally simple. An empirical application involving forecasting inflation, real output and interest rates demonstrates the feasibility and usefulness of our approach.},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/3UP4CT6P/Koop and Korobilis - 2013 - Large time-varying parameter VARs.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/9SXVW4A8/S0304407613000845.html}
}

@article{kou_understanding_2018,
  title = {Understanding {{Social Roles}} in an {{Online Community}} of {{Volatile Practice}}: A {{Study}} of {{User Experience Practitioners}} on {{Reddit}}},
  shorttitle = {Understanding {{Social Roles}} in an {{Online Community}} of {{Volatile Practice}}},
  author = {Kou, Yubo and Gray, Colin M. and Toombs, Austin L. and Adams, Robin S.},
  date = {2018-12-21},
  journaltitle = {ACM Transactions on Social Computing},
  shortjournal = {Trans. Soc. Comput.},
  volume = {1},
  number = {4},
  pages = {17:1--17:22},
  issn = {2469-7818},
  abstract = {Community of practice (CoP) is a primary framework in social computing research that addresses learning and organizing specific practices in online communities. However, the classic CoP theory does not provide a detailed account for how practices change or evolve. Against the backdrop of a rapidly changing occupational landscape, it is crucial to understand how people participate in online communities focused on practices that have a volatile nature, as well as how social computing tools can best support them. In this article, we examine user experience (UX) design as a volatile practice that has no coherent body of knowledge and lacks a concrete path for newcomers to become a UX professional. Our study site is the “/r/userexperience” subreddit, an online UX community where practitioners socialize and learn. Using a mixed-methods approach, we identified five distinct social roles in relation to knowledge production and dissemination in the online community of volatile practice. We demonstrate that knowledge production is highly distributed, involving the participation and sensemaking of community members of varied levels of experience. We discuss how online platforms support online community of volatile practice and how our findings contribute to the CoP literature.},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/NWK464BS/Kou et al. - 2018 - Understanding Social Roles in an Online Community .pdf}
}

@article{krafft_disinformation_2020,
  title = {Disinformation by {{Design}}: The {{Use}} of {{Evidence Collages}} and {{Platform Filtering}} in a {{Media Manipulation Campaign}}},
  shorttitle = {Disinformation by {{Design}}},
  author = {Krafft, P. M. and Donovan, Joan},
  date = {2020-03-03},
  journaltitle = {Political Communication},
  volume = {37},
  number = {2},
  pages = {194--214},
  publisher = {{Routledge}},
  issn = {1058-4609},
  abstract = {Disinformation campaigns such as those perpetrated by far-right groups in the United States seek to erode democratic social institutions. Looking to understand these phenomena, previous models of disinformation have emphasized identity-confirmation and misleading presentation of facts to explain why such disinformation is shared. A risk of these accounts, which conjure images of echo chambers and filter bubbles, is portraying people who accept disinformation as relatively passive recipients or conduits. Here we conduct a case study of tactics of disinformation to show how platform design and decentralized communication contribute to advancing the spread of disinformation even when that disinformation is continuously and actively challenged where it appears. Contrary to a view of disinformation flowing within homogeneous echo chambers, in our case study we observe substantial skepticism against disinformation narratives as they form. To examine how disinformation spreads amidst skepticism in this case, we employ a document-driven multi-site trace ethnography to analyze a contested rumor that crossed anonymous message boards, the conservative media ecosystem, and other platforms. We identify two important factors that filtered out skepticism and contested explanations, which facilitated the transformation of this rumor into a disinformation campaign: (1) the aggregation of information into evidence collages—image files that aggregate positive evidence—and (2) platform filtering—the decontextualization of information as these claims crossed platforms. Our findings provide an elucidation of “trading up the chain” dynamics explored by previous researchers and a counterpoint to the relatively mechanistic accounts of passive disinformation propagation that dominate the quantitative literature. We conclude with a discussion of how these factors relate to the communication power available to disparate groups at different times, as well as practical implications for inferring intent from social media traces and practical implications for the design of social media platforms.},
  keywords = {4chan,Alt-right,disinformation,media manipulation,tactics},
  annotation = {\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2019.1686094},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/3EQB8KSG/Krafft_Donovan_2020_Disinformation by Design.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/MRRVEJWU/10584609.2019.html}
}

@book{kraut_building_2012,
  ids = {kraut2012building,kraut_building_2012-1},
  title = {Building Successful Online Communities: Evidence-Based Social Design},
  author = {Kraut, Robert E. and Resnick, Paul and Kiesler, Sara},
  date = {2012},
  publisher = {{MIT Press}},
  location = {{Cambridge, MA}},
  abstract = {Uses insights from social science, psychology, and economics to offer advice on planning and managing an online community.},
  isbn = {978-0-262-29831-5},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {design,foundations of social computing},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/B4XSKAVW/04-kraut10-Newcomers-current.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/CX4KDC3G/01-Resnick10-Intro-current.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/IJCEWA6L/06-Resnick10-Startup-current.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/JEWAVXHG/02-Resnick10-Intro-current.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/RIM4D9KS/05-kiesler10-Regulation-current.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/S6Z28BBS/03-Ren10-Commitment-current.pdf}
}

@inproceedings{kraut_role_2014,
  ids = {kraut_role_2014-1},
  title = {The {{Role}} of {{Founders}} in {{Building Online Groups}}},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 17th {{ACM Conference}} on {{Computer Supported Cooperative Work}} \& {{Social Computing}}},
  author = {Kraut, Robert E. and Fiore, Andrew T.},
  date = {2014},
  series = {{{CSCW}} '14},
  pages = {722--732},
  publisher = {{ACM}},
  location = {{Baltimore, Maryland, USA}},
  abstract = {As a class, online groups are popular, but many die before they become successful. This research traced the fate of 472,231 new online groups. By the end of a 3-month observation period, 57\% of the groups had died, ceasing to post new content. Founders' human and social capital before the group was formed, the decisions they made when they created the group and their behavior in the group during its first week all predicted group survival. Many of the results suggest that founders create more successful groups if they have more resources (e.g., more online friends) and opportunities for acquiring relevant skills (e.g., more experience with online groups) and are more active in their group. However, founders who are too controlling seem to present a threat their groups. Their groups are more likely to fail if they are the only group administrator, if they have ties to all group members and if they were responsible for adding all group members.},
  isbn = {978-1-4503-2540-0},
  keywords = {birth,death,facebook,founder,online groups},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/EXXNCL5Q/Kraut_Fiore_2014_The role of founders in building online groups.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/Z25RMXV6/Kraut and Fiore - 2014 - The Role of Founders in Building Online Groups.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/BPWDS3GX/citation.html}
}

@book{kropotkin_mutual_2012,
  title = {Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution},
  shorttitle = {Mutual {{Aid}}},
  author = {Kropotkin, Peter},
  date = {2012-05-02},
  origdate = {1902},
  publisher = {{Courier Corporation}},
  abstract = {In this cornerstone of modern liberal social theory, Peter Kropotkin states that the most effective human and animal communities are essentially cooperative, rather than competitive. Kropotkin based this classic on his observations of natural phenomena and history, forming a work of stunning and well-reasoned scholarship. Essential to the understanding of human evolution as well as social organization, it offers a powerful counterpoint to the tenets of Social Darwinism. It also cites persuasive evidence of human nature's innate compatibility with anarchist society."Kropotkin's basic argument is correct," noted evolutionary biologist Stephen Jay Gould. "Struggle does occur in many modes, and some lead to cooperation among members of a species as the best pathway to advantage for individuals." Anthropologist Ashley Montagu declared that "Mutual Aid will never be any more out of date than will the Declaration of Independence. New facts may increasingly become available, but we can already see that they will serve largely to support Kropotkin's conclusion that 'in the ethical progress of man, mutual support—not mutual struggle—has had the leading part.'" Physician and author Alex Comfort asserted that "Kropotkin profoundly influenced human biology by his theory of Mutual Aid. . . . He was one of the first systematic students of animal communities, and may be regarded as the founder of modern social ecology."},
  isbn = {978-0-486-12153-6},
  langid = {english},
  pagetotal = {338}
}

@article{kubiszewski_production_2010,
  title = {The Production and Allocation of Information as a Good That Is Enhanced with Increased Use},
  author = {Kubiszewski, Ida and Farley, Joshua and Costanza, Robert},
  date = {2010-04-01},
  journaltitle = {Ecological Economics},
  shortjournal = {Ecological Economics},
  series = {Special {{Section}} - {{Payments}} for {{Environmental Services}}: Reconciling {{Theory}} and {{Practice}}},
  volume = {69},
  number = {6},
  pages = {1344--1354},
  issn = {0921-8009},
  abstract = {Information has some unique characteristics. Unlike most other goods and services, it is neither rival (use by one prevents use by others) nor non-rival (use by one does not affect use by others), but is enhanced with increased use, or ‘additive’. Therefore a unique allocation system for both the production and consumption of information is needed. Under the current market-based allocation system, production of information is often limited through the exclusive rights produced by patents and copyrights. This limits scientists' ability to share and build on each other's knowledge. We break the problem down into three separate questions: (1) do markets generate the type of information most important for modern society? (2) are markets the most appropriate institution for producing that information? and (3) once information is produced, are markets the most effective way of maximizing the social value of that information? We conclude that systematic market failures make it unlikely that markets will generate the most important types of information, while the unique characteristics of information reduce the cost-effectiveness of markets in generating information and in maximizing its social value. We then discuss alternative methods that do not have these shortcomings, and that would lead to greater overall economic efficiency, social justice and ecological sustainability. These methods include monetary prizes, publicly funded research from which the produced information is released into the public domain, and status driven incentive structures like those in academia and the “open-source” community.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Allocation,Anti-rival,Copyrights,Information,Intellectual property rights,Knowledge,Market failure,Patents},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/DX84YZM7/S092180091000039X.html}
}

@book{kuhn_structure_1970,
  ids = {kuhn_structure_2015},
  title = {The Structure of Scientific Revolutions},
  author = {Kuhn, Thomas S},
  date = {1970},
  publisher = {{University of Chicago Press}},
  langid = {english},
  annotation = {OCLC: 959412835}
}

@inproceedings{kumar_community_2018,
  ids = {kumar_community_2018-1},
  title = {Community {{Interaction}} and {{Conflict}} on the {{Web}}},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2018 {{World Wide Web Conference}}},
  author = {Kumar, Srijan and Hamilton, William L. and Leskovec, Jure and Jurafsky, Dan},
  date = {2018-04-23},
  series = {{{WWW}} '18},
  pages = {933--943},
  publisher = {{International World Wide Web Conferences Steering Committee}},
  location = {{Lyon, France}},
  abstract = {Users organize themselves into communities on web platforms. These communities can interact with one another, often leading to conflicts and toxic interactions. However, little is known about the mechanisms of interactions between communities and how they impact users. Here we study intercommunity interactions across 36,000 communities on Reddit, examining cases where users of one community are mobilized by negative sentiment to comment in another community. We show that such conflicts tend to be initiated by a handful of communities---less than 1\% of communities start 74\% of conflicts. While conflicts tend to be initiated by highly active community members, they are carried out by significantly less active members. We find that conflicts are marked by formation of echo chambers, where users primarily talk to other users from their own community. In the long-term, conflicts have adverse effects and reduce the overall activity of users in the targeted communities. Our analysis of user interactions also suggests strategies for mitigating the negative impact of conflicts---such as increasing direct engagement between attackers and defenders. Further, we accurately predict whether a conflict will occur by creating a novel LSTM model that combines graph embeddings, user, community, and text features. This model can be used to create an early-warning system for community moderators to prevent conflicts. Altogether, this work presents a data-driven view of community interactions and conflict, and paves the way towards healthier online communities.},
  isbn = {978-1-4503-5639-8},
  keywords = {antisocial behavior,community,conflict,interaction,intercommunity,society,web},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/3R7J48EQ/Kumar et al_2018_Community Interaction and Conflict on the Web.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/FPJ44933/Kumar et al. - 2018 - Community Interaction and Conflict on the Web.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/U6GYGZDS/Kumar_et_al-2018-Community_interaction_conflict-WWW.pdf}
}

@article{lai_can_2014,
  title = {Can {{Our Group Survive}}? An {{Investigation}} of the {{Evolution}} of {{Mixed}}-{{Mode Groups}}*},
  shorttitle = {Can {{Our Group Survive}}?},
  author = {Lai, Chih-Hui},
  date = {2014-07-01},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication},
  shortjournal = {Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication},
  volume = {19},
  number = {4},
  pages = {839--854},
  issn = {1083-6101},
  abstract = {Applying an ecological and evolutionary perspective, this study examines the evolution and the sustainability of “mixed-mode groups,” a type of voluntary association created and organized online to interact physically in geographically defined ways. Meetup.com is a website that facilitates the creation and coordination of mixed-mode groups. Analysis of interviews with 34 Meetup group organizers and a longitudinal analysis of 100 randomly selected Meetup groups revealed the evolutionary processes at the group and population level, respectively. Specifically, the ecological factor of population density, the demographic factor of group age, the group's profit orientation, experience of leadership change and shared leadership, and external ties played decisive roles in predicting group survival. Implications of the findings for theoretical and practical contributions are discussed.},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/N3RD6DF2/Lai_2014_Can Our Group Survive.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/9UKKZT3W/4067560.html}
}

@article{lai_understanding_2014,
  ids = {lai_understanding_2014-1},
  title = {Understanding the Evolution of Bona Fide Mixed-Mode Groups: An Example of {{Meetup}} Groups},
  shorttitle = {Understanding the Evolution of Bona Fide Mixed-Mode Groups},
  author = {Lai, Chih-Hui},
  date = {2014},
  journaltitle = {First Monday},
  issn = {1396-0466},
  abstract = {This study examines the evolution of an emerging form of social organization: mixed–mode groups. These are Internet–established but operate as in–person voluntary associations. Through longitudinal observations and interviews with 34 group organizers of Meetup.com, a good example of mixed–mode groups, findings of this study revealed the iterative and simultaneous variation–selection–retention (V–S–R) mechanisms enacted by groups as they evolved. Building on permeable boundaries and multiple memberships, these bona fide groups also exhibited different forms of interaction with other groups as well as the local community.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {bona fide groups,ecology and evolutionary,mixed modalities,social network},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/4Z2ZDLTZ/4681.html;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/KRN67LWA/4681.html}
}

@article{lakhani_how_2003,
  title = {How Open Source Software Works: "{{Free}}" User-to-User Assistance},
  shorttitle = {How Open Source Software Works},
  author = {Lakhani, Karim R. and von Hippel, Eric},
  options = {useprefix=true},
  date = {2003},
  journaltitle = {Research Policy},
  volume = {32},
  number = {6},
  pages = {923--943},
  abstract = {Research into free and open source software development projects has so far largely focused on how the major tasks of software development are organized and motivated. But a complete project requires the execution of "mundane but necessary" tasks as well. In this paper, we explore how the mundane but necessary task of field support is organized in the case of Apache web server software, and why some project participants are motivated to provide this service gratis to others. We find that the Apache field support system functions effectively. We also find that, when we partition the help system into its component tasks, 98\% of the effort expended by information providers in fact returns direct learning benefits to those providers. This finding considerably reduces the puzzle of why information providers are willing to perform this task "for free." Implications are discussed.},
  keywords = {Econometrics,FOSS,Innovation},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/TZST9JHU/Lakhani and von Hippel - 2003 - How open source software works.pdf}
}

@inproceedings{lam_wp:clubhouse?:_2011,
  title = {{{WP}}:Clubhouse?: An {{Exploration}} of {{Wikipedia}}'s {{Gender Imbalance}}},
  shorttitle = {{{WP}}},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 7th {{International Symposium}} on {{Wikis}} and {{Open Collaboration}}},
  author = {Lam, Shyong (Tony) K. and Uduwage, Anuradha and Dong, Zhenhua and Sen, Shilad and Musicant, David R. and Terveen, Loren and Riedl, John},
  date = {2011},
  series = {{{WikiSym}} '11},
  pages = {1--10},
  publisher = {{ACM}},
  location = {{New York, NY}},
  abstract = {Wikipedia has rapidly become an invaluable destination for millions of information-seeking users. However, media reports suggest an important challenge: only a small fraction of Wikipedia's legion of volunteer editors are female. In the current work, we present a scientific exploration of the gender imbalance in the English Wikipedia's population of editors. We look at the nature of the imbalance itself, its effects on the quality of the encyclopedia, and several conflict-related factors that may be contributing to the gender gap. Our findings confirm the presence of a large gender gap among editors and a corresponding gender-oriented disparity in the content of Wikipedia's articles. Further, we find evidence hinting at a culture that may be resistant to female participation.},
  isbn = {978-1-4503-0909-7},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/EUWCPP57/Lam et al. - 2011 - WPClubhouse An Exploration of Wikipedia's Gende.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/KR457VCD/p1-lam.pdf}
}

@inproceedings{lampe_follow_2005,
  title = {Follow the (Slash) Dot: Effects of Feedback on New Members in an Online Community},
  shorttitle = {Follow the (Slash) Dot},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2005 International {{ACM SIGGROUP}} Conference on {{Supporting}} Group Work},
  author = {Lampe, Cliff and Johnston, Erik},
  date = {2005},
  pages = {11--20},
  publisher = {{ACM}},
  location = {{Sanibel Island, Florida, USA}},
  eventtitle = {{{GROUP}}},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/YHZ4RP4U/p11-lampe.pdf}
}

@inproceedings{lampe_motivations_2010,
  title = {Motivations to Participate in Online Communities},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on {{Human}} Factors in Computing Systems},
  author = {Lampe, Cliff and Wash, Rick and Velasquez, Alcides and Ozkaya, Elif},
  date = {2010},
  pages = {1927--1936},
  publisher = {{ACM}},
  location = {{Atlanta, Georgia, USA}},
  abstract = {A consistent theoretical and practical challenge in the design of socio-technical systems is that of motivating users to participate in and contribute to them. This study examines the case of Everything2.com users from the theoretical perspectives of Uses and Gratifications and Organizational Commitment to compare individual versus organizational motivations in user participation. We find evidence that users may continue to participate in a site for different reasons than those that led them to the site. Feelings of belonging to a site are important for both anonymous and registered users across different types of uses. Long-term users felt more dissatisfied with the site than anonymous users. Social and cognitive factors seem to be more important than issues of usability in predicting contribution to the site.},
  isbn = {978-1-60558-929-9},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/7NIQDKFR/Lampe et al. - 2010 - Motivations to participate in online communities.pdf}
}

@inproceedings{lampe_slashdot_2004,
  title = {Slash(Dot) and Burn: Distributed Moderation in a Large Online Conversation Space},
  shorttitle = {Slash(Dot) and Burn},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the {{SIGCHI Conference}} on {{Human Factors}} in {{Computing Systems}}},
  author = {Lampe, Cliff and Resnick, Paul},
  date = {2004},
  series = {{{CHI}} '04},
  pages = {543--550},
  publisher = {{Association for Computing Machinery}},
  location = {{New York, NY, USA}},
  abstract = {Can a system of distributed moderation quickly and consistently separate high and low quality comments in an online conversation? Analysis of the site Slashdot.org suggests that the answer is a qualified yes, but that important challenges remain for designers of such systems. Thousands of users act as moderators. Final scores for comments are reasonably dispersed and the community generally agrees that moderations are fair. On the other hand, much of a conversation can pass before the best and worst comments are identified. Of those moderations that were judged unfair, only about half were subsequently counterbalanced by a moderation in the other direction. And comments with low scores, not at top-level, or posted late in a conversation were more likely to be overlooked by moderators.},
  isbn = {978-1-58113-702-6},
  keywords = {collaborative filtering,computer-mediated communication,recommender systems},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/J4ALSW7H/Lampe and Resnick - 2004 - Slash(dot) and burn distributed moderation in a l.pdf}
}

@inproceedings{lanzara_knowledge_2003,
  title = {The Knowledge Ecology of Open-Source Software Projects},
  booktitle = {19th {{EGOS Colloquium}}, {{Copenhagen}}},
  author = {Lanzara, Giovan Francesco and Morner, Michele and others},
  date = {2003},
  annotation = {00082},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/MY6MJGIC/Lanzara et al_2003_The knowledge ecology of open-source software projects.pdf}
}

@book{lave_situated_1991,
  title = {Situated Learning: Legitimate Peripheral Participation},
  shorttitle = {Situated {{Learning}}},
  author = {Lave, Jean and Wenger, Etienne},
  date = {1991},
  publisher = {{Cambridge University Press}},
  location = {{Cambridge, UK}},
  abstract = {In this important theoretical treatise, Jean Lave, anthropologist, and Etienne Wenger, computer scientist, push forward the notion of situated learning–that learning is fundamentally a social process and not solely in the learner's head. The authors maintain that learning viewed as situated activity has as its central defining characteristic a process they call legitimate peripheral participation. Learners participate in communities of practitioners, moving toward full participation in the sociocultural practices of a community. Legitimate peripheral participation provides a way to speak about crucial relations between newcomers and oldtimers and about their activities, identities, artifacts, knowledge and practice. The communities discussed in the book are midwives, tailors, quartermasters, butchers, and recovering alcoholics, however, the process by which participants in those communities learn can be generalized to other social groups.},
  isbn = {978-0-521-42374-8},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Education / Educational Psychology,Psychology / Cognitive Psychology & Cognition,Psychology / Developmental / General,Psychology / General,Psychology / Personality}
}

@incollection{lazarsfeld_friendship_1954,
  title = {Friendship as a Social Process: A Substantive and Methodological Analysis},
  booktitle = {Freedom and Control in Modern Society},
  author = {Lazarsfeld, Paul F. and Merton, Robert K.},
  editor = {Berger, Morroe and Abel, Theodore and Page, Charles H.},
  date = {1954},
  pages = {18--66},
  publisher = {{Van Nostrand}},
  location = {{New York}},
  abstract = {Page}
}

@article{lazer_network_2007,
  title = {The {{Network Structure}} of {{Exploration}} and {{Exploitation}}},
  author = {Lazer, David and Friedman, Allan},
  date = {2007-12-01},
  journaltitle = {Administrative Science Quarterly},
  shortjournal = {Administrative Science Quarterly},
  volume = {52},
  number = {4},
  pages = {667--694},
  issn = {0001-8392},
  abstract = {Whether as team members brainstorming or cultures experimenting with new technologies, problem solvers communicate and share ideas. This paper examines how the structure of communication networks among actors can affect system-level performance. We present an agent-based computer simulation model of information sharing in which the less successful emulate the more successful. Results suggest that when agents are dealing with a complex problem, the more efficient the network at disseminating information, the better the short-run but the lower the long-run performance of the system. The dynamic underlying this result is that an inefficient network maintains diversity in the system and is thus better for exploration than an efficient network, supporting a more thorough search for solutions in the long run. For intermediate time frames, there is an inverted-U relationship between connectedness and performance, in which both poorly and well-connected systems perform badly, and moderately connected systems perform best. This curvilinear relationship between connectivity and group performance can be seen in several diverse instances of organizational and social behavior.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/CQCKNER7/Lazer and Friedman - 2007 - The Network Structure of Exploration and Exploitat.pdf}
}

@article{lazer_studying_2020,
  title = {Studying Human Attention on the {{Internet}}},
  author = {Lazer, David},
  date = {2020-01-07},
  journaltitle = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
  shortjournal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci USA},
  volume = {117},
  number = {1},
  pages = {21--22},
  issn = {0027-8424, 1091-6490},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/T8C43YAK/Lazer - 2020 - Studying human attention on the Internet.pdf}
}

@inproceedings{leavitt_role_2017,
  title = {The Role of Information Visibility in Network Gatekeeping: Information Aggregation on Reddit during Crisis Events},
  shorttitle = {The Role of Information Visibility in Network Gatekeeping},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2017 {{ACM Conference}} on {{Computer Supported Cooperative Work}} and {{Social Computing}}},
  author = {Leavitt, Alex and Robinson, John J.},
  date = {2017-02-25},
  series = {{{CSCW}} '17},
  pages = {1246--1261},
  publisher = {{Association for Computing Machinery}},
  location = {{Portland, Oregon, USA}},
  abstract = {As social media platforms witness more and more contributions from participants during developing crisis events, some platforms provide affordances that support visibility for specific pieces of information. However, the design of information visibility, especially in the context of controlling information flows (through gatekeeping), may shape how participants collect and share up-to-date information in these systems. This paper looks at the field site of reddit.com through trace ethnography methods to understand how the design of reddit's platform (from algorithms to user roles) impacts the visibility of information and subsequently how participants aggregate information in response to ongoing events. Through trace ethnographic analysis, we illustrate three themes related to tensions around visibility - behavioral, structural, and relational - and show how visibility shapes the work of producing information about crises in social news sites.},
  isbn = {978-1-4503-4335-0},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/6PIBDNTW/Leavitt and Robinson - 2017 - The Role of Information Visibility in Network Gate.pdf}
}

@inproceedings{leavitt_this_2015,
  title = {"{{This}} Is a Throwaway Account": Temporary Technical Identities and Perceptions of Anonymity in a Massive Online Community},
  shorttitle = {"{{This}} Is a Throwaway Account"},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 18th {{ACM Conference}} on {{Computer Supported Cooperative Work}} \& {{Social Computing}}},
  author = {Leavitt, Alex},
  date = {2015-02-28},
  series = {{{CSCW}} '15},
  pages = {317--327},
  publisher = {{Association for Computing Machinery}},
  location = {{Vancouver, BC, Canada}},
  abstract = {This paper explores temporary identities on social media platforms and individuals' uses of these identities with respect to their perceptions of anonymity. Given the research on multiple profile maintenance, little research has examined the role that some social media platforms play in affording users with temporary identities. Further, most of the research on anonymity stops short of the concept of varying perceptions of anonymity. This paper builds on these research areas by describing the phenomenon of temporary "throwaway accounts" and their uses on reddit.com, a popular social news site. In addition to ethnographic trace analysis to examine the contexts in which throwaway accounts are adopted, this paper presents a predictive model that suggests that perceptions of anonymity significantly shape the potential uses of throwaway accounts and that women are much more likely to adopt temporary identities than men.},
  isbn = {978-1-4503-2922-4},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/7ITF227V/Leavitt - 2015 - This is a Throwaway Account Temporary Technical.pdf}
}

@article{leavitt_upvote_2017,
  title = {Upvote My News: The Practices of Peer Information Aggregation for Breaking News on Reddit.Com},
  shorttitle = {Upvote My News},
  author = {Leavitt, Alex and Robinson, John J.},
  date = {2017-12-06},
  journaltitle = {Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction},
  shortjournal = {Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact.},
  volume = {1},
  pages = {65:1--65:18},
  abstract = {Citizen participation in crisis communication increasingly occurs in social media contexts. As some platforms -- e.g., social news sites -- evolve around collaborative voting, filtering, and information sharing, the aggregation of breaking news information during crisis situations appears more often as an emergent practice in these online communities. Drawing from 53 interviews and descriptive quantitative analysis of reddit posts and comments, this paper presents a qualitative case study examining reddit.com members aggregate information during crisis events within the context of reddit's post/comment structure, crowd voting, and ranking algorithms. Using the lens of network gatekeeping, the paper shows how participants evaluate sources, organize information, and verify details to demonstrate how different affordances and limitations of information production allow or restrict particular types of network gatekeeping.},
  issue = {CSCW},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/TW846G2K/Leavitt and Robinson - 2017 - Upvote My News The Practices of Peer Information .pdf}
}

@article{lee_coevolution_2011,
  title = {The Coevolution of Multiplex Communication Networks in Organizational Communities},
  author = {Lee, f and Monge, Peter},
  date = {2011},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Communication},
  volume = {61},
  number = {4},
  pages = {758--779},
  issn = {1460-2466},
  abstract = {This research examines the evolutionary patterns and determinants of multiplex organizational communication networks. Based on the data between 1997 and 2005 collected from the records of development projects in the field of Information and Communication Technology for Development, the study demonstrates that dynamics in one network are significant drivers of tie formation in the other network at both dyadic and triadic levels. In particular, results show that the effects of common third-party ties and structural embeddedness exist across multiplex networks. Further, the study suggests that resource similarity of organizational dyads, resource width, and organizational centrality have positive effects on the propensity for multiplex ties. These results have implications for organizations' communication networking strategies in a wide variety of organizational communities.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/NDMFP6LL/Lee and Monge - 2011 - The Coevolution of Multiplex Communication Network.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/URK65X23/Lee and Monge - 2011 - The Coevolution of Multiplex Communication Network.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/23W6FUJ5/abstract.html;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/VHYAREB8/j.1460-2466.2011.01566.html}
}

@article{leimeister_evaluation_2005,
  title = {Evaluation of a {{Systematic Design}} for a {{Virtual Patient Community}}},
  author = {Leimeister, Jan Marco and Krcmar, Helmut},
  date = {2005-07-01},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication},
  shortjournal = {Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication},
  volume = {10},
  issn = {1083-6101},
  abstract = {Virtual Communities (VCs) offer ubiquitous access to information and exchange possibilities for people in similar situations, which is especially valuable for patients with chronic / life-threatening diseases. However, it is seldom considered possible to create VCs systematically. This article describes the evaluation of the design elements and factors that contributed to the success of the VC krebsgemeinschaft.de (a VC for cancer patients in the German-speaking internet), by assessing user acceptance and usage. Additionally, the existence of trust (a constituent element of working VCs) in krebsgemeinschaft.de is addressed. Based on these criteria, we empirically verify the chosen design components and generate insights into the systematic development and operation of VCs in general and VCs for patients in the German healthcare system in particular.},
  issue = {JCMC1041},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/BI7E4R6W/Leimeister and Krcmar - 2005 - Evaluation of a Systematic Design for a Virtual Pa.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/G39U4C3F/4614530.html}
}

@article{levin_community_1970,
  title = {Community {{Equilibria}} and {{Stability}}, and an {{Extension}} of the {{Competitive Exclusion Principle}}},
  author = {Levin, Simon A.},
  date = {1970-09},
  journaltitle = {The American Naturalist},
  shortjournal = {The American Naturalist},
  volume = {104},
  number = {939},
  pages = {413--423},
  issn = {0003-0147, 1537-5323},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/5G99UCM8/Levin - 1970 - Community Equilibria and Stability, and an Extensi.pdf}
}

@inproceedings{liang_knowledge_2017,
  ids = {liang_knowledge_2017-1},
  title = {Knowledge Sharing in Online Discussion Threads: What Predicts the Ratings?},
  shorttitle = {Knowledge Sharing in Online Discussion Threads},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2017 {{ACM Conference}} on {{Computer Supported Cooperative Work}} and {{Social Computing}}},
  author = {Liang, Yuyang},
  date = {2017-02-25},
  series = {{{CSCW}} '17},
  pages = {146--154},
  publisher = {{Association for Computing Machinery}},
  location = {{New York, NY, USA}},
  abstract = {As an important category of user-generated content (UGC) community, Question and Answer (Q\&A) community offers internet users opportunities to ask questions and share knowledge with others. In order to understand how the ratings of knowledge contribution quality correlate with the way knowledge is being shared in discussion threads, the study examines user behaviors and profiles in a large knowledge sharing community, /r/Techsupport, a discussion based Q\&A site in Reddit.com concerning internet and technology problems. Negative binomial regressions and negative binomial mixed models are built to investigate the relationships among thread structure, level of user activity, user profiles and the ratings of threads and comments in the community. Results indicate that in the better rated threads, the structures tend to be more centralized with heterogeneous participants discussing the problem at a deeper level. Meanwhile, contributions with good ratings are more likely to be produced by users who are more engaged in commenting behaviors.},
  isbn = {978-1-4503-4335-0},
  keywords = {knowledge sharing,network structure,online community,threaded discussion,user generated content,user profile},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/852P8MGY/Liang - 2017 - Knowledge Sharing in Online Discussion Threads Wh.pdf}
}

@inproceedings{lin_better_2017,
  title = {Better When It Was Smaller? Community Content and Behavior after Massive Growth.},
  shorttitle = {Better {{When It Was Smaller}}?},
  booktitle = {Eleventh {{International AAAI Conference}} on {{Web}} and {{Social Media}}},
  author = {Lin, Zhiyuan and Salehi, Niloufar and Yao, Bowen and Chen, Yiqi and Bernstein, Michael S.},
  date = {2017},
  pages = {132--141},
  publisher = {{AAAI}},
  location = {{Montreal, Canada}},
  abstract = {Online communities have a love-hate relationship with membership growth: new members bring fresh perspectives, but old-timers worry that growth interrupts the community’s social dynamic and lowers content quality. To arbitrate these two theories, we analyze over 45 million comments from 10 Reddit subcommunities following an exogenous shock when each subcommunity was added to the default set for all Reddit users. Capitalizing on these natural experiments, we test for changes to the content vote patterns, linguistic patterns, and community network patterns before and after being defaulted. Results support a narrative that the communities remain high-quality and similar to their previous selves even post-growth. There is a temporary dip in upvote scores right after the communities were defaulted, but the communities quickly recover to pre-default or even higher levels. Likewise, complaints about low-quality posts do not rise in frequency after getting defaulted. Strong moderation also helps keep upvotes common and complaint levels low. Communities’ language use does not become more like the rest of Reddit after getting defaulted. However, growth does have some impact on attention: community members cluster their activity around a smaller proportion of posts after the community is defaulted.},
  eventtitle = {{{ICWSM}}},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/3NB3IZUR/Lin et al. - 2017 - Better When It Was Smaller Community Content and .pdf}
}

@article{lin_power_nodate,
  title = {Power {{Iteration Clustering}}},
  author = {Lin, Frank and Cohen, William W},
  pages = {8},
  abstract = {We present a simple and scalable graph clustering method called power iteration clustering (PIC). PIC finds a very low-dimensional embedding of a dataset using truncated power iteration on a normalized pair-wise similarity matrix of the data. This embedding turns out to be an effective cluster indicator, consistently outperforming widely used spectral methods such as NCut on real datasets. PIC is very fast on large datasets, running over 1,000 times faster than an NCut implementation based on the state-of-the-art IRAM eigenvector computation technique.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/8XB5KA6M/Lin and Cohen - Power Iteration Clustering.pdf}
}

