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TY - JOUR
TI - Deliberate change without hierarchical influence? The case of collaborative OSS communities
AU - Norskov, Sladjana
AU - Kesting, Peter
AU - Ulhoi, John Parm
T2 - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ORGANIZATIONAL ANALYSIS
AB - Purpose - This paper aims to present that deliberate change is strongly associated with formal structures and top-down influence. Hierarchical configurations have been used to structure processes, overcome resistance and get things done. But is deliberate change also possible without formal structures and hierarchical influence?Design/methodology/approach - This longitudinal, qualitative study investigates an open-source software (OSS) community named TYPO3. This case exhibits no formal hierarchical attributes. The study is based on mailing lists, interviews and observations.Findings - The study reveals that deliberate change is indeed achievable in a non-hierarchical collaborative OSS community context. However, it presupposes the presence and active involvement of informal change agents. The paper identifies and specifies four key drivers for change agents' influence.Originality/value - The findings contribute to organisational analysis by providing a deeper understanding of the importance of leadership in making deliberate change possible in non-hierarchical settings. It points to the importance of "change-by-conviction", essentially based on voluntary behaviour. This can open the door to reducing the negative side effects of deliberate change also for hierarchical organisations.
DA - 2017///
PY - 2017
DO - 10.1108/IJOA-08-2016-1050
VL - 25
IS - 2
SP - 346
EP - 374
SN - 1934-8835
AN - WOS:000402905400011
Y2 - 2017/06/21/
L1 - https://pure.au.dk/ws/files/137047495/Sladjana_Noerskov_2017_Deliberate_change_without_hierachical_influence.pdf
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N1 - <p>Copyright - © Emerald Publishing Limited 2017</p>
N1 - <p>Copyright - © Emerald Publishing Limited 2017</p>
N1 - <p>Copyright - © Emerald Publishing Limited 2017</p>
N1 - <p>Copyright - © Emerald Publishing Limited 2017</p>
N1 - <p>Last updated - 2024-12-04</p>
N1 - <p>Last updated - 2024-12-04</p>
N1 - <p>Last updated - 2024-12-04</p>
N1 - <p>Last updated - 2024-12-04</p>
KW - Science
KW - Open source software
KW - Collaboration
KW - Linux
KW - Leadership
KW - Business And Economics--Management
KW - Participation
KW - Open-source software
KW - Interviews
KW - Qualitative research
KW - Public domain
KW - Strategic management
KW - Freeware
KW - Collaborative
KW - Reputations
ER -
TY - JOUR
TI - Changes in free and open source software licenses: managerial interventions and variations on project attractiveness
AU - Santos, Carlos Denner D60os
T2 - Journal of Internet Services and Applications
AB - The license adopted by an open source software is associated with its success in terms of attractiveness and maintenance of an active ecosystem of users, bug reporters, developers, and sponsors because what can and cannot be done with the software and its derivatives in terms of improvement and market distribution depends on legal terms there specified. By knowing this licensing effect through scientific publications and their experience, project managers became able to act strategically, loosening up the restrictions associated with their source code due to sponsor interests, for example; or the contrary, tightening restrictions up to guarantee source code openness, adhering to the “forever free” strategy. But, have project managers behaved strategically like that, changing their projects license? Up to this paper, we did not know if and what types of changes in these legal allowances project managers have made and, more importantly, whether such managerial interventions are associated with variations in intervened project attractiveness (i.e., related to their numbers of web hits, downloads and members). This paper accomplishes these two goals and demonstrates that: 1) managers of free and open source software projects do change the distribution rights of their source code through a change in the (group of) license(s) adopted; and 2) variations in attractiveness are associated with the strategic choice of a licensing schema. To reach these conclusions, a unique dataset of open source projects that have changed license was assembled in a comparative form, analyzing intervened projects over its monthly periods of different licenses. Based on a sample of more than 3500 active projects over 44 months obtained from the FLOSSmole repository of Sourceforge.net data, 756 projects that had changed their source code distribution allowances and restrictions were identified and analyzed. A dataset on these projects’ type of changes was assembled to enable a descriptive and exploratory analysis of the types of license interventions observed over a period of almost four years anchored on projects’ attractiveness. More than 35 types of interventions were detected. The results indicate that variations in attractiveness after a license intervention are not symmetric; that is, if a change from license schema A to B is beneficial to attractiveness, a change from B to A is not necessarily prejudicial. This and other interesting findings are discussed in detail. In general, the results here reported support the current literature knowledge that the restrictions imposed by the license on the source code distribution are associated with market success vis-a-vis project attractiveness, but they also suggest that the state-of-the-science is superficial in terms of what is known about why these differences in attractiveness can be observed. The complexity of the results indicates to free software managers that no licensing schema should be seen as the right one, and its choice should be carefully made, considering project strategic goals as perceived relevant to stakeholders of the application and its production. These conclusions create awareness of several limitations of our current knowledge, which are discussed along with guidelines to understand them deeper in future research endeavors. © 2017, The Author(s).
