1884 lines
136 KiB
Plaintext
1884 lines
136 KiB
Plaintext
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TY - JOUR
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AU - Giuri, Paola; Rullani, Francesco; Torrisi, Salvatore
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TI - Explaining leadership in virtual teams: The case of open source software
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PY - 2008
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AB - NA
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SP - 305
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EP - 315
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JF - Information Economics and Policy
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VL - 20
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IS - 4
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PB - Elsevier BV
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DO - 10.1016/j.infoecopol.2008.06.002
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ER -
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TY - JOUR
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AU - Blumer, Herbert
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TI - What Is Wrong with Social Theory
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PY - 2017
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AB - The aim of theory in empirical science is to develop analytical schemes of the empirical world with which the given science is concerned. This is done by conceiving the world abstractly, that is, in terms of classes of objects and of relations between such classes. Theoretical schemes are essentially proposals as to the nature of such classes and of their relations where this nature is problematic or unknown. Such proposals become guides to investigation to see whether they or their implications are true. Social theory is conspicuously defective in its guidance of research inquiry. It is rarely couched in such form as to facilitate or allow directed investigation to see whether it or its implications are true. Representative terms like mores, social institutions, attitudes, social class, value, cultural norm, personality, reference group, social structure, primary group, social process, social system, urbanization, accommodation, differential discrimination and social control do not discriminate cleanly their empirical instances.
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SP - 84
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EP - 96
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JF - Sociological Methods
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VL - 19
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IS - 1
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PB - Routledge
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DO - 10.4324/9781315129945-8
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ER -
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TY - JOUR
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AU - Sadowski, BM Bert; Sadowski-Rasters, Gaby; Duysters, Geert
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TI - Transition of governance in a mature open software source community : evidence from the Debian case
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PY - 2008
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AB - As open source software (OSS) communities mature, they have to introduce a variety of governance mechanisms to manage the participation of their members and to coordinate the launch of new releases. The Debian community introduced new mechanisms of informal administrative control based on a constitution, elected leaders, and used interactive communication channels. We show that these control mechanisms were introduced as a response to emerging innovative opportunities due to the usage of source packages and to the need to build a responsive organization within the Debian OSS community.
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SP - 323
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EP - 332
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JF - Information Economics and Policy
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VL - 20
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IS - 4
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PB - Elsevier BV
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DO - 10.1016/j.infoecopol.2008.05.001
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ER -
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TY - NA
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AU - Dias, Luiz Felipe; Steinmacher, Igor; Pinto, Gustavo; da Costa, Daniel Alencar; Gerosa, Marco Aurélio
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TI - ICSME - How Does the Shift to GitHub Impact Project Collaboration
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PY - 2016
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AB - Social coding environments such as GitHub and Bitbucket are changing the way software is built. They are not only lowering the barriers for placing changes, but also making open-source contributions more visible and traceable. Not surprisingly, several mature, active, non-trivial open-source software projects are switching their decades of software history to these environments. There is a belief that these environments have the potential of attracting new contributors to open-source projects. However, there is little empirical evidence to support these claims. In this paper, we quantitatively and qualitatively studied a curated set of open-source projects that made the move to GitHub, aiming at understanding whether and how this migration fostered collaboration. Our results suggest that although interaction in some projects increased after migrating to GitHub, the rise of contributions is not straightforward.
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SP - 473
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EP - 477
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JF - 2016 IEEE International Conference on Software Maintenance and Evolution (ICSME)
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VL - NA
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IS - NA
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PB - IEEE
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DO - 10.1109/icsme.2016.78
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ER -
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TY - JOUR
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AU - Bradley, Dale A.
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TI - The Divergent Anarcho-utopian Discourses of the Open Source Software Movement
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PY - 2006
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AB - Abstract: The discourse informing open source programming is important for many reasons, not the least of which is the way in which its ideological positions are translated into practical actions. It is argued that the initial anarcho-utopian move initiated by Richard Stallman’s GNU Project and Free Software Foundation is currently being transformed into an organizational utopia in the form of the largely Linux-based open source movement. The utopian impulse evident in open source software development is therefore addressed from the perspective that the promises of liberation that inform its anarchy-inspired politics may be undermined by efforts to integrate its communal programming practices into existing market hegemonies. Resume : Le discours sur la programmation libre est important a plusieurs egards, notamment dans la maniere dont ses positions ideologiques se transforment en actions concretes. Cet article soutient que le mouvement anarcho-utopique lance par Richard Stallman avec son projet GNU et la Fondation pour le logiciel libre se transforme actuellement en une utopie organisationnelle prenant la forme d’un Mouvement du logiciel libre qui se fonde en grande partie sur le systeme Linux. Cet article adopte la perspective qu’on risque aujourd’hui de perdre de vue l'impulsion utopique qui etait evidente dans le developpement initial de logiciels libres. On risque en outre d’oublier les promesses de liberte qui sous
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SP - 585
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EP - 612
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JF - Canadian Journal of Communication
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VL - 30
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IS - 4
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PB - University of Toronto Press Inc. (UTPress)
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DO - 10.22230/cjc.2005v30n4a1642
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ER -
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TY - NA
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AU - Fox, Sarah; Sobel, Kiley; Rosner, Daniela K.
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TI - CHI - Managerial Visions: Stories of Upgrading and Maintaining the Public Restroom with IoT
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PY - 2019
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AB - This paper examines the entangled development of governance strategies and networked technologies in the pervasive but under-examined domain of public restrooms. Drawing on a mix of archival materials, participant observation, and interviews within and beyond the city of Seattle, Washington, we look at the motivations of public restroom facilities managers as they introduce (or consider introducing) networked technology in the spaces they administer. Over the course of the research, we found internet of things technologies-or, connected devices imbued with computational capacity-became increasingly tied up with cost-reducing efficiencies and exploitative regulatory techniques. Drawing from this case study, we develop the concept of managerial visions: ways of seeing that structure labor, enforce compliance, and define access to resources. We argue that these ways of seeing prove increasingly critical to HCI research as it attends to computer-mediated collaboration beyond white-collar settings.
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SP - 493
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EP - 15
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JF - Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
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VL - NA
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IS - NA
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PB - ACM
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DO - 10.1145/3290605.3300723
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ER -
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TY - JOUR
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AU - van Dijck, José; Nieborg, David B.
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TI - Wikinomics and its discontents: a critical analysis of Web 2.0 business manifestos:
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PY - 2009
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AB - 'Collaborative culture', 'mass creativity' and 'co-creation' appear to be contagious buzzwords that are rapidly infecting economic and cultural discourse on Web 2.0. Allegedly, peer production models will replace opaque, top-down business models, yielding to transparent, democratic structures where power is in the shared hands of responsible companies and skilled, qualified users. Manifestos such as Wikinomics (Tapscott and Williams, 2006) and 'We-Think' (Leadbeater, 2007) argue collective culture to be the basis for digital commerce. This article analyzes the assumptions behind this Web 2.0 newspeak and unravels how business gurus try to argue the universal benefits of a democratized and collectivist digital space. They implicitly endorse a notion of public collectivism that functions entirely inside commodity culture. The logic of Wikinomics and 'We-Think' urgently begs for deconstruction, especially since it is increasingly steering mainstream cultural theory on digital culture.
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SP - 855
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EP - 874
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JF - New Media & Society
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VL - 11
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IS - 5
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PB - SAGE Publications
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DO - 10.1177/1461444809105356
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ER -
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TY - JOUR
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AU - Rennie, David L.
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TI - Grounded Theory Methodology: The Pressing Need for a Coherent Logic of Justification
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PY - 1998
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AB - The originators of the grounded theory approach to qualitative research now disagree on certain procedural aspects of the methodology, while agreeing on others, and dispute its epistemological implications. In this article it is argued that the rift can be traced to a conflict over the logic of justification of the approach. Strauss and Corbin endorse Dewey's instrumentalism, including its prizing of the experimental method, and introduce a form of hypothetico-deductivism into the grounded theory method. Alternatively, although subscribing tacitly to the experimental method, Glaser does not tie it in with instrumentalism, and insists that grounded theory properly involves only the inductive phase of inquiry. It is argued that both instrumentalism and induction are inadequate as rationales for the grounded theory method. A new logic of justification, termed methodological hermeneutics and derived from Margolis's reconciliation of realism and relativism, has been developed by the author. When applied to the...
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SP - 101
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EP - 119
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JF - Theory & Psychology
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VL - 8
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IS - 1
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PB - SAGE Publications
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DO - 10.1177/0959354398081006
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ER -
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TY - JOUR
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AU - Klang, Mathias
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TI - Free software and open source: The freedom debate and its consequences
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PY - 2005
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AB - Recently the University of Goteborg held an online course in the theory and philosophy of free software and open source. During this course a lively discussion on terminology took place, in particular the concept of freedom was discussed. Without arriving at particular conclusions the posts included views in part on the lack of user awareness on what was property within the computer, on the difference between free, gratis, and libre in different languages and cultures and the need for both a common terminology and infrastructure. This paper is not an attempt to resolve these issues but to bring these questions to the attention of a wider audience in the hope that the discussion will continue.