@inproceedings{litt_just_2016,
  title = {"{{Just Cast}} the {{Net}}, and {{Hopefully}} the {{Right Fish Swim}} into {{It}}": Audience {{Management}} on {{Social Network Sites}}},
  shorttitle = {\&\#x201c;{{Just Cast}} the {{Net}}, and {{Hopefully}} the {{Right Fish Swim}} into {{It}}\&\#x201d;},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 19th {{ACM Conference}} on {{Computer}}-{{Supported Cooperative Work}} \& {{Social Computing}}},
  author = {Litt, Eden and Hargittai, Eszter},
  date = {2016-02-27},
  series = {{{CSCW}} '16},
  pages = {1488--1500},
  publisher = {{Association for Computing Machinery}},
  location = {{New York, NY, USA}},
  abstract = {When users post on social network sites, they can engage in audience-reaching strategies, in an effort to reach desired audience members, as well as audience-limiting strategies, in an effort to avoid unwanted audience members. While much research has focused on users' audience-limiting strategies, little research has explicitly focused on users' audience-reaching strategies. Additionally, little work has explored either strategy at the post level. Using mixed methods involving a diary study and follow-up interviews focused on a diverse group of users' posts, this article reveals several audience-reaching strategies users engaged from altering their content to tagging. However, users in this study rarely used strategies to exclude people proactively and technologically outside of their targeted audiences, and instead broadcasted widely. Participants described several rationales for sharing broadly from skill-related issues to a reliance on the audience or site to filter the content.},
  isbn = {978-1-4503-3592-8},
  keywords = {Audience,audience management,audience-reaching strategies,imagined audience,privacy,social network sites},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/UKKUVHK2/Litt_Hargittai_2016_&#x201c\;Just Cast the Net, and Hopefully the Right Fish Swim into It&#x201d\;.pdf}
}

@inproceedings{lu_investigate_2019,
  title = {Investigate {{Transitions}} into {{Drug Addiction}} through {{Text Mining}} of {{Reddit Data}}},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 25th {{ACM SIGKDD International Conference}} on {{Knowledge Discovery}} \& {{Data Mining}}},
  author = {Lu, John and Sridhar, Sumati and Pandey, Ritika and Hasan, Mohammad Al and Mohler, Georege},
  date = {2019-07-25},
  series = {{{KDD}} '19},
  pages = {2367--2375},
  publisher = {{Association for Computing Machinery}},
  location = {{New York, NY, USA}},
  abstract = {Increasing rates of opioid drug abuse and heightened prevalence of online support communities underscore the necessity of employing data mining techniques to better understand drug addiction using these rapidly developing online resources. In this work, we obtained data from Reddit, an online collection of forums, to gather insight into drug use/misuse using text snippets from users narratives. Specifically, using users' posts, we trained a binary classifier which predicts a user's transitions from casual drug discussion forums to drug recovery forums. We also proposed a Cox regression model that outputs likelihoods of such transitions. In doing so, we found that utterances of select drugs and certain linguistic features contained in one's posts can help predict these transitions. Using unfiltered drug-related posts, our research delineates drugs that are associated with higher rates of transitions from recreational drug discussion to support/recovery discussion, offers insight into modern drug culture, and provides tools with potential applications in combating the opioid crisis.},
  isbn = {978-1-4503-6201-6},
  keywords = {cox regression,drug addiction and recovery,reddit forum,text mining},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/GUQKME9M/Lu et al_2019_Investigate Transitions into Drug Addiction through Text Mining of Reddit Data.pdf}
}

@inproceedings{ludford_think_2004,
  title = {Think {{Different}}: Increasing {{Online Community Participation Using Uniqueness}} and {{Group Dissimilarity}}},
  shorttitle = {Think {{Different}}},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the {{SIGCHI Conference}} on {{Human Factors}} in {{Computing Systems}}},
  author = {Ludford, Pamela J. and Cosley, Dan and Frankowski, Dan and Terveen, Loren},
  date = {2004},
  series = {{{CHI}} '04},
  pages = {631--638},
  publisher = {{ACM}},
  location = {{New York, NY, USA}},
  abstract = {Online communities can help people form productive relationships. Unfortunately, this potential is not always fulfilled: many communities fail, and designers don't have a solid understanding of why. We know community activity begets activity. The trick, however, is to inspire participation in the first place. Social theories suggest methods to spark positive community participation. We carried out a field experiment that tested two such theories. We formed discussion communities around an existing movie recommendation web site, manipulating two factors: (1) similarity-we controlled how similar group members' movie ratings were; and (2) uniqueness-we told members how their movie ratings (with respect to a discussion topic) were unique within the group. Both factors positively influenced participation. The results offer a practical success story in applying social science theory to the design of online communities.},
  isbn = {978-1-58113-702-6},
  venue = {Vienna, Austria},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/94P38A6I/Ludford et al. - 2004 - Think Different Increasing Online Community Parti.pdf}
}

@inproceedings{luo_causal_2014,
  title = {Causal {{Inference}} in {{Social Media Using Convergent Cross Mapping}}},
  booktitle = {2014 {{IEEE Joint Intelligence}} and {{Security Informatics Conference}}},
  author = {Luo, C. and Zheng, X. and Zeng, D.},
  date = {2014-09},
  pages = {260--263},
  abstract = {Revealing underlying causal structure in social media is critical to understanding how users interact, on which a lot of security intelligence applications can be built. Existing causal inference methods for social media usually rely on limited explicit causal context, pre-assume certain user interaction model, or neglect the nonlinear nature of social interaction, which could lead to bias estimations of causality. Inspired from recent advance in causality detection in complex ecosystems, we propose to take advantage of a novel nonlinear state space reconstruction based approach, namely Convergent Cross Mapping, to perform causal inference in social media. Experimental results on real world social media datasets show the effectiveness of the proposed method in causal inference and user behavior prediction in social media.},
  eventtitle = {2014 {{IEEE Joint Intelligence}} and {{Security Informatics Conference}}},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/PQJPPNVK/Luo et al. - 2014 - Causal Inference in Social Media Using Convergent .pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/YEGDGLZH/6975587.html}
}

@book{luxburg_tutorial_2007,
  title = {A {{Tutorial}} on {{Spectral Clustering}}},
  author = {Luxburg, Ulrike Von},
  date = {2007},
  abstract = {In recent years, spectral clustering has become one of the most popular modern clustering algorithms. It is simple to implement, can be solved efficiently by standard linear algebra software, and very often outperforms traditional clustering algorithms such as the k-means algorithm. On the first glance spectral clustering appears slightly mysterious, and it is not obvious to see why it works at all and what it really does. The goal of this tutorial is to give some intuition on to those questions. We describe different graph Laplacians and their basic properties, present the most common spectral clustering algorithms, and derive those algorithms from scratch by several different approaches. Advantages and disadvantages of the different spectral clustering algorithms are discussed.},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/4UMVLMTD/Luxburg_2007_A Tutorial on Spectral Clustering.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/BUBB3PKN/summary.html}
}

@article{lykourentzou_when_2018,
  title = {When {{Crowds Give You Lemons}}: Filtering {{Innovative Ideas}} Using a {{Diverse}}-{{Bag}}-of-{{Lemons Strategy}}},
  shorttitle = {When {{Crowds Give You Lemons}}},
  author = {Lykourentzou, Ioanna and Ahmed, Faez and Papastathis, Costas and Sadien, Irwyn and Papangelis, Konstantinos},
  date = {2018-11-01},
  journaltitle = {Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction},
  shortjournal = {Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact.},
  volume = {2},
  pages = {115:1--115:23},
  abstract = {Following successful crowd ideation contests, organizations in search of the "next big thing" are left with hundreds of ideas. Expert-based idea filtering is lengthy and costly; therefore, crowd-based strategies are often employed. Unfortunately, these strategies typically (1) do not separate the mediocre from the excellent, and (2) direct all the attention to certain idea concepts, while others starve. We introduce DBLemons - a crowd-based idea filtering strategy that addresses these issues by (1) asking voters to identify the worst rather than the best ideas using a "bag of lemons'' voting approach, and (2) by exposing voters to a wider idea spectrum, thanks to a dynamic diversity-based ranking system balancing idea quality and coverage. We compare DBLemons against two state-of-the-art idea filtering strategies in a real-world setting. Results show that DBLemons is more accurate, less time-consuming, and reduces the idea space in half while still retaining 94\% of the top ideas.},
  issue = {CSCW},
  keywords = {diversity,filtering,open innovation},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/MRHXRNFG/Lykourentzou et al_2018_When Crowds Give You Lemons.pdf}
}

@inproceedings{ma_when_2019,
  title = {When {{Do People Trust Their Social Groups}}?},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2019 {{CHI Conference}} on {{Human Factors}} in {{Computing Systems}}},
  author = {Ma, Xiao and Cheng, Justin and Iyer, Shankar and Naaman, Mor},
  date = {2019-05-02},
  pages = {1--12},
  publisher = {{ACM}},
  location = {{Glasgow Scotland Uk}},
  eventtitle = {{{CHI}} '19: {{CHI Conference}} on {{Human Factors}} in {{Computing Systems}}},
  isbn = {978-1-4503-5970-2},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/ZEWUJPHL/Ma et al. - 2019 - When Do People Trust Their Social Groups.pdf}
}

@article{majchrzak_contradictory_2013,
  title = {The {{Contradictory Influence}} of {{Social Media Affordances}} on {{Online Communal Knowledge Sharing}}},
  author = {Majchrzak, Ann and Faraj, Samer and Kane, Gerald C. and Azad, Bijan},
  date = {2013-10-01},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication},
  shortjournal = {J Comput Mediat Commun},
  volume = {19},
  number = {1},
  pages = {38--55},
  publisher = {{Oxford Academic}},
  abstract = {The use of social media creates the opportunity to turn organization-wide knowledge sharing in the workplace from an intermittent, centralized knowledge management process to a continuous online knowledge conversation of strangers, unexpected interpretations and re-uses, and dynamic emergence. We theorize four affordances of social media representing different ways to engage in this publicly visible knowledge conversations: metavoicing, triggered attending, network-informed associating, and generative role-taking. We further theorize mechanisms that affect how people engage in the knowledge conversation, finding that some mechanisms, when activated, will have positive effects on moving the knowledge conversation forward, but others will have adverse consequences not intended by the organization. These emergent tensions become the basis for the implications we draw.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/9U9NTEVE/Majchrzak et al. - 2013 - The Contradictory Influence of Social Media Afford.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/DBAC2BYD/4067499.html}
}

@article{majchrzak_effect_2016,
  title = {Effect of {{Knowledge}}-{{Sharing Trajectories}} on {{Innovative Outcomes}} in {{Temporary Online Crowds}}},
  author = {Majchrzak, Ann and Malhotra, Arvind},
  date = {2016-11-10},
  journaltitle = {Information Systems Research},
  shortjournal = {Information Systems Research},
  issn = {1047-7047},
  abstract = {There is substantial research on the effects of formal control structures (i.e., incentives, identities, organization, norms) on knowledge sharing leading to innovative outcomes in online communities. However, there is little research on how knowledge-sharing trajectories in temporary online crowds create innovative outcomes without these structures. Such research is particularly of interest in the context of temporary online crowds solicited with crowdsourcing in which there is only minimal structure for knowledge sharing. We identify eight types of crowdsourcing with different knowledge-sharing patterns. The focus of this study is on the one type of crowdsourcing—collaborative innovation challenges—in which there is the least restriction on knowledge sharing in the crowd. A content analysis was conducted of all time-stamped posts made in five different collaborative innovation challenges to identify different knowledge-sharing trajectories used. We found that a paradox-framed trajectory was more likely to be followed by innovative outcomes compared to three other knowledge-sharing trajectories. A paradox-framed trajectory is one in which a novel solution emerges when different participants post in the following sequence: (1) contributing a paradox associated with the problem objective, (2) sharing assumptions to validate the paradox, and (3) sharing initial ideas for resolving the paradox in a manner that meets the problem statement. Based on the findings, a theory of paradox-framed trajectories in temporary online crowds is presented along with implications for knowledge creation theories in general and online knowledge-creating communities in particular.},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/XI69RCFW/Majchrzak and Malhotra - 2016 - Effect of Knowledge-Sharing Trajectories on Innova.pdf}
}

@inproceedings{maldeniya_herding_2020,
  title = {Herding a {{Deluge}} of {{Good Samaritans}}: How {{GitHub Projects Respond}} to {{Increased Attention}}},
  shorttitle = {Herding a {{Deluge}} of {{Good Samaritans}}},
  author = {Maldeniya, Danaja and Budak, Ceren and Robert Jr., Lionel P. and Romero, Daniel M.},
  date = {2020-04-20},
  pages = {2055--2065},
  publisher = {{ACM}},
  abstract = {Collaborative crowdsourcing is a well-established model of work, especially in the case of open source software development. The structure and operation of these virtual and loosely-knit teams differ from traditional organizations. As such, little is known about how their behavior may change in response to an increase in external attention. To understand these dynamics, we analyze millions of actions of thousands of contributors in over 1100 open source software projects that topped the GitHub Trending Projects page and thus experienced a large increase in attention, in comparison to a control group of projects identified through propensity score matching. In carrying out our research, we use the lens of organizational change, which considers the challenges teams face during rapid growth and how they adapt their work routines, organizational structure, and management style. We show that trending results in an explosive growth in the effective team size. However, most newcomers make only shallow and transient contributions. In response, the original team transitions towards administrative roles, responding to requests and reviewing work done by newcomers. Projects evolve towards a more distributed coordination model with newcomers becoming more central, albeit in limited ways. Additionally, teams become more modular with subgroups specializing in different aspects of the project. We discuss broader implications for collaborative crowdsourcing teams that face attention shocks.},
  isbn = {978-1-4503-7023-3},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/P2G8EEA3/Maldeniya et al. - 2020 - Herding a Deluge of Good Samaritans How GitHub Pr.pdf}
}

@online{mamie_are_2021,
  title = {Are {{Anti}}-{{Feminist Communities Gateways}} to the {{Far Right}}? Evidence from {{Reddit}} and {{YouTube}}},
  shorttitle = {Are {{Anti}}-{{Feminist Communities Gateways}} to the {{Far Right}}?},
  author = {Mamié, Robin and Ribeiro, Manoel Horta and West, Robert},
  date = {2021-02-25},
  eprint = {2102.12837},
  eprinttype = {arxiv},
  primaryclass = {cs},
  abstract = {Researchers have suggested that "the Manosphere," a conglomerate of men-centered online communities, may serve as a gateway to far right movements. In that context, this paper quantitatively studies the migratory patterns between a variety of groups within the Manosphere and the Alt-right, a loosely connected far right movement that has been particularly active in mainstream social networks. Our analysis leverages over 300 million comments spread through Reddit (in 115 subreddits) and YouTube (in 526 channels) to investigate whether the audiences of channels and subreddits associated with these communities have converged between 2006 and 2018. In addition to subreddits related to the communities of interest, we also collect data on counterparts: other groups of users which we use for comparison (e.g., for YouTube we use a set of media channels). Besides measuring the similarity in the commenting user bases of these communities, we perform a migration study, calculating to which extent users in the Manosphere gradually engage with Alt-right content. Our results suggest that there is a large overlap between the user bases of the Alt-right and of the Manosphere and that members of the Manosphere have a bigger chance to engage with far right content than carefully chosen counterparts. However, our analysis also shows that migration and user base overlap varies substantially across different platforms and within the Manosphere. Members of some communities (e.g., Men's Rights Activists) gradually engage with the Alt-right significantly more than counterparts on both Reddit and YouTube, whereas for other communities, this engagement happens mostly on Reddit (e.g., Pick Up Artists). Overall, our work paints a nuanced picture of the pipeline between the Manosphere and the Alt-right, which may inform platforms' policies and moderation decisions regarding these communities.},
  archiveprefix = {arXiv},
  keywords = {Computer Science - Computers and Society},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/33R8MJF4/Mamié et al. - 2021 - Are Anti-Feminist Communities Gateways to the Far Right.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/N8VBLTAY/2102.html}
}

@book{manning_introduction_2018,
  title = {Introduction to Information Retrieval},
  author = {Manning, Christopher D and Raghavan, Prabhakar and Schütze, Hinrich and {Cambridge University Press}},
  date = {2018},
  publisher = {{Cambridge University Press}},
  location = {{Cambridge}},
  isbn = {978-0-521-86571-5},
  langid = {english},
  annotation = {OCLC: 1077323048}
}

@book{margetts_political_2015,
  title = {Political Turbulence: How Social Media Shape Collective Action},
  shorttitle = {Political {{Turbulence}}},
  author = {Margetts, Helen and John, Peter and Hale, Scott and Yasseri, Taha},
  date = {2015-11-24},
  publisher = {{Princeton University Press}},
  location = {{Princeton, NJ}},
  abstract = {As people spend increasing proportions of their daily lives using social media, such as Twitter and Facebook, they are being invited to support myriad political causes by sharing, liking, endorsing, or downloading. Chain reactions caused by these tiny acts of participation form a growing part of collective action today, from neighborhood campaigns to global political movements. Political Turbulence reveals that, in fact, most attempts at collective action online do not succeed, but some give rise to huge mobilizations--even revolutions.  Drawing on large-scale data generated from the Internet and real-world events, this book shows how mobilizations that succeed are unpredictable, unstable, and often unsustainable. To better understand this unruly new force in the political world, the authors use experiments that test how social media influence citizens deciding whether or not to participate. They show how different personality types react to social influences and identify which types of people are willing to participate at an early stage in a mobilization when there are few supporters or signals of viability. The authors argue that pluralism is the model of democracy that is emerging in the social media age--not the ordered, organized vision of early pluralists, but a chaotic, turbulent form of politics.  This book demonstrates how data science and experimentation with social data can provide a methodological toolkit for understanding, shaping, and perhaps even predicting the outcomes of this democratic turbulence.},
  isbn = {978-0-691-15922-5},
  langid = {english},
  pagetotal = {304},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/EF6XBIQ7/Margetts et al. - 2015 - Political Turbulence How Social Media Shape Colle.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/JEHM4KWG/Political Turbulence_ How Social Media Sha - Helen Margetts.azw3}
}

@article{margolin_normative_2012,
  title = {Normative {{Influences}} on {{Network Structure}} in the {{Evolution}} of the {{Children}}’s {{Rights NGO Network}}, 1977-2004:},
  shorttitle = {Normative {{Influences}} on {{Network Structure}} in the {{Evolution}} of the {{Children}}’s {{Rights NGO Network}}, 1977-2004},
  author = {Margolin, Drew B. and Shen, Cuihua and Lee, Seungyoon and Weber, Matthew S. and Fulk, Janet and Monge, Peter},
  date = {2012-10-23},
  journaltitle = {Communication Research},
  abstract = {This study examines the impact of legitimacy on the dynamics of interorganizational networks within the nongovernmental organizations’ children’s rights communi...},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {codification,community ecology,evolution,network evolution,NGOs,norms,SIENA},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/295X7HRD/Margolin et al_2012_Normative Influences on Network Structure in the Evolution of the Children’s.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/T494X64A/0093650212463731.html}
}

@book{marwell_critical_1993,
  title = {The Critical Mass in Collective Action: A Micro-Social Theory},
  shorttitle = {The Critical Mass in Collective Action},
  author = {Marwell, Gerald and Oliver, Pamela},
  date = {1993},
  publisher = {{Cambridge University Press}},
  location = {{Cambridge, UK}},
  isbn = {978-0-521-30839-7},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/Q8MVNRHA/Marwell and Oliver - 1993 - The critical mass in collective action A micro-so.pdf}
}

@article{marwick_i_2011,
  ids = {marwick_i_2011-1},
  title = {I Tweet Honestly, {{I}} Tweet Passionately: Twitter Users, Context Collapse, and the Imagined Audience},
  shorttitle = {I Tweet Honestly, {{I}} Tweet Passionately},
  author = {Marwick, A. E. and {boyd}, danah},
  date = {2011-02-01},
  journaltitle = {New Media \& Society},
  shortjournal = {New Media \& Society},
  volume = {13},
  number = {1},
  pages = {114--133},
  issn = {1461-4448},
  abstract = {Social media technologies collapse multiple audiences into single contexts, making it difficult for people to use the same techniques online that they do to handle multiplicity in face-to-face conversation. This article investigates how content producers navigate ‘imagined audiences’ on Twitter. We talked with participants who have different types of followings to understand their techniques, including targeting different audiences, concealing subjects, and maintaining authenticity. Some techniques of audience management resemble the practices of ‘micro-celebrity’ and personal branding, both strategic self-commodification. Our model of the networked audience assumes a many-to-many communication through which individuals conceptualize an imagined audience evoked through their tweets.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {imagined audiences,qualitative,SNS},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/GHXUFS86/Marwick and boyd - 2011 - I tweet honestly, I tweet passionately Twitter us.pdf}
}

@article{massanari_gamergate_2017,
  title = {\#{{Gamergate}} and {{The Fappening}}: How {{Reddit}}’s Algorithm, Governance, and Culture Support Toxic Technocultures},
  shorttitle = {\#{{Gamergate}} and {{The Fappening}}},
  author = {Massanari, Adrienne},
  date = {2017-03-01},
  journaltitle = {New Media \& Society},
  shortjournal = {New Media \& Society},
  volume = {19},
  number = {3},
  pages = {329--346},
  issn = {1461-4448},
  abstract = {This article considers how the social-news and community site Reddit.com has become a hub for anti-feminist activism. Examining two recent cases of what are defined as “toxic technocultures” (\#Gamergate and The Fappening), this work describes how Reddit’s design, algorithm, and platform politics implicitly support these kinds of cultures. In particular, this piece focuses on the ways in which Reddit’s karma point system, aggregation of material across subreddits, ease of subreddit and user account creation, governance structure, and policies around offensive content serve to provide fertile ground for anti-feminist and misogynistic activism. The ways in which these events and communities reflect certain problematic aspects of geek masculinity are also considered. This research is informed by the results of a long-term participant-observation and ethnographic study into Reddit’s culture and community and is grounded in actor-network theory.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Algorithms,design,Gamergate,gender,online communities,online harassment,platform politics,Reddit,The Fappening,toxic technocultures},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/D5W5JKQU/Massanari - 2017 - #Gamergate and The Fappening How Reddit’s algorit.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/NGCFX9JB/Massanari - 2017 - #Gamergate and The Fappening How Reddit’s algorit.pdf}
}

@book{matei_structural_2017,
  title = {Structural Differentiation in Social Media: Adhocracy, Entropy, and the "1 \% Effect"},
  shorttitle = {Structural Differentiation in Social Media},
  author = {Matei, Sorin A and Britt, Brian C},
  date = {2017},
  series = {Lecture {{Notes}} in {{Social Networks}}},
  publisher = {{Springer}},
  abstract = {This book explores community dynamics within social media. Using Wikipedia as an example, the volume explores communities that rely upon commons-based peer production. Fundamental theoretical principles spanning such domains as organizational configurations, leadership roles, and social evolutionary theory are developed. In the context of Wikipedia, these theories explain how a functional elite of highly productive editors has emerged and why they are responsible for a majority of the content. It explains how the elite shapes the project and how this group tends to become stable and increasingly influential over time. Wikipedia has developed a new and resilient social hierarchy, an adhocracy, which combines features of traditional and new, online, social organizations. The book presents a set of practical approaches for using these theories in real-world practice. This work fundamentally changes the way we think about social media leadership and evolution, emphasizing the crucial contributions of leadership, of elite social roles, and of group global structure to the overall success and stability of large social media projects. Written in an accessible and direct style, the book will be of interest to academics as well as professionals with an interest in social media and commons-based peer production processes.},
  isbn = {978-3-319-64425-7},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{matias_civic_2019,
  title = {The Civic Labor of Volunteer Moderators Online},
  author = {Matias, J. Nathan},
  date = {2019-04},
  journaltitle = {Social Media + Society},
  volume = {5},
  number = {2},
  pages = {1--12},
  issn = {2056-3051, 2056-3051},
  abstract = {Volunteer moderators create, support, and control public discourse for millions of people online, even as moderators’ uncompensated labor upholds platform funding models. What is the meaning of this work and who is it for? In this article, I examine the meanings of volunteer moderation on the social news platform reddit. Scholarship on volunteer moderation has viewed this work separately as digital labor for platforms, civic participation in communities, or oligarchy among other moderators. In mixed-methods research sampled from over 52,000 subreddit communities and in over a dozen interviews, I show how moderators adopt all of these frames as they develop and re-develop everyday meanings of moderation—facing the platform, their communities, and other moderators alike. I also show how this civic notion of digital labor brings clarity to a strike by moderators in July 2015. Volunteer governance remains a common approach to managing social relations, conflict, and civil liberties online. Our ability to see how communities negotiate the meaning of moderation will shape our capacity to address digital governance as a society.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/Q8BACUUZ/Matias - 2019 - The Civic Labor of Volunteer Moderators Online.pdf}
}

@inproceedings{matias_civilservant:_2018,
  ids = {matias_civilservant_2018},
  title = {Civilservant: Community-Led Experiments in Platform Governance},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2018 {{CHI Conference}} on {{Human Factors}} in {{Computing Systems}}},
  author = {Matias, J. Nathan and Mou, Merry},
  date = {2018},
  series = {{{CHI}} '18},
  pages = {9:1--9:13},
  publisher = {{ACM}},
  location = {{New York, NY, USA}},
  abstract = {As online platforms monitor and intervene in the daily lives of billions of people, platforms are being used to govern enduring social problems. Field experiments could inform wise uses of this power if tensions between democratic values and experimentation could be resolved. In this paper, we introduce CivilServant, a novel experimentation infrastructure that online communities and their moderators use to evaluate policies and replicate each others' findings. We situate CivilServant in the political history of policy experiments and present design considerations for community participation, ethics, and replication. Based on two case studies of community-led experiments and public debriefings on the reddit platform, we share findings on community deliberation about experiment results. We also report on uses of evidence, finding that experiments informed moderator practices, community policies, and replications by communities and platforms. We discuss the implications of these findings for evaluating platform governance in an open, democratic, experimenting society.},
  eventtitle = {{{CHI}}},
  isbn = {978-1-4503-5620-6},
  keywords = {action research,ethics,field experiments,governance,moderation,platforms,policy evaluation,randomized trials},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/LT2I993T/Matias and Mou - 2018 - CivilServant Community-Led Experiments in Platfor.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/RCF9QH3M/Matias and Mou - 2018 - CivilServant Community-Led Experiments in Platfor.pdf}
}

@inproceedings{matias_going_2016,
  title = {Going Dark: Social Factors in Collective Action against Platform Operators in the {{Reddit}} Blackout},
  shorttitle = {Going {{Dark}}},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2016 {{CHI Conference}} on {{Human Factors}} in {{Computing Systems}} ({{CHI}} '16)},
  author = {Matias, J. Nathan},
  date = {2016},
  pages = {1138--1151},
  publisher = {{ACM}},
  location = {{New York, NY}},
  abstract = {This paper describes how people who lead communities on online platforms join together in mass collective action to influence platform operators. I investigate this by analyzing a protest against the social news platform reddit by moderators of 2,278 subreddit communities in July 2015. These moderators collectively disabled their subreddits, preventing millions of readers from accessing major parts of reddit and convincing the company to negotiate over their demands. This paper offers a descriptive analysis of the protest, combining qualitative content analysis, interviews, and quantitative analysis with the population of 52,735 active subreddits. Through participatory hypotheses testing with moderators, this study reveals social factors including the grievances of moderators, relations with platform operators, relations among moderators, subreddit resources, subreddit isolation, and moderators' relations with their subreddits that can lead to participation in mass collective action against a platform.},
  isbn = {978-1-4503-3362-7},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/F5C8CDTK/Matias - 2016 - Going Dark Social Factors in Collective Action Ag.pdf}
}

@article{may_notes_1975,
  title = {Some {{Notes}} on {{Estimating}} the {{Competition Matrix}}, a},
  author = {May, Robert M.},
  date = {1975},
  journaltitle = {Ecology},
  volume = {56},
  number = {3},
  pages = {737--741},
  issn = {1939-9170},
  abstract = {Recent theoretical and field work on communities of interacting species has employed various forms for estimating the competition matrix elements, αij, from utilization coefficients pia (which measure the relative utilization of the path resource category by the ith species). Some little—known properties of these forms are discussed. When more than one resource dimension is involved, there is in general no substitute for measuring the species' full multidimensional utilization functions; a critical discussion is given of the estimation of such multidimensional competition coefficient αij by products of one—dimensional coefficients.},
  langid = {english},
  annotation = {\_eprint: https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.2307/1935511},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/JSUXHH75/May_1975_Some Notes on Estimating the Competition Matrix, a.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/SSTXH6T8/1935511.html}
}

@incollection{mccarthy_enduring_2001,
  title = {The Enduring Vitality of the Resource Mobilization Theory of Social Movements},
  booktitle = {Handbook of Sociological Theory},
  author = {McCarthy, John D. and Zald, Mayer N.},
  editor = {Turner, Jonathan H.},
  date = {2001},
  series = {Handbooks of {{Sociology}} and {{Social Research}}},
  pages = {533--565},
  publisher = {{Springer}},
  location = {{Boston, MA}},
  isbn = {978-0-387-36274-8},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/DVDHJ4RZ/McCarthy and Zald - 2001 - The Enduring Vitality of the Resource Mobilization.pdf}
}

@article{mccarthy_resource_1977,
  title = {Resource Mobilization and Social Movements: A Partial Theory},
  author = {McCarthy, John D. and Zald, Mayer N.},
  date = {1977},
  journaltitle = {The American Journal of Sociology},
  volume = {82},
  number = {6},
  eprint = {2777934},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {1212--1241},
  issn = {00029602},
  abstract = {Past analysis of social movements and social movement organizations has normally assumed a close link between the frustrations or grievances of a collectivity of actors and the growth and decline of movement activity. Questioning the theoretical centrality of this assumption directs social movement analysis away from its heavy emphasis upon the social psychology of social movement participants; it can then be more easily integrated with structural theories of social process. This essay presents a set of concepts and related propositions drawn from a resource mobilization perspective. It emphasizes the variety and sources of resources; the relationship of social movements to the media, authorities, and other parties; and the interaction among movement organizations. Propositions are developed to explain social movement activity at several levels of inclusiveness-the social movement sector, the social movement industry, and social movement organization.},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/3DVTMQPJ/McCarthy and Zald - 1977 - Resource Mobilization and Social Movements A Part.pdf}
}

@article{mcinnes_hdbscan_2017,
  title = {Hdbscan: Hierarchical Density Based Clustering},
  shorttitle = {Hdbscan},
  author = {McInnes, Leland and Healy, John and Astels, Steve},
  date = {2017-03-21},
  journaltitle = {The Journal of Open Source Software},
  shortjournal = {JOSS},
  volume = {2},
  number = {11},
  pages = {205},
  issn = {2475-9066},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/6B488I3N/McInnes et al. - 2017 - hdbscan Hierarchical density based clustering.pdf}
}

@incollection{mcleod_concept_2005,
  title = {Concept {{Explication}} and {{Theory Construction}}},
  booktitle = {{{THe Evolution}} of {{Key Mass Communication Concepts}}},
  author = {McLeod, Jack M. and Pan, Zhongdang},
  date = {2005},
  pages = {13--76},
  publisher = {{Hampton Press}},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/WWECBN7V/112a56c287fc2ce37a26cf2c09d4a5ce71bacca2a1d0825652884b0242b07e92.pdf}
}

@inproceedings{mcmahon_substantial_2017,
  title = {The Substantial Interdependence of {{Wikipedia}} and {{Google}}: A Case Study on the Relationship between Peer Production Communities and Information Technologies},
  shorttitle = {The {{Substantial Interdependence}} of {{Wikipedia}} and {{Google}}},
  booktitle = {International {{AAAI Conference}} on {{Web}} and {{Social Media}} ({{ICWSM}} 2017)},
  author = {McMahon, Connor and Johnson, Isaac L. and Hecht, Brent J.},
  date = {2017},
  pages = {142--151},
  publisher = {{AAAI}},
  location = {{Palo Alto, California}},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/6TX35RFQ/McMahon et al. - 2017 - The substantial interdependence of Wikipedia and G.pdf}
}

@article{mcmillan_sense_1986,
  title = {Sense of Community: A Definition and Theory},
  shorttitle = {Sense of Community},
  author = {McMillan, David W. and Chavis, David M.},
  date = {1986},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Community Psychology},
  volume = {14},
  number = {1},
  pages = {6--23},
  publisher = {{John Wiley \& Sons}},
  location = {{US}},
  issn = {1520-6629(Electronic),0090-4392(Print)},
  abstract = {Proposes that a sense of community is a feeling that members have of belonging, a feeling that members matter to one another and to the group, and a shared faith that members' needs will be met through commitment to be together. The authors apply the term community equally to territorial communities (e.g., neighborhoods) and to relational communities (e.g., professional, spiritual). The proposed definition of a sense of community has 4 elements: membership, influence, integration and fulfillment of needs, and shared emotional connection. Subelements of these elements of a sense of community and how they work dynamically together to create and maintain it are described. Hypothetical examples from a university, neighborhood, youth gang, and kibbutz are presented to illustrate the interworkings of the elements of a sense of community. It is suggested that this understanding of sense of community has implications for community treatment programs for the mentally retarded and mentally ill. Where "community" means more than residency outside of an institution, strategies can be introduced to allow the therapeutic benefits of community to be developed within group homes and to provide for better integration with communities surrounding such facilities. (90 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)},
  keywords = {Communities,Community Psychology,Group Dynamics,Sense of Community,Theories},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/D5ECP4GI/1987-03834-001.html}
}

@article{mcphee_mathematical_1981,
  title = {Mathematical {{Modeling}} in {{Communication Research}}: An {{Overview}}},
  shorttitle = {Mathematical {{Modeling}} in {{Communication Research}}},
  author = {McPhee, Robert D. and Poole, Marshall Scott},
  date = {1981-12-01},
  journaltitle = {Annals of the International Communication Association},
  volume = {5},
  number = {1},
  pages = {159--191},
  issn = {2380-8985},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/FH4ZJJ98/McPhee and Poole - 1981 - Mathematical Modeling in Communication Research A.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/DFLKR5FZ/23808985.1981.html}
}