DA - 2017///
PY - 2017
DO - 10.1186/s13174-017-0062-3
VL - 8
IS - 1
UR - https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85026914900&doi=10.1186%2fs13174-017-0062-3&partnerID=40&md5=c3fd4143f92d300f015897b772a8efed
L1 - https://jisajournal.springeropen.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s13174-017-0062-3
N1 - <p>Cited by: 6; All Open Access, Gold Open Access</p>
N1 - <p>Cited by: 6; All Open Access, Gold Open Access</p>
KW - Governance
KW - Open source software
KW - Open source
KW - Free software
KW - Information technology
KW - Software license
KW - Intellectual property
KW - GPL
KW - Attractiveness
KW - Project and people management
KW - Software project
ER -
TY - CONF
TI - An Exploratory Mixed-methods Study on General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) Compliance in Open-Source Software
AU - Franke, Lucas
AU - Liang, Huayu
AU - Farzanehpour, Sahar
AU - Brantly, Aaron
AU - Davis, James C.
AU - Brown, Chris
T3 - ESEM '24
AB - Background: Governments worldwide are considering data privacy regulations. These laws, such as the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), require software developers to meet privacy-related requirements when interacting with users’ data. Prior research describes the impact of such laws on software development, but only for commercial software. Although open-source software is commonly integrated into regulated software, and thus must be engineered or adapted for compliance, we do not know how such laws impact open-source software development. Aims: To understand how data privacy laws affect open-source software (OSS) development, we focus on the European Union’s GDPR, as it is the most prominent such law. We investigated how GDPR compliance activities influence OSS developer activity (RQ1), how OSS developers perceive fulfilling GDPR requirements (RQ2), the most challenging GDPR requirements to implement (RQ3), and how OSS developers assess GDPR compliance (RQ4). Method: We distributed an online survey to explore perceptions of GDPR implementations from open-source developers (N=56). To augment this analysis, we further conducted a repository mining study to analyze development metrics on pull requests (N=31,462) submitted to open-source GitHub repositories. Results: Our results suggest GDPR policies complicate OSS development and introduce challenges, primarily regarding the management of users’ data, implementation costs and time, and assessments of compliance. Moreover, we observed negative perceptions of the GDPR from OSS developers and significant increases in development activity, in particular metrics related to coding and reviewing, on GitHub pull requests related to GDPR compliance. Conclusions: Our findings provide future research directions and implications for improving data privacy policies, motivating the need for relevant resources and automated tools to support data privacy regulation implementation and compliance efforts in OSS.
C1 - New York, NY, USA
C3 - Proceedings of the 18th ACM/IEEE International Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering and Measurement
DA - 2024///
PY - 2024
DO - 10.1145/3674805.3686692
SP - 325
EP - 336
PB - Association for Computing Machinery
SN - 979-8-4007-1047-6
UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3674805.3686692
L1 - https://arxiv.org/pdf/2406.14724
KW - Open-Source Software
KW - Data Privacy
KW - Regulatory Compliance
ER -
TY - JOUR
TI - "Nip it in the Bud": Moderation Strategies in Open Source Software Projects and the Role of Bots
AU - Hsieh, Jane
AU - Kim, Joselyn
AU - Dabbish, Laura
AU - Zhu, Haiyi
T2 - Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact.
AB - Much of our modern digital infrastructure relies critically upon open sourced software. The communities responsible for building this cyberinfrastructure require maintenance and moderation, which is often supported by volunteer efforts. Moderation, as a non-technical form of labor, is a necessary but often overlooked task that maintainers undertake to sustain the community around an OSS project. This study examines the various structures and norms that support community moderation, describes the strategies moderators use to mitigate conflicts, and assesses how bots can play a role in assisting these processes. We interviewed 14 practitioners to uncover existing moderation practices and ways that automation can provide assistance. Our main contributions include a characterization of moderated content in OSS projects, moderation techniques, as well as perceptions of and recommendations for improving the automation of moderation tasks. We hope that these findings will inform the implementation of more effective moderation practices in open source communities.