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To most outsiders the ethics of software is not something usually considered. To most proficient computer users with a passing interest in this question the ethics of software is recognised as one of the fundamental questions in the digital rights area. To most of the latter, terms such as free software, open source, and their derivatives (FLOSS, FOSS, Software Freedom) are interchangeable. Choosing one over the other is a matter of taste rather than politics. However, to most insiders the question is not one of taste. There is a fundamental difference between the two areas even if they share a similar root. Free software is not the same as open source. The two groups differ in their fundamental philosophical approach to software and its importance to society as a whole. This paper examines the two groups’ differing philosophies and explores how their actions have affected software development, access to fundamental software infrastructure, and the development of the concept of freedom.
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SP - NA
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EP - NA
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JF - First Monday
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VL - 10
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IS - 3
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PB - University of Illinois Libraries
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DO - 10.5210/fm.v10i3.1211
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ER -
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TY - BOOK
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AU - Gerson, Elihu M.
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TI - Theory in CSCW - Reach, Bracket, and the Limits of Rationalized Coordination: Some Challenges for CSCW
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PY - NA
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AB - NA
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SP - 193
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EP - 220
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JF - Computer Supported Cooperative Work
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VL - NA
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IS - NA
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PB - Springer London
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DO - 10.1007/978-1-84628-901-9_8
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ER -
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TY - JOUR
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AU - Coleman, Gabriella
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TI - CODE IS SPEECH: Legal Tinkering, Expertise, and Protest among Free and Open Source Software Developers
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PY - 2009
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AB - In this essay, I examine the channels through which Free and Open Source Software (F/OSS) developers reconfigure central tenets of the liberal tradition—and the meanings of both freedom and speech—to defend against efforts to constrain their productive autonomy. I demonstrate how F/OSS developers contest and specify the meaning of liberal freedom—especially free speech—through the development of legal tools and discourses within the context of the F/OSS project. I highlight how developers concurrently tinker with technology and the law using similar skills, which transform and consolidate ethical precepts among developers. I contrast this legal pedagogy with more extraordinary legal battles over intellectual property, speech, and software. I concentrate on the arrests of two programmers, Jon Johansen and Dmitry Sklyarov, and on the protests they provoked, which unfolded between 1999 and 2003. These events are analytically significant because they dramatized and thus made visible tacit social processes. They publicized the challenge that F/OSS represents to the dominant regime of intellectual property (and clarified the democratic stakes involved) and also stabilized a rival liberal legal regime intimately connecting source code to speech.
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SP - 420
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EP - 454
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JF - Cultural Anthropology
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VL - 24
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IS - 3
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PB - Wiley
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DO - 10.1111/j.1548-1360.2009.01036.x
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ER -
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TY - BOOK
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AU - Mukerji, Chandra
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TI - A Fragile Power: Scientists and the State
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PY - 1989
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AB - When the National Science Foundation funds research about the earth's crust and the Department of Energy supports studies on the disposal of nuclear wastes, what do they expect for their money? Most scientists believe that in such cases the government wants information for immediate use or directions for seeking future benefits from nature. Challenging this oversimplified view, Chandra Mukerji depicts a more complex interdependence between science and the state. She uses vivid examples from the heavily funded field of oceanography, particularly from recent work on seafloor hot springs and on ocean disposal of nuclear wastes, to raise questions about science as it is practiced and financed today. She finds that scientists act less as purveyors of knowledge to the government than as an elite and highly skilled talent pool retained to give legitimacy to U.S. policies and programs: scientists allow their authority to be projected onto government officials who use scientific ideas for political purposes. Writing in a crisp and jargon-free style, Mukerji reveals the peculiar mix of autonomy and dependency defined for researchers after World War II--a mix that has changed since then but that continues to shape the practical conduct of science. Scientists use their control over the scientific content of research to convince themselves of their autonomy and to achieve some power in their dealings with funding agencies, but they remain fundamentally dependent on the state. Mukerji argues that they constitute a kind of reserve force, like the Army or Navy reserves, paid by the government to do research only because science is politically essential to the workings of the modern state. This book isessential reading not only for sociologists and students of science and society, and for oceanographers, but also for every scientist whose work depends directly or indirectly on government support.
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SP - NA
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EP - NA
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JF - NA
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VL - NA
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IS - NA
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PB - NA
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DO - NA
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ER -
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TY - NA
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AU - Bullard, Julia
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TI - GROUP - Motivating Invisible Contributions: Framing Volunteer Classification Design in a Fanfiction Repository
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PY - 2016
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AB - Contributions from the crowd are not just content-sustainable systems require ongoing behind-the-scenes infrastructural work. In this paper, I explore potential strategies for motivating volunteer contributions to large-scale collaborative projects when volunteer contributions are procedural in nature and largely invisible in the published project. I use a user-driven classification system for a large, established, and growing fanfiction collection as an example of a successful project of this type. I compare the challenges and possibilities to those established in the study of open source, wiki, and citizen science projects, which share with classification design a need for distributed human contributions to procedural tasks. Textual analysis of recruiting and training documents, informed by prolonged engagement in the community, reveals strategies that diverge from other HCI research on motivation, such as a focus on work rather than fun and insider rather than public recognition.
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SP - 181
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EP - 193
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JF - Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Supporting Group Work
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VL - NA
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IS - NA
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PB - ACM
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DO - 10.1145/2957276.2957295
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ER -
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TY - JOUR
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AU - Karasti, Helena; Baker, Karen S.; Millerand, Florence
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TI - Infrastructure Time: Long-term Matters in Collaborative Development
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PY - 2010
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AB - This paper addresses the collaborative development of information infrastructure for supporting data-rich scientific collaboration. Studying infrastructure development empirically not only in terms of spatial issues but also, and equally importantly, temporal ones, we illustrate how the long-term matters. Our case is about the collaborative development of a metadata standard for an ecological research domain. It is a complex example where standards are recognized as one element of infrastructure and standard-making efforts include integration of semantic work and software tools development. With a focus on the temporal scales of short-term and long-term, we analyze the practices and views of the main parties involved in the development of the standard. Our contributions are three-fold: 1) extension of the notion of infrastructure to more explicitly include the temporal dimension; 2) identification of two distinct temporal orientations in information infrastructure development work, namely `project time' and `infrastructure time', and 3) association of related development orientations, particularly `continuing design' as a development orientation that recognizes `infrastructure time'. We conclude by highlighting the need to enrich understandings of temporality in CSCW, particularly towards longer time scales and more diversified temporal hybrids in collaborative infrastructure development. This work draws attention to the manifold ramifications that `infrastructure time', as an example of more extended temporal scales, suggests for CSCW and e-Research infrastructures.
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SP - 377
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EP - 415
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JF - Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW)
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VL - 19
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IS - 3
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PB - Springer Science and Business Media LLC
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DO - 10.1007/s10606-010-9113-z
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ER -
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TY - NA
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AU - Mockus, Audris; Fielding, Roy T.; Herbsleb, James D.
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TI - ICSE - A case study of open source software development: the Apache server
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PY - 2000
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AB - According to its proponents, open source style software development has the capacity to compete successfully, and perhaps in many cases displace, traditional commercial development methods. In order to begin investigating such claims, we examine the development process of a major open source application, the Apache web server. By using email archives of source code change history and problem reports we quantify aspects of developer participation, core team size, code ownership, productivity, defect density, and problem resolution interval for this OSS project. This analysis reveals a unique process, which performs well on important measures. We conclude that hybrid forms of development that borrow the most effective techniques from both the OSS and commercial worlds may lead to high performance software processes.
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SP - 263
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EP - 272
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JF - Proceedings of the 22nd international conference on Software engineering - ICSE '00
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VL - NA
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IS - NA
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PB - ACM Press
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DO - 10.1145/337180.337209
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ER -
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TY - NA
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AU - Dabbish, Laura; Stuart, Colleen; Tsay, Jason; Herbsleb, James D.
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TI - CSCW - Social coding in GitHub: transparency and collaboration in an open software repository
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PY - 2012
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AB - Social applications on the web let users track and follow the activities of a large number of others regardless of location or affiliation. There is a potential for this transparency to radically improve collaboration and learning in complex knowledge-based activities. Based on a series of in-depth interviews with central and peripheral GitHub users, we examined the value of transparency for large-scale distributed collaborations and communities of practice. We find that people make a surprisingly rich set of social inferences from the networked activity information in GitHub, such as inferring someone else's technical goals and vision when they edit code, or guessing which of several similar projects has the best chance of thriving in the long term. Users combine these inferences into effective strategies for coordinating work, advancing technical skills and managing their reputation.