@article{mcpherson_birds_2001,
  title = {Birds of a {{Feather}}: Homophily in {{Social Networks}}},
  shorttitle = {Birds of a {{Feather}}},
  author = {McPherson, Miller and Smith-Lovin, Lynn and Cook, James M},
  date = {2001-08-01},
  journaltitle = {Annual Review of Sociology},
  shortjournal = {Annu. Rev. Sociol.},
  volume = {27},
  number = {1},
  pages = {415--444},
  publisher = {{Annual Reviews}},
  issn = {0360-0572},
  abstract = {Similarity breeds connection. This principle—the homophily principle—structures network ties of every type, including marriage, friendship, work, advice, support, information transfer, exchange, comembership, and other types of relationship. The result is that people's personal networks are homogeneous with regard to many sociodemographic, behavioral, and intrapersonal characteristics. Homophily limits people's social worlds in a way that has powerful implications for the information they receive, the attitudes they form, and the interactions they experience. Homophily in race and ethnicity creates the strongest divides in our personal environments, with age, religion, education, occupation, and gender following in roughly that order. Geographic propinquity, families, organizations, and isomorphic positions in social systems all create contexts in which homophilous relations form. Ties between nonsimilar individuals also dissolve at a higher rate, which sets the stage for the formation of niches (localized positions) within social space. We argue for more research on: (a) the basic ecological processes that link organizations, associations, cultural communities, social movements, and many other social forms; (b) the impact of multiplex ties on the patterns of homophily; and (c) the dynamics of network change over time through which networks and other social entities co-evolve.},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/DWSDWJ8E/McPherson et al. - 2001 - Birds of a Feather Homophily in Social Networks.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/GFG4ZCE8/annurev.soc.27.1.html}
}

@article{mcpherson_ecology_1983,
  title = {An Ecology of Affiliation},
  author = {McPherson, J. Miller},
  date = {1983},
  journaltitle = {American Sociological Review},
  shortjournal = {American Sociological Review},
  volume = {48},
  number = {4},
  eprint = {2117719},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {519--532},
  issn = {0003-1224},
  abstract = {This paper develops an ecological model of the competition of social organizations for members. The concept of the ecological niche is quantified explicitly in a way which ties together geography, time, and the social composition of organizations. A differential equation model analogous to the Lotka-Volterra competition equations in biology captures the dynamics of the system. This dynamic model is related to the niche concept in a novel way, which produces an easily understood and powerful picture of the static and dynamic structure of the community. This new perspective provides a theoretical link between the aggregate macrostructural theory of Blau (1977a,b) and the microstructural dynamics of organizational demography (Pfeffer, 1983). The model is tested with data on organizations from a midwestern city.},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/WIDCF8XB/McPherson - 1983 - An ecology of affiliation.pdf}
}

@article{mcpherson_evolution_1991,
  title = {Evolution on a {{Dancing Landscape}}: Organizations and {{Networks}} in {{Dynamic Blau Space}}},
  shorttitle = {Evolution on a {{Dancing Landscape}}},
  author = {McPherson, J. Miller and Ranger-Moore, James R.},
  date = {1991-09},
  journaltitle = {Social Forces},
  shortjournal = {Social Forces},
  volume = {70},
  number = {1},
  pages = {19--43},
  issn = {00377732},
  abstract = {This article develops and tests an evolutionary model of the growth, decline, and demographic dynamics of voluntary organizations. The model demonstrates a strong analogy between the adaptive landscape of Sewall Wright (1931) and the exploitation surfaces generated by a model of member selection and retention for voluntary associations. The article connects the processes of membership recruitment and loss to the social networks connecting individuals. The model generates dynamic hypotheses about the time path of organizations in sociodemographic dimensions. A key idea in this model is that membership selection processes at the individual level produce adaptation in communities of organizations. The article concludes with an empirical example and some discussion of the implications of the model for a variety of research literatures.},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/HVQWNZE6/McPherson and Ranger-Moore - 1991 - Evolution on a Dancing Landscape Organizations an.pdf}
}

@article{mcpherson_social_1992-1,
  title = {Social {{Networks}} and {{Organizational Dynamics}}},
  author = {McPherson, J. Miller and Popielarz, Pamela A. and Drobnic, Sonja},
  date = {1992},
  journaltitle = {American Sociological Review},
  volume = {57},
  number = {2},
  eprint = {2096202},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {153--170},
  issn = {0003-1224},
  abstract = {[In this paper we develop and test a theory of the dynamic behavior of voluntary groups. The theory combines an image of social network structure with the concept of natural selection to model changes in group composition over time. We consider the group to be a population of members subject to natural selection in sociodemographic space. According to the theory, the probability that members will enter or leave the group depends upon the number and strength of social network ties that connect group members to each other and to nonmembers. We analyze an event history dataset constructed from interviews using the Life History Calendar method and information on ego-centered social networks developed from the General Social Survey Network Module. We test the hypothesis that network connections inside a group are associated with reduced membership turnover, while connections outside the group increase turnover. We find that weak ties and network connections that span greater distances in sociodemographic space are positively correlated with leaving current groups and joining new ones. We conclude that weak ties are a major source of change in group composition.]},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/3LJGYFDX/McPherson et al. - 1992 - Social Networks and Organizational Dynamics.pdf}
}

@article{mcpherson_testing_1996,
  title = {Testing a {{Dynamic Model}} of {{Social Composition}}: Diversity and {{Change}} in {{Voluntary Groups}}},
  shorttitle = {Testing a {{Dynamic Model}} of {{Social Composition}}},
  author = {McPherson, J. Miller and Rotolo, Thomas},
  date = {1996},
  journaltitle = {American Sociological Review},
  volume = {61},
  number = {2},
  eprint = {2096330},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {179--202},
  issn = {0003-1224},
  abstract = {[We test a dynamic model of the social composition of voluntary groups. The model is based on the idea that sociodemographic variables define social niches in which voluntary groups grow and decline, share and compete, and change or remain static. The flow of individuals through such groups depends on the competition of other groups for their time and other resources. We build a dynamic model of this process and show how this model can account for changes in the social composition and the social heterogeneity of voluntary groups. We use life history data on the group affiliations of 1,050 individuals from 1974 to 1989 to test hypotheses about the diversity of education among group members and about the mean level of education of the members. Our data strongly support the hypotheses.]},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/KCQZTDG3/McPherson and Rotolo - 1996 - Testing a Dynamic Model of Social Composition Div.pdf}
}

@article{menge_competition_1972,
  title = {Competition for {{Food}} between {{Two Intertidal Starfish Species}} and Its {{Effect}} on {{Body Size}} and {{Feeding}}},
  author = {Menge, Bruce A.},
  date = {1972-07-01},
  journaltitle = {Ecology},
  volume = {53},
  number = {4},
  pages = {635--644},
  issn = {1939-9170},
  abstract = {Two predaceous intertidal starfish that overlap broadly with respect to food, space, and time were found to compete for a limited food supply in the San Juan Islands, Washington State. The experiment involved complete removal of a larger (up to 600 g average wet weight) starfish (Pisaster ochraceus) from a small island—reef and addition of them to a second island—reef while a third reef served as a control. In response to Pisaster removal, the mean individual wet weight of the smaller (maximum size = 45 g wet weight) asteroid (Leptasterias hexactis) increased significantly in 15 months. Addition of Pisaster resulted in a significant decrease in Leptasterias size; no change in average Leptasterias size was observed on the control reef. A highly significant inverse correlation between the estimated biomass densities (wet weight/m2) of the two species at 10 areas suggests that competition is widespread and that the species are generally in competitive equilibrium. A major consequence of the small size of Leptasterias is an apparent inability to capture larger prey. Coexistence seems based upon "specialization" by each predator on different—sized prey. Evidently, reduced competition stress results in an increase in Leptsterias's community role as a predator. Conversely, when competition is severe, the community role of Leptasterias appears unimportant.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/45XBILMY/Menge_1972_Competition for Food between Two Intertidal Starfish Species and its Effect on.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/KGMIJVUZ/Menge - 1972 - Competition for Food between Two Intertidal Starfi.html}
}

@inproceedings{menking_people_2019,
  ids = {menking_people_2019-1},
  title = {People Who Can Take It: How Women {{Wikipedians}} Negotiate and Navigate Safety},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2019 {{CHI Conference}} on {{Human Factors}} in {{Computing Systems}}},
  author = {Menking, Amanda and Erickson, Ingrid and Pratt, Wanda},
  date = {2019-05},
  series = {{{CHI}} '19},
  pages = {472:1--472:14},
  publisher = {{Association for Computing Machinery}},
  location = {{Glasgow, Scotland, UK}},
  abstract = {Wikipedia is one of the most successful online communities in history, yet it struggles to attract and retain women editors-a phenomenon known as the gender gap. We investigate this gap by focusing on the voices of experienced women Wikipedians. In this interview-based study (N=25), we identify a core theme among these voices: safety. We reveal how our participants perceive safety within their community, how they manage their safety both conceptually and physically, and how they act on this understanding to create safe spaces on and off Wikipedia. Our analysis shows Wikipedia functions as both a multidimensional and porous space encompassing a spectrum of safety. Navigating this space requires these women to employ sophisticated tactics related to identity management, boundary management, and emotion work. We conclude with a set of provocations to spur the design of future online environments that encourage equity, inclusivity, and safety for historically marginalized users.},
  isbn = {978-1-4503-5970-2},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {gender gap,online communities,participation,safe spaces,safety,wikipedia},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/AIBWULEC/Menking et al_2019_People Who Can Take It.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/QEPWUCE5/Menking et al. - 2019 - How women Wikipedians negotiate and navigate safety.pdf}
}

@incollection{merton_sociological_1968,
  title = {On {{Sociological Theories}} of the {{Middle Range}}},
  booktitle = {Social {{Theory}} and {{Social Structure}}},
  author = {Merton, Robert},
  date = {1968},
  publisher = {{The Free Press}},
  location = {{New York, NY}},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/LR9B4LLM/02.29_merton_middle_range.pdf}
}

@article{meyer_social_1994,
  title = {Social {{Movement Spillover}}},
  author = {Meyer, David S. and Whittier, Nancy},
  date = {1994-05-01},
  journaltitle = {Social Problems},
  volume = {41},
  number = {2},
  eprint = {3096934},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {277--298},
  issn = {0037-7791},
  abstract = {Social movements are not distinct and self-contained; rather, they grow from and give birth to other movements, work in coalition with other movements, and influence each other indirectly through their effects on the larger cultural and political environment. Building on both political process and collective identity perspectives, this paper uses a case study of the women's movement's impact on U.S. peace movement activity in the 1980s to develop a theory of movement-movement influence. We argue that this influence is shown by: 1) the adoption of feminist ideological frames by the peace movement; 2) the spread of the women's movement's tactical innovations into peace protest; 3) increased presence of women in leadership positions in both the institutionally-oriented and direct action wings of the movement; and 4) the adoption of organizational structures that built on feminist processes designed to avoid hierarchy. Drawing data from both movements at local and national levels, we suggest four mechanisms of transmission between the movements: 1) organizational coalitions; 2) overlapping social movement communities; 3) shared personnel; and 4) broader changes in the external environment. Social movement spillover effects have implications for our understanding of both the continuity and impact of social protest movements.},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/DDRPFW8T/Meyer and Whittier - 1994 - Social Movement Spillover.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/G3JTXS4I/41SocProbs277.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/FMZ84WB9/Page.html}
}

@article{minkoff_interorganizational_1995,
  title = {Interorganizational Influences on the Founding of African American Organizations, 1955–1985},
  author = {Minkoff, Debra C.},
  date = {1995-03-01},
  journaltitle = {Sociological Forum},
  shortjournal = {Sociol Forum},
  volume = {10},
  number = {1},
  pages = {51--79},
  issn = {1573-7861},
  abstract = {This paper examines the relationship between traditions of social action and patterns of organizational development, using data on the formation of national African American protest, advocacy, and service organizations between 1955 and 1985. Following research in organizational ecology, Poisson regression is used to examine the association between organizational density and organizational formation across strategic forms. The results provide some support for the idea that interorganizational influences are important in shaping the contours of the African American social movement industry. Outside funding, internal organizational capacities and protest levels also play a significant role.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/BFLEJ2X4/Minkoff_1995_Interorganizational influences on the founding of african american.pdf}
}

@article{minkoff_sequencing_1997,
  title = {The Sequencing of Social Movements},
  author = {Minkoff, Debra C.},
  date = {1997-10-01},
  journaltitle = {American Sociological Review},
  volume = {62},
  number = {5},
  eprint = {2657360},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {779--799},
  issn = {00031224},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/5NIVST68/Minkoff-ASR-1997.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/XFTWFNT7/Minkoff - 1997 - The Sequencing of Social Movements.pdf}
}

@article{mittell_sites_2009,
  title = {Sites of Participation: Wiki Fandom and the Case of {{Lostpedia}}},
  shorttitle = {Sites of Participation},
  author = {Mittell, Jason},
  date = {2009-07-09},
  journaltitle = {Transformative Works and Cultures},
  shortjournal = {TWC},
  volume = {3},
  issn = {1941-2258},
  abstract = {This essay explores the award-winning fan site Lostpedia to examine how the wiki platform enables fan engagement, structures participation, and distinguishes between various forms of content, including canon, fanon, and parody. I write as a participant-observer, with extensive experience as a Lostpedia reader and editor. The article uses the "digital breadcrumbs" of wikis to trace the history of fan creativity, participation, game play, and debates within a shared site of community fan engagement. Using the Lostpedia site as a case study of fan praxis, the article highlights how issues like competing fandoms, copyright, and modes of discourse become manifest via the user-generated content of a fan wiki.}
}

@article{monge_communication_2008,
  title = {Communication Network Evolution in Organizational Communities},
  author = {Monge, Peter R. and Heiss, Bettina M. and Margolin, Drew B.},
  date = {2008-11-01},
  journaltitle = {Communication Theory},
  volume = {18},
  number = {4},
  pages = {449--477},
  issn = {1468-2885},
  abstract = {Organizational communities are typically defined as populations of organizations that are tied together by networks of communication and other relations in overlapping resource niches. Traditionally, evolutionary theorists and researchers have examined organizational populations that comprise organizational communities by focusing on their properties rather than on the networks that link them. However, a full understanding of the evolution of organizational communities requires insight into both organizations and their networks. Consequently, this article presents a variety of conceptual tools for applying evolutionary theory to organizations, organizational communities, and their networks, including the notions of relational carrying capacity and linkage fitness. It illustrates evolutionary principles, such as variation, selection, and retention, that lead to the formation, growth, maintenance, and eventual demise of communication and other network linkages. This perspective allows us to understand the ways in which community survival and success are as dependent on their communication linkages as they are on the organizations they connect. The article concludes with suggestions for potential applications of evolutionary theory to other areas of human communication.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/EX9I2ZQ7/Monge et al. - 2008 - Communication network evolution in organizational .pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/CGNEW4L6/abstract.html}
}

@article{monge_evolution_2008,
  ids = {monge_evolution_2008-1},
  title = {The Evolution of Organizational Communication},
  author = {Monge, Peter and Poole, Marshall Scott},
  date = {2008-12-01},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Communication},
  shortjournal = {J Commun},
  volume = {58},
  number = {4},
  pages = {679--692},
  issn = {0021-9916},
  abstract = {Organizational communication, by its very definition, constitutes an intersection, one that exists between the study of human communication and the study of hum},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/AXJW4Y2U/Monge Poole - 2008 - The Evolution of Organizational Communication.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/CIRHK5AY/Monge and Poole - 2008 - The evolution of organizational communication.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/6S8MJ277/4098380.html;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/ZSAC9PZZ/abstract.html}
}

@article{monge_evolutionary_2011,
  title = {Evolutionary and Ecological Models for Organizational Communication},
  author = {Monge, Peter R. and Lee, Seungyoon and Fulk, Janet and Frank, Lauren B. and Margolin, Drew and Schultz, Courtney and Shen, Cuihua and Weber, Matthew},
  date = {2011},
  journaltitle = {Advancing research in organizational communication through qualitative methodology, Management Communication Quarterly},
  volume = {25},
  number = {1},
  pages = {26--34}
}

@article{monge_research_2011,
  title = {Research {{Methods}} for {{Studying Evolutionary}} and {{Ecological Processes}} in {{Organizational Communication}}:},
  shorttitle = {Research {{Methods}} for {{Studying Evolutionary}} and {{Ecological Processes}} in {{Organizational Communication}}},
  author = {Monge, Peter and Lee, Seungyoon and Fulk, Janet and Weber, Matthew and Shen, Cuihua and Schultz, Courtney and Margolin, Drew and Gould, Jessica and Frank, Lauren B.},
  date = {2011-04-17},
  journaltitle = {Management Communication Quarterly},
  shortjournal = {Management Communication Quarterly},
  volume = {25},
  number = {2},
  pages = {211--251},
  issn = {0893-3189},
  abstract = {In a previous MCQ article, Monge et al. overviewed the fundamental concepts and processes of evolutionary theory and their applications to key issues in organiz...},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {and predator-prey models,ecology,event history analysis,evolutionary theory,network analysis,NKC models,organizational communication,research methods,sequence analysis,simulation},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/UNUF6JS5/Monge et al_2011_Research Methods for Studying Evolutionary and Ecological Processes in.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/VHEYY3I3/Monge et al. - 2011 - Research Methods for Studying Evolutionary and Eco.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/WMGZJHPR/0893318911399447.html}
}

@inproceedings{morris_comparison_2010,
  title = {A {{Comparison}} of {{Information Seeking Using Search Engines}} and {{Social Networks}}},
  booktitle = {Fourth {{International AAAI Conference}} on {{Weblogs}} and {{Social Media}}},
  author = {Morris, Meredith Ringel and Teevan, Jaime and Panovich, Katrina},
  date = {2010-05-16},
  abstract = {The Web has become an important information repository; often it is the first source a person turns to with an informa-tion need. One common way to search the Web is with a search engine. However, it is not always easy for people to find what they are looking for with keyword search, and at times the desired information may not be readily available online. An alternative, facilitated by the rise of social media, is to pose a question to one‟s online social network. In this paper, we explore the pros and cons of using a social net-working tool to fill an information need, as compared with a search engine. We describe a study in which 12 participants searched the Web while simultaneously posing a question on the same topic to their social network, and we compare the results they found by each method.},
  eventtitle = {Fourth {{International AAAI Conference}} on {{Weblogs}} and {{Social Media}}},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/MS2N5Z3X/Morris et al_2010_A Comparison of Information Seeking Using Search Engines and Social Networks.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/D3C4PIU9/1518.html}
}

@incollection{morris_what_2010,
  title = {What Do People Ask Their Social Networks, and Why? A Survey Study of Status Message Q\&amp;a Behavior},
  shorttitle = {What Do People Ask Their Social Networks, and Why?},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the {{SIGCHI Conference}} on {{Human Factors}} in {{Computing Systems}}},
  author = {Morris, Meredith Ringel and Teevan, Jaime and Panovich, Katrina},
  date = {2010-04-10},
  pages = {1739--1748},
  publisher = {{Association for Computing Machinery}},
  location = {{New York, NY, USA}},
  abstract = {People often turn to their friends, families, and colleagues when they have questions. The recent, rapid rise of online social networking tools has made doing this on a large scale easy and efficient. In this paper we explore the phenomenon of using social network status messages to ask questions. We conducted a survey of 624 people, asking them to share the questions they have asked and answered of their online social networks. We present detailed data on the frequency of this type of question asking, the types of questions asked, and respondents' motivations for asking their social networks rather than using more traditional search tools like Web search engines. We report on the perceived speed and quality of the answers received, as well as what motivates people to respond to questions seen in their friends' status messages. We then discuss the implications of our findings for the design of next-generation search tools.},
  isbn = {978-1-60558-929-9},
  keywords = {q&a,social networks,social search,web search},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/4N6C2AYW/Morris et al_2010_What do people ask their social networks, and why.pdf}
}

@article{muhtaseb_arab_2008,
  title = {Arab {{Americans}}’ {{Motives}} for {{Using}} the {{Internet}} as a {{Functional Media Alternative}} and {{Their Perceptions}} of {{U}}.{{S}}. {{Public Opinion}}},
  author = {Muhtaseb, Ahlam and Frey, Lawrence R.},
  date = {2008-04-01},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication},
  shortjournal = {Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication},
  volume = {13},
  number = {3},
  pages = {618--657},
  issn = {1083-6101},
  abstract = {This exploratory study employed uses and gratifications theory to understand Arab Americans’ salient motives for using the internet and whether the internet served as a functional alternative to other media to satisfy Arab Americans’ information-seeking and interpersonal needs. Spiral of silence theory also was used to investigate the relationship between Arab Americans’ perceptions of U.S. public opinion and their motives for using the internet. Results from an online questionnaire survey (N = 124) indicated that information seeking was the most salient motive for using the internet and that the internet did serve as a functional alternative, with a significant percentage of the internet sources used being foreign based. There was, however, no relationship between Arab Americans’ perceptions of U.S. public opinion and their motives for using the internet. The findings are discussed with respect to the use of the internet by members of this marginalized cultural group.},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/5PD4EGRG/Muhtaseb and Frey - 2008 - Arab Americans’ Motives for Using the Internet as .pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/WKH4PJ7L/4582964.html}
}

@article{munch_frequently_2020,
  title = {Frequently Asked Questions about Nonlinear Dynamics and Empirical Dynamic Modelling},
  author = {Munch, Stephan B and Brias, Antoine and Sugihara, George and Rogers, Tanya L},
  date = {2020-07-01},
  journaltitle = {ICES Journal of Marine Science},
  shortjournal = {ICES Journal of Marine Science},
  volume = {77},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1463--1479},
  issn = {1054-3139},
  abstract = {Complex nonlinear dynamics are ubiquitous in marine ecology. Empirical dynamic modelling can be used to infer ecosystem dynamics and species interactions while making minimal assumptions. Although there is growing enthusiasm for applying these methods, the background required to understand them is not typically part of contemporary marine ecology curricula, leading to numerous questions and potential misunderstanding. In this study, we provide a brief overview of empirical dynamic modelling, followed by answers to the ten most frequently asked questions about nonlinear dynamics and nonlinear forecasting.},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/6IMNXF2N/Munch et al_2020_Frequently asked questions about nonlinear dynamics and empirical dynamic.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/IB8A25JI/5643857.html}
}

@article{nagaraj_how_2021,
  title = {How {{Competition Affects Contributions}} to {{Open Source Platforms}}: Evidence from {{OpenStreetMap}} and {{Google Maps}}},
  author = {Nagaraj, Abhishek and Piezunka, Henning},
  date = {2021},
  pages = {58},
  abstract = {Open source platforms often face competition from commercial alternatives and yet we lack an understanding of whether and how commercial competition affects contributions to open source platforms. We study how contributions to OpenStreetMap, a widely-used open source mapping platform, changed following the competitive entry of Google Maps. We exploit the phased entry of Google Maps in different countries over time to isolate the effect of competition. We find that the entry of Google Maps has a negative effect on contributions to OpenStreetMap, illustrating that commercial competition plays an important role in shaping open source contributions. We then examine if different contributors react differently to competitive entry, finding that new contributors (those who are contributing for the first time) decrease their contributions while pre-existing contributors (those who contributed before competitive entry) increase their contributions. We find that the reduction in new contributors seems to be driven by a reduction in consumption of the open source platform. The increase in contributions by pre-existing contributors seems to be associated with their attachment to the platform, which is anchored in their ideological inclination towards open source and to a lesser extent, the social interaction it offers with their fellow contributors.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/QQXAH9ZN/Nagaraj and Piezunka - How Competition Affects Contributions to Open Sour.pdf}
}

@dataset{narayan_replication_2017,
  title = {Replication Data for: The {{Wikipedia Adventure}}: Field Evaluation of an Interactive Tutorial for New Users},
  shorttitle = {Replication {{Data}} For},
  author = {Narayan, Sneha and Orlowitz, Jake and Morgan, Jonathan T. and Shaw, Aaron D. and Hill, Benjamin Mako},
  date = {2017-06-07},
  journaltitle = {Harvard Dataverse},
  abstract = {This dataset contains the data and code necessary to replicate work in the following paper:  Narayan, Sneha, Jake Orlowitz, Jonathan Morgan, Benjamin Mako Hill, and Aaron Shaw. 2017. “The Wikipedia Adventure: Field Evaluation of an Interactive Tutorial for New Users.” in Proceedings of the 20th ACM Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work \&amp; Social Computing (CSCW '17). New York, New York: ACM Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2998181.2998307 The published paper contains two studies. Study 1 is a descriptive analysis of a survey of Wikipedia editors who played a gamified tutorial. Study 2 is a field experiment that evaluated the same the tutorial. These data are the data used in the field experiment described in Study 2.  Description of Files This dataset contains the following files beyond this README:  twa.RData — An RData file that includes all variables used in Study 2. twa\_analysis.R — A GNU R script that includes all the code used to generate the tables and plots related to Study 2 in the paper.  The RData file contains one variable (d) which is an R dataframe (i.e., table) that includes the following columns:  userid (integer): The unique numerical ID representing each user on in our sample. These are 8-digit integers and describe public accounts on Wikipedia.  sample.date (date string): The day the user was recruited to the study. Dates are formatted in “YYYY-MM-DD” format. In the case of invitees, it is the date their invitation was sent. For users in the control group, these is the date that they would have been invited to the study.  edits.all (integer): The total number of edits made by the user on Wikipedia in the 180 days after they joined the study. Edits to user's user pages, user talk pages and subpages are ignored.  edits.ns0 (integer): The total number of edits made by user to article pages on Wikipedia in the 180 days after they joined the study.  edits.talk (integer): The total number of edits made by user to talk pages on Wikipedia in the 180 days after they joined the study. Edits to a user's user page, user talk page and subpages are ignored.  treat (logical): TRUE if the user was invited, FALSE if the user was in control group.  play (logical): TRUE if the user played the game. FALSE if the user did not. All users in control are listed as FALSE because any user who had not been invited to the game but played was removed.  twa.level (integer): Takes a value 0 of if the user has not played the game. Ranges from 1 to 7 for those who did, indicating the highest level they reached in the game.  quality.score (float). This is the average word persistence (over a 6 revision window) over all edits made by this userid. Our measure of word persistence (persistent word revision per word) is a measure of edit quality developed by Halfaker et al. that tracks how long words in an edit persist after subsequent revisions are made to the wiki-page. For more information on how word persistence is calculated, see the following paper:  Halfaker, Aaron, Aniket Kittur, Robert Kraut, and John Riedl. 2009. “A Jury of Your Peers: Quality, Experience and Ownership in Wikipedia.” In Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Wikis and Open Collaboration (OpenSym '09), 1–10. New York, New York: ACM Press. doi:10.1145/1641309.1641332.  Or this page: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Research:Content\_persistence     How we created twa.RData The files twa.RData combines datasets drawn from three places:  A dataset created by Wikimedia Foundation staff that tracked the details of the experiment and how far people got in the game. The variables userid, sample.date, treat, play, and twa.level were all generated in a dataset created by WMF staff when The Wikipedia Adventure was deployed. All users in the sample created their accounts within 2 days before the date they were entered into the study. None of them had received a Teahouse invitation, a Level 4 user warning, or been blocked from editing at the time that they entered the study. Additionally, all users made at least one edit after the day they were invited. Users were sorted randomly into treatment and control groups, based on which they either received or did not receive an invite to play The Wikipedia Adventure.  Edit and text persistence data drawn from public XML dumps created on May 21st, 2015. We used publicly available XML dumps to generate the outcome variables, namely edits.all, edits.ns0, edits.talk and quality.score. We first extracted all edits made by users in our sample during the six month period since they joined the study, excluding edits made to user pages or user talk pages using. We parsed the XML dumps using the Python based wikiq and MediaWikiUtilities software online at:  http://projects.mako.cc/source/?p=mediawiki\_dump\_tools https://github.com/mediawiki-utilities/python-mediawiki-utilities  We obtained the XML dumps from: https://dumps.wikimedia.org/enwiki/  A list of edits made by users in our study that were subsequently deleted, created on August 3rd, 2015. The WMF staff created a dataset that listed all the edits made by users in our study that were deleted before August 3rd, 2015. We made the decision to include these edits in our counts, so as to measure the total level of participation undertaken by each editor. If a user in our study made article or talk page edits that were subsequently deleted, we would use the deleted edit logs to identify them, and increment the variables edits.all, edits.ns0, and edits.talk as appropriate. We decided that all edits drawn from the deleted edit logs would be defined to have an edit persistence score of 0, since they were deleted from Wikipedia.   We “manually” merged these datasets together.   Contact Us For more details about the dataset, please see our paper. If you notice any bugs or issues with these data or code, please contact Sneha Narayan (snehanarayan@u.northwestern.edu) or the other authors of this paper.},
  langid = {english}
}

@inproceedings{narayan_wikipedia_2017,
  title = {The {{Wikipedia Adventure}}: Field Evaluation of an Interactive Tutorial for New Users},
  shorttitle = {The {{Wikipedia Adventure}}},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2017 {{ACM Conference}} on {{Computer Supported Cooperative Work}} and {{Social Computing}}},
  author = {Narayan, Sneha and Orlowitz, Jake and Morgan, Jonathan and Hill, Benjamin Mako and Shaw, Aaron},
  date = {2017},
  series = {{{CSCW}} '17},
  pages = {1785--1799},
  publisher = {{ACM}},
  location = {{New York, NY, USA}},
  abstract = {Integrating new users into a community with complex norms presents a challenge for peer production projects like Wikipedia. We present The Wikipedia Adventure (TWA): an interactive tutorial that offers a structured and gamified introduction to Wikipedia. In addition to describing the design of the system, we present two empirical evaluations. First, we report on a survey of users, who responded very positively to the tutorial. Second, we report results from a large-scale invitation-based field experiment that tests whether using TWA increased newcomers' subsequent contributions to Wikipedia. We find no effect of either using the tutorial or of being invited to do so over a period of 180 days. We conclude that TWA produces a positive socialization experience for those who choose to use it, but that it does not alter patterns of newcomer activity. We reflect on the implications of these mixed results for the evaluation of similar social computing systems.},
  isbn = {978-1-4503-4335-0},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/3ZFPBYSH/p1785-narayan.pdf}
}

@book{nardi_information_1999,
  title = {Information {{Ecologies}} : Using Technology with Heart},
  author = {Nardi, Bonnie A. and O'Day, Vicki L.},
  date = {1999},
  publisher = {{The MIT Press}},
  location = {{Cambridge, Massachusetts}},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/EFBVQ3YV/Nardi and O'Day - 2000 - Information ecologies using technology with heart.pdf}
}

@article{negro_category_2011-1,
  title = {Category {{Reinterpretation}} and {{Defection}}: Modernism and {{Tradition}} in {{Italian Winemaking}}},
  shorttitle = {Category {{Reinterpretation}} and {{Defection}}},
  author = {Negro, Giacomo and Hannan, Michael T. and Rao, Hayagreeva},
  date = {2011-12},
  journaltitle = {Organization Science},
  volume = {22},
  number = {6},
  pages = {1449--1463},
  issn = {1047-7039, 1526-5455},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/V8VIC48T/Negro et al. - 2011 - Category Reinterpretation and Defection Modernism.pdf}
}

@article{newell_user_nodate,
  title = {User {{Migration}} in {{Online Social Networks}}: A {{Case Study}} on {{Reddit During}} a {{Period}} of {{Community Unrest}}},
  author = {Newell, Edward and Jurgens, David and Saleem, Haji Mohammad and Vala, Hardik and Sassine, Jad and Armstrong, Caitrin and Ruths, Derek},
  pages = {10},
  abstract = {Platforms like Reddit have attracted large and vibrant communities, but the individuals in those communities are free to migrate to other platforms at any time. History has borne this out with the mass migration from Slashdot to Digg. The underlying motivations of individuals who migrate between platforms, and the conditions that favor migration online are not well-understood. We examine Reddit during a period of community unrest affecting millions of users in the summer of 2015, and analyze large-scale changes in user behavior and migration patterns to Reddit-like alternative platforms. Using self-reported statements from user comments, surveys, and a computational analysis of the activity of users with accounts on multiple platforms, we identify the primary motivations driving user migration. While a notable number of Reddit users left for other platforms, we found that an important pull factor that enabled Reddit to retain users was its long tail of niche content. Other platforms may reach critical mass to support popular or “mainstream” topics, but Reddit’s large userbase provides a key advantage in supporting niche topics.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/YM2YE9P9/Newell et al. - User Migration in Online Social Networks A Case S.pdf}
}

@article{nissenbaum_internet_2017,
  title = {Internet Memes as Contested Cultural Capital: The Case of 4chan’s /b/ Board},
  shorttitle = {Internet Memes as Contested Cultural Capital},
  author = {Nissenbaum, Asaf and Shifman, Limor},
  date = {2017-04-01},
  journaltitle = {New Media \& Society},
  shortjournal = {New Media \& Society},
  volume = {19},
  number = {4},
  pages = {483--501},
  publisher = {{SAGE Publications}},
  issn = {1461-4448},
  abstract = {This article explores the workings of memes as cultural capital in web-based communities. A grounded analysis of 4chan’s /b/ board reveals three main formulations of memes as capital, delineating them as subcultural knowledge, unstable equilibriums, and discursive weapons. While the first formulation follows well-documented notions about subcultural knowledge as a basis for boundary work, the latter two focus on the dualities intrinsic to Internet memes. The contradiction between following conventions and supplying innovative content leads to memes’ configuration as unstable equilibriums, triggering constant conflict about their “correct” use. Paradoxically, this struggle highlights collective identity, as it keeps shared culture at the center of discussion. Similarly, when memes are used as jabs at the most intense points of arguments, they function simultaneously as signifiers of superior authoritative status and as reminders of common affinity. Thus, the dualities underpinning memes’ structure lead to their performance as contested cultural capital.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {4chan,cultural capital,digital culture,Internet memes,web-based communities},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/5D4MWNNV/Nissenbaum and Shifman - 2017 - Internet memes as contested cultural capital The .pdf}
}