DA - 2023/10//
PY - 2023
DO - 10.1145/3610092
VL - 7
IS - CSCW2
UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3610092
L1 - https://arxiv.org/pdf/2308.07427
KW - open source
KW - coordination
KW - moderation
KW - automation
ER -
TY - CONF
TI - License Update and Migration Processes in Open Source Software Projects
AU - Jensen, Chris
AU - Scacchi, Walt
A2 - Hissam, SA
A2 - Russo, B
A2 - Neto, MGD
A2 - Kon, F
T3 - IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology
AB - Open source software (OSS) has increasingly been the subject of research efforts. Central to this focus is the nature under which the software can be distributed, used, and modified and the causes and consequent effects on software development, usage, and distribution. At present, we have little understanding of, what happens when these licenses change, what motivates such changes, and how new licenses are created, updated, and deployed. Similarly, little attention has been paid to the agreements under which contributions are made to OSS projects and the impacts of changes to these agreements. We might also ask these same questions regarding the licenses governing how individuals and groups contribute to OSS projects. This paper focuses on addressing these questions with case studies of processes by which the Apache Software Foundation's creation and migration to Version 2.0 of the Apache Software License and the NetBeans project's migration to the Joint Licensing Agreement.
C3 - OPEN SOURCE SYSTEMS: GROUNDING RESEARCH
DA - 2011///
PY - 2011
DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-24418-6_12
VL - 365
SP - 177
EP - 195
PB - CAPES, Minist Educ, Coordinat Improvement Higher Educ Personnel; CNPQ, Minist Sci & Tecnol, Natl Council Sci & Technol Dev; FAPESB, State Bahia Res Agcy; Petrobras, Brazilian Natl Energy Co
SN - 978-3-642-24418-6
N1 - <p>7th International Conference on Open Source Systems, Salvador, BRAZIL, OCT 05-08, 2011</p>
ER -
TY - JOUR
TI - Managing Episodic Volunteers in Free/Libre/Open Source Software Communities
AU - Barcomb, Ann
AU - Klaas-Jan Stol
AU - Fitzgerald, Brian
AU - Riehle, Dirk
T2 - IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
AB - We draw on the concept of episodic volunteering (EV) from the general volunteering literature to identify practices for managing EV in free/libre/open source software (FLOSS) communities. Infrequent but ongoing participation is widespread, but the practices that community managers are using to manage EV, and their concerns about EV, have not been previously documented. We conducted a policy Delphi study involving 24 FLOSS community managers from 22 different communities. Our panel identified 16 concerns related to managing EV in FLOSS, which we ranked by prevalence. We also describe 65 practices for managing EV in FLOSS. Almost three-quarters of these practices are used by at least three community managers. We report these practices using a systematic presentation that includes context, relationships between practices, and concerns that they address. These findings provide a coherent framework that can help FLOSS community managers to better manage episodic contributors.
DA - 2022///
PY - 2022
DO - 10.1109/TSE.2020.2985093
VL - 48
IS - 1
SP - 260
EP - 277
LA - English
SN - 00985589
UR - http://turing.library.northwestern.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/managing-episodic-volunteers-free-libre-open/docview/2619023652/se-2?accountid=12861
AN - 2619023652
DB - ABI/INFORM Global
L2 - https://libkey.io/libraries/72/openurl?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&rfr_id=info:sid/ProQuest&rft_val_fmt=journal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Transactions+on+Software+Engineering&rft.atitle=Managing+Episodic+Volunteers+in+Free%2FLibre%2FOpen+Source+Software+Communities&rft.au=Barcomb%2C+Ann%3BKlaas-Jan+Stol%3BFitzgerald%2C+Brian%3BRiehle%2C+Dirk.&rft.aulast=Barcomb&rft.aufirst=Ann&rft.date=2022-01-01&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=1&rft.spage=260&rft.isbn=&rft.btitle=&rft.title=IEEE+Transactions+on+Software+Engineering&rft.issn=00985589&rft_id=info:doi/10.1109%2FTSE.2020.2985093
N1 - <p>Copyright - Copyright IEEE Computer Society 2022</p>
N1 - <p>Last updated - 2023-11-24</p>
KW - open source software
KW - Open source software
KW - Sustainable development
KW - Organizations
KW - Software
KW - Computer bugs
KW - Open source
KW - community management
KW - free software
KW - Object recognition
KW - Community management
KW - Systematics
KW - Open-source software
KW - Best practices
KW - Public domain
KW - Computers--Software
KW - Freeware
KW - Lenses
KW - Community participation
KW - episodic volunteering
KW - Volunteering
KW - Freemasonry
ER -
TY - CONF
TI - What to Expect from Code Review Bots on GitHub? A Survey with OSS Maintainers
AU - Wessel, Mairieli
AU - Serebrenik, Alexander
AU - Wiese, Igor
AU - Steinmacher, Igor
AU - Gerosa, Marco A.