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SP - 1277
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EP - 1286
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JF - Proceedings of the ACM 2012 conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work
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VL - NA
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IS - NA
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PB - ACM
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DO - 10.1145/2145204.2145396
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ER -
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TY - CONF
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AU - Crowston, Kevin; Heckman, Robert; Annabi, Hala; Masango, Chengetai
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TI - A structurational perspective on leadership in free/libre open source software teams
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PY - 2005
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AB - In this conceptual paper, we present a structuration-based theory of leadership behaviours in self-organizing distributed teams such as Free/Libre Open Source Software development teams. Such teams are often composed of members of relatively equal status or who are so disparate in background that formal organizational status seems irrelevant, reducing the usual leadership cues provided by organizational status and title. Building on a functional view of leadership and structuration theory, we suggest that leaders are individuals who develop team structures that then guide the actions of team members. Specifically, we examine structures of signification in the form of shared mental models, structures of domination in the form of role structures and structures of legitimation in form of rules and norms. The main contribution of our paper is the integration of various social theories to describe emergent leadership behaviours in distributed teams. We develop a set of propositions and illustrate with examples taken from Free/Libre Open Source Software development teams. We conclude by suggesting practical implications as well as future research that might be conducted to test and further elaborate our theory.
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SP - NA
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EP - NA
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JF - NA
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VL - NA
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IS - NA
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PB - NA
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DO - NA
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ER -
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TY - JOUR
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AU - Raymond, Eric S.
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TI - The cathedral and the bazaar
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PY - 1999
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AB - NA
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SP - 23
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EP - 49
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JF - Knowledge, Technology & Policy
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VL - 12
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IS - 3
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PB - Springer Science and Business Media LLC
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DO - 10.1007/s12130-999-1026-0
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ER -
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TY - NA
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AU - Wiggins, Andrea
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TI - CSCW - Free as in puppies: compensating for ict constraints in citizen science
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PY - 2013
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AB - Citizen science is a form of collaborative research engaging the public with professional scientists. Information and communication technologies (ICT) are a leading factor in the recent spread of this phenomenon. A common assumption is that money and ICT are the ideal solutions to issues of data quality and participant engagement. The reality is instead that resource limitations often require adopting suboptimal ICT, including tools that are "free as in puppies" with hidden costs from poor usability and lack of appropriate functionality. A comparative case study of three citizen science projects, eBird, The Great Sunflower Project, and Mountain Watch, found that projects with few ICT resources employed a broader range of strategies to address these issues than expected. The most practical and effective strategies integrated available ICT with other resources to open up new solutions and options for supporting citizen science outcomes in spite of resource limitations.
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SP - 1469
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EP - 1480
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JF - Proceedings of the 2013 conference on Computer supported cooperative work
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VL - NA
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IS - NA
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PB - ACM
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DO - 10.1145/2441776.2441942
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ER -
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TY - JOUR
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AU - Fitzgerald, Brian
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TI - The transformation of open source software
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PY - 2006
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AB - A frequent characterization of open source software is the somewhat outdated, mythical one of a collective of supremely talented software hackers freely volunteering their services to produce uniformly high-quality software. I contend that the open source software phenomenon has metamorphosed into a more mainstream and commercially viable form, which I label as OSS 2.0. I illustrate this transformation using a framework of process and product factors, and discuss how the bazaar metaphor, which up to now has been associated with the open source development process, has actually shifted to become a metaphor better suited to the OSS 2.0 product delivery and support process. Overall the OSS 2.0 phenomenon is significantly different from its free software antecedent. Its emergence accentuates the fundamental alteration of the basic ground rules in the software landscape, signifying the end of the proprietary-driven model that has prevailed for the past 20 years or so. Thus, a clear understanding of the characteristics of the emergent OSS 2.0 phenomenon is required to address key challenges for research and practice.
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SP - 587
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EP - 598
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JF - MIS Quarterly
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VL - 30
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IS - 3
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PB - JSTOR
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DO - 10.2307/25148740
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ER -
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TY - JOUR
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AU - Mathew, Ashwin J.
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TI - The myth of the decentralised internet
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PY - 2016
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AB - NA
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SP - 1
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EP - 16
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JF - Internet Policy Review
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VL - 5
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IS - 3
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PB - Internet Policy Review, Alexander von Humboldt Institute for Internet and Society
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DO - 10.14763/2016.3.425
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ER -
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TY - BOOK
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AU - Maher, Jennifer Helene
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TI - Software Evangelism and the Rhetoric of Morality: Coding Justice in a Digital Democracy
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PY - 2015
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AB - NA
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SP - NA
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EP - NA
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JF - NA
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VL - NA
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IS - NA
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PB - NA
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DO - NA
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ER -
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TY - JOUR
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AU - Marcus, George E.
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TI - Ethnography in/of the World System: The Emergence of Multi-Sited Ethnography
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PY - 1995
|
||
AB - This review surveys an emergent methodological trend in anthropological research that concerns the adaptation of long-standing modes of ethnographic practices to more complex objects of study. Ethnography moves from its conventional single-site location, contextualized by macro-constructions of a larger social order, such as the capitalist world system, to multiple sites of observation and participation that cross-cut dichotomies such as the “local” and the “global,” the “lifeworld” and the “system.” Resulting ethnographies are therefore both in and out of the world system. The anxieties to which this methodological shift gives rise are considered in terms of testing the limits of ethnography, attenuating the power of fieldwork, and losing the perspective of the subaltern. The emergence of multi-sited ethnography is located within new spheres of interdisciplinary work, including media studies, science and technology studies, and cultural studies broadly. Several “tracking” strategies that shape multi-site...
|
||
SP - 95
|
||
EP - 117
|
||
JF - Annual Review of Anthropology
|
||
VL - 24
|
||
IS - 1
|
||
PB - Annual Reviews
|
||
DO - 10.1146/annurev.an.24.100195.000523
|
||
ER -
|
||
|
||
|
||
TY - BOOK
|
||
AU - Lempert, Michael; Carr, E. Summerson
|
||
TI - Scale: Discourse and Dimensions of Social Life
|
||
PY - 2016
|
||
AB - NA
|
||
SP - NA
|
||
EP - NA
|
||
JF - NA
|
||
VL - NA
|
||
IS - NA
|
||
PB - NA
|
||
DO - NA
|
||
ER -
|
||
|
||
|
||
TY - NA
|
||
AU - Warsta, Juhani; Abrahamsson, Pekka
|
||
TI - Is Open Source Software Development Essentially an Agile Method
|
||
PY - 2003
|
||
AB - It has been argued that Open Source Software (OSS) development differs from the agile software development mode in philosophical, economical, and team structural aspects. This paper investigates the OSS development characteristics from four perspectives: process, roles and responsibilities, practices, and scope of use. The study shows that while from a legal perspective the OSS development paradigm could be seen more as a licensing structure exploiting the terms of the General Public License or similar, the OSS does in many ways follow the same lines of thought and practices as the main stream of existing agile methods. The principal differences and similarities are highlighted and discussed. It is suggested that the OSS community could benefit from the practical solutions put forward by the agile proponents and vice versa.
|
||
SP - NA
|
||
EP - NA
|
||
JF - NA
|
||
VL - NA
|
||
IS - NA
|
||
PB - NA
|
||
DO - NA
|
||
ER -
|
||
|
||
|
||
TY - NA
|
||
AU - Forte, Andrea; Bruckman, Amy
|
||
TI - HICSS - Scaling Consensus: Increasing Decentralization in Wikipedia Governance
|
||
PY - 2008
|
||
AB - How does "self-governance" happen in Wikipedia? Through in-depth interviews with eleven individuals who have held a variety of responsibilities in the English Wikipedia, we obtained rich descriptions of how various forces produce and regulate social structures on the site. Our analysis describes Wikipedia as an organization with highly refined policies, norms, and a technological architecture that supports organizational ideals of consensus building and discussion. We describe how governance in the site is becoming increasingly decentralized as the community grows and how this is predicted by theories of commons-based governance developed in offline contexts. The trend of decentralization is noticeable with respect to both content-related decision making processes and social structures that regulate user behavior.
|
||
SP - 157
|
||
EP - 157
|
||
JF - Proceedings of the 41st Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS 2008)
|
||
VL - NA
|
||
IS - NA
|
||
PB - IEEE
|
||
DO - 10.1109/hicss.2008.383
|
||
ER -
|
||
|
||
|
||
TY - JOUR
|
||
AU - Bietz, Matthew J.; Baumer, Eric P. S.; Lee, Charlotte P.
|
||
TI - Synergizing in Cyberinfrastructure Development
|
||
PY - 2010
|
||
AB - This paper investigates the work of creating infrastructure, using as a case study the development of cyberinfrastructure for metagenomics research. Specifically, the analysis focuses on the role of embeddedness in infrastructure development. We expand on the notion of human infrastructure to develop the concepts of synergizing, leveraging, and aligning, which denote the active processes of creating and managing relationships among people, organizations, and technologies in the creation of cyberinfrastructure. This conceptual lens highlights how embeddedness is not only an important result of infrastructure development, but is also a precursor that can act as both a constraint and a resource for development activities.
|
||
SP - 245
|
||
EP - 281
|
||
JF - Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW)
|
||
VL - 19
|
||
IS - 3
|
||
PB - Springer Science and Business Media LLC
|
||
DO - 10.1007/s10606-010-9114-y
|
||
ER -
|
||
|
||
|
||
TY - JOUR
|
||
AU - Crowston, Kevin; Wei, Kangning; Howison, James; Wiggins, Andrea
|
||
TI - Free/Libre open-source software development: What we know and what we do not know
|
||
PY - 2008
|
||
AB - We review the empirical research on Free/Libre and Open-Source Software (FLOSS) development and assess the state of the literature. We develop a framework for organizing the literature based on the input-mediator-output-input (IMOI) model from the small groups literature. We present a quantitative summary of articles selected for the review and then discuss findings of this literature categorized into issues pertaining to inputs (e.g., member characteristics, technology use, and project characteristics), processes (software development practices, social processes, and firm involvement practices), emergent states (e.g., social states and task-related states), and outputs (e.g. team performance, FLOSS implementation, and project evolution). Based on this review, we suggest topics for future research, as well as identify methodological and theoretical issues for future inquiry in this area, including issues relating to sampling and the need for more longitudinal studies.