@online{noauthor_amy_nodate,
  title = {Amy {{X Zhang}} (@amyxzh) / {{Twitter}}},
  abstract = {@UWCSE professor 👩🏻‍🏫 PI @SocFuturesLab making social tech better! PhD @MIT\_CSAIL Prev @stanfordhci @BKCHarvard @Gates\_Cambridge, tennis 🎾 @rutgersU she/her},
  langid = {english},
  organization = {{Twitter}},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/GJ5V7BSH/amyxzh.html}
}

@online{noauthor_crowd_nodate,
  title = {Crowd {{Size}}, {{Diversity}} and {{Performance}} | {{Proceedings}} of the 33rd {{Annual ACM Conference}} on {{Human Factors}} in {{Computing Systems}}}
}

@inreference{noauthor_digg_2021,
  title = {Digg},
  booktitle = {Wikipedia},
  date = {2021-08-26T10:31:32Z},
  abstract = {Digg is an American news aggregator with a curated front page, aiming to select stories specifically for the Internet audience such as science, trending political issues, and viral Internet issues. It was launched in its current form on July 31, 2012, with support for sharing content to other social platforms such as Twitter and Facebook. It formerly had been a popular social news website, allowing people to vote web content up or down, called digging and burying, respectively. In 2012, Quantcast estimated Digg's monthly U.S. unique visits at 3.8 million. Digg's popularity prompted the creation of similar sites such as Reddit.In July 2008, the former company took part in advanced acquisition talks with Google for a reported \$200 million price tag, but the deal ultimately fell through. After a controversial 2010 redesign and the departure of co-founders Jay Adelson and Kevin Rose, in July 2012 Digg was sold in three parts: the Digg brand, website, and technology were sold to Betaworks for an estimated \$500,000; 15 staff were transferred to The Washington Post's "SocialCode" for a reported \$12 million; and a suite of patents was sold to LinkedIn for about \$4 million.Digg was purchased by BuySellAds, an advertising company, for an undisclosed amount in April 2018.},
  langid = {english},
  annotation = {Page Version ID: 1040737272},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/CBTI7R5J/index.html}
}

@book{noauthor_econometric_2008,
  title = {Econometric {{Analysis}} of {{Cross Section}} and {{Panel Data}}},
  date = {2008},
  publisher = {{MIT Press}},
  location = {{Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar}},
  isbn = {978-0-262-23258-6},
  langid = {english},
  annotation = {OCLC: 762013440}
}

@book{north_institutions_1990-1,
  title = {Institutions, {{Institutional Change}} and {{Economic Performance}}},
  author = {North, Douglass C.},
  date = {1990},
  series = {Political {{Economy}} of {{Institutions}} and {{Decisions}}},
  publisher = {{Cambridge University Press}},
  location = {{Cambridge}},
  abstract = {Continuing his groundbreaking analysis of economic structures, Douglass North develops an analytical framework for explaining the ways in which institutions and institutional change affect the performance of economies, both at a given time and over time. Institutions exist, he argues, due to the uncertainties involved in human interaction; they are the constraints devised to structure that interaction. Yet, institutions vary widely in their consequences for economic performance; some economies develop institutions that produce growth and development, while others develop institutions that produce stagnation. North first explores the nature of institutions and explains the role of transaction and production costs in their development. The second part of the book deals with institutional change. Institutions create the incentive structure in an economy, and organisations will be created to take advantage of the opportunities provided within a given institutional framework. North argues that the kinds of skills and knowledge fostered by the structure of an economy will shape the direction of change and gradually alter the institutional framework. He then explains how institutional development may lead to a path-dependent pattern of development. In the final part of the book, North explains the implications of this analysis for economic theory and economic history. He indicates how institutional analysis must be incorporated into neo-classical theory and explores the potential for the construction of a dynamic theory of long-term economic change. Douglass C. North is Director of the Center of Political Economy and Professor of Economics and History at Washington University in St. Louis. He is a past president of the Economic History Association and Western Economics Association and a Fellow, American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He has written over sixty articles for a variety of journals and is the author of The Rise of the Western World: A New Economic History (CUP, 1973, with R.P. Thomas) and Structure and Change in Economic History (Norton, 1981). Professor North is included in Great Economists Since Keynes edited by M. Blaug (CUP, 1988 paperback ed.)},
  isbn = {978-0-521-39416-1}
}

@article{novak_characterizing_2016,
  title = {Characterizing {{Species Interactions}} to {{Understand Press Perturbations}}: What {{Is}} the {{Community Matrix}}?},
  shorttitle = {Characterizing {{Species Interactions}} to {{Understand Press Perturbations}}},
  author = {Novak, Mark and Yeakel, Justin D. and Noble, Andrew E. and Doak, Daniel F. and Emmerson, Mark and Estes, James A. and Jacob, Ute and Tinker, M. Timothy and Wootton, J. Timothy},
  date = {2016},
  journaltitle = {Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics},
  volume = {47},
  number = {1},
  pages = {409--432},
  abstract = {The community matrix is among ecology's most important mathematical abstractions, formally encapsulating the interconnected network of effects that species have on one another's populations. Despite its importance, the term “community matrix” has been applied to multiple types of matrices that have differing interpretations. This has hindered the application of theory for understanding community structure and perturbation responses. Here, we clarify the correspondence and distinctions among the Interaction matrix, the Alpha matrix, and the Jacobian matrix, terms that are frequently used interchangeably as well as synonymously with the term “community matrix.” We illustrate how these matrices correspond to different ways of characterizing interaction strengths, how they permit insights regarding different types of press perturbations, and how these are related by a simple scaling relationship. Connections to additional interaction strength characterizations encapsulated by the Beta matrix, the Gamma matrix, and the Removal matrix are also discussed. Our synthesis highlights the empirical challenges that remain in using these tools to understand actual communities.},
  annotation = {\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-032416-010215},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/5JMM6PUA/Novak et al_2016_Characterizing Species Interactions to Understand Press Perturbations.pdf}
}

@inproceedings{oday_orienteering_1993,
  title = {Orienteering in an Information Landscape: How Information Seekers Get from Here to There},
  shorttitle = {Orienteering in an Information Landscape},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the {{SIGCHI}} Conference on {{Human}} Factors in Computing Systems  - {{CHI}} '93},
  author = {O'Day, Vicki L. and Jeffries, Robin},
  date = {1993},
  pages = {438--445},
  publisher = {{ACM Press}},
  location = {{Amsterdam, The Netherlands}},
  eventtitle = {The {{SIGCHI}} Conference},
  isbn = {978-0-89791-575-5},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{oliver_paradox_1988,
  title = {The {{Paradox}} of {{Group Size}} in {{Collective Action}}: A {{Theory}} of the {{Critical Mass}}. {{II}}.},
  shorttitle = {The {{Paradox}} of {{Group Size}} in {{Collective Action}}},
  author = {Oliver, Pamela E. and Marwell, Gerald},
  date = {1988},
  journaltitle = {American Sociological Review},
  shortjournal = {American Sociological Review},
  volume = {53},
  number = {1},
  eprint = {2095728},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {1--8},
  issn = {0003-1224},
  abstract = {Many sociologists incorrectly believe that larger groups are less likely to support collective action than smaller ones. The effect of group size, in fact, depends on costs. If the costs of collective goods rise with the number who share in them, larger groups act less frequently than smaller ones. If the costs vary little with group size, larger groups should exhibit more collective action than smaller ones because larger groups have more resources and are more likely to have a critical mass of highly interested and resourceful actors. The positive effects of group size increase with group heterogeneity and nonrandom social ties. Paradoxically, when groups are heterogeneous, fewer contributors may be needed to provide a good to larger groups, making collective action less complex and less expensive.},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/KDKQCV4I/Oliver and Marwell - 1988 - The Paradox of Group Size in Collective Action A .pdf}
}

@book{olson_logic_1965,
  title = {The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups},
  shorttitle = {The Logic of Collective Action},
  author = {Olson, Mancur},
  date = {1965},
  publisher = {{Harvard University Press}},
  location = {{Cambridge, MA}},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Business & Economics / Economics / General},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/6D295U4U/Olson - 1965 - The logic of collective action Public goods and t.pdf}
}

@article{olzak_ecology_2001,
  title = {The Ecology of Tactical Overlap},
  author = {Olzak, Susan and Uhrig, S. C. Noah},
  date = {2001-10},
  journaltitle = {American Sociological Review},
  volume = {66},
  number = {5},
  eprint = {3088954},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {694},
  issn = {00031224},
  keywords = {uses overlap for density},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/23WSU752/3088954.pdf}
}

@article{opp_modeling_2011-1,
  title = {Modeling {{Micro}}-{{Macro Relationships}}: Problems and {{Solutions}}},
  shorttitle = {Modeling {{Micro}}-{{Macro Relationships}}},
  author = {Opp, Karl-Dieter},
  date = {2011-01-25},
  journaltitle = {The Journal of Mathematical Sociology},
  volume = {35},
  number = {1-3},
  pages = {209--234},
  issn = {0022-250X, 1545-5874},
  abstract = {This article discusses several problems of the micro-macro model, as it is depicted in its simplest form as the Coleman scheme. There is a macroproposition, its independent variables have causal effects on independent variables of a microtheory, and the dependent variable of the micro-theory has a causal impact on the dependent variable of the macroproposition. This scheme is used to identify the basic possible problems of micro-macro modeling which are then discussed. Strengths and possible weaknesses of a wide version of the theory of rational action are analyzed. The article further provides a detailed analysis of the relationships between the micro- and macro-level.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/H4UFEE5E/Opp - 2011 - Modeling Micro-Macro Relationships Problems and S.pdf}
}

@article{oreilly_work_1989,
  title = {Work {{Group Demography}}, {{Social Integration}}, and {{Turnover}}},
  author = {O'Reilly, Charles A. and Caldwell, David F. and Barnett, William P.},
  date = {1989},
  journaltitle = {Administrative Science Quarterly},
  volume = {34},
  number = {1},
  eprint = {2392984},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {21--37},
  publisher = {{[Sage Publications, Inc., Johnson Graduate School of Management, Cornell University]}},
  issn = {0001-8392},
  abstract = {Using 20 actual work units with 79 respondents, this study explores the relationships among group demography, social integration of the group, and individual turnover. Results suggest that heterogeneity in group tenure is associated with lower levels of group social integration which, in turn, is negatively associated with individual turnover. Models of these effects using individual-level integration measures are not significant. Further, the results suggest that it is the more distant group members who are more likely to leave. Both individual-level and group-level age demography directly affect turnover and are not moderated by social integration. The findings suggest a process by which group demography affects outcomes and support the usefulness of organizational demography for understanding group and individual functioning.}
}

@inproceedings{orlikowski_learning_1992,
  title = {Learning from Notes: Organizational Issues in Groupware Implementation},
  shorttitle = {Learning from {{Notes}}},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 1992 {{ACM Conference}} on {{Computer}}-Supported {{Cooperative Work}}},
  author = {Orlikowski, Wanda J.},
  date = {1992},
  series = {{{CSCW}} '92},
  pages = {362--369},
  publisher = {{ACM}},
  location = {{New York, NY, USA}},
  abstract = {This paper explores the introduction of groupware into an organization to understand the changes in work practices and social interaction facilitated by the technology. The results suggest that people’s mental models and organizations’ structure and culture significantly influence how groupware is implemented and used. Specifically, in the absence of mental models that stressed its collaborative nature, groupwae was interpreted in terms of familiar personal, stand-alone technologies such as spreadsheets. Further, the culture and structure provided few incentives or norms for cooperating or sharing expertise, hence the groupware on its own was unlikely to engender collaboration. Recognizing the central influence of these cognitive and organizational elements is critical to developers, researchers, and practitioners of groupware.},
  isbn = {978-0-89791-542-7},
  venue = {Toronto, Ontario, Canada},
  keywords = {groupware,implementation,Lotus Notes,organizational factors,Technological Frames},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/VAHU9XE7/Orlikowski - 1992 - Learning from Notes Organizational Issues in Grou.pdf}
}

@incollection{ostrom_public_1977,
  title = {Public Goods and Public Choices},
  booktitle = {Alternatives {{For Delivering Public Services}}: Toward {{Improved Performance}}},
  author = {Ostrom, Vincent and Ostrom, Elinor},
  editor = {Savas, Emanuel S.},
  date = {1977},
  pages = {7--49},
  publisher = {{Westview Press}},
  location = {{Boulder, CO}}
}

@article{park_human_1936,
  title = {Human {{Ecology}}},
  author = {Park, Robert Ezra},
  date = {1936-07-01},
  journaltitle = {American Journal of Sociology},
  shortjournal = {American Journal of Sociology},
  volume = {42},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1--15},
  issn = {0002-9602},
  abstract = {Human ecology is an attempt to apply to the interrelations of human beings a type of analysis previously applied to the interrelations of plants and animals. The term "symbiosis" describes a type of social relationship that is biotic rather than cultural. This biotic social order comes into existence and is maintained by competition. In plant and animal societies competition is unrestricted by an institutional or moral order. Human society is a consequence and effect of this limitation of the symbiotic social order by the cultural. Different social sciences are concerned with the forms which this limitation of the natural or ecological social order assumes on (1) the economic, (2) the political, and (3) the moral level.},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/CBVGR8RU/Park - 1936 - Human Ecology.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/UKMY6VUE/217327.html}
}

@article{pedregosa_scikit-learn:_2011,
  ids = {pedregosa_scikit-learn_2011},
  title = {Scikit-Learn: Machine Learning in Python},
  shorttitle = {Scikit-Learn},
  author = {Pedregosa, Fabian and Varoquaux, Gaël and Gramfort, Alexandre and Michel, Vincent and Thirion, Bertrand and Grisel, Olivier and Blondel, Mathieu and Prettenhofer, Peter and Weiss, Ron and Dubourg, Vincent and Vanderplas, Jake and Passos, Alexandre and Cournapeau, David and Brucher, Matthieu and Perrot, Matthieu and Duchesnay, Édouard},
  date = {2011-10},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Machine Learning Research},
  volume = {12},
  number = {85},
  pages = {2825--2830},
  abstract = {Scikit-learn is a Python module integrating a wide range of state-of-the-art machine learning algorithms for medium-scale supervised and unsupervised problems. This package focuses on bringing machine learning to non-specialists using a general-purpose high-level language.  Emphasis is put on ease of use, performance, documentation, and API consistency.  It has minimal dependencies and is distributed under the simplified BSD license, encouraging its use in both academic and commercial settings.  Source code, binaries, and documentation can be downloaded from http://scikit-learn.sourceforge.net.},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/4TQWE3MC/Pedregosa et al_2011_Scikit-learn.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/6XS2PM2P/Pedregosa et al. - 2011 - Scikit-learn Machine Learning in Python.pdf}
}

@book{peters_speaking_1999,
  title = {Speaking into the Air: A History of the Idea of Communication},
  shorttitle = {Speaking into the Air},
  author = {Peters, John Durham},
  date = {1999},
  publisher = {{The University of Chicago press}},
  location = {{Chicago; London}},
  isbn = {978-0-226-66277-0},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{pfaff_var_2008,
  title = {{{VAR}}, {{SVAR}} and {{SVEC Models}}: Implementation {{Within R Package}} Vars},
  shorttitle = {{{VAR}}, {{SVAR}} and {{SVEC Models}}},
  author = {Pfaff, Bernhard},
  date = {2008-07-29},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Statistical Software},
  volume = {27},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1--32},
  issn = {1548-7660},
  issue = {1},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/RH6KYQN4/Pfaff_2008_VAR, SVAR and SVEC Models.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/TV4UBIR4/v027i04.html}
}

@article{pfeil_cultural_2006,
  ids = {pfeil_cultural_2006-1},
  title = {Cultural Differences in Collaborative Authoring of Wikipedia},
  author = {Pfeil, Ulrike and Zaphiris, Panayiotis and Ang, Chee Siang},
  date = {2006},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication},
  volume = {12},
  number = {1},
  pages = {88--113},
  publisher = {{Oxford Academic}},
  issn = {1083-6101},
  abstract = {This article explores the relationship between national culture and computer-mediated communication (CMC) in Wikipedia. The articles on the topic game from the French, German, Japanese, and Dutch Wikipedia websites were studied using content analysis methods. Correlations were investigated between patterns of contributions and the four dimensions of cultural influences proposed by Hofstede (Power Distance, Collectivism versus Individualism, Femininity versus Masculinity, and Uncertainty Avoidance). The analysis revealed cultural differences in the style of contributions across the cultures investigated, some of which are correlated with the dimensions identified by Hofstede. These findings suggest that cultural differences that are observed in the physical world also exist in the virtual world.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/25UVU6KP/Pfeil et al. - 2006 - Cultural Differences in Collaborative Authoring of.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/HTBSK98G/Pfeil et al. - 2006 - Cultural differences in collaborative authoring of.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/NG42CGVS/4582988.html;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/NN9FT3QC/4582988.html}
}

@article{piantadosi_ecological_1988,
  title = {The Ecological Fallacy},
  author = {Piantadosi, Steven and Byar, David P and Green, Sylvan B},
  date = {1988},
  journaltitle = {American Journal of Epidemiology},
  volume = {127},
  pages = {893--904},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/2UZWZ4L5/Piantadosi et al. - THE ECOLOGICAL FALLACY.pdf}
}

@online{piccardi_value_2021,
  title = {On the {{Value}} of {{Wikipedia}} as a {{Gateway}} to the {{Web}}},
  author = {Piccardi, Tiziano and Redi, Miriam and Colavizza, Giovanni and West, Robert},
  date = {2021-02-15},
  eprint = {2102.07385},
  eprinttype = {arxiv},
  primaryclass = {cs},
  abstract = {By linking to external websites, Wikipedia can act as a gateway to the Web. To date, however, little is known about the amount of traffic generated by Wikipedia’s external links. We fill this gap in a detailed analysis of usage logs gathered from Wikipedia users’ client devices. Our analysis proceeds in three steps: First, we quantify the level of engagement with external links, finding that, in one month, English Wikipedia generated 43M clicks to external websites, in roughly even parts via links in infoboxes, cited references, and article bodies. Official links listed in infoboxes have by far the highest click-through rate (CTR), 2.47\% on average. In particular, official links associated with articles about businesses, educational institutions, and websites have the highest CTR, whereas official links associated with articles about geographical content, television, and music have the lowest CTR. Second, we investigate patterns of engagement with external links, finding that Wikipedia frequently serves as a stepping stone between search engines and third-party websites, effectively fulfilling information needs that search engines do not meet. Third, we quantify the hypothetical economic value of the clicks received by external websites from English Wikipedia, by estimating that the respective website owners would need to pay a total of \$7–13 million per month to obtain the same volume of traffic via sponsored search. Overall, these findings shed light on Wikipedia’s role not only as an important source of information, but also as a high-traffic gateway to the broader Web ecosystem.},
  archiveprefix = {arXiv},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Computer Science - Computers and Society,Computer Science - Digital Libraries},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/5WJ3IXV7/Piccardi et al. - 2021 - On the Value of Wikipedia as a Gateway to the Web.pdf}
}

@article{pikovsky_reconstruction_2016,
  title = {Reconstruction of a Neural Network from a Time Series of Firing Rates},
  author = {Pikovsky, A.},
  date = {2016-06-20},
  journaltitle = {Physical Review E},
  shortjournal = {Phys. Rev. E},
  volume = {93},
  number = {6},
  pages = {062313},
  abstract = {Randomly coupled neural fields demonstrate irregular variation of firing rates, if the coupling is strong enough, as has been shown by [Phys. Rev. Lett. 61, 259 (1988)]. We present a method for reconstruction of the coupling matrix from a time series of irregular firing rates. The approach is based on the particular property of the nonlinearity in the coupling, as the latter is determined by a sigmoidal gain function. We demonstrate that for a large enough data set and a small measurement noise, the method gives an accurate estimation of the coupling matrix and of other parameters of the system, including the gain function.},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/HJJ6V4F9/Pikovsky - 2016 - Reconstruction of a neural network from a time ser.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/QFCBD7F5/PhysRevE.93.html}
}

@article{pontikes_ecology_2014,
  title = {An {{Ecology}} of {{Social Categories}}},
  author = {Pontikes, Elizabeth and Hannan, Michael},
  date = {2014},
  journaltitle = {Sociological Science},
  volume = {1},
  pages = {311--343},
  issn = {23306696},
  abstract = {This article proposes that meaningful social classification emerges from an ecological dynamic that operates in two planes: feature space and label space. It takes a dynamic view of classification, allowing objects’ movements in both spaces to change the meaning of social categories. The first part of the theory argues that agents assign labels to objects based on perceptions of their similarities to existing members of a category. The second part of the theory shows that an object’s perceived similarity to members of other categories reduces its typicality in a focal category. This means that for categories with a high degree of overlap with other categories in label space (lenient categories), the link between feature-based similarities and labeling weakens. The findings suggest that social classification will likely evolve to contain both constraining and lenient categories. The theory implies that this process is self-reinforcing, so that constraining categories become more constraining, whereas lenient categories become more lenient.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/XPRTHWKT/Pontikes and Hannan - 2014 - An Ecology of Social Categories.pdf}
}

@article{poor_computer_2014,
  title = {Computer Game Modders’ Motivations and Sense of Community: A Mixed-Methods Approach},
  shorttitle = {Computer Game Modders’ Motivations and Sense of Community},
  author = {Poor, Nathaniel},
  date = {2014-12-01},
  journaltitle = {New Media \& Society},
  shortjournal = {New Media \& Society},
  volume = {16},
  number = {8},
  pages = {1249--1267},
  publisher = {{SAGE Publications}},
  issn = {1461-4448},
  abstract = {Computer game modding, from modifying, combines several important issues: digital skills, play, community, making, and remixing. Yet, little academic work has explored the motivations and sense of community that modders have. This study is the first quantitative survey of game modders, and combines quantitative survey data with qualitative interview material. Findings suggest that modders are both old and young, mod more than one game or game series, have a strong sense of community, and enjoy helping others. Many respondents had contributed to other mods or had co-authored mods, and modding communities may function as online collaboratories. Although some research stresses how modders hope to get jobs in the gaming industry, overall the industry was not a motivator for most respondents.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Collaboration,games,modding,motivation,online community},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/SY3IWUL2/Poor - 2014 - Computer game modders’ motivations and sense of co.pdf}
}

@article{poor_mechanisms_2005,
  title = {Mechanisms of an {{Online Public Sphere}}: The {{Website Slashdot}}},
  shorttitle = {Mechanisms of an {{Online Public Sphere}}},
  author = {Poor, Nathaniel},
  date = {2005-01-01},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication},
  shortjournal = {Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication},
  volume = {10},
  issn = {1083-6101},
  abstract = {Both the theory of the public sphere and the utopian rhetoric surrounding the Internet have been a focus of scholars for some time. Given the ability of people to connect with others around the globe through the Internet, could the Internet give rise to online public spheres? If so, how would such spaces work? This article proposes that public spheres do exist on the Internet, and details how one functions. The case under study is the website Slashdot (http://slashdot.org), an online community of computer enthusiasts. The article studies the mechanisms, both normative and in code, that are vital to Slashdot's functioning, and shows how they help Slashdot function as a public sphere.},
  issue = {JCMC1028},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/5V4CJ2HJ/4614448.html}
}

@article{popielarz_edge_1995,
  title = {On the {{Edge}} or {{In Between}}: Niche {{Position}}, {{Niche Overlap}}, and the {{Duration}} of {{Voluntary Association Memberships}}},
  shorttitle = {On the {{Edge}} or {{In Between}}},
  author = {Popielarz, Pamela A. and McPherson, J. Miller},
  date = {1995-11-01},
  journaltitle = {American Journal of Sociology},
  shortjournal = {American Journal of Sociology},
  volume = {101},
  number = {3},
  pages = {698--720},
  issn = {0002-9602},
  abstract = {This paper aims to explain a major barrier to societal integration: the remarkable homogeneity of voluntary associations. The explanation derives from an ecological theory of voluntary affiliation that asserts that organizations compete for members in a property space defined by the sociodemographic characteristics of members. Voluntary organizations lose fastest those members who are either atypical of the group (the niche edge hypothesis) or subject to competition from other groups (the niche overlap hypotheis). The authors analyze an event-history data set, generated by the life-history calendar approach, of 2,813 voluntary association membership pells. The results, which strongly support both the niche edge and niche overlap hypotheses, substantiate the competitive ecological model of group structure.},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/6FLG9VFY/Popielarz and McPherson - 1995 - On the Edge or In Between Niche Position, Niche O.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/B82LWTGA/230757.html}
}

@article{poteete_heterogeneity_2004,
  title = {Heterogeneity, {{Group Size}} and {{Collective Action}}: The {{Role}} of {{Institutions}} in {{Forest Management}}},
  shorttitle = {Heterogeneity, {{Group Size}} and {{Collective Action}}},
  author = {Poteete, Amy R. and Ostrom, Elinor},
  date = {2004},
  journaltitle = {Development and Change},
  volume = {35},
  number = {3},
  pages = {435--461},
  issn = {1467-7660},
  abstract = {Collective action for sustainable management among resource-dependent populations has important policy implications. Despite considerable progress in identifying factors that affect the prospects for collective action, no consensus exists about the role played by heterogeneity and size of group. The debate continues in part because of a lack of uniform conceptualization of these factors, the existence of non-linear relationships, and the mediating role played by institutions. This article draws on research by scholars in the International Forestry Resources and Institutions (IFRI) research network which demonstrates that some forms of heterogeneity do not negatively affect some forms of collective action. More importantly, IFRI research draws out the interrelations among group size, heterogeneity, and institutions. Institutions can affect the level of heterogeneity or compensate for it. Group size appears to have a non-linear relationship to at least some forms of collective action. Moreover, group size may be as much an indicator of institutional success as a precondition for such success.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/MVD6QER6/Poteete and Ostrom - 2004 - Heterogeneity, Group Size and Collective Action T.pdf}
}

@article{powell_network_2005,
  title = {Network {{Dynamics}} and {{Field Evolution}}: The {{Growth}} of {{Interorganizational Collaboration}} in the {{Life Sciences}}},
  shorttitle = {Network {{Dynamics}} and {{Field Evolution}}},
  author = {Powell, Walter W. and White, Douglas R. and Koput, Kenneth W. and Owen‐Smith, Jason},
  date = {2005-01-01},
  journaltitle = {American Journal of Sociology},
  shortjournal = {American Journal of Sociology},
  volume = {110},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1132--1205},
  issn = {0002-9602},
  abstract = {A recursive analysis of network and institutional evolution is offered to account for the decentralized structure of the commercial field of the life sciences. Four alternative logics of attachment—accumulative advantage, homophily, follow‐the‐trend, and multiconnectivity—are tested to explain the structure and dynamics of interorganizational collaboration in biotechnology. Using multiple novel methods, the authors demonstrate how different rules for affiliation shape network evolution. Commercialization strategies pursued by early corporate entrants are supplanted by universities, research institutes, venture capital, and small firms. As organizations increase their collaborative activities and diversify their ties to others, cohesive subnetworks form, characterized by multiple, independent pathways. These structural components, in turn, condition the choices and opportunities available to members of a field, thereby reinforcing an attachment logic based on differential connections to diverse partners.},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/EF4XB53L/Powell et al. - 2005 - Network Dynamics and Field Evolution The Growth o.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/LHDCZSJ8/Powell et al. - 2005 - Network Dynamics and Field Evolution The Growth o.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/DMFDV96J/421508.html;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/IA9J8P9S/421508.html}
}

@inproceedings{raban_empirical_2010,
  title = {An Empirical Study of Critical Mass and Online Community Survival},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2010 {{ACM}} Conference on {{Computer}} Supported Cooperative Work},
  author = {Raban, Daphne R. and Moldovan, Mihai and Jones, Quentin},
  date = {2010-02-06},
  series = {{{CSCW}} '10},
  pages = {71--80},
  publisher = {{Association for Computing Machinery}},
  location = {{New York, NY, USA}},
  abstract = {There is general consensus that critical mass at inception ensures the sustained success of online communities. However, no clear understanding of what constitutes such a 'critical mass' exists and too few quantitative studies have been conducted into the relationship between initial online community interaction and its longer term success to draw any conclusions. In this paper we start to address this gap through a large-scale study of the relationship between IRC chat channel survival and initial chat channel community interactions. A sample 282 chat channel births was used for survival analysis which explored the relationship between the overall user activity in each channel at its inception and the channel's life expectancy. Significant relationships were observed between online community lifespan and critical mass measures: 1) message volume, 2) user population heterogeneity and 3) production functions. The results lend support to the Critical Mass Theory of collective action.},
  isbn = {978-1-60558-795-0},
  keywords = {chat,computer-mediated communication,critical mass,irc,online community system design,synchronous communication},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/3R624RH8/Raban et al. - 2010 - An empirical study of critical mass and online com.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/FWUBVMVX/Raban et al. - 2010 - An Empirical Study of Critical Mass and Online Com.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/R3HYF2TL/Raban et al. - 2010 - An Empirical Study of Critical Mass and Online Com.pdf}
}

@book{rankin_official_2009,
  title = {The Official {{Ubuntu}} Server Book},
  author = {Rankin, Kyle and Hill, Benjamin Mako},
  date = {2009},
  publisher = {{Prentice Hall}},
  location = {{Upper Saddle River, NJ}},
  isbn = {978-0-13-702118-5},
  langid = {english},
  annotation = {OCLC: 1001929364}
}

@article{ransbotham_membership_2011,
  title = {Membership Turnover and Collaboration Success in Online Communities: Explaining Rises and Falls from Grace in {{Wikipedia}}},
  shorttitle = {Membership Turnover and Collaboration Success in Online Communities},
  author = {Ransbotham, Sam and Kane, Gerald C.},
  date = {2011},
  journaltitle = {MIS Quarterly},
  volume = {35},
  number = {3},
  pages = {613},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/76S4J3K6/8.html}
}

@article{ratkiewicz_characterizing_2010,
  ids = {ratkiewicz_characterizing_2010-1},
  title = {Characterizing and {{Modeling}} the {{Dynamics}} of {{Online Popularity}}},
  author = {Ratkiewicz, Jacob and Fortunato, Santo and Flammini, Alessandro and Menczer, Filippo and Vespignani, Alessandro},
  date = {2010},
  journaltitle = {Physical Review Letters},
  shortjournal = {Phys. Rev. Lett.},
  volume = {105},
  number = {15},
  publisher = {{American Physical Society}},
  issn = {0031-9007, 1079-7114},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/FVI92CW6/Ratkiewicz et al_2010_Characterizing and Modeling the Dynamics of Online Popularity.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/K9SB2PSJ/Ratkiewicz et al. - 2010 - Characterizing and Modeling the Dynamics of Online.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/E96VF6G5/PhysRevLett.105.html}
}

@incollection{resnick_starting_2012,
  title = {Starting New Online Communities},
  booktitle = {Building Successful Online Communities: Evidence-Based Social Design},
  author = {Resnick, Paul and Konstan, Joseph and Chen, Yan and Kraut, Robert E},
  date = {2012},
  pages = {231--280},
  publisher = {{MIT Press}},
  location = {{Cambridge, MA}},
  isbn = {978-0-262-29831-5},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/GFUVQWNN/06-Resnick10-Startup-current.pdf}
}

@article{ridgeway_status_1982,
  title = {Status in {{Groups}}: The {{Importance}} of {{Motivation}}},
  shorttitle = {Status in {{Groups}}},
  author = {Ridgeway, Cecilia L.},
  date = {1982},
  journaltitle = {American Sociological Review},
  volume = {47},
  number = {1},
  eprint = {2095043},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {76--88},
  issn = {0003-1224},
  abstract = {This paper presents evidence that members' perceived motivation towards the group is an important determinant of the influence and status they attain in task-oriented groups. Following Meeker and Weitzel-O'Neill (1977) and Ridgeway (1978), it was suggested that people who enter a group with low external status characteristics (e.g., women in mixed sex groups, blacks in interracial groups) can use the communication of group-oriented motivation in combination with reasonably competent task contributions to overcome the fundamental inequality ("interaction disability") they would normally face, and achieve reasonably high levels of influence in the group. Results of an experiment using mixed and same sex groups showed that while group-oriented members are generally more influential than self-oriented ones, as predicted, the size of motivation's effect is dependent upon the member's external status characteristics. Females in male groups (low external status members) achieved fairly high influence and status when they appeared group-oriented, but very low status when self-oriented. As expected males in a female group (high external status members) achieved high influence regardless of their motivation.},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/F5GJIJMB/Ridgeway-1982-Status_in_groups.pdf}
}

@book{ridgeway_status_2019,
  title = {Status: Why Is It Everywhere? Why Does It Matter?},
  shorttitle = {Status},
  author = {Ridgeway, Cecilia L},
  date = {2019},
  abstract = {"Status is ubiquitous in modern life, yet our understanding of its role as a basic driver of inequality is surprisingly limited. In Status, sociologist and social psychologist Cecilia Ridgeway examines how this ancient and universal form of inequality influences today's ostensibly meritocratic institutions and why it matters. Ridgeway illuminates the complex ways in which status arises when people work together towards common goals, such as in classroom discussions, family decisions, or workplace deliberations. Ridgeway's research on status has important implications for our understanding of social inequality. Distinct from power or wealth, status is prized because it provides affirmation from others and affords access to valuable resources. Ridgeway demonstrates how the conferral of status inevitably leads to differing life outcomes for individuals, with impacts on pay, wealth creation, and health and wellbeing. Status beliefs are widely held views about who is better in society than others in terms of esteem, wealth, or competence. These beliefs ultimately confer advantages which can exacerbate social inequality. Ridgeway notes that status advantages based on race, gender, and class, such as the belief that white men are more competent than others because of their race and gender, have the greatest consequences for inequality by affording greater social and economic opportunities. Ridgeway argues that status beliefs make lower status groups less likely to challenge the status quo and greatly enhance higher status groups' ability to maintain their advantages in resources and access to positions of power. She illustrates how many lower status people, when given a baseline level of dignity and respect - being seen, for example, as poor but hardworking - will accept their lower status. She also shows that people remain willfully blind to status beliefs and their effects because recognizing them can lead to emotional discomfort. Acknowledging the insidious role of status in our lives would require many higher-status individuals to accept that they may not have succeeded based on their own merit; and many lower-status individuals would have to acknowledge that they may have been discriminated against. While Ridgeway notes the profound impact of status on society, she suggests that social inequality is not an inevitable consequence of our status beliefs. She shows how status beliefs can be undermined - as when we reject the idea that all racial and gender traits are fixed at birth, thus disrupting the idea that women and people of color are less competent than their male and white counterparts. Ridgeway both notes the profound impact of status on social inequality and charts a way forward that may allow it to have a less detrimental impact on our lives"--},
  isbn = {978-1-61044-889-5},
  langid = {english},
  annotation = {OCLC: 1104214327},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/ZNCJF4F3/Ridgeway_2019_Status.pdf}
}