T3 - SBES '20
AB - Software bots are used by Open Source Software (OSS) projects to streamline the code review process. Interfacing between developers and automated services, code review bots report continuous integration failures, code quality checks, and code coverage. However, the impact of such bots on maintenance tasks is still neglected. In this paper, we study how project maintainers experience code review bots. We surveyed 127 maintainers and asked about their expectations and perception of changes incurred by code review bots. Our findings reveal that the most frequent expectations include enhancing the feedback bots provide to developers, reducing the maintenance burden for developers, and enforcing code coverage. While maintainers report that bots satisfied their expectations, they also perceived unexpected effects, such as communication noise and newcomers' dropout. Based on these results, we provide a series of implications for bot developers, as well as insights for future research.
C1 - New York, NY, USA
C3 - Proceedings of the XXXIV Brazilian Symposium on Software Engineering
DA - 2020/12/21/
PY - 2020
DO - 10.1145/3422392.3422459
DP - ACM Digital Library
SP - 457
EP - 462
PB - Association for Computing Machinery
SN - 978-1-4503-8753-8
ST - What to Expect from Code Review Bots on GitHub?
UR - https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3422392.3422459
Y2 - 2025/03/26/
L1 - https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3422392.3422459
N1 - <p>34th Brazilian Symposium on Software Engineering (SBES), ELECTR NETWORK, OCT 21-23, 2020</p>
KW - open source software
KW - code review
KW - software bots
KW - pull-based model
ER -
TY - JOUR
TI - Code Reuse in Open Source Software Development: Quantitative Evidence, Drivers, and Impediments
AU - Sojer, Manuel
AU - Henkel, Joachim
AB - The focus of existing open source software (OSS) research has been on how and why individuals and firms add to the commons of public OSS code - that is, on the “giving” side of this open innovation process. In contrast, research on the corresponding “receiving” side of the innovation process is scarce. We address this gap, studying how existing OSS code is reused and serves as an input to further OSS development. Our findings are based on a survey with 686 responses from OSS developers. As the most interesting results, our multivariate analyses of developers’ code reuse behavior point out that developers with larger personal networks within the OSS community and those who have experience in a greater number of OSS projects reuse more, presumably because both network size and a broad project experience facilitate local search for reusable artifacts. Moreover, we find that a development paradigm that calls for releasing an initial functioning version of the software early - as the “credible promise” in OSS - leads to increased reuse. Finally, we identify developers’ interest to tackle difficult technical challenges as detrimental to efficient reuse-based innovation. Beyond OSS, we discuss the relevance of our findings for companies developing software and for the receiving side of open innovation processes in general.
DA - 2010/03/09/
PY - 2010
DO - 10.17705/1jais.00248
DP - papers.ssrn.com
LA - en
ST - Code Reuse in Open Source Software Development
UR - https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=1489789
Y2 - 2025/03/26/20:05:28
L1 - https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/SSRN_ID1594695_code1171482.pdf?abstractid=1489789&mirid=1
KW - Code Reuse
KW - Innovation
KW - Open Source Software
KW - Software Development
ER -
TY - JOUR
TI - "They Can Only Ever Guide": How an Open Source Software Community Uses Roadmaps to Coordinate Effort
AU - Klug, Daniel
AU - Bogart, Christopher
AU - Herbsleb, James D.
T2 - Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact.