|
||
SP - 7
|
||
EP - 35
|
||
JF - ACM Computing Surveys
|
||
VL - 44
|
||
IS - 2
|
||
PB - Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)
|
||
DO - 10.1145/2089125.2089127
|
||
ER -
|
||
|
||
|
||
TY - NA
|
||
AU - Riehle, Dirk; Riemer, Philipp; Kolassa, Carsten; Schmidt, Michael
|
||
TI - HICSS - Paid vs. Volunteer Work in Open Source
|
||
PY - 2014
|
||
AB - Many open source projects have long become commercial. This paper shows just how much of open source software development is paid work and how much has remained volunteer work. Using a conservative approach, we find that about 50% of all open source software development has been paid work for many years now and that many small projects are fully paid for by companies. However, we also find that any non-trivial project balances the amount of paid developer with volunteer work, and we suggest that the ratio of volunteer to paid work can serve as an indicator for the health of open source projects and aid the management of the respective communities.
|
||
SP - 3286
|
||
EP - 3295
|
||
JF - 2014 47th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences
|
||
VL - NA
|
||
IS - NA
|
||
PB - IEEE
|
||
DO - 10.1109/hicss.2014.407
|
||
ER -
|
||
|
||
|
||
TY - NA
|
||
AU - Barcomb, Ann
|
||
TI - EASE - Episodic volunteering in open source communities
|
||
PY - 2016
|
||
AB - Episodic volunteers, who prefer short term engagement to habitual contributions, are present in Free/Libre and Open Source Software (FLOSS) communities. Little is known about how they are viewed within their communities, how they view their communities, how community managers are managing them, or even how many episodic volunteers contribute to FLOSS projects and how much they contribute. Knowing more about the prevalence and management of episodic volunteers in FLOSS will help community managers make better decisions for engaging and utilizing these volunteers. My dissertation addresses these questions, providing a picture of what episodic volunteering looks like in the context of FLOSS communities.
|
||
SP - 3
|
||
EP - 3
|
||
JF - Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Evaluation and Assessment in Software Engineering
|
||
VL - NA
|
||
IS - NA
|
||
PB - ACM
|
||
DO - 10.1145/2915970.2915972
|
||
ER -
|
||
|
||
|
||
TY - BOOK
|
||
AU - Lund, Arwid
|
||
TI - Wikipedia, Work and Capitalism
|
||
PY - 2017
|
||
AB - NA
|
||
SP - NA
|
||
EP - NA
|
||
JF - NA
|
||
VL - NA
|
||
IS - NA
|
||
PB - Springer International Publishing
|
||
DO - 10.1007/978-3-319-50690-6
|
||
ER -
|
||
|
||
|
||
TY - NA
|
||
AU - Garcia, Juan Mateos; Steinmueller, W. Edward
|
||
TI - The Open Source Way of Working: a New Paradigm for the Division of Labour in Software Development?
|
||
PY - 2003
|
||
AB - The interest the Open Source Software Development Model has recently raised amongst social scientists has resulted in an accumulation of relevant research concerned with explaining and describing the motivations of Open Source developers and the advantages the Open Source methodology has over traditional proprietary software development models. However, existing literature has often examined the Open Source phenomenon from an excessively abstract and idealised perspective of the common interests of open source developers, therefore neglecting the very important organisational and institutional aspects of communities of individuals that may, in fact, have diverse interests and motivations. It is the aim of this paper to begin remedying this shortcoming by analysing the sources of authority in Open Source projects and the hierarchical structures according to which this authority is organised and distributed inside them. In order to do so, a theoretical framework based on empirical evidence extracted from a variety of projects is built, its main concerns being the description and explanation of recruitment, enculturation, promotion and conflict resolution dynamics present in Open Source projects. The paper argues that 'distributed authority' is a principal means employed by such communities to increase stability, diminish the severity and scope of conflicts over technical direction, and ease the problems of assessing the quality of contributions. The paper also argues that distributed authority is principally derived from interpersonal interaction and the construction of trust between individuals drawn to the project by diverse interests that are mediated and moderated through participants' common interest in the project's successful outcome. The paper presents several conclusions concerning the governance of open source communities and priorities for future research.
|
||
SP - NA
|
||
EP - NA
|
||
JF - Research Papers in Economics
|
||
VL - NA
|
||
IS - NA
|
||
PB - NA
|
||
DO - NA
|
||
ER -
|
||
|
||
|
||
TY - NA
|
||
AU - Hilton, Michael; Tunnell, Timothy; Huang, Kai; Marinov, Darko; Dig, Danny
|
||
TI - ASE - Usage, costs, and benefits of continuous integration in open-source projects
|
||
PY - 2016
|
||
AB - Continuous integration (CI) systems automate the compilation, building, and testing of software. Despite CI rising as a big success story in automated software engineering, it has received almost no attention from the research community. For example, how widely is CI used in practice, and what are some costs and benefits associated with CI? Without answering such questions, developers, tool builders, and researchers make decisions based on folklore instead of data. In this paper, we use three complementary methods to study the usage of CI in open-source projects. To understand which CI systems developers use, we analyzed 34,544 open-source projects from GitHub. To understand how developers use CI, we analyzed 1,529,291 builds from the most commonly used CI system. To understand why projects use or do not use CI, we surveyed 442 developers. With this data, we answered several key questions related to the usage, costs, and benefits of CI. Among our results, we show evidence that supports the claim that CI helps projects release more often, that CI is widely adopted by the most popular projects, as well as finding that the overall percentage of projects using CI continues to grow, making it important and timely to focus more research on CI.
|
||
SP - 426
|
||
EP - 437
|
||
JF - Proceedings of the 31st IEEE/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering
|
||
VL - NA
|
||
IS - NA
|
||
PB - ACM
|
||
DO - 10.1145/2970276.2970358
|
||
ER -
|
||
|
||
|
||
TY - NA
|
||
AU - Gamma, Erich
|
||
TI - ICSE - Agile, open source, distributed, and on-time: inside the eclipse development process
|
||
PY - 2005
|
||
AB - Summary form only given. Eclipse is a widely recognized open source project dedicated to providing a platform for developing integrated tools. Throughout the history of Eclipse the development team was successful in hitting projected delivery dates with precision and quality. This isn't possible without a team strongly committed to ship quality software. How is this really done? How does Eclipse achieve quality and just-in-time delivery? This paper sheds light on the key practices of the Eclipse development process - from the development mantras "always beta", "milestones first", "API first", and "performance first" to practices such as ensuring quality through multiple feedback loops. The author reflects on proven practices for managing a large project performed by geographically dispersed teams and open source contributors in a highly competitive market. Most of these practices have evolved in the open source project, but they are equally applicable to closed source projects and help to improve quality, timeliness and reduce development stress in both types of environments.
|
||
SP - 4
|
||
EP - 4
|
||
JF - Proceedings of the 27th international conference on Software engineering - ICSE '05
|
||
VL - NA
|
||
IS - NA
|
||
PB - ACM Press
|
||
DO - 10.1145/1062455.1062459
|
||
ER -
|
||
|
||
|
||
TY - JOUR
|
||
AU - Orlikowski, Wanda J.; Scott, Susan V.
|
||
TI - 10 Sociomateriality: Challenging the Separation of Technology, Work and Organization
|
||
PY - 2008
|
||
AB - Abstract We begin by juxtaposing the pervasive presence of technology in organizational work with its absence from the organization studies literature. Our analysis of four leading journals in the field confirms that over 95% of the articles published in top management research outlets do not take into account the role of technology in organizational life. We then examine the research that has been done on technology, and categorize this literature into two research streams according to their view of technology: discrete entities or mutually dependent ensembles. For each stream, we discuss three existing reviews spanning the last three decades of scholarship to highlight that while there have been many studies and approaches to studying organizational interactions and implications of technology, empirical research has produced mixed and often‐conflicting results. Going forward, we suggest that further work is needed to theorize the fusion of technology and work in organizations, and that additional perspe...
|
||
SP - 433
|
||
EP - 474
|
||
JF - The Academy of Management Annals
|
||
VL - 2
|
||
IS - 1
|
||
PB - Academy of Management
|
||
DO - 10.1080/19416520802211644
|
||
ER -
|
||
|
||
|
||
TY - NA
|
||
AU - Ribes, David; Finholt, Thomas A.
|
||
TI - The Long Now of Infrastructure: Articulating Tensions in Development
|
||
PY - 2009
|
||
AB - Paul Edwards, Geoffrey C. Bowker, Steven Jackson, and Robin Williams were the guest editors. Volume 10, Special Issue 5, pp. 375-398.