@article{ridings_antecedents_2002,
  title = {Some Antecedents and Effects of Trust in Virtual Communities},
  author = {Ridings, Catherine M and Gefen, David and Arinze, Bay},
  date = {2002-12-01},
  journaltitle = {The Journal of Strategic Information Systems},
  shortjournal = {The Journal of Strategic Information Systems},
  volume = {11},
  number = {3},
  pages = {271--295},
  issn = {0963-8687},
  abstract = {This study explores several downstream effects of trust in virtual communities and the antecedents of trust in this unique type of environment. The data, applying an existing scale to measure two dimensions of trust (ability and benevolence/integrity), show that trust had a downstream effect on members' intentions to both give information and get information through the virtual community. Both these apparent dimensions of trust were increased through perceived responsive relationships in the virtual community, by a general disposition to trust, and by the belief that others confide personal information.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Perceived responsiveness,Trust,Virtual communities},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/KLVEHLMR/S0963868702000215.html}
}

@article{ridings_virtual_2004,
  ids = {ridings_virtual_2004-1},
  title = {Virtual {{Community Attraction}}: Why {{People Hang}} out {{Online}}},
  shorttitle = {Virtual {{Community Attraction}}},
  author = {Ridings, Catherine M. and Gefen, David},
  date = {2004-11-01},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication},
  shortjournal = {J Comput Mediat Commun},
  volume = {10},
  number = {1},
  abstract = {Abstract.  Understanding the attraction of virtual communities is crucial to organizations that want to tap into their enormous information potential. Existing},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/D64A3U6W/4614455.html;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/NFKKWKZN/4614455.html}
}

@incollection{robert_crowd_2015,
  title = {Crowd {{Size}}, {{Diversity}} and {{Performance}}},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 33rd {{Annual ACM Conference}} on {{Human Factors}} in {{Computing Systems}}},
  author = {Robert, Lionel and Romero, Daniel M.},
  date = {2015-04-18},
  pages = {1379--1382},
  publisher = {{Association for Computing Machinery}},
  location = {{New York, NY, USA}},
  abstract = {Crowds are increasingly being adopted to solve complex problems. Size and diversity are two key characteristics of crowds; however their relationship to performance is often paradoxical. To better understand the effects of crowd size and diversity on crowd performance we conducted a study on the quality of 4,317 articles in the WikiProject Film community. The results of our study suggest that crowd size leads to better performance when crowds are more diverse. However, there is a break-even point -- smaller, less diverse crowds can outperform more diverse crowds of similar size. Our results offer new insights into the effects of size and diversity on the performance of crowds.},
  isbn = {978-1-4503-3145-6},
  keywords = {diversity,performance,team size,wikipedia},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/KVVXJ4WP/Robert and Romero - 2015 - Crowd Size, Diversity and Performance.pdf}
}

@inproceedings{roberts_structural_2013,
  title = {The {{Structural Topic Model}} and {{Applied Social Science}}},
  booktitle = {2013 {{Workshop}} on {{Topic Models}}: Computation, {{Application}}, and {{Evaluation}}.},
  author = {Roberts, Margaret E and Tingley, Dustin and Stewart, Brandon M and Airoldi, Edoardo M},
  date = {2013},
  pages = {4},
  abstract = {We develop the Structural Topic Model which provides a general way to incorporate corpus structure or document metadata into the standard topic model. Document-level covariates enter the model through a simple generalized linear model framework in the prior distributions controlling either topical prevalence or topical content. We demonstrate the model’s use in two applied problems: the analysis of open-ended responses in a survey experiment about immigration policy, and understanding differing media coverage of China’s rise.},
  eventtitle = {Advances in {{Neural Information Processing Systems}}},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/3RKHWAPT/Roberts et al. - The Structural Topic Model and Applied Social Scie.pdf}
}

@article{robinson_ecological_1950,
  title = {Ecological {{Correlations}} and the {{Behavior}} of {{Individuals}}},
  author = {Robinson, W. S.},
  date = {1950},
  journaltitle = {American Sociological Review},
  volume = {15},
  number = {3},
  eprint = {2087176},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {351--357},
  publisher = {{[American Sociological Association, Sage Publications, Inc.]}},
  issn = {0003-1224},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/8SXZCILH/Robinson_1950_Ecological Correlations and the Behavior of Individuals.pdf}
}

@book{rogers_diffusion_1962,
  title = {Diffusion of {{Innovations}}},
  author = {Rogers, Everett M.},
  date = {1962},
  publisher = {{The Free Press of Glencoe}},
  location = {{New York, NY}}
}

@article{romer_endogenous_1990,
  ids = {romer_endogenous_nodate},
  title = {Endogenous {{Technological Change}}},
  author = {Romer, Paul M.},
  date = {1990-10-01},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Political Economy},
  shortjournal = {Journal of Political Economy},
  volume = {98},
  pages = {S71-S102},
  publisher = {{The University of Chicago Press}},
  issn = {0022-3808},
  abstract = {Growth in this model is driven by technological change that arises from intentional investment decisions made by profit-maximizing agents. The distinguishing feature of the technology as an input is that it is neither a conventional good nor a public good; it is a nonrival, partially excludable good. Because of the nonconvexity introduced by a nonrival good, price-taking competition cannot be supported. Instead, the equilibrium is one with monopolistic competition. The main conclusions are that the stock of human capital determines the rate of growth, that too little human capital is devoted to research in equilibrium, that integration into world markets will increase growth rates, and that having a large population is not sufficient to generate growth.},
  issue = {5, Part 2},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/7P2Z89NB/Romer - Endogenous Technological Change.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/LWDU35L4/Romer_1990_Endogenous Technological Change.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/ZGZ7ARQX/261725.html}
}

@article{roughgarden_competition_1983,
  title = {Competition and {{Theory}} in {{Community Ecology}}},
  author = {Roughgarden, Jonathan},
  date = {1983-11-01},
  journaltitle = {The American Naturalist},
  shortjournal = {The American Naturalist},
  volume = {122},
  number = {5},
  pages = {583--601},
  publisher = {{The University of Chicago Press}},
  issn = {0003-0147},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/GTX2ZMUV/Roughgarden_1983_Competition and Theory in Community Ecology.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/KW74SQ2C/284160.html}
}

@article{rousseeuw_silhouettes_1987,
  title = {Silhouettes: A Graphical Aid to the Interpretation and Validation of Cluster Analysis},
  shorttitle = {Silhouettes},
  author = {Rousseeuw, Peter J.},
  date = {1987-11-01},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics},
  shortjournal = {Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics},
  volume = {20},
  pages = {53--65},
  issn = {0377-0427},
  abstract = {A new graphical display is proposed for partitioning techniques. Each cluster is represented by a so-called silhouette, which is based on the comparison of its tightness and separation. This silhouette shows which objects lie well within their cluster, and which ones are merely somewhere in between clusters. The entire clustering is displayed by combining the silhouettes into a single plot, allowing an appreciation of the relative quality of the clusters and an overview of the data configuration. The average silhouette width provides an evaluation of clustering validity, and might be used to select an ‘appropriate’ number of clusters.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {classification,cluster analysis,clustering validity,Graphical display},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/FP4RLR43/Rousseeuw_1987_Silhouettes.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/SPBGRW8Q/0377042787901257.html}
}

@article{ruef_credit_2009,
  title = {Credit and {{Classification}}: The {{Impact}} of {{Industry Boundaries}} in {{Nineteenth}}-{{Century America}}},
  shorttitle = {Credit and {{Classification}}},
  author = {Ruef, Martin and Patterson, Kelly},
  date = {2009-09-01},
  journaltitle = {Administrative Science Quarterly},
  shortjournal = {Administrative Science Quarterly},
  volume = {54},
  number = {3},
  pages = {486--520},
  issn = {0001-8392},
  abstract = {In this article, we examine how issues of multi-category membership (hybridity) were handled during the evolution of one of the first general systems of industrial classification in the United States, the credit rating schema of R. G. Dun and Company. Drawing on a repeated cross-sectional study of credit evaluations during the postbellum period (1870–1900), our empirical analyses suggest that organizational membership in multiple categories need not be problematic when classification systems themselves are emergent or in flux and when organizations avoid rare combinations or identities involving ambiguous components. As Dun's schema became institutionalized, boundaries between industries were more clearly defined and boundary violations became subject to increased attention and penalty by credit reporters. Our perspective highlights the utility of an evolutionary perspective and tests its implications for the salience of distinct mechanisms of hybridity.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/6P8JPZX3/Ruef and Patterson - 2009 - Credit and Classification The Impact of Industry .pdf}
}

@article{ruef_emergence_2000,
  title = {The {{Emergence}} of {{Organizational Forms}}: A {{Community Ecology Approach}}},
  shorttitle = {The {{Emergence}} of {{Organizational Forms}}},
  author = {Ruef, Martin},
  date = {2000-11-01},
  journaltitle = {American Journal of Sociology},
  volume = {106},
  number = {3},
  pages = {658--714},
  publisher = {{The University of Chicago Press}},
  issn = {0002-9602},
  abstract = {This article introduces a new ecological approach to the study of form emergence based on the notion of an organizational community—a bounded set of forms with related identities. Applying the approach to 48 organizational forms in the health care sector, this study suggests that the development of novel forms is affected by the positioning of their identities with respect to existing form identities in the community, by the aggregate density and size of organizations matching those existing identities, and by the amount of attention directed at identity attributes by sector participants. Findings show that the process of form emergence is subject to population‐dependent effects akin to those noted previously for organizational entries within established populations. The aggregate density and size of organizations with similar identities increase the probability of form emergence to a point (cross‐form legitimation), but highly saturated regions of the identity space tend to be uninviting to new forms (cross‐form competition).},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/X6KXYEI5/Ruef - 2000 - The Emergence of Organizational Forms A Community.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/NHGAJDIR/318963.html}
}

@article{ruef_structure_2003,
  title = {The {{Structure}} of {{Founding Teams}}: Homophily, {{Strong Ties}}, and {{Isolation}} among {{U}}.{{S}}. {{Entrepreneurs}}},
  shorttitle = {The {{Structure}} of {{Founding Teams}}},
  author = {Ruef, Martin and Aldrich, Howard E. and Carter, Nancy M.},
  date = {2003},
  journaltitle = {American Sociological Review},
  shortjournal = {American Sociological Review},
  volume = {68},
  number = {2},
  eprint = {1519766},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {195--222},
  issn = {0003-1224},
  abstract = {The mechanisms governing the composition of formal social groups (e.g., task groups, organizational founding teams) remain poorly understood, owing to (1) a lack of representative sampling from groups found in the general population, (2) a "success" bias among researchers that leads them to consider only those groups that actually emerge and survive, and (3) a restrictive focus on some theorized mechanisms of group composition (e.g., homophily) to the exclusion of others. These shortcomings are addressed by analyzing a unique, representative data set of organizational founding teams sampled from the U.S. population. Rather than simply considering the properties of those founding teams that are empirically observed, a novel quantitative methodology generates the distribution of all possible teams, based on combinations of individual and relational characteristics. This methodology permits the exploration of five mechanisms of group composition--those based on homophily, functionality, status expectations, network constraint, and ecological constraint. Findings suggest that homophily and network constraints based on strong ties have the most pronounced effect on group composition. Social isolation (i.e., exclusion from a group) is more likely to occur as a result of ecological constraints on the availability of similar alters in a locality than as a result of status-varying membership choices.}
}

@inproceedings{rusak_properties_2014,
  title = {The Properties of {{Twitter}} Network Communications among Teenagers},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Companion Publication of the 17th {{ACM}} Conference on {{Computer}} Supported Cooperative Work \& Social Computing},
  author = {Rusak, Gili},
  date = {2014-02-15},
  series = {{{CSCW Companion}} '14},
  pages = {233--236},
  publisher = {{Association for Computing Machinery}},
  location = {{New York, NY, USA}},
  abstract = {We study, quantitatively, for the first time, the traits of Twitter teenager networks. The results are compared with general population users, and show that teenagers behave uniquely. Teens tend to follow more users and increase friendships over time. They tend to friend individuals online who they already know offline. Teenagers also use Twitter as a news media and form supportive and dense communities. These results shed new light on the attributes of teenage communities. We can then utilize these ideas to find solutions to emerging problems involving the massive use of social media. For example, Twitter can be used as a positive tool for the prevention of bad habits among teens.},
  isbn = {978-1-4503-2541-7},
  keywords = {social networks,teenagers,twitter},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/S9RPN7JX/Rusak - 2014 - The properties of Twitter network communications a.pdf}
}

@book{sabatier_theories_2014,
  title = {Theories of the {{Policy Process}}},
  author = {Sabatier, Paul A. and Weible, Christopher M.},
  date = {2014-07-08},
  eprint = {MzkGAwAAQBAJ},
  eprinttype = {googlebooks},
  publisher = {{Avalon Publishing}},
  abstract = {Theories of the Policy Process provides a forum for experts in the most established and widely used theoretical frameworks in policy process research to present the basic propositions, empirical evidence, latest updates, and promising future research opportunities of each framework. This well-regarded volume covers such enduring classics as Multiple Streams (Herweg et al.), Punctuated Equilibrium (Baumgartner et al.), Advocacy Coalition Framework (Jenkins-Smith et al.), Institutional Analysis and Development Framework (Schlager and Cox), and Policy Diffusion (Berry and Berry), as well as two newer theories-Policy Feedback (Mettler and SoRelle) and Narrative Policy Framework (Shanahan et al.).The fourth edition includes discussion of global and comparative perspectives in each theoretical chapter plus a brand-new chapter that explores how these theories have been adapted for, and employed in, non-American and non-Western contexts. An expanded introduction and revised conclusion fully examines and contextualizes the history, trajectories, and functions of public policy research. Since its first publication in 1999, Theories of the Policy Process has been, and remains, the quintessential gateway to the field of policy process research for students, scholars, and practitioners.},
  isbn = {978-0-8133-4927-5},
  langid = {english},
  pagetotal = {433}
}

@book{sayama_introduction_2015,
  title = {Introduction to the {{Modeling}} and {{Analysis}} of {{Complex Systems}}},
  author = {Sayama, Hiroki},
  date = {2015},
  publisher = {{Open SUNY Textbooks, Milne Library}},
  location = {{Geneseo, NY}},
  isbn = {978-1-942341-09-3},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/PYSMX3D8/Sayama - Introduction to the Modeling and Analysis of Compl.pdf}
}

@article{schelling_dynamic_1971,
  title = {Dynamic Models of Segregation},
  author = {Schelling, Thomas C.},
  date = {1971-07-01},
  journaltitle = {The Journal of Mathematical Sociology},
  volume = {1},
  number = {2},
  pages = {143--186},
  issn = {0022-250X},
  abstract = {Some segregation results from the practices of organizations, some from specialized communication systems, some from correlation with a variable that is non‐random; and some results from the interplay of individual choices. This is an abstract study of the interactive dynamics of discriminatory individual choices. One model is a simulation in which individual members of two recognizable groups distribute themselves in neighborhoods defined by reference to their own locations. A second model is analytic and deals with compartmented space. A final section applies the analytics to ‘neighborhood tipping.’ The systemic effects are found to be overwhelming: there is no simple correspondence of individual incentive to collective results. Exaggerated separation and patterning result from the dynamics of movement. Inferences about individual motives can usually not be drawn from aggregate patterns. Some unexpected phenomena, like density and vacancy, are generated. A general theory of ‘tipping’ begins to emerge.},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/INC5WT7W/Schelling - 1971 - Dynamic models of segregation.pdf}
}

@book{schelling_micromotives_1978,
  title = {Micromotives and Macrobehavior},
  author = {Schelling, Thomas C.},
  date = {1978},
  publisher = {{WW Norton \& Company}},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/EQX3VVB9/Schelling - Micromotives and Macrobehavior.pdf}
}

@article{schmidt_taking_1992,
  ids = {schmidt_taking_1992-1},
  title = {Taking {{CSCW}} Seriously},
  author = {Schmidt, Kjeld and Bannon, Liam},
  date = {1992-03-01},
  journaltitle = {Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW)},
  shortjournal = {Comput Supported Coop Work},
  volume = {1},
  number = {1-2},
  pages = {7--40},
  issn = {0925-9724, 1573-7551},
  abstract = {The topic of Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) has attracted much attention in the last few years. While the field is obviously still in the process of development, there is a marked ambiguity about the exact focus of the field. This lack of focus may hinder its further development and lead to its dissipation. In this paper we set out an approach to CSCW as a field of research which we believe provides a coherent conceptual framework for this area, suggesting that it should be concerned with thesupport requirements of cooperative work arrangements. This provides a more principled, comprehensive, and, in our opinion, more useful conception of the field than that provided by the conception of CSCW as being focused on computer support for groups. We then investigate the consequences of taking this alternative conception seriously, in terms of research directions for the field. As an indication of the fruits of this approach, we discuss the concept of ‘articulation work’ and its relevance to CSCW. This raises a host of interesting problems that are marginalized in the work on small group support but critical to the success of CSCW systems ‘in the large’, i. e., that are designed to meet current work requirements in the everyday world.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/HUJ6YDST/Schmidt and Bannon - 1992 - Taking CSCW seriously.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/SWILLV5L/Schmidt and Bannon - 1992 - Taking CSCW seriously.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/3UWJYFQ4/Schmidt and Bannon - 1992 - Taking CSCW seriously.html}
}

@article{schoener_resource_1974,
  title = {Resource {{Partitioning}} in {{Ecological Communities}}},
  author = {Schoener, Thomas W.},
  date = {1974},
  journaltitle = {Science},
  volume = {185},
  number = {4145},
  eprint = {1738612},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {27--39},
  issn = {0036-8075},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/R86IDGJN/1738612.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/U4UCJ2BT/Schoener - 1974 - Resource Partitioning in Ecological Communities.pdf}
}

@book{schweik_internet_2012,
  title = {Internet Success: A Study of Open-Source Software Commons},
  shorttitle = {Internet Success},
  author = {Schweik, Charles M. and English, Robert C.},
  date = {2012},
  publisher = {{MIT Press}},
  location = {{Cambridge, MA}},
  isbn = {978-0-262-01725-1},
  pagetotal = {351}
}

@article{seering_metaphors_2020,
  ids = {seering_metaphors_2020-1},
  title = {Metaphors in Moderation},
  author = {Seering, Joseph and Kaufman, Geoff and Chancellor, Stevie},
  date = {2020-10-20},
  journaltitle = {New Media \& Society},
  shortjournal = {New Media \& Society},
  pages = {1461444820964968},
  publisher = {{SAGE Publications}},
  issn = {1461-4448},
  abstract = {Volunteer content moderators are essential to the social media ecosystem through the roles they play in managing and supporting online social spaces. Recent work has described moderation primarily as a functional process of actions that moderators take, such as making rules, removing content, and banning users. However, the nuanced ways in which volunteer moderators envision their roles within their communities remain understudied. Informed by insights gained from 79 interviews with volunteer moderators from three platforms, we present a conceptual map of the territory of social roles in volunteer moderation, which identifies five categories with 22 metaphorical variants that reveal moderators’ implicit values and the heuristics that help them make decisions. These metaphors more clearly enunciate the roles volunteer moderators play in the broader social media content moderation apparatus and can drive purposeful engagement with volunteer moderators to better support the ways they guide and shape their communities.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Facebook,governance,metaphors,moderation,online communities,platforms,Reddit,Twitch},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/6NR5XPIH/Seering et al. - 2020 - Metaphors in moderation.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/FY8YDBFH/Seering et al. - 2020 - Metaphors in moderation.pdf}
}

@article{seering_moderator_2019,
  title = {Moderator Engagement and Community Development in the Age of Algorithms},
  author = {Seering, Joseph and Wang, Tony and Yoon, Jina and Kaufman, Geoff},
  date = {2019-01-11},
  journaltitle = {New Media \& Society},
  shortjournal = {New Media \& Society},
  pages = {1461444818821316},
  issn = {1461-4448},
  abstract = {Online communities provide a forum for rich social interaction and identity development for billions of Internet users worldwide. In order to manage these communities, platform owners have increasingly turned to commercial content moderation, which includes both the use of moderation algorithms and the employment of professional moderators, rather than user-driven moderation, to detect and respond to anti-normative behaviors such as harassment and spread of offensive content. We present findings from semi-structured interviews with 56 volunteer moderators of online communities across three platforms (Twitch, Reddit, and Facebook), from which we derived a generalized model categorizing the ways moderators engage with their communities and explaining how these communities develop as a result. This model contains three processes: being and becoming a moderator; moderation tasks, actions, and responses; and rules and community development. In this work, we describe how moderators contribute to the development of meaningful communities, both with and without algorithmic support.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/U8QLP3DK/Seering et al. - 2019 - Moderator engagement and community development in .pdf}
}

@inproceedings{sengupta_what_2019,
  title = {What Are {{Academic Subreddits Talking About}}? A {{Comparative Analysis}} of r/Academia and r/Gradschool},
  shorttitle = {What Are {{Academic Subreddits Talking About}}?},
  booktitle = {Conference {{Companion Publication}} of the 2019 on {{Computer Supported Cooperative Work}} and {{Social Computing}}},
  author = {Sengupta, Subhasree},
  date = {2019-11-09},
  series = {{{CSCW}} '19},
  pages = {357--361},
  publisher = {{Association for Computing Machinery}},
  location = {{Austin, TX, USA}},
  abstract = {Graduate school and academia can often be challenging and hard to navigate. This work explores how people are using Reddit to reach out to others in academic subreddits to talk about issues one might face in their academic journey. We also explore how such discussion differs between subreddits by comparing two popularly used academic subreddits: r/gradschool and r/academia. For each subreddit, we investigated 300 posts and 500 comments. Using topic modelling, we identify and distinguish the main emergent types of posts and comments we find in these two subreddits. We find that posts in r/academia center more on the challenging aspects of academia such as plagiarism, working in academia, and mental health, whereas r/gradschool posts deal with more generic issues on graduate school life. However, we find that the way the community reacts and provides support via comments is similar in both subreddits, mostly by providing moral support and solidarity.},
  isbn = {978-1-4503-6692-2},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/K4K3HITN/Sengupta - 2019 - What are Academic Subreddits Talking About A Comp.pdf}
}

@article{shah_motivation_2006,
  title = {Motivation, Governance, and the Viability of Hybrid Forms in Open Source Software Development},
  author = {Shah, Sonali K.},
  date = {2006-07-01},
  journaltitle = {Management Science},
  volume = {52},
  number = {7},
  pages = {1000--1014},
  abstract = {Open source software projects rely on the voluntary efforts of thousands of software developers, yet we know little about why developers choose to participate in this collective development process. This paper inductively derives a framework for understanding participation from the perspective of the individual software developer based on data from two software communities with different governance structures. In both communities, a need for software-related improvements drives initial participation. The majority of participants leave the community once their needs are met, however, a small subset remains involved. For this set of developers, motives evolve over time and participation becomes a hobby. These hobbyists are critical to the long-term viability of the software code: They take on tasks that might otherwise go undone and work to maintain the simplicity and modularity of the code. Governance structures affect this evolution of motives. Implications for firms interested in implementing hybrid strategies designed to combine the advantages of open source software development with proprietary ownership and control are discussed.},
  keywords = {FOSS,Management,To Read},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/9FVVZ6B3/mnsc.1060.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/T3DTX9AQ/Shah - 2006 - Motivation, Governance, and the Viability of Hybri.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/WAISB3HF/1000.html}
}

@inproceedings{sharma_studying_2015,
  title = {Studying and {{Modeling}} the {{Connection}} between {{People}}'s {{Preferences}} and {{Content Sharing}}},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 18th {{ACM Conference}} on {{Computer Supported Cooperative Work}} \& {{Social Computing}}},
  author = {Sharma, Amit and Cosley, Dan},
  date = {2015-02-28},
  series = {{{CSCW}} '15},
  pages = {1246--1257},
  publisher = {{Association for Computing Machinery}},
  location = {{New York, NY, USA}},
  abstract = {People regularly share items using online social media. However, people's decisions around sharing---who shares what to whom and why---are not well understood. We present a user study involving 87 pairs of Facebook users to understand how people make their sharing decisions. We find that even when sharing to a specific individual, people's own preference for an item (individuation) dominates over the recipient's preferences (altruism). People's open-ended responses about how they share, however, indicate that they do try to personalize shares based on the recipient. To explain these contrasting results, we propose a novel process model of sharing that takes into account people's preferences and the salience of an item. We also present encouraging results for a sharing prediction model that incorporates both the senders' and the recipients' preferences. These results suggest improvements to both algorithms that support sharing in social media and to information diffusion models.},
  isbn = {978-1-4503-2922-4},
  keywords = {directed sharing,information diffusion,sharing process,user preferences},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/V4LGES2Z/Sharma and Cosley - 2015 - Studying and Modeling the Connection between Peopl.pdf}
}

@incollection{shaw_communication_1964,
  title = {Communication {{Networks}}},
  booktitle = {Advances in {{Experimental Social Psychology}}},
  author = {Shaw, Marvin E.},
  editor = {Berkowitz, Leonard},
  date = {1964},
  volume = {1},
  pages = {111--147},
  publisher = {{Academic Press}},
  abstract = {The communication network imposed on the group influences its problem-solving efficiency, communication activity, organizational development, and member satisfaction. This chapter provides an overview of the communication networks, methodology employed in the research on communication networks and considers some of the structural properties of these networks, and outlines the major findings of experimental investigations of the effects of networks on group process. The major network difference is between centralized and decentralized networks. The direction and magnitude of the effects are modified by the following variables: kind of task, noise, information distribution, member personality, reinforcement, and the kind of prior experience the members have had in networks. The variable having the most pronounced effect is the kind of task the group must perform. Centralized networks are generally more efficient when the task requires merely the collection of information in one place, and decentralized networks are more efficient when further operations must be performed on the information before the task can be completed. The experiments discussed in the chapter, presents a great deal about the effects of communication networks, but the precise nature of many of the relationships among variables still remains unclear, and needs much clarification, such as network characteristics, kind of task, and group composition. The communication network studies have provided a great deal of information regarding structural effects upon group behavior. However, much more remains to be done.},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/ZTWM2MSC/Shaw - 1964 - Communication Networks.pdf}
}

@article{shaw_laboratories_2014,
  title = {Laboratories of Oligarchy? How the Iron Law Extends to Peer Production},
  shorttitle = {Laboratories of {{Oligarchy}}?},
  author = {Shaw, Aaron and Hill, Benjamin Mako},
  date = {2014},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Communication},
  shortjournal = {J Commun},
  volume = {64},
  number = {2},
  pages = {215--238},
  issn = {1460-2466},
  abstract = {Peer production projects like Wikipedia have inspired voluntary associations, collectives, social movements, and scholars to embrace open online collaboration as a model of democratic organization. However, many peer production projects exhibit entrenched leadership and deep inequalities, suggesting that they may not fulfill democratic ideals. Instead, peer production projects may conform to Robert Michels' “iron law of oligarchy,” which proposes that democratic membership organizations become increasingly oligarchic as they grow. Using exhaustive data of internal processes from a sample of 683 wikis, we construct empirical measures of participation and test for increases in oligarchy associated with growth  in wikis' contributor bases. In contrast to previous studies, we find support for Michels' iron law and conclude that peer production entails oligarchic organizational forms.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/GIII687R/Shaw and Hill - 2014 - Laboratories of oligarchy How the iron law extend.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/W3846GC6/full.html}
}

@article{shaw_pipeline_2018,
  title = {The {{Pipeline}} of {{Online Participation Inequalities}}: The {{Case}} of {{Wikipedia Editing}}},
  shorttitle = {The {{Pipeline}} of {{Online Participation Inequalities}}},
  author = {Shaw, Aaron and Hargittai, Eszter},
  date = {2018-02-01},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Communication},
  shortjournal = {Journal of Communication},
  volume = {68},
  number = {1},
  pages = {143--168},
  issn = {0021-9916},
  abstract = {Digital inequalities undermine the democratizing potential of the Internet. While many people engage in public discourse through participatory media, knowledge gaps limit engagement in the networked public sphere. Participatory web platforms have unique potential to facilitate a more equitable production of knowledge. This paper conceptualizes a pipeline of online participation and models the awareness and behaviors necessary to become a contributor to the networked public sphere. We test the theory with the case of Wikipedia editing, relying on survey data from a diverse, national sample of U.S. adults. Our findings underscore the multidimensionality of digital inequalities and suggest new pathways toward closing knowledge gaps by highlighting the importance of education and Internet skills for online stratification processes.},
  keywords = {Digital Inequality,Internet & society,Internet Skills,Knowledge Gap,Knowledge gap theory (Communication),online participation,Social participation,Social stratification,Survey Research,wikipedia},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/IIFZGIVP/Shaw and Hargittai - 2018 - The pipeline of online participation inequalities.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/NCJPN2PQ/Shaw and Hargittai - 2018 - The Pipeline of Online Participation Inequalities.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/8VA8V6VV/Shaw and Hargittai - 2018.html;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/WAUM42SV/4915319.html}
}

@article{shen_evolution_2014,
  title = {The Evolution of Social Ties Online: A Longitudinal Study in a Massively Multiplayer Online Game},
  shorttitle = {The Evolution of Social Ties Online},
  author = {Shen, Cuihua and Monge, Peter and Williams, Dmitri},
  date = {2014-10-01},
  journaltitle = {Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology},
  shortjournal = {J Assn Inf Sci Tec},
  volume = {65},
  number = {10},
  pages = {2127--2137},
  issn = {2330-1643},
  abstract = {How do social ties in online worlds evolve over time? This research examined the dynamic processes of relationship formation, maintenance, and demise in a massively multiplayer online game. Drawing from evolutionary and ecological theories of social networks, this study focuses on the impact of three sets of evolutionary factors in the context of social relationships in the online game EverQuest II (EQII): the aging and maturation processes, social architecture of the game, and homophily and proximity. A longitudinal analysis of tie persistence and decay demonstrated the transient nature of social relationships in EQII, but ties became considerably more durable over time. Also, character level similarity, shared guild membership, and geographic proximity were powerful mechanisms in preserving social relationships.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/C4NMGZEB/Shen et al. - 2014 - The evolution of social ties online A longitudina.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/MPXNFPXA/Shen et al. - 2014 - The evolution of social ties online A longitudina.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/M7ZJXDM5/abstract.html}
}

@article{shen_virtual_2014-1,
  title = {Virtual Brokerage and Closure: Network Structure and Social Capital in a Massively Multiplayer Online Game},
  shorttitle = {Virtual {{Brokerage}} and {{Closure}}},
  author = {Shen, Cuihua and Monge, Peter R. and Williams, Dmitri},
  date = {2014-06-01},
  journaltitle = {Communication Research},
  shortjournal = {Communication Research},
  volume = {41},
  number = {4},
  pages = {459--480},
  issn = {0093-6502},
  abstract = {This study proposes a structural approach to examining online bridging and bonding social capital in a large virtual world. It tests the effects of individual players’ network brokerage and closure on their task performance and trust of other players. Bridging social capital is operationalized as brokerage, the extent to which one is tied to disconnected others, and bonding social capital as closure, the extent to which one is embedded in a densely connected group. Social networks were constructed from behavioral server logs of EverQuest II, a Massively Multiplayer Online Game. Results provided strong support for the structural model, demonstrating that players’ network brokerage positively predicted their task performance in the game and players embedded in closed networks were more likely to trust each other.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/XQX36GBZ/Shen et al. - 2014 - Virtual brokerage and closure Network structure a.pdf}
}

@article{shi_member_2017-1,
  title = {A {{Member Saved Is}} a {{Member Earned}}? The {{Recruitment}}-{{Retention Trade}}-{{Off}} and {{Organizational Strategies}} for {{Membership Growth}}},
  shorttitle = {A {{Member Saved Is}} a {{Member Earned}}?},
  author = {Shi, Yongren and Dokshin, Fedor A. and Genkin, Michael and Brashears, Matthew E.},
  date = {2017-04-01},
  journaltitle = {American Sociological Review},
  shortjournal = {Am Sociol Rev},
  volume = {82},
  number = {2},
  pages = {407--434},
  issn = {0003-1224},
  abstract = {A long line of research documents the essential role of social networks in mediating the recruitment and retention of members in organizations. But organizations also comprise a primary context where people form social ties. We investigate how the network structure an organization creates among its members influences its ability to grow and reproduce. In particular, we propose that two dimensions of organizational strategy influence affiliation dynamics: (1) the extent to which an organization induces social interaction among its members (social encapsulation), and (2) the time and energy that an organization demands of its members (time and energy demand). We examine membership dynamics in an ecology where competitor organizations deploying varied strategies vie for the same pool of members. Results show a curvilinear relationship between membership growth and the rate of social encapsulation. Furthermore, we find that time and energy demand mediates the effect of social encapsulation by shaping its members’ opportunities for maintaining external affiliations. Different opportunity structures result in different levels of network turnover, thus either reinforcing or dissolving intra-organizational ties. For most types of organizations, attaining sustained growth requires a balance between open networks (for recruitment) and network closure (for retention).},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/46ZZ3CGY/Shi et al. - 2017 - A Member Saved Is a Member Earned The Recruitment.pdf}
}