AB - Unlike in commercial software development, open source software (OSS) projects do not generally have managers with direct control over how developers spend their time, yet for projects with large, diverse sets of contributors, the need exists to focus and steer development in a particular direction in a coordinated way. This is especially important for "infrastructure" projects, such as critical libraries and programming languages that many other people depend on. Some projects have taken the approach of borrowing planning tools that originated in commercial development, despite the fact that these techniques were designed for very different contexts, e.g. strong top-down control and profit motives. Little research has been done to understand how these practices are adapted to a new context. In this paper, we examine the Rust project's use of roadmaps: how has an important OSS infrastructure project adapted an inherently top-down tool to the freewheeling world of OSS? We find that because Rust's roadmaps are built in part by summarizing what motivated developers most prefer to work on, they are in some ways more a description of the motivated labor available than they are a directive that the community move in a particular direction. They allow the community to avoid wasting time on unpopular proposals by revealing that there will be little help in building them, and encouraging work on popular features by making visible the amount of consensus in those features. Roadmaps generate a collective focus without limiting the full scope of what developers work on: roadmap issues consume proportionally more effort than other issues, but constitute a minority of the work done (i.e issues and pull requests made) by both central and peripheral participants. They also create transparency among and beyond the community into what central contributors' plans are, and allow more rational decision-making by providing a way for evidence about community needs to be linked to decision-making.
DA - 2021/04/22/
PY - 2021
DO - 10.1145/3449232
DP - ACM Digital Library
VL - 5
IS - CSCW1
SP - 158:1
EP - 158:28
ST - "They Can Only Ever Guide"
UR - https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3449232
Y2 - 2025/03/26/15:44:56
L1 - https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3449232
KW - collaboration
KW - open source
KW - common pool resources
KW - rust language
ER -
TY - JOUR
TI - The impacts of lockdown on open source software contributions during the COVID-19 pandemic
AU - Hu, Jin
AU - Hu, Daning
AU - Yang, Xuan
AU - Chau, Michael
T2 - RESEARCH POLICY
AB - The COVID-19 pandemic instigated widespread lockdowns, compelling millions to transition to work-from-home (WFH) arrangements and rely heavily on computer-mediated communications (CMC) for collaboration. This study examines the impacts of lockdown on innovation-driven work productivity, focusing on contributions to open source software (OSS) projects on GitHub, the world's largest OSS platform. By leveraging two lockdowns in China as natural experiments, we discover that developers in the 2021 Xi'an lockdown increased OSS contributions by 9.0 %, while those in the 2020 Wuhan lockdown reduced their contributions by 10.5 %. A subsequent survey study elucidates this divergence, uncovering an adaptation effect wherein Xi'an developers became more accustomed to the new norm of WFH over time, capitalizing on the flexibility and opportunities of remote work. Moreover, our findings across both lockdowns reveal that the lack of face-to-face (F2F) interactions significantly impeded OSS contributions, whereas the increased available time at home positively influenced them. This finding is especially noteworthy as it challenges the assumption that CMC can effortlessly substitute for F2F interactions without negatively affecting productivity. We further examine the impacts of stay-at-home orders in the United States (US) on OSS contributions and find no significant effects. Collectively, our research offers valuable insights into the multifaceted impacts of lockdown on productivity, shedding light on how individuals adapt to remote work norms during protracted disruptions like a pandemic. These insights provide various stakeholders, including individuals, organizations, and policymakers, with vital knowledge to prepare for future disruptions, foster sustainable resilience, and adeptly navigate the evolving landscape of remote work in a postpandemic world.
DA - 2023/12//
PY - 2023
DO - 10.1016/j.respol.2023.104885
VL - 52
IS - 10
LA - English
SN - 0048-7333
L2 - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048733323001695
KW - Open source software
KW - COVID-19
KW - Face-to-face interactions
KW - Lockdown
KW - Work productivity
ER -
TY - JOUR
TI - Maintaining interoperability in open source software: A case study of the Apache PDFBox project
AU - Butler, Simon
AU - Gamalielsson, Jonas
AU - Lundell, Bjorn
AU - Brax, Christoffer
AU - Mattsson, Anders
AU - Gustaysson, Tomas
AU - Feist, Jonas
AU - Lonroth, Erik
T2 - JOURNAL OF SYSTEMS AND SOFTWARE
AB - Software interoperability is commonly achieved through the implementation of standards for communication protocols or data representation formats. Standards documents are often complex, difficult to interpret, and may contain errors and inconsistencies, which can lead to differing interpretations and implementations that inhibit interoperability. Through a case study of two years of activity in the Apache PDFBox project we examine day-to-day decisions made concerning implementation of the PDF specifications and standards in a community open source software (OSS) project. Thematic analysis is used to identify semantic themes describing the context of observed decisions concerning interoperability. Fundamental decision types are identified including emulation of the behaviour of dominant implementations and the extent to which to implement the PDF standards. Many factors influencing the decisions are related to the sustainability of the project itself, while other influences result from decisions made by external actors, including the developers of dependencies of PDFBox. This article contributes a fine grained perspective of decision-making about software interoperability by contributors to a community OSS project. The study identifies how decisions made support the continuing technical relevance of the software, and factors that motivate and constrain project activity. (C) 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. This is an open access article under the CC BY license. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
DA - 2020/01//
PY - 2020
DO - 10.1016/j.jss.2019.110452
VL - 159
LA - English
SN - 0164-1212
L1 - https://his.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1370325/FULLTEXT02
KW - Standards
KW - Portable document format
KW - Community open source software
KW - Software implementation
KW - Software interoperability
ER -
TY - JOUR
TI - An empirical study of integration activities in distributions of open source software
AU - Adams, Bram
AU - Kavanagh, Ryan
AU - Hassan, Ahmed E.