|
||
SP - NA
|
||
EP - NA
|
||
JF - NA
|
||
VL - NA
|
||
IS - NA
|
||
PB - NA
|
||
DO - NA
|
||
ER -
|
||
|
||
|
||
TY - NA
|
||
AU - Irani, Lilly; Silberman, M. Six
|
||
TI - CHI - Stories We Tell About Labor: Turkopticon and the Trouble with "Design"
|
||
PY - 2016
|
||
AB - This paper argues that designers committed to advancing justice and other non-market values must attend not only to the design of objects, processes, and situations, but also to the wider economic and cultural imaginaries of design as a social role. The paper illustrates the argument through the case of Turkopticon, originally an activist tool for workers in Amazon Mechanical Turk (AMT), built by the authors and maintained since 2009. The paper analyzes public depictions of Turkopticon which cast designers as creative innovators and AMT workers as without agency or capacity to change their situation. We argue that designers' elevated status as workers in knowledge economies can have practical consequences for the politics of their design work. We explain the consequences of this status for Turkopticon and how we adapted our approach in response over the long term. We argue for analyses of power in design work that account for and develop counters to hegemonic beliefs and practices about design as high-status labor.
|
||
SP - 4573
|
||
EP - 4586
|
||
JF - Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
|
||
VL - NA
|
||
IS - NA
|
||
PB - ACM
|
||
DO - 10.1145/2858036.2858592
|
||
ER -
|
||
|
||
|
||
TY - JOUR
|
||
AU - Scholz, Trebor
|
||
TI - Market Ideology and the Myths of Web 2.0
|
||
PY - 1969
|
||
AB - This essay debunks the myths of the Web 2.0 brand and argues that the popularized phrase limits public media discourse and the imagination of a future World Wide Web.
|
||
SP - NA
|
||
EP - NA
|
||
JF - First Monday
|
||
VL - 13
|
||
IS - 3
|
||
PB - University of Illinois Libraries
|
||
DO - 10.5210/fm.v13i3.2138
|
||
ER -
|
||
|
||
|
||
TY - JOUR
|
||
AU - Crowston, Kevin; Li, Qing; Wei, Kangning; Eseryel, U. Yeliz; Howison, James
|
||
TI - Self-organization of teams for free/libre open source software development
|
||
PY - 2007
|
||
AB - NA
|
||
SP - 564
|
||
EP - 575
|
||
JF - Information and Software Technology
|
||
VL - 49
|
||
IS - 6
|
||
PB - Elsevier BV
|
||
DO - 10.1016/j.infsof.2007.02.004
|
||
ER -
|
||
|
||
|
||
TY - BOOK
|
||
AU - Fogel, Karl
|
||
TI - Producing Open Source Software: How to Run a Successful Free Software Project
|
||
PY - 2005
|
||
AB - The corporate market is now embracing free, "open source" software like never before, as evidenced by the recent success of the technologies underlying LAMP (Linux, Apache, MySQL, and PHP). Each is the result of a publicly collaborative process among numerous developers who volunteer their time and energy to create better software. The truth is, however, that the overwhelming majority of free software projects fail. To help you beat the odds, O'Reilly has put together Producing Open Source Software, a guide that recommends tried and true steps to help free software developers work together toward a common goal. Not just for developers who are considering starting their own free software project, this book will also help those who want to participate in the process at any level. The book tackles this very complex topic by distilling it down into easily understandable parts. Starting with the basics of project management, it details specific tools used in free software projects, including version control, IRC, bug tracking, and Wikis. Author Karl Fogel, known for his work on CVS and Subversion, offers practical advice on how to set up and use a range of tools in combination with open mailing lists and archives. He also provides several chapters on the essentials of recruiting and motivating developers, as well as how to gain much-needed publicity for your project. While managing a team of enthusiastic developers -- most of whom you've never even met -- can be challenging, it can also be fun. Producing Open Source Software takes this into account, too, as it speaks of the sheer pleasure to be had from working with a motivated team of free software developers.
|
||
SP - NA
|
||
EP - NA
|
||
JF - NA
|
||
VL - NA
|
||
IS - NA
|
||
PB - NA
|
||
DO - NA
|
||
ER -
|
||
|
||
|
||
TY - NA
|
||
AU - Tsay, Jason; Dabbish, Laura; Herbsleb, James D.
|
||
TI - SIGSOFT FSE - Let's talk about it: evaluating contributions through discussion in GitHub
|
||
PY - 2014
|
||
AB - Open source software projects often rely on code contributions from a wide variety of developers to extend the capabilities of their software. Project members evaluate these contributions and often engage in extended discussions to decide whether to integrate changes. These discussions have important implications for project management regarding new contributors and evolution of project requirements and direction. We present a study of how developers in open work environments evaluate and discuss pull requests, a primary method of contribution in GitHub, analyzing a sample of extended discussions around pull requests and interviews with GitHub developers. We found that developers raised issues around contributions over both the appropriateness of the problem that the submitter attempted to solve and the correctness of the implemented solution. Both core project members and third-party stakeholders discussed and sometimes implemented alternative solutions to address these issues. Different stakeholders also influenced the outcome of the evaluation by eliciting support from different communities such as dependent projects or even companies. We also found that evaluation outcomes may be more complex than simply acceptance or rejection. In some cases, although a submitter's contribution was rejected, the core team fulfilled the submitter's technical goals by implementing an alternative solution. We found that the level of a submitter's prior interaction on a project changed how politely developers discussed the contribution and the nature of proposed alternative solutions.
|
||
SP - 144
|
||
EP - 154
|
||
JF - Proceedings of the 22nd ACM SIGSOFT International Symposium on Foundations of Software Engineering
|
||
VL - NA
|
||
IS - NA
|
||
PB - ACM
|
||
DO - 10.1145/2635868.2635882
|
||
ER -
|
||
|
||
|
||
TY - NA
|
||
AU - Ribes, David
|
||
TI - CSCW - Ethnography of scaling, or, how to a fit a national research infrastructure in the room
|
||
PY - 2014
|
||
AB - Ethnographers have traditionally studied people in particular times and places. However, sociotechnical systems are often long-term enterprises, spanning the globe and serving vast communities. Drawing from three cases of research infrastructure development, this paper demonstrates a methodology in which the ethnographer examines scalar devices: actors' techniques and technologies for knowing and managing large-scale enterprises. Such devices are enacted in and across concrete times and places; for the ethnographer they are observable as activities of scaling. By examining the enactment of scale we can better investigate diverse kinds of size and growth within sociotechnical systems.
|
||
SP - 158
|
||
EP - 170
|
||
JF - Proceedings of the 17th ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work & social computing
|
||
VL - NA
|
||
IS - NA
|
||
PB - ACM
|
||
DO - 10.1145/2531602.2531624
|
||
ER -
|
||
|
||
|
||
TY - JOUR
|
||
AU - Winter, Susan; Berente, Nicholas; Howison, James; Butler, Brian S.
|
||
TI - Beyond the organizational 'container'
|
||
PY - 2014
|
||
AB - NA
|
||
SP - 250
|
||
EP - 269
|
||
JF - Information and Organization
|
||
VL - 24
|
||
IS - 4
|
||
PB - Elsevier BV
|
||
DO - 10.1016/j.infoandorg.2014.10.003
|
||
ER -
|
||
|
||
|
||
TY - BOOK
|
||
AU - Ekbia, Hamid R.; Nardi, Bonnie
|
||
TI - Heteromation, and Other Stories of Computing and Capitalism
|
||
PY - 2017
|
||
AB - An exploration of a new division of laborbetween machines and humans, in which people provide value to the economy with little or no compensation. The computerization of the economy -- and everyday life -- has transformed the division of labor between humans and machines, shifting many people into work that is hidden, poorly compensated, or accepted as part of being a "user" of digital technology. Through our clicks and swipes, logins and profiles, emails and posts, we are, more or less willingly, participating in digital activities that yield economic value to others but little or no return to us. Hamid Ekbia and Bonnie Nardi call this kind of participation -- the extraction of economic value from low-cost or free labor in computer-mediated networks -- "heteromation." In this book, they explore the social and technological processes through which economic value is extracted from digitally mediated work, the nature of the value created, and what prompts people to participate in the process. Arguing that heteromation is a new logic of capital accumulation, Ekbia and Nardi consider different kinds of heteromated labor: communicative labor, seen in user-generated content on social media; cognitive labor, including microwork and self-service; creative labor, from gaming environments to literary productions; emotional labor, often hidden within paid jobs; and organizing labor, made up of collaborative groups such as citizen scientists. Ekbia and Nardi then offer a utopian vision: heteromation refigured to bring end users more fully into the prosperity of capitalism.