@article{shi_wisdom_2019,
  title = {The Wisdom of Polarized Crowds},
  author = {Shi, Feng and Teplitskiy, Misha and Duede, Eamon and Evans, James A.},
  date = {2019-04},
  journaltitle = {Nature Human Behaviour},
  volume = {3},
  number = {4},
  pages = {329},
  issn = {2397-3374},
  abstract = {This article explores the effect of ideological polarization on team performance. By analysing millions of edits to Wikipedia, the authors reveal that politically diverse editor teams produce higher-quality articles than homogeneous or moderate teams, and they identify the mechanisms responsible for producing these superior articles.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/5AJIP7BF/Shi et al_2019_The wisdom of polarized crowds.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/E7S9VG4I/Shi et al. - 2019 - The wisdom of polarized crowds.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/YVYHDNGP/Shi et al_2019_The wisdom of polarized crowds.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/BPKFC376/s41562-019-0541-6.html;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/PTAPHWSK/s41562-019-0541-6.html;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/RLZLXT6Y/s41562-019-0541-6.html}
}

@book{shirky_here_2008,
  title = {Here Comes Everybody : The Power of Organizing without Organizations},
  author = {Shirky, Clay.},
  date = {2008},
  publisher = {{Penguin Press}},
  location = {{New York, NY}},
  abstract = {An examination of how the rapid spread of new forms of social interaction enabled by technology is changing the way humans form groups and exist within them, with profound long-term economic and social effects--for good and for ill. Our age's new technologies of social networking are evolving, and evolving us, into new groups doing new things in new ways, and old and new groups alike doing the old things better and more easily. Hierarchical structures that exist to manage the work of groups are seeing their raisons d'e\^tre swiftly eroded by the rising tide. Business models are being destroyed, transformed, born at dizzying speeds, and the larger social impact is profound. Clay Shirky is one of our wisest observers of the transformational power of the new forms of tech-enabled social interaction, and this is his reckoning with the ramifications of all this on what we do and who we are.--From publisher description. Discusses and uses examples of how digital networks transform the ability of humans to gather and cooperate with one another.},
  isbn = {978-1-59420-153-0},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {FOSS,Media Studies},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/DHBTQ79D/shirky-2008.pdf}
}

@article{siggelkow_temporarily_2003,
  title = {Temporarily {{Divide}} to {{Conquer}}: Centralized, {{Decentralized}}, and {{Reintegrated Organizational Approaches}} to {{Exploration}} and {{Adaptation}}},
  shorttitle = {Temporarily {{Divide}} to {{Conquer}}},
  author = {Siggelkow, Nicolaj and Levinthal, Daniel A.},
  date = {2003-12-01},
  journaltitle = {Organization Science},
  volume = {14},
  number = {6},
  pages = {650--669},
  publisher = {{INFORMS}},
  issn = {1047-7039},
  abstract = {To create a competitive advantage, firms need to find activity configurations that are not only internally consistent, but also appropriate given the firm's current environment. This challenge is particularly acute after firms have experienced an environmental change that has shifted the existing competitive landscape and created new, high-performing sets of activity choices. How should firms organize to explore and search such an altered performance landscape? While it has been noted that adaptive entities need to maintain a balance of exploration and exploitation, little is known about how different organizational structures moderate this balance. With the help of an agentbased simulation model, we study the value of three different organizational structures: a centralized organization, in which decisions are made only at the level of the firm as a whole; a decentralized organization, in which decisions are made independently in two divisions; and a temporarily decentralized firm, which starts out with a decentralized structure and later reintegrates. We find that if interactions among a firm's activities are pervasive, neither the centralized nor the permanently decentralized organizational structure leads to high performance. In this case, temporary decentralization—an organizational structure that has not found much attention in the literature—yields the highest long-term performance. This organizational structure allows the firm both to avoid low-performing activity configurations and to eventually coordinate across its divisions. Thus, even if the decision problem a .rm faces is not fully decomposable, a temporary bifurcation can lead to a higher long-term performance outcome. Initial decentralized exploration is, however, costly in the short run, as compared to centralized exploration. As a result, a tradeoff exists between the short-term costs of decentralized exploration and the longterm benefits of reaching higher performance. As interactions across and within divisions increase, the optimal length of decentralized exploration tends to grow. Paralleling our first result, we further show that even if a decision problem is decomposable, that is, can be perfectly modularized, it can be beneficial to create a temporary decision allocation that creates "unnecessary" interdependencies across the subsystems. This benefit arises in particular when the modules are complex by themselves. In both cases, an initial phase of exploration, enabled by an appropriate organizational structure, followed by refinement and coordination, enabled by a different structure, leads to high performance. To illustrate our general model, we focus on incumbent firms' responses to the Internet and discuss implications for the product design process.},
  keywords = {Activity Systems,Agent-Based Simulations,E-Commerce,Organizational Adaptation,Organizational Design},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/BFSDUBNA/Siggelkow_Levinthal_2003_Temporarily Divide to Conquer.pdf}
}

@article{simpson_status_2012,
  title = {Status {{Hierarchies}} and the {{Organization}} of {{Collective Action}}},
  author = {Simpson, Brent and Willer, Robb and Ridgeway, Cecilia L.},
  date = {2012-09},
  journaltitle = {Sociological Theory},
  volume = {30},
  number = {3},
  pages = {149--166},
  issn = {0735-2751, 1467-9558},
  abstract = {Most work on collective action assumes that group members are undifferentiated by status, or standing, in the group. Yet such undifferentiated groups are rare, if they exist at all. Here we extend an existing sociological research program to address how extant status hierarchies help organize collective actions by coordinating how much and when group members should contribute to group efforts. We outline three theoretically derived predictions of how status hierarchies organize patterns of behavior to produce larger public goods.We review existing evidence relevant to two of the three hypotheses and present results from a preliminary experimental test of the third. Findings are consistent with the model.The tendency of these dynamics to lead status-differentiated groups to produce larger public goods may help explain the ubiquity of hierarchy in groups, despite the often negative effects of status inequalities for many group members.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/WVT6KAAY/Simpson et al. - 2012 - Status Hierarchies and the Organization of Collect.pdf}
}

@article{sims_macroeconomics_1980,
  title = {Macroeconomics and {{Reality}}},
  author = {Sims, Christopher A.},
  date = {1980},
  journaltitle = {Econometrica},
  volume = {48},
  number = {1},
  eprint = {1912017},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {1--48},
  issn = {0012-9682},
  abstract = {[Existing strategies for econometric analysis related to macroeconomics are subject to a number of serious objections, some recently formulated, some old. These objections are summarized in this paper, and it is argued that taken together they make it unlikely that macroeconomic models are in fact over identified, as the existing statistical theory usually assumes. The implications of this conclusion are explored, and an example of econometric work in a non-standard style, taking account of the objections to the standard style, is presented.]},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/5L9AKP48/Sims - 1980 - Macroeconomics and Reality.pdf}
}

@book{singer_applied_2003,
  title = {Applied Longitudinal Data Analysis: Modeling Change and Event Occurrence},
  shorttitle = {Applied {{Longitudinal Data Analysis}}},
  author = {Singer, Judith D. and Willett, John B.},
  date = {2003},
  publisher = {{Oxford University Press}},
  location = {{New York, NY}},
  isbn = {0-19-515296-4}
}

@article{sobre-denton_virtual_2016,
  title = {Virtual Intercultural Bridgework: Social Media, Virtual Cosmopolitanism, and Activist Community-Building},
  shorttitle = {Virtual Intercultural Bridgework},
  author = {Sobré-Denton, Miriam},
  date = {2016-09-01},
  journaltitle = {New Media \& Society},
  shortjournal = {New Media \& Society},
  volume = {18},
  number = {8},
  pages = {1715--1731},
  publisher = {{SAGE Publications}},
  issn = {1461-4448},
  abstract = {Social media facilitates a global–local orientation to the world that allows individuals to engage in virtual community-building and participate in communication to build global citizenship. This research situates virtual cosmopolitanism in the age of new media and globalization, describing it as a means for trans-local and transnational community-building for social justice movements and activism, including community liaison-building across corporeal borders and boundaries. New media as a site of imagined communities that become larger than their component parts is then analyzed through examining several virtual cosmopolitan communities. The essay concludes with assumptions about the qualities of virtual cosmopolitan communities, and recommendations for how they can facilitate intercultural liaisons for social justice activism and community-building across difference.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Community-building,cosmopolitan solidarity,online activism,social justice,social media,virtual cosmopolitanism},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/Z5D3VAMN/Sobré-Denton - 2016 - Virtual intercultural bridgework Social media, vi.pdf}
}

@inproceedings{soliman_characterization_2019,
  title = {A {{Characterization}} of {{Political Communities}} on {{Reddit}}},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 30th {{ACM Conference}} on {{Hypertext}} and {{Social Media}}},
  author = {Soliman, Ahmed and Hafer, Jan and Lemmerich, Florian},
  date = {2019-09-12},
  series = {{{HT}} '19},
  pages = {259--263},
  publisher = {{Association for Computing Machinery}},
  location = {{Hof, Germany}},
  abstract = {The social news aggregator Reddit is among the most popular websites on the internet. Many online users use the platform to anonymously share and discuss (mostly US-centric) political content. In this ongoing work, we perform a comparative large-scale analysis of political subcommunities (subreddits) on Reddit using a dataset of more than 100 million posts from around 5 million users. In particular, we investigate these communities with respect to (1) the content posted, (2) their relationships to other subreddits, and (3) the distribution of attention received in these subcommunities. We find that left-leaning communities use derogatory language less often than right-leaning communities, but are more focused on news sources reflecting their own political leaning. We also observe that right-leaning communities are more interconnected with right-leaning subreddits on European politics. Finally, the attention of individual submissions (as measured by their number of up-votes or comments received) is spread more evenly in right-leaning communities.The social news aggregator Reddit is among the most popular websites on the internet. Many online users use the platform to anonymously share and discuss (mostly US-centric) political content. In this ongoing work, we perform a comparative large-scale analysis of political subcommunities (subreddits) on Reddit using a dataset of more than 100 million posts from around 5 million users. In particular, we investigate these communities with respect to (1) the content posted, (2) their relationships to other subreddits, and (3) the distribution of attention received in these subcommunities. We find that left-leaning communities use derogatory language less often than right-leaning communities, but are more focused on news sources reflecting their own political leaning. We also observe that right-leaning communities are more interconnected with right-leaning subreddits on European politics. Finally, the attention of individual submissions (as measured by their number of up-votes or comments received) is spread more evenly in right-leaning communities.},
  isbn = {978-1-4503-6885-8},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/R2YM5F8X/Soliman et al. - 2019 - A Characterization of Political Communities on Red.pdf}
}

@inproceedings{solomon_critical_2014,
  title = {Critical Mass of What? Exploring Community Growth in {{WikiProjects}}},
  shorttitle = {Critical Mass of What?},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the {{Eighth International AAAI Conference}} on {{Weblogs}} and {{Social Media}} ({{ICWSM}} '16)},
  author = {Solomon, Jacob and Wash, Rick},
  date = {2014-05-16},
  publisher = {{AAAI}},
  location = {{Palo Alto, CA}},
  abstract = {Fledgling online communities often hope to achieve critical mass so that the community becomes sustainable. This concept however is not well understood. At what point does a community achieve critical mass, and how does the community know this? Furthermore, online communities become sustainable when they achieve a mass of what? We explore this question by analyzing growth in a large number of online communities on Wikipedia. We find that individual communities often have different patterns of growth of membership from its pattern of growth of contribution or production. We also find that in the early stages of community development, building membership has a greater impact on community production and activity in later periods than accumulating many contributions early on, and this is especially true when there is more diversity in the early participants in a community. We also show that participation from a community's "power users" in its early stage is not as valuable to sustainability as the collective contributions of those who make only small contributions. We argue that critical mass is established by developing a diverse set of community members with heterogeneous interests and resources, and not purely by accumulating content.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/HZ22VP6J/Solomon and Wash - 2014 - Critical mass of what Exploring community growth .pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/GDPU5N7H/8104.html}
}

@article{sorensen_recruitment-based_2004,
  ids = {sorensen_recruitment-based_2004-1},
  title = {Recruitment-Based Competition between Industries: A Community Ecology},
  shorttitle = {Recruitment-Based Competition between Industries},
  author = {Sørensen, Jesper B.},
  date = {2004-02-01},
  journaltitle = {Industrial and Corporate Change},
  shortjournal = {Ind Corp Change},
  volume = {13},
  number = {1},
  pages = {149--170},
  publisher = {{Oxford Academic}},
  issn = {0960-6491},
  abstract = {Abstract.  Because entrepreneurs often must recruit labor in order to launch their ventures, the labor market is a potential source of constraint in the entrepr},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/Z4KJZUBF/Sorensen - 2004 - Recruitment-based competition between industries .pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/PHCVIXUJ/707535.html}
}

@article{soule_competition_2008,
  title = {Competition and Resource Partitioning in Three Social Movement Industries},
  author = {Soule, Sarah A. and King, Brayden G.},
  date = {2008-05},
  journaltitle = {The American Journal of Sociology},
  volume = {113},
  number = {6},
  eprint = {25145846},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {1568--1610},
  issn = {00029602},
  abstract = {Drawing hypotheses from resource mobilization and resource partitioning theories (RMT and RPT), this article examines how inter-organizational competition and social movement industry (SMI) concentration affect the level of tactical and goal specialization of protest organizations associated with the peace, women's, and environmental movements. Additionally, the article examines how specialization affects the survival of these organizations. By and large, the findings are commensurate with the expectations of RMT and RPT. Results indicate that interorganizational competition leads to more specialized tactical and goal repertoires. Concentration in the SMI also leads to specialization, but this is only true for less established organizations. Results also indicate that tactical and goal specialization decrease organizational survival, unless the industry is highly concentrated.},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/TG4RWD3T/Soule and King - 2008 - Competition and Resource Partitioning in Three Soc.pdf}
}

@inproceedings{starbird_crowd_2012,
  title = {Crowd Computation: Organizing Information during Mass Disruption Events},
  shorttitle = {Crowd Computation},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the {{ACM}} 2012 Conference on {{Computer Supported Cooperative Work Companion}}},
  author = {Starbird, Kate},
  date = {2012},
  series = {{{CSCW}} '12},
  pages = {339--342},
  publisher = {{ACM}},
  location = {{New York, NY, USA}},
  abstract = {This research examines large-scale human interaction occurring through social media during times of mass disruption, seeking to understand how the connected crowd acts to organize a flood of data moving through those platforms into useful information resources. The work combines empirical analysis of social media communication, interviews, and participant observation to explore how people work to organize information and how they use social media platforms to organize themselves to do this work. Synthesizing findings from four distinct, yet interrelated studies, this research progresses towards a new conceptualization of the distributed, connected work of organizing information during mass disruption events.},
  isbn = {978-1-4503-1051-2}
}

@article{stinchcombe_social_1965,
  title = {Social Structure and Organizations},
  author = {Stinchcombe, Arthur L},
  date = {1965},
  journaltitle = {Handbook of Organizations},
  shortjournal = {Handbook of Organizations},
  pages = {142--193},
  keywords = {liability of newness},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/SA82QMEE/Stinchcombe_1965_Social structure and organizations.pdf}
}

@incollection{suchman_supporting_1996,
  title = {Supporting {{Articulation Work}}},
  booktitle = {Computerization and {{Controversy}}: Value {{Conflicts}} and {{Social Choices}}},
  author = {Suchman, Lucy},
  editor = {Kling, Rob},
  date = {1996},
  eprint = {9wlN9eOomacC},
  eprinttype = {googlebooks},
  pages = {407--423},
  publisher = {{Morgan Kaufmann}},
  abstract = {The Second Edition of Computerization and Controversy: Value Conflicts and Social Choices is a collection of 78 articles that examine the social aspects of computerization from a variety of perspectives, many presenting important viewpoints not often discussed in the conventional literature. A number of paired articles comprise thought-provoking head-on debate. Fields represented include computer science, information systems, management, journalism, psychology, law, library science, and sociology. This volume introduces some of the major controversies surrounding the computerization of society and helps readers recognize the social processes that drive and shape computerization.Division into eight provocatively titled sections facilitates course planning for classroom or seminar use. A lead article for each section frames the major controversies, locates the selections within the debates, and points to other relevant literature. Features A fully revised and updated version of the first anthological treatment of the subjectOrganized to facilitate course planning for classroom or seminar useProvides coverage of the influence of computers on a wide variety of fields including computer science, information systems, management, journalism, psychology, law, library science, and sociologyIncludes discussion of the following issues related to computerization:Does computerization demonstrably improve the productivity of organizations?Should computer systems be designed to empower workers?Does electronic mail facilitate the formation of new communities, or does it undermine intimate interaction?Is computerization likely to reduce privacy and personal freedom?},
  isbn = {978-0-12-415040-9},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {_tablet,Computers / Computer Science,Computers / Human-Computer Interaction (HCI)},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/GNBXUDMJ/Suchman_1996_Supporting Articulation Work.pdf}
}

@article{sugihara_detecting_2012,
  title = {Detecting {{Causality}} in {{Complex Ecosystems}}},
  author = {Sugihara, George and May, Robert and Ye, Hao and Hsieh, Chih-hao and Deyle, Ethan and Fogarty, Michael and Munch, Stephan},
  date = {2012-09-20},
  journaltitle = {Science},
  eprint = {22997134},
  eprinttype = {pmid},
  pages = {1227079},
  issn = {0036-8075, 1095-9203},
  abstract = {Identifying causal networks is important for effective policy and management recommendations on climate, epidemiology, financial regulation, and much else. Here, we introduce a method, based on nonlinear state space reconstruction, that can distinguish causality from correlation. It extends to nonseparable weakly connected dynamic systems (cases not covered by the current Granger causality paradigm). The approach is illustrated both by simple models (where, in contrast to the real world, we know the underlying equations/relations and so can check the validity of our method) and by application to real ecological systems, including the controversial sardine-anchovy-temperature problem.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/88Z9BXNQ/Sugihara et al. - 2012 - Detecting Causality in Complex Ecosystems.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/IXJEHNSL/tab-pdf.html}
}

@article{sugihara_nonlinear_1990,
  title = {Nonlinear Forecasting as a Way of Distinguishing Chaos from Measurement Error in Time Series},
  author = {Sugihara, George and May, Robert M.},
  date = {1990-04},
  journaltitle = {Nature},
  volume = {344},
  number = {6268},
  pages = {734--741},
  publisher = {{Nature Publishing Group}},
  issn = {1476-4687},
  abstract = {An approach is presented for making short-term predictions about the trajectories of chaotic dynamical systems. The method is applied to data on measles, chickenpox, and marine phytoplankton populations, to show how apparent noise associated with deterministic chaos can be distinguished from sampling error and other sources of externally induced environmental noise.},
  issue = {6268},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/QTEKXCSR/Sugihara_May_1990_Nonlinear forecasting as a way of distinguishing chaos from measurement error.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/IW7GR3D4/344734a0.html}
}

@article{sugihara_nonlinear_1994,
  title = {Nonlinear Forecasting for the Classification of Natural Time Series},
  author = {Sugihara, George and Grenfell, Bryan Thomas and May, Robert McCredie and Tong, H.},
  date = {1994-09-15},
  journaltitle = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A: Physical and Engineering Sciences},
  shortjournal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A: Physical and Engineering Sciences},
  volume = {348},
  number = {1688},
  pages = {477--495},
  publisher = {{Royal Society}},
  abstract = {There is a growing trend in the natural sciences to view time series as products of dynamical systems. This viewpoint has proven to be particularly useful in stimulating debate and insight into the nature of the underlying generating mechanisms. Here I review some of the issues concerning the use of forecasting in the detection of nonlinearities and possible chaos, particularly with regard to stochastic chaos. Moreover, it is shown how recent attempts to measure meaningful Lyapunov exponents for ecological data are fundamentally flawed, and that when observational noise is convolved with process noise, computing Lyapunov exponents for the real system will be difficult. Such problems pave the way for more operational definitions of dynamic complexity (cf. Yao \& Tong, this volume) . Aside from its use in the characterization of chaos, nonlinear forecasting can be used more broadly in pragmatic classification problems. Here I review a recent example of nonlinear forecasting as it is applied to classify human heart rhythms. In particular, it is shown how forecast nonlinearity can be a good discriminator of the physiological effects of age, and how prediction-decay may discriminate heartdisease. In so doing, I introduce a method for characterizing nonlinearity using ‘S-maps’ and a method for analysing multiple short time series with composite attractors.},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/TGW3IUGS/Sugihara et al_1994_Nonlinear forecasting for the classification of natural time series.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/CGSTKS5R/rsta.1994.html}
}

@inproceedings{suh_singularity_2009,
  title = {The Singularity Is Not near: Slowing Growth of {{Wikipedia}}},
  shorttitle = {The {{Singularity}} Is {{Not Near}}},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 5th {{International Symposium}} on {{Wikis}} and {{Open Collaboration}}},
  author = {Suh, Bongwon and Convertino, Gregorio and Chi, Ed H. and Pirolli, Peter},
  date = {2009},
  series = {{{WikiSym}} '09},
  pages = {1--10},
  publisher = {{ACM}},
  location = {{New York, NY}},
  abstract = {Prior research on Wikipedia has characterized the growth in content and editors as being fundamentally exponential in nature, extrapolating current trends into the future. We show that recent editing activity suggests that Wikipedia growth has slowed, and perhaps plateaued, indicating that it may have come against its limits to growth. We measure growth, population shifts, and patterns of editor and administrator activities, contrasting these against past results where possible. Both the rate of page growth and editor growth has declined. As growth has declined, there are indicators of increased coordination and overhead costs, exclusion of newcomers, and resistance to new edits. We discuss some possible explanations for these new developments in Wikipedia including decreased opportunities for sharing existing knowledge and increased bureaucratic stress on the socio-technical system itself.},
  isbn = {978-1-60558-730-1},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/WTEMKAUC/Suh et al. - 2009 - The singularity is not near slowing growth of Wik.pdf}
}

@article{swaminathan_resource_2001,
  title = {Resource Partitioning and the Evolution of Specialist Organizations: The Role of Location and Identity in the {{U}}.{{S}}. Wine Industry},
  shorttitle = {Resource {{Partitioning}} and the {{Evolution}} of {{Specialist Organizations}}},
  author = {Swaminathan, Anand},
  date = {2001-12-01},
  journaltitle = {Academy of Management Journal},
  shortjournal = {ACAD MANAGE J},
  volume = {44},
  number = {6},
  pages = {1169--1185},
  issn = {0001-4273, 1948-0989},
  abstract = {Analyses of founding and mortality rates of specialist organizations in the U.S. wine industry over the period 1941-90 support Carroll’s (1985) location-based resource-partitioning model—crowding of generalists in the market center creates opportunities for specialists. Further, specialists are adversely affected when they violate their organizational form’s identity characteristics and also when generalists can assume a robust identity allowing them to operate in both specialist and generalist industry segments. The results suggest a prominent role for an organizational form’s identity in resource partitioning.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/HSF2S5JM/1169.html}
}

@inproceedings{tan_all_2015,
  title = {All Who Wander: On the Prevalence and Characteristics of Multi-Community Engagement},
  shorttitle = {All Who Wander},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 24th {{International Conference}} on {{World Wide Web}}},
  author = {Tan, Chenhao and Lee, Lillian},
  date = {2015},
  series = {{{WWW}} '15},
  pages = {1056--1066},
  publisher = {{International World Wide Web Conferences Steering Committee}},
  location = {{Republic and Canton of Geneva, Switzerland}},
  abstract = {Although analyzing user behavior within individual communities is an active and rich research domain, people usually interact with multiple communities both on- and off-line. How do users act in such multi-community environments? Although there are a host of intriguing aspects to this question, it has received much less attention in the research community in comparison to the intra-community case. In this paper, we examine three aspects of multi-community engagement: the sequence of communities that users post to, the language that users employ in those communities, and the feedback that users receive, using longitudinal posting behavior on Reddit as our main data source, and DBLP for auxiliary experiments. We also demonstrate the effectiveness of features drawn from these aspects in predicting users' future level of activity. One might expect that a user's trajectory mimics the "settling-down" process in real life: an initial exploration of sub-communities before settling down into a few niches. However, we find that the users in our data continually post in new communities; moreover, as time goes on, they post increasingly evenly among a more diverse set of smaller communities. Interestingly, it seems that users that eventually leave the community are "destined" to do so from the very beginning, in the sense of showing significantly different "wandering" patterns very early on in their trajectories; this finding has potentially important design implications for community maintainers. Our multi-community perspective also allows us to investigate the "situation vs. personality" debate from language usage across different communities.},
  isbn = {978-1-4503-3469-3},
  keywords = {DBLP,language,lifecycle,multiple communities,reddit},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/8GL2XQG3/Tan and Lee - 2015 - All Who Wander On the Prevalence and Characterist.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/J3RVCH26/Tan and Lee - 2015 - All Who Wander On the Prevalence and Characterist.pdf}
}

@inproceedings{tan_tracing_2018,
  title = {Tracing Community Genealogy: How New Communities Emerge from the Old},
  shorttitle = {Tracing {{Community Genealogy}}},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the {{Twelfth International Conference}} on {{Web}} and {{Social Media}} ({{ICWSM}} '18)},
  author = {Tan, Chenhao},
  date = {2018},
  pages = {395--404},
  publisher = {{AAAI}},
  location = {{Palo Alto, California}},
  abstract = {The process by which new communities emerge is a central research issue in the social sciences. While a growing body of research analyzes the formation of a single community by examining social networks between individuals, we introduce a novel community-centered perspective. We highlight the fact that the context in which a new community emerges contains numerous existing communities. We reveal the emerging process of communities by tracing their early members’ previous community memberships.},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/QEAEMFYR/Tan - 2018 - Tracing Community Genealogy How New Communities E.pdf}
}

@article{tausczik_impact_2019,
  title = {The Impact of Group Size on the Discovery of Hidden Profiles in Online Discussion Groups},
  author = {Tausczik, Yla and Huang, Xiaoyun},
  date = {2019-11-14},
  journaltitle = {ACM Transactions on Social Computing},
  shortjournal = {Trans. Soc. Comput.},
  volume = {2},
  number = {3},
  pages = {10:1--10:25},
  issn = {2469-7818},
  abstract = {Online discussions help individuals to gather knowledge and make important decisions in diverse areas from health and finance to computing and data science. Online discussion groups exhibit unique group dynamics not found in traditional small groups, such as staggered participation and asynchronous communication, and the effects of these features on knowledge sharing is not well understood. In this article, we focus on one such aspect: wide variation in group size. Using a controlled experiment with a hidden profile task, we evaluate online discussion groups’ capacity to share distributed knowledge when group size ranges from 4 to 32 participants. We found that individuals in medium-sized discussions performed the best, and we suggest that this represents a tradeoff in which larger groups tend to share more facts, but have more difficulty than smaller groups at resolving misunderstandings.},
  keywords = {collective information processing,collective intelligence,Hidden profile,knowledge sharing,online forums},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/FNSPR8FH/Tausczik_Huang_2019_The Impact of Group Size on the Discovery of Hidden Profiles in Online.pdf}
}

@inproceedings{teblunthuis_density_2017,
  title = {Density Dependence without Resource Partitioning: Population Ecology on {{Change}}.Org},
  shorttitle = {Density {{Dependence Without Resource Partitioning}}},
  booktitle = {Companion of the 2017 {{ACM Conference}} on {{Computer Supported Cooperative Work}} and {{Social Computing}}},
  author = {TeBlunthuis, Nathan and Shaw, Aaron and Hill, Benjamin Mako},
  date = {2017},
  series = {{{CSCW}} '17 {{Companion}}},
  pages = {323--326},
  publisher = {{ACM}},
  location = {{New York, NY, USA}},
  abstract = {E-petitioning is a prominent form of Internet-based collective action. We apply theories from organizational population ecology to investigate whether similar petitions compete for signatures. We use latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) topic modeling to identify topical niches. Using these niches, we test two theories from population ecology on 442,109 Change.org petitions. First, we find evidence for density dependence, an inverse-U-shaped relationship between the density of a petition's niche and the number of signatures the petition obtains. This suggests e-petitioning is competitive and that e-petitions draw on overlapping resource pools. Second, although resource partitioning theory predicts that topically specialized petitions will obtain more signatures in concentrated populations, we find no evidence of this. This suggests that specialists struggle to avoid competition with generalists.},
  isbn = {978-1-4503-4688-7},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/54585RCP/TeBlunthuis et al. - 2017 - Density dependence without resource partitioning .pdf}
}

@thesis{teblunthuis_density_2017-1,
  type = {Master of Arts Thesis},
  ids = {teblunthuis_density_2017-2,teblunthuis_density_2018},
  title = {Density Dependence without Resource Partitioning on an Online Petitioning Platform},
  author = {TeBlunthuis, Nathan},
  date = {2017},
  institution = {{University of Washington}},
  location = {{Seattle, Washington}},
  abstract = {Online petitions are a collective action tactic that leverages digital affordances in pursuit of discursive opportunities.  Prior efforts to explain why some petitions  are more successful than others emphasize signer motivations,  petition framing, social media, or resources from movement   organizations.  We advance a key insight of organizational ecology: population-level variables like density and concentration also   constrain success.  We use latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) topic models to measure overlap density and frame specialization. We then model how ecological dynamics affect petition signature counts. We observe density dependence: a curvilinear relationship between overlap density and success.  We anticipated resource partitioning: specialists enjoy competitive advantages under concentration, but we find no evidence for it. We discuss boundary conditions for ecological dynamics commonly found in organizational fields induced by the distinctive scope of e-tactic platforms. Platforms may produce concentration without advantages for specialists by lowering entry costs for generalists and specialists alike.},
  langid = {american},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/XFELN2Z6/TeBlunthuis - 2018 - Density dependence without resource partitioning o.pdf}
}

@article{teblunthuis_effects_2021,
  ids = {teblunthuis_effects_2021-1},
  title = {Effects of {{Algorithmic Flagging}} on {{Fairness}}: Quasi-Experimental {{Evidence}} from {{Wikipedia}}},
  shorttitle = {Effects of {{Algorithmic Flagging}} on {{Fairness}}},
  author = {TeBlunthuis, Nathan and Hill, Benjamin Mako and Halfaker, Aaron},
  date = {2021-04-22},
  journaltitle = {Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction (CSCW '21)},
  shortjournal = {Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact.},
  volume = {5},
  pages = {56:1--56:27},
  abstract = {Online community moderators often rely on social signals such as whether or not a user has an account or a profile page as clues that users may cause problems. Reliance on these clues can lead to "overprofiling'' bias when moderators focus on these signals but overlook the misbehavior of others. We propose that algorithmic flagging systems deployed to improve the efficiency of moderation work can also make moderation actions more fair to these users by reducing reliance on social signals and making norm violations by everyone else more visible. We analyze moderator behavior in Wikipedia as mediated by RCFilters, a system which displays social signals and algorithmic flags, and estimate the causal effect of being flagged on moderator actions. We show that algorithmically flagged edits are reverted more often, especially those by established editors with positive social signals, and that flagging decreases the likelihood that moderation actions will be undone. Our results suggest that algorithmic flagging systems can lead to increased fairness in some contexts but that the relationship is complex and contingent.},
  issue = {CSCW1},
  keywords = {ai,causal inference,community norms,fairness,machine learning,moderation,online communities,peer production,sociotechnical systems,wikipedia},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/DAQJVL52/TeBlunthuis et al. - 2021 - Effects of Algorithmic Flagging on Fairness Quasi.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/WCBHHDU8/TeBlunthuis et al. - 2021 - Effects of Algorithmic Flagging on Fairness Quasi.pdf}
}

@online{teblunthuis_identifying_2021,
  ids = {teblunthuis_community_2021,teblunthuis_community_2021-1,teblunthuis_identifying_2021-1},
  title = {Identifying {{Competition}} and {{Mutualism Between Online Groups}}},
  author = {TeBlunthuis, Nathan and Hill, Benjamin Mako},
  date = {2021-07-14},
  eprint = {2107.06970},
  eprinttype = {arxiv},
  primaryclass = {cs},
  abstract = {Platforms often host multiple online groups with highly overlapping topics and members. How can researchers and designers understand how interactions between related groups affect measures of group health? Inspired by population ecology, prior social computing research has studied competition and mutualism among related groups by correlating group size with degrees of overlap in content and membership. The resulting body of evidence is puzzling as overlaps seem sometimes to help and other times to hurt. We suggest that this confusion results from aggregating inter-group relationships into an overall environmental effect instead of focusing on networks of competition and mutualism among groups. We propose a theoretical framework based on community ecology and a method for inferring competitive and mutualistic interactions from time series participation data. We compare population and community ecology analyses of online community growth by analyzing clusters of subreddits with high user overlap but varying degrees of competition and mutualism.},
  archiveprefix = {arXiv},
  keywords = {Computer Science - Human-Computer Interaction,Computer Science - Social and Information Networks},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/3NW96WBR/TeBlunthuis_Hill_2021_Identifying Competition and Mutualism Between Online Groups.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/XRLZFVHD/TeBlunthuis_Hill_2021_Identifying Competition and Mutualism Between Online Groups.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/ZTDDJ9KW/TeBlunthuis and Hill - 2018 - A Community Ecology Approach for Identifying Compe.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/MJH368X5/2107.html;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/VK77YHAC/2107.html}
}

@article{teblunthuis_no_2021,
  title = {No {{Community Can Do Everything}}: Why {{People Participate}} in {{Similar Online Communities}}},
  author = {TeBlunthuis, Nathan and Kiene, Charles and Brown, Isabella and Levi, Laura (Alia) and McGinnis, Nicole and Hill, Benjamin Mako},
  date = {2021}
}

@unpublished{teblunthuis_population_2020,
  title = {The Population Ecology of Online Collective Action},
  author = {TeBlunthuis, Nathan and Shaw, Aaron and Hill, Benjamin Mako},
  date = {2020-06-19},
  eventtitle = {6th {{International Conference}} on {{Computational Social Science}}}
}