AU - German, Daniel M.
T2 - EMPIRICAL SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
AB - Reuse of software components, either closed or open source, is considered to be one of the most important best practices in software engineering, since it reduces development cost and improves software quality. However, since reused components are (by definition) generic, they need to be customized and integrated into a specific system before they can be useful. Since this integration is system-specific, the integration effort is non-negligible and increases maintenance costs, especially if more than one component needs to be integrated. This paper performs an empirical study of multi-component integration in the context of three successful open source distributions (Debian, Ubuntu and FreeBSD). Such distributions integrate thousands of open source components with an operating system kernel to deliver a coherent software product to millions of users worldwide. We empirically identified seven major integration activities performed by the maintainers of these distributions, documented how these activities are being performed by the maintainers, then evaluated and refined the identified activities with input from six maintainers of the three studied distributions. The documented activities provide a common vocabulary for component integration in open source distributions and outline a roadmap for future research on software integration.
DA - 2016/06//
PY - 2016
DO - 10.1007/s10664-015-9371-y
VL - 21
IS - 3
SP - 960
EP - 1001
LA - English
SN - 1382-3256
L1 - https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs10664-015-9371-y.pdf
KW - Debian
KW - Software reuse
KW - Open source distributions
KW - Software integration
KW - Ubuntu and FreeBSD
ER -
TY - CONF
TI - Core-Periphery Communication and the Success of Free/Libre Open Source Software Projects
AU - Crowston, Kevin
AU - Shamshurin, Ivan
A2 - Crowston, K
A2 - Hammouda, I
A2 - Lundell, B
A2 - Robles, G
A2 - Gamalielsson, J
A2 - Lindman, J
T3 - IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology
AB - We examine the relationship between communications by core and peripheral members and Free/Libre Open Source Software project success. The study uses data from 74 projects in the Apache Software Foundation Incubator. We conceptualize project success in terms of success building a community, as assessed by graduation from the Incubator. We compare successful and unsuccessful projects on volume of communication by core (committer) and peripheral community members and on use of inclusive pronouns as an indication of efforts to create intimacy among team members. An innovation of the paper is that use of inclusive pronouns is measured using natural language processing techniques. We find that core and peripheral members differ in their volume of contribution and in their use of inclusive pronouns, and that volume of communication is related to project success.
C1 - HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY
C3 - OPEN SOURCE SYSTEMS: INTEGRATING COMMUNITIES, OSS 2016
DA - 2016///
PY - 2016
DO - 10.1007/978-3-319-39225-7_4
VL - 472
SP - 45
EP - 56
LA - English
PB - SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN
SN - 978-3-319-39225-7 978-3-319-39224-0
L1 - https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2F978-3-319-39225-7_4.pdf
N1 - <p>12th IFIP WG 2.13 International Conference on Open Source Systems (OSS), Gothenburg, SWEDEN, MAY 30-JUN 02, 2016</p>
ER -
TY - JOUR
TI - The Labor of Maintaining and Scaling Free and Open-Source Software Projects
AU - Geiger, R. Stuart
AU - Howard, Dorothy
AU - Irani, Lilly
T2 - Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact.