|
||
SP - NA
|
||
EP - NA
|
||
JF - NA
|
||
VL - NA
|
||
IS - NA
|
||
PB - NA
|
||
DO - NA
|
||
ER -
|
||
|
||
|
||
TY - NA
|
||
AU - Jackson, Steven J.; Pompe, Alex; Krieshok, Gabriel
|
||
TI - CSCW - Repair worlds: maintenance, repair, and ICT for development in rural Namibia
|
||
PY - 2012
|
||
AB - This paper explores the nature and centrality of maintenance and repair ('M&R') work in the extension and sustainability of ICT infrastructure in the global South. Drawing from pragmatist traditions in CSCW and the social sciences at large, we develop a concept of 'repair worlds' intended to map the varieties and effects of such maintenance and repair activities. Empirically, our analysis builds on ethnographic fieldwork into local practices of maintenance and repair that have accompanied and supported the extension of mobile phone and computing infrastructure in the Kavango region of northeastern Namibia.
|
||
SP - 107
|
||
EP - 116
|
||
JF - Proceedings of the ACM 2012 conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work
|
||
VL - NA
|
||
IS - NA
|
||
PB - ACM
|
||
DO - 10.1145/2145204.2145224
|
||
ER -
|
||
|
||
|
||
TY - NA
|
||
AU - Grønbæk, Kaj; Kyng, Morten; Mogensen, Preben
|
||
TI - CSCW - CSCW challenges in large-scale technical projects—a case study
|
||
PY - 1992
|
||
AB - This paper investigates CSCW aspects of large-scale technical projects based on a case study of a specific Danish engineering company and uncovers challenges to CSCW applications in this setting. The company is responsible for management and supervision of one of the worlds largest tunnelhidge construction projects. Our primary aim is to determine requirements on CSCW as they unfold in this concrete setting as opposed to survey and laboratory investigations. The requirements provide feedback to product development both on specific functionality and as a long term vision for CSCW in such settings. The initial qualitative analysis identitled a number of bottlenecks in daily work, where support for cooperation is needed. Examples of bottlenecks are: sharing materials, issuing tasks, and keeping track of task status. Grounded in the analysis, cooperative design workshops based on scenarios of future work situations were established to investigate the potential of different CSCW technologies in this setting. In the workshops, mock-ups and prototypes were used to support end-users in assessing CSCW technologies based on concrete, hands-on experiences. The workshops uncovered several challenges. First, support for sharing materials would require a huge body of diverse materials to be integrated, for example into a hypermedia network. Second, daily work tasks are event driven and plans change too rapidly for people to register them on a computer. Finally, tasks are closely coupled to materials being processed thus a coordination tool should integrate facilities for managing materials.
|
||
SP - 338
|
||
EP - 345
|
||
JF - Proceedings of the 1992 ACM conference on Computer-supported cooperative work - CSCW '92
|
||
VL - NA
|
||
IS - NA
|
||
PB - ACM Press
|
||
DO - 10.1145/143457.143544
|
||
ER -
|
||
|
||
|
||
TY - BOOK
|
||
AU - Dunbar-Hester, Christina; Carpenter, Jenna P.
|
||
TI - Hacking Diversity: The Politics of Inclusion in Open Technology Cultures
|
||
PY - 2019
|
||
AB - ” Hacking Diversity : The Politics of Inclusion in Open Technology Cultures ” is a study of the efforts of open technology communities to “hack” the issues around the lack of diversity that pervades not only their volunteer communities, but also their related disciplines at large. Open technology communities are loosely organized, volunteer, online groups, focused on development and distribution of open or free software and hardware. Examples include The Document Foundation (home of LibreOffice), Drupal Association, Linux Foundation, and Mozilla Foundation. The author of this book is Christina Dunbar-Hester, a sociologist by training, who peers into this world not only as a female, but also as a nontech professional and thus is an outsider in this field. Her conclusion is that the hacking approaches that these communities have tried to adapt, in an effort to address the problems around diversity, are not really effective. Why? Because diversity issues stem from cultural issues. The underlying unequal distribution of social power that accompanies those allowed to “play” in these open technology spaces cannot be fixed by adding more individuals from diverse groups. The lack of diversity is a consequence of the unequal cultural distribution of social power. Focusing on representation—making these open technology spaces more diverse—is not a mechanism that can be used to fix these pervasive and entrenched cultural issues. It is the root problems themselves that need to be hacked, not the lack of representation.
|
||
SP - NA
|
||
EP - NA
|
||
JF - NA
|
||
VL - NA
|
||
IS - NA
|
||
PB - NA
|
||
DO - NA
|
||
ER -
|
||
|
||
|
||
TY - BOOK
|
||
AU - ,
|
||
TI - Scale: Discourse and Dimensions of Social Life
|
||
PY - 2016
|
||
AB - NA
|
||
SP - NA
|
||
EP - NA
|
||
JF - NA
|
||
VL - NA
|
||
IS - NA
|
||
PB - University of California Press
|
||
DO - 10.1525/luminos.15
|
||
ER -
|
||
|
||
|
||
TY - JOUR
|
||
AU - Suchman, Lucy
|
||
TI - Making work visible
|
||
PY - 1995
|
||
AB - This chapter represents an adopt a view of representations of work whether created from within the work practices represented or in the context of externally based design initiatives as interpretations in the service of particular interests and purposes, created by actors specifically positioned with respect to the work. It argues the importance of deepening the resources for conceptualizing the intimate relations between work, representations and the politics of organizations. It then aims to a design practice in which representations of work are taken not as proxies for some independently existent organizational processes, but as part of the fabric of meanings within and out of which all working practices the own and others' are made. The sense in which it rings true is particularly remarkable, the large and growing body of literature dedicated to work-flow modeling, business process re-engineering and other methods aimed at representing work in the service of transforming it.
|
||
SP - 56
|
||
EP - 64
|
||
JF - Communications of the ACM
|
||
VL - 38
|
||
IS - 9
|
||
PB - Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)
|
||
DO - 10.1145/223248.223263
|
||
ER -
|
||
|
||
|
||
TY - BOOK
|
||
AU - Baker, Karen S.; Ribes, David; Millerand, Florence; Bowker, Geoffrey C.
|
||
TI - ASIST - Interoperability strategies for scientific cyberinfrastructure: Research and practice
|
||
PY - 2005
|
||
AB - The development of new infrastructures for research and collaboration are occurring together with changes in expectations for scientific knowledge. New vocabularies and perspectives are developing with social and organizational practices of science changing concurrently but at different rates. Between the new infrastructures and the new perspectives, we are changing both how we know and what it is to know.
|
||
|
||
|
||
|
||
A recently initiated three year project supported by the NSF Human Social Dynamics Program (Interoperability Strategies for Scientific Cyberinfrastructure: A Comparative Study) brings together work with three established research collaborations on large-scale information infrastructures in order to understand through comparative study particular configurations of technologies, communities, and organizations. Despite specific alignments of technical commitment, community involvement and organizational structure, all the projects fall under a common rubric of achieving for data interoperability.
|
||
SP - NA
|
||
EP - NA
|
||
JF - Proceedings of the American Society for Information Science and Technology
|
||
VL - 42
|
||
IS - 1
|
||
PB - Wiley
|
||
DO - 10.1002/meet.14504201237
|
||
ER -
|
||
|
||
|
||
TY - BOOK
|
||
AU - Ekbia, Hamid R.; Nardi, Bonnie A.
|
||
TI - Heteromation, and Other Stories of Computing and Capitalism
|
||
PY - 2017
|
||
AB - <jats:p>An exploration of a new division of labor between machines and humans, in which people provide value to the economy with little or no compensation.</jats:p>
|
||
<jats:p>The computerization of the economy—and everyday life—has transformed the division of labor between humans and machines, shifting many people into work that is hidden, poorly compensated, or accepted as part of being a “user” of digital technology. Through our clicks and swipes, logins and profiles, emails and posts, we are, more or less willingly, participating in digital activities that yield economic value to others but little or no return to us. Hamid Ekbia and Bonnie Nardi call this kind of participation—the extraction of economic value from low-cost or free labor in computer-mediated networks—“heteromation.” In this book, they explore the social and technological processes through which economic value is extracted from digitally mediated work, the nature of the value created, and what prompts people to participate in the process.</jats:p>
|
||
<jats:p>Arguing that heteromation is a new logic of capital accumulation, Ekbia and Nardi consider different kinds of heteromated labor: communicative labor, seen in user-generated content on social media; cognitive labor, including microwork and self-service; creative labor, from gaming environments to literary productions; emotional labor, often hidden within paid jobs; and organizing labor, made up of collaborative groups such as citizen scientists. Ekbia and Nardi then offer a utopian vision: heteromation refigured to bring end users more fully into the prosperity of capitalism.</jats:p>
|
||
SP - NA
|
||
EP - NA
|
||
JF - NA
|
||
VL - NA
|
||
IS - NA
|
||
PB - The MIT Press
|
||
DO - 10.7551/mitpress/10767.001.0001
|
||
ER -
|
||
|
||
|
||
TY - NA
|
||
AU - Cunningham, Ward
|
||
TI - The WyCash portfolio management system
|
||
PY - 1992
|
||
AB - NA
|
||
SP - 29
|
||
EP - 30
|
||
JF - Addendum to the proceedings on Object-oriented programming systems, languages, and applications (Addendum) - OOPSLA '92
|
||
VL - 4
|
||
IS - 2
|
||
PB - ACM Press
|
||
DO - 10.1145/157709.157715
|
||
ER -
|
||
|
||
|
||
TY - JOUR
|
||
AU - Barcellini, Flore; Détienne, Françoise; Burkhardt, Jean-Marie
|
||
TI - A Situated Approach of Roles and Participation in Open Source Software Communities
|
||
PY - 2014
|
||
AB - Our research aims at understanding the various forms of participation in Open Source Software (OSS) design, seen as distributed design in online spaces of actions - discussion, implementation and boundary between these spaces. We propose a methodology - based on situated analyses of a formal design process used in the Python project- to identify the distribution of actual roles (implementation, interactive, group and design oriented) performed by participants into and between the spaces (defining boundary spaces). This notion of roles is grounded in collaborative design activities performed online by participants. This way, our findings complete the core-periphery model of participation in OSS. Concerning the distribution of roles between spaces, we reveal a map of participation in OSS: the majority of participants are pure discussants but all participants in the implementation spaces do also act in the discussion space and only few participants act at boundary spaces. Concerning the distribution of roles between participants in the discussion space, we reveal that interactions are structured by a central hub (occupied by key-participants) and that, whereas design-oriented roles are spread among all participants, group-oriented roles are performed by one or two participants in the respective spaces and at their boundary. Finally, combination of roles reveals five individual profiles performed by participants. Our approach could be extended to other design situations to explore relationships between forms of participation- in particular those revealing use-oriented contributions- performance, and quality of the design product. Finally, it could be a basis for specifying tools to monitor and manage community activity for both research issues and support of online community.