@inproceedings{teblunthuis_revisiting_2018,
  title = {Revisiting "{{The}} Rise and Decline" in a Population of Peer Production Projects},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2018 {{CHI Conference}} on {{Human Factors}} in {{Computing Systems}}},
  author = {TeBlunthuis, Nathan and Shaw, Aaron and Hill, Benjamin Mako},
  date = {2018},
  pages = {355:1--355:7},
  publisher = {{ACM}},
  location = {{New York, NY}},
  abstract = {Do patterns of growth and stabilization found in large peer production systems such as Wikipedia occur in other communities? This study assesses the generalizability of Halfaker et al.'s influential 2013 paper on "The Rise and Decline of an Open Collaboration System." We replicate its tests of several theories related to newcomer retention and norm entrenchment using a dataset of hundreds of active peer production wikis from Wikia. We reproduce the subset of the findings from Halfaker and colleagues that we are able to test, comparing both the estimated signs and magnitudes of our models. Our results support the external validity of Halfaker et al.'s claims that quality control systems may limit the growth of peer production communities by deterring new contributors and that norms tend to become entrenched over time.},
  isbn = {978-1-4503-5620-6},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/7YEVSVQM/TeBlunthuis et al. - 2018 - Revisiting The Rise and Decline in a Population .pdf}
}

@inproceedings{thornton_tagging_2012,
  title = {Tagging Wikipedia: Ollaboratively Creating a Category System},
  shorttitle = {Tagging {{Wikipedia}}},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 17th {{ACM International Conference}} on {{Supporting Group Work}}},
  author = {Thornton, Katherine and McDonald, David W.},
  date = {2012},
  series = {{{GROUP}} '12},
  pages = {219--228},
  publisher = {{ACM}},
  location = {{New York, NY}},
  abstract = {Category systems have traditionally been created by small committees of people who had authority over the system they were designing. With the rise of large-scale social media systems, category schemes are being created by groups with differing perspectives, values, and expectations for how categories will be used. Prior studies of social tagging and folksonomy focused on the application and evolution of the collective category scheme, but struggled to uncover some of the collective rationale undergirding the decision-making processes in those schemes. In this paper, we qualitatively analyze the early discussions among editors of Wikipedia about the design and creation of its category system. We highlight three themes that dominated the discussion: hierarchy, scope and navigation, and relate these themes to their more formal roots in the information science literature. We distill out four styles of collaboration with regard to category systems that apply broadly to social tagging and other folksonomies. We conclude the paper with implications for collaborative tools and category systems as applied to large-scale collaborative systems.},
  isbn = {978-1-4503-1486-2},
  keywords = {categorization,information organization,wikipedia},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/CCDWH5LG/Thornton and McDonald - 2012 - Tagging Wikipedia Collaboratively Creating a Cate.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/JCMW5EKV/Thornton and McDonald - 2012 - Tagging Wikipedia Collaboratively Creating a Cate.pdf}
}

@article{triggs_context_2019,
  ids = {triggs_context_2021},
  title = {Context Collapse and Anonymity among Queer {{Reddit}} Users},
  author = {Triggs, Anthony Henry and Møller, Kristian and Neumayer, Christina},
  date = {2019-11-27},
  journaltitle = {New Media \& Society},
  shortjournal = {New Media \& Society},
  volume = {23},
  number = {1},
  pages = {5--21},
  publisher = {{SAGE Publications}},
  issn = {1461-4448, 1461-7315},
  abstract = {This article maps out how people in queer communities on Reddit navigate context collapse. Drawing upon data from interviews with queer Reddit users and insights from other studies of context collapse in digital media, we argue that context collapse also occurs in anonymity-based social media. The interviews reveal queer Reddit users’ practices of context differentiation, occurring at four levels: somatic, system, inter-platform and intra-platform. We use these levels to map out how lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer or questioning (LGBTQ) people express their identities and find community on Reddit while seeking to minimize the risks imposed by multiple impending context collapses. Because living an authentic queer life can make subjects vulnerable, we find that despite Reddit’s anonymity, sophisticated practices of context differentiation are developed and maintained. We argue that context collapse in an era of big data and social media platforms operates beyond the control of any one user, which causes problems, particularly for queer people.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Anonymity,bisexual,context collapse,gay,lesbian,Reddit,risk,transgender and queer or questioning},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/LSEXQYFM/Triggs et al. - 2021 - Context collapse and anonymity among queer Reddit .pdf}
}

@article{tripodi_ms_2021,
  title = {Ms. {{Categorized}}: Gender, Notability, and Inequality on {{Wikipedia}}},
  shorttitle = {Ms. {{Categorized}}},
  author = {Tripodi, Francesca},
  date = {2021-06-27},
  journaltitle = {New Media \& Society},
  shortjournal = {New Media \& Society},
  pages = {14614448211023772},
  publisher = {{SAGE Publications}},
  issn = {1461-4448},
  abstract = {Gender is one of the most pervasive and insidious forms of inequality. For example, English-language Wikipedia contains more than 1.5 million biographies about notable writers, inventors, and academics, but less than 19\% of these biographies are about women. To try and improve these statistics, activists host “edit-a-thons” to increase the visibility of notable women. While this strategy helps create several biographies previously inexistent, it fails to address a more inconspicuous form of gender exclusion. Drawing on ethnographic observations, interviews, and quantitative analysis of web-scraped metadata, this article demonstrates that biographies about women who meet Wikipedia’s criteria for inclusion are more frequently considered non-notable and nominated for deletion compared to men’s biographies. This disproportionate rate is another dimension of gender inequality previously unexplored by social scientists and provides broader insights into how women’s achievements are (under)valued.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Articles for Deletion,gender gap,gender inequality,metadata,Wikipedia},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/IBR95ZNY/Tripodi_2021_Ms.pdf}
}

@inproceedings{tsugawa_impact_2019,
  ids = {tsugawa_impact_2019-2},
  title = {The Impact of Social Network Structure on the Growth and Survival of Online Communities},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2019 {{IEEE}}/{{ACM International Conference}} on {{Advances}} in {{Social Networks Analysis}} and {{Mining}}},
  author = {Tsugawa, Sho and Niida, Sumaru},
  date = {2019-08-27},
  series = {{{ASONAM}} '19},
  pages = {1112--1119},
  publisher = {{Association for Computing Machinery}},
  location = {{Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada}},
  abstract = {While online communities are important platforms for various social activities, many online communities fail to survive, which motivates researchers to investigate factors affecting the growth and survival of online communities. We comprehensively examine the effects of a wide variety of social network features on the growth and survival of communities in Reddit. We show that several social network features, including clique ratio, density, clustering coefficient, reciprocity and centralization, have significant effects on the survival of communities. In contrast, we also show that social network features examined in this paper only have weak effects on the growth of communities. Moreover, we conducted experiments predicting future growth and survival of online communities from social network features. The results show that social network features are useful for predicting the survival of communities but not for predicting their growth.},
  isbn = {978-1-4503-6868-1},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/8JF3SZ74/Tsugawa and Niida - 2019 - The impact of social network structure on the grow.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/J9RMRP49/Tsugawa_Niida_2019_The impact of social network structure on the growth and survival of online.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/L4EQ4VRI/Tsugawa_Niida_2019_The impact of social network structure on the growth and survival of online.pdf}
}

@article{tufekci_not_2013-1,
  title = {"{{Not}} This One": Social Movements, the Attention Economy, and Microcelebrity Networked Activism},
  shorttitle = {" {{Not}} This One": Social Movements, the Attention Economy, and Microcelebrity Networked Activism},
  author = {Tufekci, Zeynep},
  date = {2013},
  journaltitle = {American Behavioral Scientist},
  pages = {0002764213479369},
  issn = {0002-7642},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/URM9ESR8/Tufekci_2013_ Not This One.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/ZBQFHXMF/Tufekci_2013_ Not This One.pdf}
}

@article{turner_where_2005,
  title = {Where the {{Counterculture Met}} the {{New Economy}}: The {{WELL}} and the {{Origins}} of {{Virtual Community}}},
  shorttitle = {Where the {{Counterculture Met}} the {{New Economy}}},
  author = {Turner, Fred},
  date = {2005},
  journaltitle = {Technology and Culture},
  volume = {46},
  number = {3},
  pages = {485--512},
  issn = {1097-3729},
  abstract = {In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:          Technology and Culture 46.3 (2005) 485-512 The WELL and the Origins of Virtual Community Fred Turner In 1993, freelance journalist Howard Rheingold published The Virtual Community: Homesteading on the Electronic Frontier and with it defined a new form of technologically enabled social life: virtual community. For the last eight years, he explained, he had been dialing in to a San Francisco Bay–area bulletin-board system (BBS) known as the Whole Earth 'Lectronic Link, or the WELL. In the WELL's text-only environment, he conversed with friends and colleagues, met new people, and over time built up relationships of startling intimacy. For Rheingold, these relationships formed an emotional bulwark against the loneliness of a highly technologized material world. As he explained, computer networks like the WELL allowed us "to recapture the sense of cooperative spirit that so many people seemed to lose when we gained all this technology." In the disembodied precincts of cyberspace, we could connect with one another practically and emotionally and "rediscover the power of cooperation, turning cooperation into a game, a way of life—a merger of knowledge capital, social capital, and communion." In the years since Rheingold's book appeared, the Internet and the Worldwide Web have swung into public view, and both the WELL and Rheingold's notion of virtual community have become touchstones for studies of the social implications of computer networking. Yet, despite the WELL's prominence, few have rigorously explored its roots in the American counterculture of the 1960s. As its name suggests, the Whole Earth 'Lectronic Link took shape within a network of individuals and publications that first came together long before the advent of ubiquitous computer networking, with the publication of the Whole Earth Catalog. In the spring of 1968, Stewart Brand, a former Merry Prankster and coproducer of the Trips Festival that helped spark the Haight-Ashbury psychedelic scene, noticed that many of his friends had begun to leave the city for the wilds of New Mexico and Northern California. As sociologists and journalists would soon explain, these migrants marked the leading edge of what would become the largest wave of communalization in American history. Brand had just inherited a hundred thousand dollars in stock and, as he recalled several years later, imagining his friends "starting their own civilization hither and yon in the sticks" got him thinking about the L.L.Bean catalog. This in turn led him to fantasize something he called the "Access Mobile" that would offer "all manner of access materials and advice for sale cheap," including books, camping gear, blueprints for houses and machines, and subscriptions to magazines. The publication that grew out of that fantasy would quickly become one of the defining documents of the American counterculture. Sized somewhere between a tabloid newspaper and a glossy magazine, the sixty-one-page first Whole Earth Catalog presented reviews of hand tools, books, and magazines arrayed in seven thematic categories: understanding whole systems, shelter and land use, industry and craft, communications, community, nomadics, and learning. Over the next four years, in a series of biannual issues, the Catalog ballooned to more than four hundred pages, sold more than a million-and-a-half copies, won a National Book Award, and spawned dozens of imitators. It also established a relationship between information technology, economic activity, and alternative forms of community that would outlast the counterculture itself and become a key feature of the digital world. Like other members of the counterculture, those who headed back to the land suffered a deep ambivalence toward technology. On the one hand, like their counterparts on the New Left they saw the large-scale weapons technologies of the cold war and the organizations that produced them as emblems of a malevolent and ubiquitous technological bureaucracy. On the other, as they played their stereos and dropped LSD many came to believe that small-scale technologies could help bring about an alternative to that world. Dancing at the Trips Festival or simply sitting around getting high with friends, many experienced a sense of spiritual interconnection. By the late 1960s, social theorists such as Charles Reich and Theodore Roszak had begun to argue that this interconnection could become the...}
}

@article{ushio_fluctuating_2018,
  title = {Fluctuating Interaction Network and Time-Varying Stability of a Natural Fish Community},
  author = {Ushio, Masayuki and Hsieh, Chih-hao and Masuda, Reiji and Deyle, Ethan R. and Ye, Hao and Chang, Chun-Wei and Sugihara, George and Kondoh, Michio},
  date = {2018-02},
  journaltitle = {Nature},
  volume = {554},
  number = {7692},
  pages = {360--363},
  publisher = {{Nature Publishing Group}},
  issn = {1476-4687},
  abstract = {A method for modelling time-varying dynamic stability in a natural marine fish community finds that seasonal patterns in community stability are driven by species diversity and interspecific interactions.},
  issue = {7692},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/G8RNW5UU/Ushio et al_2018_Fluctuating interaction network and time-varying stability of a natural fish.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/FWFXSVKR/nature25504.html}
}

@article{vandermeer_community_1970,
  title = {The {{Community Matrix}} and the {{Number}} of {{Species}} in a {{Community}}},
  author = {Vandermeer, John H.},
  date = {1970-01-01},
  journaltitle = {The American Naturalist},
  shortjournal = {The American Naturalist},
  volume = {104},
  number = {935},
  pages = {73--83},
  publisher = {{The University of Chicago Press}},
  issn = {0003-0147},
  abstract = {In this paper I am concerned with the number of species that will be held in stable equilibrium in a community of competing organisms, using the general form of the Lotka-Volterra competition equations for m species. Defining Ki as the saturation density for the ith species and αij as the competition coefficient between species i and j, and Ni as the equilibrium density of species i, the number of species will be determined by N̄, K̄, , var (K), the covariances among the α's, and the covariance between α and N. In particular, the number of species increases as K̄ increases but as N̄, , cov (α), cov (α,N) and variance of K decrease.},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/3CWCLI6Z/282641.html}
}

@inproceedings{vasilescu_how_2014,
  ids = {vasilescu_how_2014-1},
  title = {How Social {{Q}}\&{{A}} Sites Are Changing Knowledge Sharing in Open Source Software Communities},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 17th {{ACM}} Conference on {{Computer}} Supported Cooperative Work \& Social Computing - {{CSCW}} '14},
  author = {Vasilescu, Bogdan and Serebrenik, Alexander and Devanbu, Prem and Filkov, Vladimir},
  date = {2014},
  pages = {342--354},
  publisher = {{ACM Press}},
  location = {{Baltimore, Maryland, USA}},
  abstract = {Historically, mailing lists have been the preferred means for coordinating development and user support activities. With the emergence and popularity growth of social Q\&A sites such as the StackExchange network (e.g., StackOverflow), this is beginning to change. Such sites offer different sociotechnical incentives to their participants than mailing lists do, e.g., rich web environments to store and manage content collaboratively, or a place to showcase their knowledge and expertise more vividly to peers or potential recruiters. A key difference between StackExchange and mailing lists is gamification, i.e., StackExchange participants compete to obtain reputation points and badges. In this paper, we use a case study of R (a widely-used tool for data analysis) to investigate how mailing list participation has evolved since the launch of StackExchange. Our main contribution is the assembly of a joint data set from the two sources, in which participants in both the r-help mailing list and StackExchange are identifiable. This permits their activities to be linked across the two resources and also over time. With this data set we found that user support activities show a strong shift away from r-help. In particular, mailing list experts are migrating to StackExchange, where their behaviour is different. First, participants active both on r-help and on StackExchange are more active than those who focus exclusively on only one of the two. Second, they provide faster answers on StackExchange than on r-help, suggesting they are motivated by the gamified environment. To our knowledge, our study is the first to directly chart the changes in behaviour of specific contributors as they migrate into gamified environments, and has important implications for knowledge management in software engineering.},
  eventtitle = {The 17th {{ACM}} Conference},
  isbn = {978-1-4503-2540-0},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {crowdsourced knowledge,gamification.,mailing lists,open source,social q&a},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/6DLS9FTI/Vasilescu et al. - 2014 - How social Q&amp\;A sites are changing knowledge sh.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/MNHPJRT3/Vasilescu et al. - 2014 - How social Q&A sites are changing knowledge sharin.pdf}
}

@article{ven_explaining_1995,
  title = {Explaining {{Development}} and {{Change}} in {{Organizations}}},
  author = {Ven, Andrew H. Van De and Poole, Marshall Scott},
  date = {1995-07-01},
  journaltitle = {Academy of Management Review},
  shortjournal = {ACAD MANAGE REV},
  volume = {20},
  number = {3},
  pages = {510--540},
  issn = {0363-7425, 1930-3807},
  abstract = {This article introduces four basic theories that may serve as building blocks for explaining processes of change in organizations: life cycle, teleology, dialectics, and evolution. These four theories represent different sequences of change events that are driven by different conceptual motors and operate at different organizational levels. This article identifies the circumstances when each theory applies and proposes how interplay among the theories produces a wide variety of more complex theories of change and development in organizational life.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/APD9T5KZ/258786.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/FBX2F2XQ/510.html}
}

@book{verhoef_community_2010,
  title = {Community Ecology: Processes, Models, and Applications},
  shorttitle = {Community Ecology},
  author = {Verhoef, Herman A and Morin, Peter J},
  date = {2010},
  publisher = {{Oxford University Press}},
  location = {{Oxford}},
  isbn = {978-0-19-922897-3 978-0-19-922898-0},
  langid = {english},
  annotation = {OCLC: 876676566}
}

@inproceedings{vincent_examining_2018,
  title = {Examining {{Wikipedia}} with a Broader Lens: Quantifying the Value of {{Wikipedia}}'s Relationships with Other Large-Scale Online Communities},
  shorttitle = {Examining {{Wikipedia With}} a {{Broader Lens}}},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2018 {{CHI Conference}} on {{Human Factors}} in {{Computing Systems}}},
  author = {Vincent, Nicholas and Johnson, Isaac and Hecht, Brent},
  date = {2018},
  series = {{{CHI}} '18},
  pages = {566:1--566:13},
  publisher = {{ACM}},
  location = {{New York, NY}},
  abstract = {The extensive Wikipedia literature has largely considered Wikipedia in isolation, outside of the context of its broader Internet ecosystem. Very recent research has demonstrated the significance of this limitation, identifying critical relationships between Google and Wikipedia that are highly relevant to many areas of Wikipedia-based research and practice. This paper extends this recent research beyond search engines to examine Wikipedia's relationships with large-scale online communities, Stack Overflow and Reddit in particular. We find evidence of consequential, albeit unidirectional relationships. Wikipedia provides substantial value to both communities, with Wikipedia content increasing visitation, engagement, and revenue, but we find little evidence that these websites contribute to Wikipedia in return. Overall, these findings highlight important connections between Wikipedia and its broader ecosystem that should be considered by researchers studying Wikipedia. Critically, our results also emphasize the key role that volunteer-created Wikipedia content plays in improving other websites, even contributing to revenue generation.},
  isbn = {978-1-4503-5620-6},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/8YF9QUFS/Vincent et al. - 2018 - Examining Wikipedia With a Broader Lens Quantifyi.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/FHXYQSZK/Vincent et al. - 2018 - Examining Wikipedia With a Broader Lens Quantifyi.pdf}
}

@book{von_hippel_democratizing_2006,
  title = {Democratizing Innovation},
  author = {von Hippel, Eric},
  options = {useprefix=true},
  date = {2006},
  publisher = {{The MIT Press}},
  abstract = {Innovation is rapidly becoming democratized. Users, aided by improvements in computer and communications technology, increasingly can develop their own new products and services. These innovating users—both individuals and firms—often freely share their innovations with others, creating user-innovation communities and a rich intellectual commons. In Democratizing Innovation, Eric von Hippel looks closely at this emerging system of user-centered innovation. He explains why and when users find it profitable to develop new products and services for themselves, and why it often pays users to reveal their innovations freely for the use of all.The trend toward democratized innovation can be seen in software and information products—most notably in the free and open-source software movement—but also in physical products. Von Hippel's many examples of user innovation in action range from surgical equipment to surfboards to software security features. He shows that product and service development is concentrated among "lead users," who are ahead on marketplace trends and whose innovations are often commercially attractive. Von Hippel argues that manufacturers should redesign their innovation processes and that they should systematically seek out innovations developed by users. He points to businesses—the custom semiconductor industry is one example—that have learned to assist user-innovators by providing them with toolkits for developing new products. User innovation has a positive impact on social welfare, and von Hippel proposes that government policies, including R\&D subsidies and tax credits, should be realigned to eliminate biases against it. The goal of a democratized user-centered innovation system, says von Hippel, is well worth striving for.},
  isbn = {978-0-262-72047-2 978-0-262-00274-5},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {innovation,org theory},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/ZK5N3JLA/search.html}
}

@book{von_hippel_free_2016,
  title = {Free Innovation},
  author = {von Hippel, Eric},
  options = {useprefix=true},
  date = {2016-11-18},
  edition = {1 edition},
  publisher = {{The MIT Press}},
  location = {{Cambridge, MA}},
  abstract = {A leading innovation scholar explains the growing phenomenon and impact of free innovation, in which innovations developed by consumers and given away “for free.”In this book, Eric von Hippel, author of the influential Democratizing Innovation, integrates new theory and research findings into the framework of a “free innovation paradigm.” Free innovation, as he defines it, involves innovations developed by consumers who are self-rewarded for their efforts, and who give their designs away “for free.” It is an inherently simple grassroots innovation process, unencumbered by compensated transactions and intellectual property rights.Free innovation is already widespread in national economies and is steadily increasing in both scale and scope. Today, tens of millions of consumers are collectively spending tens of billions of dollars annually on innovation development. However, because free innovations are developed during consumers' unpaid, discretionary time and are given away rather than sold, their collective impact and value have until very recently been hidden from view. This has caused researchers, governments, and firms to focus too much on the Schumpeterian idea of innovation as a producer-dominated activity. Free innovation has both advantages and drawbacks. Because free innovators are self-rewarded by such factors as personal utility, learning, and fun, they often pioneer new areas before producers see commercial potential. At the same time, because they give away their innovations, free innovators generally have very little incentive to invest in diffusing what they create, which reduces the social value of their efforts. The best solution, von Hippel and his colleagues argue, is a division of labor between free innovators and producers, enabling each to do what they do best. The result will be both increased producer profits and increased social welfare―a gain for all.},
  isbn = {978-0-262-03521-7},
  langid = {english},
  pagetotal = {240}
}

@article{von_hippel_sticky_1994,
  title = {"{{Sticky}} Information" and the Locus of Problem Solving: Implications for Innovation},
  shorttitle = {"{{Sticky Information}}" and the {{Locus}} of {{Problem Solving}}},
  author = {von Hippel, Eric},
  options = {useprefix=true},
  date = {1994},
  journaltitle = {Management Science},
  volume = {40},
  number = {4},
  pages = {429--439},
  issn = {0025-1909},
  abstract = {To solve a problem, needed information and problem-solving capabilities must be brought together. Often the information used in technical problem solving is costly to acquire, transfer, and use in a new location---is, in our terms, "sticky." In this paper we explore the impact of information stickiness on the locus of innovation-related problem solving. We find, first, that when sticky information needed by problem solvers is held at one site only, problem solving will be carried out at that locus, other things being equal. Second, when more than one locus of sticky information is called upon by problem solvers, the locus of problem solving may iterate among these sites as problem solving proceeds. When the costs of such iteration are high, then, third, problems that draw upon multiple sites of sticky information will sometimes be "task partitioned" into subproblems that each draw on only one such locus, and/or, fourth, investments will be made to reduce the stickiness of information at some locations. Information stickiness appears to affect a number of issues of importance to researchers and practitioners. Among these are patterns in the diffusion of information, the specialization of firms, the locus of innovation, and the nature of problems selected by problem solvers.},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/VJT3KFVS/von Hippel - 1994 - Sticky information and the locus of problem solv.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/N5WSWBCN/v_3a40_3ay_3a1994_3ai_3a4_3ap_3a429-439.html}
}

@inproceedings{waller_generalists_2019,
  title = {Generalists and {{Specialists}}: Using {{Community Embeddings}} to {{Quantify Activity Diversity}} in {{Online Platforms}}},
  shorttitle = {Generalists and {{Specialists}}},
  booktitle = {The {{World Wide Web Conference}} on   - {{WWW}} '19},
  author = {Waller, Isaac and Anderson, Ashton},
  date = {2019},
  pages = {1954--1964},
  publisher = {{ACM Press}},
  location = {{San Francisco, CA, USA}},
  abstract = {In many online platforms, people must choose how broadly to allocate their energy. Should one concentrate on a narrow area of focus, and become a specialist, or apply oneself more broadly, and become a generalist? In this work, we propose a principled measure of how generalist or specialist a user is, and study behavior in online platforms through this lens. To do this, we construct highly accurate community embeddings that represent communities in a high-dimensional space. We develop sets of community analogies and use them to optimize our embeddings so that they encode community relationships extremely well. Based on these embeddings, we introduce a natural measure of activity diversity, the GS-score. Applying our embedding-based measure to online platforms, we observe a broad spectrum of user activity styles, from extreme specialists to extreme generalists, in both community membership on Reddit and programming contributions on GitHub. We find that activity diversity is related to many important phenomena of user behavior. For example, specialists are much more likely to stay in communities they contribute to, but generalists are much more likely to remain on platforms as a whole. We also find that generalists engage with significantly more diverse sets of users than specialists do. Furthermore, our methodology leads to a simple algorithm for community recommendation, matching state-of-theart methods like collaborative filtering. Our methods and results introduce an important new dimension of online user behavior and shed light on many aspects of online platform use.},
  eventtitle = {The {{World Wide Web Conference}}},
  isbn = {978-1-4503-6674-8},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {activity diversity,community embeddings,community recommendation,generalist and specialists},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/5F77953J/Waller and Anderson - 2019 - Generalists and Specialists Using Community Embed.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/PK32L55Y/Waller and Anderson - 2019 - Generalists and Specialists Using Community Embed.pdf}
}

@inproceedings{wang_coming_2015,
  title = {Coming of {{Age}} ({{Digitally}}): An {{Ecological View}} of {{Social Media Use}} among {{College Students}}},
  shorttitle = {Coming of {{Age}} ({{Digitally}})},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 18th {{ACM Conference}} on {{Computer Supported Cooperative Work}} \& {{Social Computing}}},
  author = {Wang, Yiran and Niiya, Melissa and Mark, Gloria and Reich, Stephanie M. and Warschauer, Mark},
  date = {2015-02-28},
  series = {{{CSCW}} '15},
  pages = {571--582},
  publisher = {{Association for Computing Machinery}},
  location = {{New York, NY, USA}},
  abstract = {We take an ecological approach to studying social media use and its relation to mood among college students. We conducted a mixed-methods study of computer and phone logging with daily surveys and interviews to track college students' use of social media during all waking hours over seven days. Continual and infrequent checkers show different preferences of social media sites. Age differences also were found. Lower classmen tend to be heavier users and to primarily use Facebook, while upper classmen use social media less frequently and utilize sites other than Facebook more often. Factor analysis reveals that social media use clusters into patterns of content-sharing, text-based entertainment/discussion, relationships, and video consumption. The more constantly one checks social media daily, the less positive is one's mood. Our results suggest that students construct their own patterns of social media usage to meet their changing needs in their environment. The findings can inform further investigation into social media use as a benefit and/or distraction for students.},
  isbn = {978-1-4503-2922-4},
  keywords = {college students,computer logging,facebook,in situ study,social media},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/B6BFNKKK/Wang et al_2015_Coming of Age (Digitally).pdf}
}

@article{wang_data_2016,
  title = {Data Based Identification and Prediction of Nonlinear and Complex Dynamical Systems},
  author = {Wang, Wen-Xu and Lai, Ying-Cheng and Grebogi, Celso},
  date = {2016-07-12},
  journaltitle = {Physics Reports},
  shortjournal = {Physics Reports},
  series = {Data Based Identification and Prediction of Nonlinear and Complex Dynamical Systems},
  volume = {644},
  pages = {1--76},
  issn = {0370-1573},
  abstract = {The problem of reconstructing nonlinear and complex dynamical systems from measured data or time series is central to many scientific disciplines including physical, biological, computer, and social sciences, as well as engineering and economics. The classic approach to phase-space reconstruction through the methodology of delay-coordinate embedding has been practiced for more than three decades, but the paradigm is effective mostly for low-dimensional dynamical systems. Often, the methodology yields only a topological correspondence of the original system. There are situations in various fields of science and engineering where the systems of interest are complex and high dimensional with many interacting components. A complex system typically exhibits a rich variety of collective dynamics, and it is of great interest to be able to detect, classify, understand, predict, and control the dynamics using data that are becoming increasingly accessible due to the advances of modern information technology. To accomplish these goals, especially prediction and control, an accurate reconstruction of the original system is required. Nonlinear and complex systems identification aims at inferring, from data, the mathematical equations that govern the dynamical evolution and the complex interaction patterns, or topology, among the various components of the system. With successful reconstruction of the system equations and the connecting topology, it may be possible to address challenging and significant problems such as identification of causal relations among the interacting components and detection of hidden nodes. The “inverse” problem thus presents a grand challenge, requiring new paradigms beyond the traditional delay-coordinate embedding methodology. The past fifteen years have witnessed rapid development of contemporary complex graph theory with broad applications in interdisciplinary science and engineering. The combination of graph, information, and nonlinear dynamical systems theories with tools from statistical physics, optimization, engineering control, applied mathematics, and scientific computing enables the development of a number of paradigms to address the problem of nonlinear and complex systems reconstruction. In this Review, we describe the recent advances in this forefront and rapidly evolving field, with a focus on compressive sensing based methods. In particular, compressive sensing is a paradigm developed in recent years in applied mathematics, electrical engineering, and nonlinear physics to reconstruct sparse signals using only limited data. It has broad applications ranging from image compression/reconstruction to the analysis of large-scale sensor networks, and it has become a powerful technique to obtain high-fidelity signals for applications where sufficient observations are not available. We will describe in detail how compressive sensing can be exploited to address a diverse array of problems in data based reconstruction of nonlinear and complex networked systems. The problems include identification of chaotic systems and prediction of catastrophic bifurcations, forecasting future attractors of time-varying nonlinear systems, reconstruction of complex networks with oscillatory and evolutionary game dynamics, detection of hidden nodes, identification of chaotic elements in neuronal networks, reconstruction of complex geospatial networks and nodal positioning, and reconstruction of complex spreading networks with binary data.. A number of alternative methods, such as those based on system response to external driving, synchronization, and noise-induced dynamical correlation, will also be discussed. Due to the high relevance of network reconstruction to biological sciences, a special section is devoted to a brief survey of the current methods to infer biological networks. Finally, a number of open problems including control and controllability of complex nonlinear dynamical networks are discussed. The methods outlined in this Review are principled on various concepts in complexity science and engineering such as phase transitions, bifurcations, stabilities, and robustness. The methodologies have the potential to significantly improve our ability to understand a variety of complex dynamical systems ranging from gene regulatory systems to social networks toward the ultimate goal of controlling such systems.},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/UUYAPUUB/Wang et al. - 2016 - Data based identification and prediction of nonlin.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/PWJCA6NU/S037015731630134X.html}
}

@article{wang_impact_2012,
  ids = {wang_impact_2013},
  title = {The Impact of Membership Overlap on Growth: An Ecological Competition View of Online Groups},
  shorttitle = {The Impact of Membership Overlap on Growth},
  author = {Wang, Xiaoqing and Butler, Brian S. and Ren, Yuqing},
  date = {2012-06-15},
  journaltitle = {Organization Science},
  shortjournal = {Organization Science},
  volume = {24},
  number = {2},
  pages = {414--431},
  publisher = {{INFORMS}},
  issn = {1047-7039},
  abstract = {The dominant narrative of the Internet has been one of unconstrained growth, abundance, and plenitude. It is in this context that new forms of organizing, such as online groups, have emerged. However, the same factors that underlie the utopian narrative of Internet life also give rise to numerous online groups, many of which fail to attract participants or to provide significant value. This suggests that despite the potential transformative nature of modern information technology, issues of scarcity, competition, and context may remain critical to the performance and functioning of online groups. In this paper, we draw from organizational ecology theories to develop an ecological view of online groups to explain how overlapping membership among online groups causes intergroup competition for member attention and affects a group's ability to grow. Hypotheses regarding the effects of group size, age, and membership overlap on growth are proposed and tested with data from a 64-month, longitudinal sample of 240 online discussion groups. The analysis shows that sharing members with other groups reduced future growth rates, suggesting that membership overlap puts competitive pressure on online groups. Our results also suggest that, compared with smaller and younger groups, larger and older groups experience greater difficulty in growing their membership. In addition, larger groups were more vulnerable to competitive pressure than smaller groups: larger groups experienced greater difficulty in growing their membership than smaller groups as competition intensified. Overall, our findings show how an abundance of opportunities afforded by technologies can create scarcity in user time and effort, which increases competitive pressure on online groups. Our ecological view extends organizational ecology theory to new organizational forms online and highlights the importance of studying the competitive environment of online groups.},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/3WI37Y9S/Wang et al. - 2013 - The Impact of Membership Overlap on Growth An Eco.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/D7GAZURV/Wang et al. - 2012 - The Impact of Membership Overlap on Growth An Eco.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/EQSW25XD/Wang et al. - 2012 - The impact of membership overlap on growth An eco.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/8QDPVTSM/orsc.1120.html;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/IK6SB3L8/orsc.1120.html}
}

@inproceedings{wang_searching_2012,
  ids = {wang_searching_2012-1},
  title = {Searching for the Goldilocks Zone: Trade-Offs in Managing Online Volunteer Groups},
  shorttitle = {Searching for the Goldilocks Zone},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the {{ACM}} 2012 Conference on {{Computer Supported Cooperative Work}}},
  author = {Wang, Loxley Sijia and Chen, Jilin and Ren, Yuqing and Riedl, John},
  date = {2012},
  series = {{{CSCW}} '12},
  pages = {989--998},
  publisher = {{ACM}},
  location = {{New York, NY, USA}},
  abstract = {Dedicated and productive members who actively contribute to community efforts are crucial to the success of online volunteer groups such as Wikipedia. What predicts member productivity? Do productive members stay longer? How does involvement in multiple projects affect member contribution to the community? In this paper, we analyze data from 648 WikiProjects to address these questions. Our results reveal two critical trade-offs in managing online volunteer groups. First, factors that increase member productivity, measured by the number of edits on Wikipedia articles, also increase likelihood of withdrawal from contributing, perhaps due to feelings of mission accomplished or burnout. Second, individual membership in multiple projects has mixed effects. It decreases the amount of work editors contribute to both the individual projects and Wikipedia as a whole. It increases withdrawal for each individual project yet reduces withdrawal from Wikipedia. We discuss how our findings expand existing theories to fit the online context and inform the design of new tools to improve online volunteer work.},
  isbn = {978-1-4503-1086-4},
  keywords = {online volunteer group,productivity,trade-off,wikipedia,withdrawal},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/7CKH7QT7/Wang et al. - 2012 - Searching for the goldilocks zone trade-offs in m.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/R8ALMDFI/Wang et al. - 2012 - Searching for the goldilocks zone trade-offs in m.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/Z28IT3FH/Wang et al. - 2012 - Searching for the goldilocks zone trade-offs in m.pdf}
}