AB - Free and/or open-source software (or F/OSS) projects now play a major and dominant role in society, constituting critical digital infrastructure relied upon by companies, academics, non-profits, activists, and more. As F/OSS has become larger and more established, we investigate the labor of maintaining and sustaining those projects at various scales. We report findings from an interview-based study with contributors and maintainers working in a wide range of F/OSS projects. Maintainers of F/OSS projects do not just maintain software code in a more traditional software engineering understanding of the term: fixing bugs, patching security vulnerabilities, and updating dependencies. F/OSS maintainers also perform complex and often-invisible interpersonal and organizational work to keep their projects operating as active communities of users and contributors. We particularly focus on how this labor of maintaining and sustaining changes as projects and their software grow and scale across many dimensions. In understanding F/OSS to be as much about maintaining a communal project as it is maintaining software code, we discuss broadly applicable considerations for peer production communities and other socio-technical systems more broadly.
DA - 2021/04//
PY - 2021
DO - 10.1145/3449249
VL - 5
IS - CSCW1
UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3449249
L1 - https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3449249
KW - infrastructure
KW - open source
KW - free software
KW - labor
KW - maintenance
ER -
TY - JOUR
TI - Open Source Software Sustainability: Combining Institutional Analysis and Socio-Technical Networks
AU - Yin, Likang
AU - Chakraborti, Mahasweta
AU - Yan, Yibo
AU - Schweik, Charles
AU - Frey, Seth
AU - Filkov, Vladimir
T2 - Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact.
AB - Sustainable Open Source Software (OSS) forms much of the fabric of our digital society, especially successful and sustainable ones. But many OSS projects do not become sustainable, resulting in abandonment and even risks for the world's digital infrastructure. Prior work has looked at the reasons for this mainly from two very different perspectives. In software engineering, the focus has been on understanding success and sustainability from the socio-technical perspective: the OSS programmers' day-to-day activities and the artifacts they create. In institutional analysis, on the other hand, emphasis has been on institutional designs (e.g., policies, rules, and norms) that structure project governance. Even though each is necessary for a comprehensive understanding of OSS projects, the connection and interaction between the two approaches have been barely explored.In this paper, we make the first effort toward understanding OSS project sustainability using a dual-view analysis, by combining institutional analysis with socio-technical systems analysis. In particular, we (i) use linguistic approaches to extract institutional rules and norms from OSS contributors' communications to represent the evolution of their governance systems, and (ii) construct socio-technical networks based on longitudinal collaboration records to represent each project's organizational structure. We combined the two methods and applied them to a dataset of developer digital traces from 253 nascent OSS projects within the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) incubator. We find that the socio-technical and institutional features relate to each other, and provide complimentary views into the progress of the ASF's OSS projects. Refining these combined analyses can help provide a more precise understanding of the synchronization between the evolution of institutional governance and organizational structure.
DA - 2022/11//
PY - 2022
DO - 10.1145/3555129
VL - 6
IS - CSCW2
UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3555129
L1 - https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3555129
N1 - <div data-schema-version="8"><p>80% of things are abandoned</p>
<p></p>
<p></p>
</div>
KW - institutional design
KW - OSS sustainability
KW - socio-technical systems
ER -
TY - JOUR
TI - Sustainability of Open Source software communities beyond a fork: How and why has the LibreOffice project evolved?
AU - Gamalielsson, Jonas
AU - Lundell, Björn
T2 - The Journal of Systems and Software
AB - Many organisations are dependent upon long-term sustainable software systems and associated communities. In this paper we consider long-term sustainability of Open Source software communities in Open Source software projects involving a fork. There is currently a lack of studies in the literature that address how specific Open Source software communities are affected by a fork. We report from a study aiming to investigate the developer community around the LibreOffice project, which is a fork from the OpenOffice.org project. In so doing, our analysis also covers the OpenOffice.org project and the related Apache OpenOffice project. The results strongly suggest a long-term sustainable LibreOffice community and that there are no signs of stagnation in the LibreOffice project 33 months after the fork. Our analysis provides details on developer communities for the LibreOffice and Apache OpenOffice projects and specifically concerning how they have evolved from the OpenOffice.org community with respect to project activity, developer commitment, and retention of committers over time. Further, we present results from an analysis of first hand experiences from contributors in the LibreOffice community. Findings from our analysis show that Open Source software communities can outlive Open Source software projects and that LibreOffice is perceived by its community as supportive, diversified, and independent. The study contributes new insights concerning challenges related to long-term sustainability of Open Source software communities. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]