|
||
SP - 205
|
||
EP - 255
|
||
JF - Human–Computer Interaction
|
||
VL - 29
|
||
IS - 3
|
||
PB - Informa UK Limited
|
||
DO - 10.1080/07370024.2013.812409
|
||
ER -
|
||
|
||
|
||
TY - JOUR
|
||
AU - Star, Susan Leigh; Strauss, Anselm L.
|
||
TI - Layers of Silence, Arenas of Voice: The Ecology ofVisible and Invisible Work
|
||
PY - 1999
|
||
AB - NA
|
||
SP - 9
|
||
EP - 30
|
||
JF - Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW)
|
||
VL - 8
|
||
IS - 1
|
||
PB - Springer Science and Business Media LLC
|
||
DO - 10.1023/a:1008651105359
|
||
ER -
|
||
|
||
|
||
TY - NA
|
||
AU - Jensen, C.; Scacchi, Walt
|
||
TI - HICSS - Collaboration, Leadership, Control, and Conflict Negotiation and the Netbeans.org Open Source Software Development Community
|
||
PY - NA
|
||
AB - Large open source software development communities are quickly learning that, to be successful, they must integrate efforts not only among the organizations investing developers within the community and unaffiliated volunteer contributors, but also negotiate relationships with external groups hoping to sway the social and technical direction of the community and its products. Leadership and control sharing across organizations and individuals in and between communities are common sources of conflict. Such conflict often leads to breakdowns in collaboration. This paper seeks to explore the negotiation of these conflicts, collaborative efforts, and leadership and control structures in the Netbeans.org community.
|
||
SP - 196
|
||
EP - 196b
|
||
JF - Proceedings of the 38th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences
|
||
VL - 8
|
||
IS - NA
|
||
PB - IEEE
|
||
DO - 10.1109/hicss.2005.147
|
||
ER -
|
||
|
||
|
||
TY - JOUR
|
||
AU - Strauss, Anselm L.
|
||
TI - THE ARTICULATION OF PROJECT WORK: AN ORGANIZATIONAL PROCESS
|
||
PY - 1988
|
||
AB - This article offers a theoretical framework or model for understanding how work within projects is articulated. A distinction is drawn between articulation of work and a more inclusive organizational process, termed the “articulation process.” The theoretical model includes several related concepts that pertain to numerous interlocking and sequential elements of the total work. These include work processes, types of work, and interactional processes. The model avoids assuming a tightly integrated organization of work; rather, it represents an extension of the negotiated order approach to organizations. A discussion of variations in projects revolves around two important dimensions of projects. The article closes with a discussion of extreme disruptions in project work flow, as well as some general considerations about the importance of focusing on articulation in organizations.
|
||
SP - 163
|
||
EP - 178
|
||
JF - The Sociological Quarterly
|
||
VL - 29
|
||
IS - 2
|
||
PB - Informa UK Limited
|
||
DO - 10.1111/j.1533-8525.1988.tb01249.x
|
||
ER -
|
||
|
||
|
||
TY - JOUR
|
||
AU - Feller, Joseph; Finnegan, Patrick; Fitzgerald, Brian; Hayes, Jeremy
|
||
TI - From Peer Production to Productization: A Study of Socially Enabled Business Exchanges in Open Source Service Networks
|
||
PY - 2008
|
||
AB - Peer production phenomena such as open source software (OSS) have been posited as a viable alternative to traditional production models. However, community-based development often falls short of creating software “products” in the sense that consumers understand. Our research identifies an emerging business network archetype in the OSS sector, the open source service network (OSSN), which seeks to address the “productization” challenge. To do so, OSSNs must overcome the problems associated with exchanging resources between firms. We demonstrate that OSSNs overcome exchange problems by primarily relying on social, rather than legal, mechanisms; similar to the OSS communities from which they emerged. This is made possible because OSSNs use IT infrastructures that provide high visibility for primary value-creating activities. The research utilizes a multimethod theory-building approach, deriving a model from extant research, refining the model through qualitative case study analysis, and further refining the...
|
||
SP - 475
|
||
EP - 493
|
||
JF - Information Systems Research
|
||
VL - 19
|
||
IS - 4
|
||
PB - Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences (INFORMS)
|
||
DO - 10.1287/isre.1080.0207
|
||
ER -
|
||
|
||
|
||
TY - NA
|
||
AU - Irani, Lilly; Silberman, M. Six
|
||
TI - CHI - Turkopticon: interrupting worker invisibility in amazon mechanical turk
|
||
PY - 2013
|
||
AB - As HCI researchers have explored the possibilities of human computation, they have paid less attention to ethics and values of crowdwork. This paper offers an analysis of Amazon Mechanical Turk, a popular human computation system, as a site of technically mediated worker-employer relations. We argue that human computation currently relies on worker invisibility. We then present Turkopticon, an activist system that allows workers to publicize and evaluate their relationships with employers. As a common infrastructure, Turkopticon also enables workers to engage one another in mutual aid. We conclude by discussing the potentials and challenges of sustaining activist technologies that intervene in large, existing socio-technical systems.
|
||
SP - 611
|
||
EP - 620
|
||
JF - Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
|
||
VL - NA
|
||
IS - NA
|
||
PB - ACM
|
||
DO - 10.1145/2470654.2470742
|
||
ER -
|
||
|
||
|
||
TY - JOUR
|
||
AU - de Laat, Paul B.
|
||
TI - Governance of open source software: state of the art
|
||
PY - 2007
|
||
AB - In this overview of governance mechanisms developed within open source software (OSS) circles, three types of governance are studied: ‘spontaneous’ governance, internal governance, and governance towards outside parties. Moreover, two main ways in which lessons from OSS can be applied elsewhere are explored: peer production of products other than software, and embedding ‘peer-produced’ products and peer processes into existing institutions (‘coupling’).
|
||
SP - 165
|
||
EP - 177
|
||
JF - Journal of Management & Governance
|
||
VL - 11
|
||
IS - 2
|
||
PB - Springer Science and Business Media LLC
|
||
DO - 10.1007/s10997-007-9022-9
|
||
ER -
|
||
|
||
|
||
TY - JOUR
|
||
AU - Lin, Yuwei; Bates, Jo; Goodale, Paula
|
||
TI - Co-Observing the Weather, Co-Predicting the Climate: Human Factors in Building Infrastructures for Crowdsourced Data
|
||
PY - 2016
|
||
AB - This paper investigates the embodied performance of 'doing citizen science'. It examines how 'citizen scientists' produce scientific data using the resources available to them, and how their socio-technical practices and emotions impact the construction of a crowdsourced data infrastructure. We found that conducting citizen science is highly emotional and experiential, but these individual experiences and feelings tend to get lost or become invisible when user-contributed data are aggregated and integrated into a big data infrastructure. While new meanings can be extracted from big data sets, the loss of individual emotional and practical elements denotes the loss of data provenance and the marginalisation of individual efforts, motivations, and local politics which might lead to disengaged participants and unsustainable communities of citizen scientists. The challenges of constructing a data infrastructure for crowdsourced data therefore lie in the management of both technical and social issues which are local as well as global.
|
||
SP - 10
|
||
EP - 27
|
||
JF - Science & Technology Studies
|
||
VL - 29
|
||
IS - 3
|
||
PB - Science and Technology Studies
|
||
DO - 10.23987/sts.59199
|
||
ER -
|
||
|
||
|
||
TY - BOOK
|
||
AU - Ames, Morgan G.; Rosner, Daniela K.; Erickson, Ingrid
|
||
TI - Worship, Faith And Evangelism
|
||
PY - 2016
|
||
AB - While some in the CSCW community have researched the values in technology design and engineering practices, the underlying ideologies that reinforce and protect those values remain under-explored. This paper seeks to address this gap by identifying a common ideological framework that appears across four engineering endeavors: the OLPC Project, the National Day of Civic Hacking, the Fixit Clinic, and the Stanford d.school. We found that all four of these communities utilized elements of religious practice to affirm their membership and shared vision. We describe the forms of worship we saw in these engineering worlds, their practices of evangelism, and the ways in which they addressed doubt. We also demonstrate the role mythologies play as ideologically charged narratives. Our discussion of these parallels illuminates the extent and consequences of quasi-religious practices in engineering worlds and illustrates the utility of using religion as a "lens" for understanding ideological commitments in engineering culture.