@inproceedings{warncke-wang_misalignment_2015,
  title = {Misalignment between Supply and Demand of Quality Content in Peer Production Communities},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the {{Ninth International AAAI Conference}} on {{Web}} and {{Social Media}} ({{ICWSM}} '15)},
  author = {Warncke-Wang, Morten and Ranjan, Vivek and Terveen, Loren and Hecht, Brent},
  date = {2015},
  pages = {493--502},
  abstract = {In peer production communities, individual community members typically decide for themselves where to make contributions, often driven by factors such as “fun” or a belief that “information should be free”. However, the extent to which this bottom-up, interest-driven content production paradigm meets the needs of consumers of this content is unclear. In this paper, we introduce an analytical framework for studying the relationship between content production and consumption in peer production communities. Applying our framework to four large Wikipedia language editions, we find extensive misalignment between production and consumption in all of them. We also show that this misalignment has an enormous effect on Wikipedias readers. For example, over 1.5 billion monthly pageviews in the English Wikipedia go to articles that would be of much higher quality if editors optimally distributed their work to meet reader demand. Examining misalignment in more detail, we observe that there is an excess of high-quality content about certain specific topics, and that the majority of articles with insufficient quality are in a stable state (i.e. not breaking news). Finally, we discuss technolo- gies and community practises that can help reduce the misalignment between the supply of and demand for high-quality content in peer production communities.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{wasko_why_2005,
  title = {Why {{Should I Share}}? Examining {{Social Capital}} and {{Knowledge Contribution}} in {{Electronic Networks}} of {{Practice}}},
  shorttitle = {Why {{Should I Share}}?},
  author = {Wasko, Molly McLure and Faraj, Samer},
  date = {2005},
  journaltitle = {MIS Quarterly},
  volume = {29},
  number = {1},
  eprint = {25148667},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {35--57},
  publisher = {{Management Information Systems Research Center, University of Minnesota}},
  issn = {0276-7783},
  abstract = {Electronic networks of practice are computer-mediated discussion forums focused on problems of practice that enable individuals to exchange advice and ideas with others based on common interests. However, why individuals help strangers in these electronic networks is not well understood: there is no immediate benefit to the contributor, and free-riders are able to acquire the same knowledge as everyone else. To understand this paradox, we apply theories of collective action to examine how individual motivations and social capital influence knowledge contribution in electronic networks. This study reports on the activities of one electronic network supporting a professional legal association. Using archival, network, survey, and content analysis data, we empirically test a model of knowledge contribution. We find that people contribute their knowledge when they perceive that it enhances their professional reputations, when they have the experience to share, and when they are structurally embedded in the network. Surprisingly, contributions occur without regard to expectations of reciprocity from others or high levels of commitment to the network.},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/JHMZDCUP/Wasko_Faraj_2005_Why Should I Share.pdf}
}

@article{weber_emergence_2016,
  ids = {weber_emergence_2016-1},
  title = {The {{Emergence}} and {{Evolution}} of {{Social Networking Sites}} as an {{Organizational Form}}},
  author = {Weber, Matthew S. and Fulk, Janet and Monge, Peter},
  date = {2016-02-11},
  journaltitle = {Management Communication Quarterly},
  shortjournal = {Management Communication Quarterly},
  pages = {0893318916629547},
  publisher = {{SAGE Publications Inc}},
  issn = {0893-3189, 1552-6798},
  abstract = {A number of new organizational structures have emerged in recent years, including peer production networks, digitally organized social movements, and social networking sites (SNSs). Researchers have devoted considerable attention to these phenomena as groups and communities. This article takes a complementary approach by conceptualizing them as organizational forms, with focus on the emergence of SNSs as a distinct organizational form. Community ecology theory is implemented to explicate the emergence and subsequent legitimation of organizational forms, providing a foundation for understanding how new forms emerge through interaction with the surrounding environment. Industry data and historical records are utilized to illustrate the development of one specific form: online SNSs. This analysis demonstrates that legitimation is an ongoing process of replication of features, but legitimacy also occurs through recognition from adjacent populations. Findings illustrate the validity of alternative processes of form legitimacy.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {emergence,evolution,legitimacy,organizational form,social media},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/74PWFFY5/Weber et al_2016_The Emergence and Evolution of Social Networking Sites as an Organizational Form.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/W5N27PGW/Weber et al_2016_The Emergence and Evolution of Social Networking Sites as an Organizational Form.pdf}
}

@unpublished{weber_political_2000,
  title = {The {{Political Economy}} of {{Open Source Software}}},
  author = {Weber, Steven},
  date = {2000-06},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/MZQLT27W/Weber - The Political Economy of Open Source Software.pdf}
}

@incollection{white_effects_2011,
  title = {Effects of Community Size and Contact Rate in Synchronous Social Q\&amp;a},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the {{SIGCHI Conference}} on {{Human Factors}} in {{Computing Systems}}},
  author = {White, Ryen W. and Richardson, Matthew and Liu, Yandong},
  date = {2011-05-07},
  pages = {2837--2846},
  publisher = {{Association for Computing Machinery}},
  location = {{New York, NY, USA}},
  abstract = {Social question-and-answer (Q\&A) involves the location of answers to questions through communication with people. Social Q\&A systems, such as mailing lists and Web forums are popular, but their asynchronous nature can lead to high answer latency. Synchronous Q\&A systems facilitate real-time dialog, usually via instant messaging, but face challenges with interruption costs and the availability of knowledgeable answerers at question time. We ran a longitudinal study of a synchronous social Q\&A system to investigate the effects of the rate with which potential answerers were contacted (trading off time-to-answer against interruption cost) and community size (varying total number of members). We found important differences in subjective and objective measures of system performance with these variations. Our findings help us understand the costs and benefits of varying contact rate and community size in synchronous social Q\&A, and inform system design for social Q\&A.},
  isbn = {978-1-4503-0228-9},
  keywords = {community size,contact rate,synchronous social q&a},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/YTF5HY6W/White et al. - 2011 - Effects of community size and contact rate in sync.pdf}
}

@article{williamson_economics_1981,
  title = {The Economics of Organization: The Transaction Cost Approach},
  author = {Williamson, Oliver E.},
  date = {1981-11},
  journaltitle = {The American Journal of Sociology},
  volume = {87},
  number = {3},
  eprint = {2778934},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {548--577},
  issn = {00029602},
  abstract = {The transaction cost approach to the study of economic organization regards the transaction as the basic unit of analysis and holds that an understanding of transaction cost economizing is central to the study of organizations. Applications of this approach require that transactions be dimensionalized and that alternative governance structures be described. Economizing is accomplished by assigning transactions to governance structures in a discriminating way. The approach applies both to the determination of efficient boundaries, as between firms and markets, and to the organization of internal transactions, including the design of employment relations. The approach is compared and contrasted with selected parts of the organization theory literature.},
  keywords = {Economics,Sociology},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/JHWPCT8H/Williamson - 1981 - The economics of organization The transaction cos.pdf}
}

@book{wooldridge_econometric_2011,
  title = {Econometric Analysis of Cross Section and Panel Data.},
  author = {Wooldridge, Jeffrey M},
  date = {2011},
  publisher = {{MIT}},
  location = {{Cambridge, Mass.}},
  isbn = {978-0-262-23258-6},
  langid = {english},
  annotation = {OCLC: 476619515}
}

@book{worster_natures_1994,
  title = {Nature's Economy: A History of Ecological Ideas},
  shorttitle = {Nature's Economy},
  author = {Worster, Donald},
  date = {1994},
  publisher = {{Cambridge University Press}},
  location = {{Cambridge; New York, NY, USA}},
  abstract = {Nature's Economy is a wide-ranging investigation of ecology's past. It traces the origins of the concept, discusses the thinkers who have shaped it, and shows how it in turn has shaped the modern perception of our place in nature.},
  isbn = {978-1-107-26680-3},
  langid = {english},
  annotation = {OCLC: 855524849},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/E2XXC7KJ/(Studies in Environment and History) Worster D.-Nature's Economy_ A History of Ecological Ideas-Cambridge University Press (1994).djvu}
}

@article{wu_estimating_2019,
  title = {Estimating {{Attention Flow}} in {{Online Video Networks}}},
  author = {Wu, Siqi and Rizoiu, Marian-Andrei and Xie, Lexing},
  date = {2019-11-07},
  journaltitle = {Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction},
  shortjournal = {Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact.},
  volume = {3},
  pages = {183:1--183:25},
  abstract = {Online videos have shown tremendous increase in Internet traffic. Most video hosting sites implement recommender systems, which connect the videos into a directed network and conceptually act as a source of pathways for users to navigate. At present, little is known about how human attention is allocated over such large-scale networks, and about the impacts of the recommender systems. In this paper, we first construct the Vevo network -- a YouTube video network with 60,740 music videos interconnected by the recommendation links, and we collect their associated viewing dynamics. This results in a total of 310 million views every day over a period of 9 weeks. Next, we present large-scale measurements that connect the structure of the recommendation network and the video attention dynamics. We use the bow-tie structure to characterize the Vevo network and we find that its core component (23.1\% of the videos), which occupies most of the attention (82.6\% of the views), is made out of videos that are mainly recommended among themselves. This is indicative of the links between video recommendation and the inequality of attention allocation. Finally, we address the task of estimating the attention flow in the video recommendation network. We propose a model that accounts for the network effects for predicting video popularity, and we show it consistently outperforms the baselines. This model also identifies a group of artists gaining attention because of the recommendation network. Altogether, our observations and our models provide a new set of tools to better understand the impacts of recommender systems on collective social attention.},
  issue = {CSCW},
  keywords = {empirical measurement,network effects,online attention,popularity prediction,recommender system,youtube},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/QEZJWR7U/Wu et al_2019_Estimating Attention Flow in Online Video Networks.pdf}
}

@article{xigen_li_factors_2011,
  title = {Factors Influencing the Willingness to Contribute Information to Online Communities},
  author = {{Xigen Li}},
  date = {2011-03},
  journaltitle = {New Media \& Society},
  shortjournal = {New Media \& Society},
  volume = {13},
  number = {2},
  pages = {279--296},
  issn = {1461-4448, 1461-7315},
  abstract = {This study examines the factors that influence the willingness to contribute information to online communities from the perspectives of the discretionary database and expectancy theory. The study identified four groups of variables and tested their predictive value on the willingness to contribute information to online communities. The findings confirmed the effect of the perceived value of contributing and the likelihood of getting a reward for the willingness to contribute. Cost of contribution was not a significant predictor of the willingness to contribute information. Benefit from, and interest in, the community were significant predictors, but community affinity was not. Among the four groups of variables, social approval was the strongest predictor of the willingness to contribute.},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{xu_evolution_2021,
  title = {Evolution of Audience Duplication Networks among Social Networking Sites: Exploring the Influences of Preferential Attachment, Audience Size, and Niche Width},
  shorttitle = {Evolution of Audience Duplication Networks among Social Networking Sites},
  author = {Xu, Yu},
  date = {2021-02-15},
  journaltitle = {New Media \& Society},
  shortjournal = {New Media \& Society},
  pages = {1461444821993048},
  publisher = {{SAGE Publications}},
  issn = {1461-4448},
  abstract = {This study examines the evolution of social networking sites (SNSs) from a networked audience duplication perspective. Guided by social network theory, the theory of double jeopardy, and niche theory, this study proposes an integrated framework to explain the evolution of SNS choices of the US audience between 2016 and 2019. Shared traffic data were retrieved from comScore’s Media Metrix Multi-Platform database. The empirical results of the separable temporal exponential random graph model (STERGM) confirm that preferential attachment, audience size, and niche width significantly drive the likelihood of tie formation and dissolution in the evolving audience duplication network. These effects hold true even when other endogenous structural features and exogenous nodal attributes are taken into account. Theoretical implications for the networked media landscape are discussed.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Audience duplication,evolution,network analysis,organizational ecology,social media},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/94TAHIW3/Xu - 2021 - Evolution of audience duplication networks among s.pdf}
}

@article{xu_modeling_2017,
  title = {Modeling the Adoption of Social Media by Newspaper Organizations: An Organizational Ecology Approach},
  shorttitle = {Modeling the Adoption of Social Media by Newspaper Organizations},
  author = {Xu, Yu},
  date = {2017-02-01},
  journaltitle = {Telematics and Informatics},
  shortjournal = {Telematics and Informatics},
  volume = {34},
  number = {1},
  pages = {151--163},
  issn = {0736-5853},
  abstract = {Although the ecological approach has been utilized in the field of communication, no prior research has applied this perspective to examine the organizational selection of social media. This study employs the framework of density dependence to understand what drives the adoption of social media by organizations. Fixed-effects negative binominal regression models were run to test the hypotheses that predicted the founding rates of 2007 Chinese newspaper organizations in 31 provincial units on Sina Weibo from August 2009 to June 2015. The results show that the founding rate of party newspapers exhibits inverted U-shaped relationships to local or non-local party newspaper density and non-party newspaper density. At the same time, the density dependence hypothesis is supported only for the effect of non-party newspaper density outside the provincial unit on the founding rate of non-party newspapers. Unexpectedly, non-party newspaper density within the provincial boundary exerts no significant influence on this founding rate. Both local and non-local party newspaper densities significantly and negatively influence the decisions to start homepages on Sina Weibo among non-newspaper organizations. Discussion and implications are provided.},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/FZT5VZNZ/Xu - 2017 - Modeling the adoption of social media by newspaper.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/JYGYT3XA/XU - 2018 - The Ecological Dynamics of Organizational Change .pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/YLREBQ4E/S0736585315300812.html}
}

@article{yarchi_political_2021,
  title = {Political {{Polarization}} on the {{Digital Sphere}}: A {{Cross}}-Platform, {{Over}}-Time {{Analysis}} of {{Interactional}}, {{Positional}}, and {{Affective Polarization}} on {{Social Media}}},
  shorttitle = {Political {{Polarization}} on the {{Digital Sphere}}},
  author = {Yarchi, Moran and Baden, Christian and Kligler-Vilenchik, Neta},
  date = {2021-03-15},
  journaltitle = {Political Communication},
  volume = {38},
  number = {1-2},
  pages = {98--139},
  publisher = {{Routledge}},
  issn = {1058-4609},
  abstract = {Political polarization on the digital sphere poses a real challenge to many democracies around the world. Although the issue has received some scholarly attention, there is a need to improve the conceptual precision in the increasingly blurry debate. The use of computational communication science approaches allows us to track political conversations in a fine-grained manner within their natural settings – the realm of interactive social media. The present study combines different algorithmic approaches to studying social media data in order to capture both the interactional structure and content of dynamic political talk online. We conducted an analysis of political polarization across social media platforms (analyzing Facebook, Twitter, and WhatsApp) over 16 months, with close to a quarter million online contributions regarding a political controversy in Israel. Our comprehensive measurement of interactive political talk enables us to address three key aspects of political polarization: (1) interactional polarization – homophilic versus heterophilic user interactions; (2) positional polarization – the positions expressed, and (3) affective polarization – the emotions and attitudes expressed. Our findings indicate that political polarization on social media cannot be conceptualized as a unified phenomenon, as there are significant cross-platform differences. While interactions on Twitter largely conform to established expectations (homophilic interaction patterns, aggravating positional polarization, pronounced inter-group hostility), on WhatsApp, de-polarization occurred over time. Surprisingly, Facebook was found to be the least homophilic platform in terms of interactions, positions, and emotions expressed. Our analysis points to key conceptual distinctions and raises important questions about the drivers and dynamics of political polarization online.},
  keywords = {computational communication science approach,cross-platform analysis,over-time analysis,Political polarization,social media},
  annotation = {\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2020.1785067},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/2FVADM6B/Yarchi et al_2021_Political Polarization on the Digital Sphere.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/7YA6IE6V/10584609.2020.html}
}

@article{ye_distinguishing_2015,
  title = {Distinguishing Time-Delayed Causal Interactions Using Convergent Cross Mapping},
  author = {Ye, Hao and Deyle, Ethan R. and Gilarranz, Luis J. and Sugihara, George},
  date = {2015-10-05},
  journaltitle = {Scientific Reports},
  volume = {5},
  pages = {14750},
  issn = {2045-2322},
  abstract = {An important problem across many scientific fields is the identification of causal effects from observational data alone. Recent methods (convergent cross mapping, CCM) have made substantial progress on this problem by applying the idea of nonlinear attractor reconstruction to time series data. Here, we expand upon the technique of CCM by explicitly considering time lags. Applying this extended method to representative examples (model simulations, a laboratory predator-prey experiment, temperature and greenhouse gas reconstructions from the Vostok ice core, and long-term ecological time series collected in the Southern California Bight), we demonstrate the ability to identify different time-delayed interactions, distinguish between synchrony induced by strong unidirectional-forcing and true bidirectional causality, and resolve transitive causal chains.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/V7Z48B5L/Ye et al. - 2015 - Distinguishing time-delayed causal interactions us.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/ZQPFWK7T/srep14750.html}
}

@article{yu_out_2017,
  title = {Out {{With The Old}}, {{In With The New}}?: Unpacking {{Member Turnover}} in {{Online Production Groups}}},
  shorttitle = {Out {{With The Old}}, {{In With The New}}?},
  author = {Yu, Bowen and Wang, Xinyi and Lin, Allen Yilun and Ren, Yuqing and Terveen, Loren and Zhu, Haiyi},
  date = {2017-12-06},
  journaltitle = {Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction},
  volume = {1},
  pages = {1--19},
  issn = {25730142},
  issue = {CSCW},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/Z8R9ZKUE/Yu et al. - 2017 - Out With The Old, In With The New Unpacking Memb.pdf}
}

@article{zhang_community_2017,
  title = {Community Identity and User Engagement in a Multi-Community Landscape},
  author = {Zhang, Justine and Hamilton, William L. and Danescu-Niculescu-Mizil, Cristian and Jurafsky, Dan and Leskovec, Jure},
  date = {2017-05},
  journaltitle = {Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media. International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media},
  shortjournal = {Proc Int AAAI Conf Weblogs Soc Media},
  volume = {2017},
  eprint = {29354325},
  eprinttype = {pmid},
  pages = {377--386},
  issn = {2162-3449},
  abstract = {A community’s identity defines and shapes its internal dynamics. Our current understanding of this interplay is mostly limited to glimpses gathered from isolated studies of individual communities. In this work we provide a systematic exploration of the nature of this relation across a wide variety of online communities. To this end we introduce a quantitative, language-based typology reflecting two key aspects of a community’s identity: how distinctive, and how temporally dynamic it is. By mapping almost 300 Reddit communities into the landscape induced by this typology, we reveal regularities in how patterns of user engagement vary with the characteristics of a community., Our results suggest that the way new and existing users engage with a community depends strongly and systematically on the nature of the collective identity it fosters, in ways that are highly consequential to community maintainers. For example, communities with distinctive and highly dynamic identities are more likely to retain their users. However, such niche communities also exhibit much larger acculturation gaps between existing users and newcomers, which potentially hinder the integration of the latter., More generally, our methodology reveals differences in how various social phenomena manifest across communities, and shows that structuring the multi-community landscape can lead to a better understanding of the systematic nature of this diversity.},
  pmcid = {PMC5774974},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/DZEYKKSS/Zhang et al. - 2017 - Community Identity and User Engagement in a Multi-.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/MMY3NEQ4/Zhang et al_2017_Community Identity and User Engagement in a Multi-Community Landscape.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/FFFSAVRR/14904.html}
}

@article{zhang_configuring_2020,
  title = {Configuring {{Audiences}}: A {{Case Study}} of {{Email Communication}}},
  shorttitle = {Configuring {{Audiences}}},
  author = {Zhang, Justine and Pennebaker, James and Dumais, Susan and Horvitz, Eric},
  date = {2020-05-28},
  journaltitle = {Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction},
  shortjournal = {Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact.},
  volume = {4},
  pages = {062:1--062:26},
  abstract = {When people communicate with each other, their choice of what to say is tied to their perceptions of the audience. For many communication channels, people have some ability to explicitly specify their audience members and the different roles they can play. While existing accounts of communication behavior have largely focused on how people tailor the content of their messages, we focus on the configuring of the audience as a complementary family of decisions in communication. We formulate a general description of audience configuration choices, highlighting key aspects of the audience that people could configure to reflect a range of communicative goals. We then illustrate these ideas via a case study of email usage-a realistic domain where audience configuration choices are particularly fine-grained and explicit in how email senders fill the To and Cc address fields. In a large collection of enterprise emails, we explore how people configure their audiences, finding salient patterns relating a sender's choice of configuration to the types of participants in the email exchange, the content of the message, and the nature of the subsequent interactions. Our formulation and findings show how analyzing audience configurations can enrich and extend existing accounts of communication behavior, and frame research directions on audience configuration decisions in communication and collaboration.},
  issue = {CSCW1},
  keywords = {audience,email,social interaction}
}

@article{zhang_group_2011,
  title = {Group Size and Incentives to Contribute: A Natural Experiment at Chinese Wikipedia},
  shorttitle = {Group Size and Incentives to Contribute},
  author = {Zhang, Xiaoquan Michael and Zhu, Feng},
  date = {2011-06},
  journaltitle = {American Economic Review},
  volume = {101},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1601--1615},
  issn = {0002-8282},
  abstract = {The literature on the private provision of public goods suggests an inverse relationship between incentives to contribute and group size. We find, however, that after an exogenous reduction of group size at Chinese Wikipedia, the nonblocked contributors decrease their contributions by 42.8 percent on average. We attribute the cause to social effects: contributors receive social benefits that increase with both the amount of their contributions and group size, and the shrinking group size weakens these social benefits. Consistent with our explanation, we find that the more contributors value social benefits, the more they reduce their contributions after the block.  (JEL H41, L17, L82)},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Media,Public Goods; Open Source Products and Markets; Entertainment},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/63JBCUER/Zhang and Zhu - 2011 - Group Size and Incentives to Contribute A Natural.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/BWMQ96PV/articles.html}
}

@article{zhang_intergroup_2019,
  title = {Intergroup {{Contact}} in the {{Wild}}: Characterizing {{Language Differences}} between {{Intergroup}} and {{Single}}-Group {{Members}} in {{NBA}}-Related {{Discussion Forums}}},
  shorttitle = {Intergroup {{Contact}} in the {{Wild}}},
  author = {Zhang, Jason Shuo and Tan, Chenhao and Lv, Qin},
  date = {2019-11-07},
  journaltitle = {Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction},
  shortjournal = {Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact.},
  volume = {3},
  pages = {193:1--193:35},
  abstract = {Intergroup contact has long been considered as an effective strategy to reduce prejudice between groups. However, recent studies suggest that exposure to opposing groups in online platforms can exacerbate polarization. To further understand the behavior of individuals who actively engage in intergroup contact in practice, we provide a large-scale observational study of intragroup behavioral differences between members with and without intergroup contact. We leverage the existing structure of NBA-related discussion forums on Reddit to study the context of professional sports. We identify fans of each NBA team as members of a group and trace whether they have intergroup contact. Our results show that members with intergroup contact use more negative and abusive language in their affiliated group than those without such contact, after controlling for activity levels. We further quantify different levels of intergroup contact and show that there may exist nonlinear mechanisms regarding how intergroup contact relates to intragroup behavior. Our findings provide complementary evidence to experimental studies in a novel context and also shed light on possible reasons for the different outcomes in prior studies.},
  issue = {CSCW},
  keywords = {intergroup contact,intragroup behavior,language usage,nba-related discussion forums,polarization},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/B5RRUXKC/Zhang et al_2019_Intergroup Contact in the Wild.pdf}
}

@article{zhang_participation_2019,
  title = {Participation of {{New Editors}} after {{Times}} of {{Shock}} on {{Wikipedia}}},
  author = {Zhang, Ark Fangzhou and Wang, Ruihan and Blohm, Eric and Budak, Ceren and Jr, Lionel P. Robert and Romero, Daniel M.},
  date = {2019-07-06},
  journaltitle = {Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media},
  volume = {13},
  pages = {560--571},
  issn = {2334-0770},
  abstract = {User participation is vital to the success of collaborative crowdsourcing platforms such as Wikipedia. Previously user participation has been studied during “normal times”. However, less is known about participation following shocks that draw attention to an article. Such events can be recruiting opportunities due to increased attention; but can also pose a threat to the quality and control of the article and drive away newcomers. We study the collaborative dynamics of Wikipedia articles after times corresponding to shocks generated by drastic increases in attention as indicated by data from Google trends. We find that participation following such events is indeed different from participation during normal times–both newcomers and incumbents participate at higher rates during shocks. We also identify collaboration dynamics that mediate the effects of shocks on continued participation after the shock. The impact of shocks on participation is mediated by the amount of negative feedback given to newcomers in the form of reverted edits and the amount of coordination editors engage in through edits of the article’s talk page.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/LC9DB9EY/Zhang et al_2019_Participation of New Editors after Times of Shock on Wikipedia.pdf}
}

@article{zhang_understanding_2021,
  title = {Understanding the {{Diverging User Trajectories}} in {{Highly}}-{{Related Online Communities During}} the {{Covid}}-19 {{Pandemic}}},
  author = {Zhang, Jason Shuo and Keegan, Brian and Lv, Qin and Tan, Chenhao},
  date = {2021},
  journaltitle = {Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media},
  volume = {5},
  eprint = {2006.04816},
  eprinttype = {arxiv},
  pages = {12},
  abstract = {As the COVID-19 pandemic is disrupting life worldwide, related online communities are popping up. In particular, two “new” communities, /r/China flu and /r/Coronavirus, emerged on Reddit and have been dedicated to COVIDrelated discussions from the very beginning of this pandemic. With /r/Coronavirus promoted as the official community on Reddit, it remains an open question how users choose between these two highly-related communities. In this paper, we characterize user trajectories in these two communities from the beginning of COVID-19 to the end of September 2020. We show that new users of /r/China flu and /r/Coronavirus were similar from January to March. After that, their differences steadily increase, evidenced by both language distance and membership prediction, as the pandemic continues to unfold. Furthermore, users who started at /r/China flu from January to March were more likely to leave, while those who started in later months tend to remain highly “loyal”. To understand this difference, we develop a movement analysis framework to understand membership changes in these two communities and identify a significant proportion of /r/China flu members (around 50\%) that moved to /r/Coronavirus in February. This movement turns out to be highly predictable based on other subreddits that users were previously active in. Our work demonstrates how two highly related communities emerge and develop their own identity in a crisis, and highlights the important role of existing communities in understanding such an emergence.},
  archiveprefix = {arXiv},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Computer Science - Computers and Society,Computer Science - Social and Information Networks},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/3HZBRY3S/Zhang et al. - Understanding the Diverging User Trajectories in H.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/V3QR9ASE/Zhang et al. - 2021 - Understanding the Diverging User Trajectories in H.pdf}
}

@article{zhao_dynamic_2016,
  title = {Dynamic Dependence Networks: Financial Time Series Forecasting and Portfolio Decisions},
  shorttitle = {Dynamic Dependence Networks},
  author = {Zhao, Zoey Yi and Xie, Meng and West, Mike},
  date = {2016},
  journaltitle = {Applied Stochastic Models in Business and Industry},
  volume = {32},
  number = {3},
  pages = {311--332},
  issn = {1526-4025},
  abstract = {We discuss Bayesian forecasting of increasingly high-dimensional time series, a key area of application of stochastic dynamic models in the financial industry and allied areas of business. Novel state-space models characterizing sparse patterns of dependence among multiple time series extend existing multivariate volatility models to enable scaling to higher numbers of individual time series. The theory of these dynamic dependence network models shows how the individual series can be decoupled for sequential analysis and then recoupled for applied forecasting and decision analysis. Decoupling allows fast, efficient analysis of each of the series in individual univariate models that are linked – for later recoupling – through a theoretical multivariate volatility structure defined by a sparse underlying graphical model. Computational advances are especially significant in connection with model uncertainty about the sparsity patterns among series that define this graphical model; Bayesian model averaging using discounting of historical information builds substantially on this computational advance. An extensive, detailed case study showcases the use of these models and the improvements in forecasting and financial portfolio investment decisions that are achievable. Using a long series of daily international currencies, stock indices and commodity prices, the case study includes evaluations of multi-day forecasts and Bayesian portfolio analysis with a variety of practical utility functions, as well as comparisons against commodity trading advisor benchmarks. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/YHCBUCAT/Zhao et al. - 2016 - Dynamic dependence networks Financial time series.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/NHCZGM9Y/asmb.html}
}

@incollection{zhao_social_2016,
  title = {The {{Social Media Ecology}}: User {{Perceptions}}, {{Strategies}} and {{Challenges}}},
  shorttitle = {The {{Social Media Ecology}}},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2016 {{CHI Conference}} on {{Human Factors}} in {{Computing Systems}}},
  author = {Zhao, Xuan and Lampe, Cliff and Ellison, Nicole B.},
  date = {2016-05-07},
  pages = {89--100},
  publisher = {{Association for Computing Machinery}},
  location = {{New York, NY, USA}},
  abstract = {Many existing studies of social media focus on only one platform, but the reality of users' lived experiences is that most users incorporate multiple platforms into their communication practices in order to access the people and networks they desire to influence. In order to better understand how people make sharing decisions across multiple sites, we asked our participants (N=29) to categorize all modes of communication they used, with the goal of surfacing their mental models about managing sharing across platforms. Our interview data suggest that people simultaneously consider "audience" and "content" when sharing and these needs sometimes compete with one another; that they have the strong desire to both maintain boundaries between platforms as well as allowing content and audience to permeate across these boundaries; and that they strive to stabilize their own communication ecosystem yet need to respond to changes necessitated by the emergence of new tools, practices, and contacts. We unpack the implications of these tensions and suggest future design possibilities.},
  isbn = {978-1-4503-3362-7},
  keywords = {boundary management,content sharing,media ecology,social media},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/44Z9658S/Zhao et al_2016_The Social Media Ecology.pdf}
}

@inproceedings{zhu_impact_2014,
  title = {The Impact of Membership Overlap on the Survival of Online Communities},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the {{SIGCHI Conference}} on {{Human Factors}} in {{Computing Systems}}},
  author = {Zhu, Haiyi and Kraut, Robert E. and Kittur, Aniket},
  date = {2014-04-26},
  series = {{{CHI}} '14},
  pages = {281--290},
  publisher = {{Association for Computing Machinery}},
  location = {{New York, NY, USA}},
  abstract = {If the people belong to multiple online communities, their joint membership can influence the survival of each of the communities to which they belong. Communities with many joint memberships may struggle to get enough of their members' time and attention, but find it easy to import best practices from other communities. In this paper, we study the effects of membership overlap on the survival of online communities. By analyzing the historical data of 5673 Wikia communities, we find that higher levels of membership overlap are positively associated with higher survival rates of online communities. Furthermore, we find that it is beneficial for young communities to have shared members who play a central role in other mature communities. Our contributions are two-fold. Theoretically, by examining the impact of membership overlap on the survival of online communities we identified an important mechanism underlying the success of online communities. Practically, our findings may guide community creators on how to effectively manage their members, and tool designers on how to support this task.},
  isbn = {978-1-4503-2473-1},
  keywords = {membership overlap,online communities,survival analysis},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/GV2D7ZKS/Zhu et al. - 2014 - The Impact of Membership Overlap on the Survival o.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/IY4RTSGD/Zhu et al. - 2014 - The impact of membership overlap on the survival o.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/JZE5JGAZ/Zhu et al. - 2014 - The impact of membership overlap on the survival o.pdf}
}

@inproceedings{zhu_selecting_2014,
  title = {Selecting an Effective Niche: An Ecological View of the Success of Online Communities},
  shorttitle = {Selecting an Effective Niche},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the {{SIGCHI Conference}} on {{Human Factors}} in {{Computing Systems}}},
  author = {Zhu, Haiyi and Chen, Jilin and Matthews, Tara and Pal, Aditya and Badenes, Hernan and Kraut, Robert E.},
  date = {2014},
  series = {{{CHI}} '14},
  pages = {301--310},
  publisher = {{ACM}},
  location = {{New York, NY, USA}},
  abstract = {Online communities serve various important functions, but many fail to thrive. Research on community success has traditionally focused on internal factors. In contrast, we take an ecological view to understand how the success of a community is influenced by other communities. We measured a community's relationship with other communities - its "niche" - through four dimensions: topic overlap, shared members, content linking, and shared offline organizational affiliation. We used a mixed-method approach, combining the quantitative analysis of 9495 online enterprise communities and interviews with community members. Our results show that too little or too much overlap in topic with other communities causes a community's activity to suffer. We also show that this main result is moderated in predictable ways by whether the community shares members with, links to content in, or shares an organizational affiliation with other communities. These findings provide new insight on community success, guiding online community designers on how to effectively position their community in relation to others.},
  isbn = {978-1-4503-2473-1},
  venue = {Toronto, Ontario, Canada},
  keywords = {online communities,success,topic overlap,workplace},
  file = {/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/FNS9RSWC/Zhu et al. - 2014 - Selecting an Effective Niche An Ecological View o.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/KIHWVKUQ/Zhu et al. - 2014 - Selecting an effective niche an ecological view o.pdf;/home/nathante/Zotero/storage/RFMX2CBJ/Zhu et al. - 2014 - Selecting an effective niche an ecological view o.pdf}
}