DA - 2014/03//
PY - 2014
DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2013.11.1077
VL - 89
SP - 128
LA - English
SN - 01641212
UR - http://turing.library.northwestern.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/sustainability-open-source-software-communities/docview/1494127087/se-2?accountid=12861
AN - 1494127087
DB - ABI/INFORM Global
L2 - https://libkey.io/libraries/72/openurl?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&rfr_id=info:sid/ProQuest&rft_val_fmt=journal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Systems+and+Software&rft.atitle=Sustainability+of+Open+Source+software+communities+beyond+a+fork%3A+How+and+why+has+the+LibreOffice+project+evolved%3F&rft.au=Gamalielsson%2C+Jonas%3BLundell%2C+Bj%C3%B6rn.&rft.aulast=Gamalielsson&rft.aufirst=Jonas&rft.date=2014-03-01&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=&rft.spage=128&rft.isbn=&rft.btitle=&rft.title=The+Journal+of+Systems+and+Software&rft.issn=01641212&rft_id=info:doi/
N1 - <p>CODEN - JSSODM</p>
N1 - <p>Copyright - Copyright Elsevier Sequoia S.A. Mar 2014</p>
N1 - <p>Last updated - 2024-12-02</p>
KW - 5240:Software & systems
KW - 9130:Experiment/theoretical treatment
KW - Community evolution
KW - Computers--Software
KW - Fork
KW - Open source
KW - Open source software
KW - Open Source software
KW - Open-source software
KW - Public domain
KW - Software
KW - Software Projects
KW - Studies
KW - Sustainability
ER -
TY - JOUR
TI - When and How to Make Breaking Changes: Policies and Practices in 18 Open Source Software Ecosystems
AU - Bogart, Chris
AU - Kästner, Christian
AU - Herbsleb, James
AU - Thung, Ferdian
T2 - ACM Trans. Softw. Eng. Methodol.
AB - Open source software projects often rely on package management systems that help projects discover, incorporate, and maintain dependencies on other packages, maintained by other people. Such systems save a great deal of effort over ad hoc ways of advertising, packaging, and transmitting useful libraries, but coordination among project teams is still needed when one package makes a breaking change affecting other packages. Ecosystems differ in their approaches to breaking changes, and there is no general theory to explain the relationships between features, behavioral norms, ecosystem outcomes, and motivating values. We address this through two empirical studies. In an interview case study, we contrast Eclipse, NPM, and CRAN, demonstrating that these different norms for coordination of breaking changes shift the costs of using and maintaining the software among stakeholders, appropriate to each ecosystem’s mission. In a second study, we combine a survey, repository mining, and document analysis to broaden and systematize these observations across 18 ecosystems. We find that all ecosystems share values such as stability and compatibility, but differ in other values. Ecosystems’ practices often support their espoused values, but in surprisingly diverse ways. The data provides counterevidence against easy generalizations about why ecosystem communities do what they do.
DA - 2021/07//
PY - 2021
DO - 10.1145/3447245
VL - 30
IS - 4
SN - 1049-331X
UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3447245
KW - collaboration
KW - Software ecosystems
KW - qualitative research
KW - dependency management
KW - semantic versioning
ER -
TY - JOUR
TI - Beyond Dependencies: The Role of Copy-Based Reuse in Open Source Software Development
AU - Jahanshahi, Mahmoud
AU - Reid, David
AU - Mockus, Audris
T2 - ACM Trans. Softw. Eng. Methodol.
AB - In Open Source Software, resources of any project are open for reuse by introducing dependencies or copying the resource itself. In contrast to dependency-based reuse, the infrastructure to systematically support copy-based reuse appears to be entirely missing. Our aim is to enable future research and tool development to increase efficiency and reduce the risks of copy-based reuse. We seek a better understanding of such reuse by measuring its prevalence and identifying factors affecting the propensity to reuse. To identify reused artifacts and trace their origins, our method exploits World of Code infrastructure. We begin with a set of theory-derived factors related to the propensity to reuse, sample instances of different reuse types, and survey developers to better understand their intentions. Our results indicate that copy-based reuse is common, with many developers being aware of it when writing code. The propensity for a file to be reused varies greatly among languages and between source code and binary files, consistently decreasing over time. Files introduced by popular projects are more likely to be reused, but at least half of reused resources originate from “small” and “medium” projects. Developers had various reasons for reuse but were generally positive about using a package manager.
DA - 2025/01//
PY - 2025
DO - 10.1145/3715907
SN - 1049-331X
UR - https://doi.org/10.1145/3715907
N1 - <p>Just Accepted</p>
KW - Open Source Software
KW - Software Development
KW - Copy-based Reuse
KW - Reuse
KW - Software Supply Chain
KW - World of Code
ER -