|
||
SP - NA
|
||
EP - NA
|
||
JF - NA
|
||
VL - NA
|
||
IS - NA
|
||
PB - NA
|
||
DO - NA
|
||
ER -
|
||
|
||
|
||
TY - JOUR
|
||
AU - Rosner, Daniela K.
|
||
TI - Making Citizens, Reassembling Devices: On Gender and the Development of Contemporary Public Sites of Repair in Northern California
|
||
PY - 2014
|
||
AB - For the dozens of visitors to the 2012 East Bay Mini Maker Faire, many remarkable experiences were ripe for the taking. They could share in handson activities while attending a working group on outdoor mosaics, observing a robotmaking demonstration, or sitting in on a makeyourown terrarium class. The activity in Studio One was no different: the energy was high and the action perplexing. Children clamored for a chance to use a Phillipshead screwdriver. Adults cut delicate wires and relayed stories of their latest electronic gadgets. A collection of mechanical odds and ends — soldering irons, spray cans, vacuum cleaner heads, and toaster shells — lay distributed across all surfaces of the room. This cluster of activity at the end of the Studio One hallway was as anarchic as all the rest: fast paced, thrilling, and difficult to digest (tdarci 2012). To the handful of people facilitating this work, the pandemonium was familiar and somewhat doubleedged. It was the thirtyfifth Fixit Clinic, a public venue for facilitated repair often arranged out of libraries, museums, and community centers located east of San Francisco (see fig. 1). Meanwhile, fifty miles south, the inaugural event of the Palo Alto Repair Cafe, another public site of repair, was taking place at the Museum of American Heritage (see fig. 2). The two events were not planned to overlap, but, as we will see, this arrangement of concurrent yet separate programs prefigured their common practices and divergent cultural aims. Public sites of repair, such as the Fixit Clinic and the Repair Cafe, are communitysupported events designed to help local residents fix and learn to fix
|
||
SP - 51
|
||
EP - 77
|
||
JF - Public Culture
|
||
VL - 26
|
||
IS - 1
|
||
PB - Duke University Press
|
||
DO - 10.1215/08992363-2346250
|
||
ER -
|
||
|
||
|
||
TY - JOUR
|
||
AU - Marwick, Alice E.; boyd, danah
|
||
TI - To See and Be Seen: Celebrity Practice on Twitter
|
||
PY - 2011
|
||
AB - Social media technologies let people connect by creating and sharing content. We examine the use of Twitter by famous people to conceptualize celebrity as a practice. On Twitter, celebrity is practiced through the appearance and performance of ‘backstage’ access. Celebrity practitioners reveal what appears to be personal information to create a sense of intimacy between participant and follower, publicly acknowledge fans, and use language and cultural references to create affiliations with followers. Interactions with other celebrity practitioners and personalities give the impression of candid, uncensored looks at the people behind the personas. But the indeterminate ‘authenticity’ of these performances appeals to some audiences, who enjoy the game playing intrinsic to gossip consumption. While celebrity practice is theoretically open to all, it is not an equalizer or democratizing discourse. Indeed, in order to successfully practice celebrity, fans must recognize the power differentials intrinsic to the...
|
||
SP - 139
|
||
EP - 158
|
||
JF - Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies
|
||
VL - 17
|
||
IS - 2
|
||
PB - SAGE Publications
|
||
DO - 10.1177/1354856510394539
|
||
ER -
|
||
|
||
|
||
TY - JOUR
|
||
AU - Markus, M. Lynne
|
||
TI - The governance of free/open source software projects: monolithic, multidimensional, or configurational?
|
||
PY - 2007
|
||
AB - NA
|
||
SP - 151
|
||
EP - 163
|
||
JF - Journal of Management & Governance
|
||
VL - 11
|
||
IS - 2
|
||
PB - Springer Science and Business Media LLC
|
||
DO - 10.1007/s10997-007-9021-x
|
||
ER -
|
||
|
||
|
||
TY - JOUR
|
||
AU - Graham, Stephen; Thrift, Nigel
|
||
TI - Out of Order Understanding Repair and Maintenance
|
||
PY - 2007
|
||
AB - This article seeks to demonstrate the centrality of maintenance and repair to an understanding of modern societies and, particularly, cities. Arguing that repair and maintenance activities present ...
|
||
SP - 1
|
||
EP - 25
|
||
JF - Theory, Culture & Society
|
||
VL - 24
|
||
IS - 3
|
||
PB - SAGE Publications
|
||
DO - 10.1177/0263276407075954
|
||
ER -
|
||
|
||
|
||
TY - BOOK
|
||
AU - Ribes, David; Finholt, Thomas A.
|
||
TI - GROUP - Tensions across the scales: planning infrastructure for the long-term
|
||
PY - 2007
|
||
AB - In designing information infrastructure participants are planning for the long-term. The notion of infrastructure evokes images beyond 'a proof of concept,' a 'prototype' or an isolated 'application'; it is intended to be a persistent, ubiquitous and reliable environment. However, in implementing such projects participants confront multiple difficulties such as securing sustained funding, supporting maintenance and integrating new technologies.Based on cross-case ethnographic analysis this paper traces nine tensions identified by participants as they endeavor to transition from short-term projects to long-term information infrastructure. We explore three core concerns framed by actors: motivating contribution; aligning end-goals; and designing for use. These concerns have unique implications for each scale of infrastructure: institutionalization; the organization of work; and enacting technology.
|
||
SP - 229
|
||
EP - 238
|
||
JF - Proceedings of the 2007 international ACM conference on Conference on supporting group work - GROUP '07
|
||
VL - NA
|
||
IS - NA
|
||
PB - ACM Press
|
||
DO - 10.1145/1316624.1316659
|
||
ER -
|
||
|
||
|
||
TY - JOUR
|
||
AU - Tropman, John E.; Hochschild, Arlie Russell
|
||
TI - The Managed Heart: Commercialization of Human Feeling
|
||
PY - 1984
|
||
AB - NA
|
||
SP - 483
|
||
EP - NA
|
||
JF - Journal of Policy Analysis and Management
|
||
VL - 3
|
||
IS - 3
|
||
PB - JSTOR
|
||
DO - 10.2307/3324333
|
||
ER -
|
||
|
||
|
||
TY - BOOK
|
||
AU - Edgerton, David
|
||
TI - The Shock of the Old: Technology and Global History since 1900
|
||
PY - 2006
|
||
AB - The first proper global account of the place of technology in twentieth century history, this brilliant, thought-provoking book will radically revise our understanding of the relationship between technology and society. Whereas standard histories of technology give tired old accounts of the usual inventions - planes, bombs - "The Shock of the Old" is based on a different idea. Its thrust is that for the full picture of the history of technology we need to know not about what a few people invented, but about what everyday people used - and when they actually used things, if it was a long time after invention. It, therefore, reassesses the significance of, for example, the Pill and IT, and shows the continued importance of technology, such as corrugated iron and sewing machines. In taking this approach, "The Shock of the Old" challenges the idea that we live in an era of ever increasing change and so dismisses naivetes about 'the information age'. Interweaving political, economic and cultural history, it will show what it means to think critically about technology and its importance.
|
||
SP - NA
|
||
EP - NA
|
||
JF - NA
|
||
VL - NA
|
||
IS - NA
|
||
PB - NA
|
||
DO - NA
|
||
ER -
|
||
|
||
|
||
TY - JOUR
|
||
AU - Ribes, David; Jackson, Steven J.; Geiger, Stuart; Burton, Matt; Finholt, Thomas A.
|
||
TI - Artifacts that organize: Delegation in the distributed organization
|
||
PY - 2013
|
||
AB - NA
|
||
SP - 1
|
||
EP - 14
|
||
JF - Information and Organization
|
||
VL - 23
|
||
IS - 1
|
||
PB - Elsevier BV
|
||
DO - 10.1016/j.infoandorg.2012.08.001
|
||
ER -
|
||
|
||
|
||
TY - NA
|
||
AU - Zagalsky, Alexey; Teshima, Carlos Gomez; German, Daniel M.; Storey, Margaret-Anne; Poo-Caamaño, Germán
|
||
TI - MSR - How the R community creates and curates knowledge: a comparative study of stack overflow and mailing lists
|
||
PY - 2016
|
||
AB - One of the many effects of social media in software development is the flourishing of very large communities of practice where members share a common interest, such as programming languages, frameworks, and tools. These communities of practice use many different communication channels but little is known about how these communities create, share, and curate knowledge using such channels. In this paper, we report a qualitative study of how one community of practice—the R software development community—creates and curates knowledge associated with questions and answers (Q&A) in two of its main communication channels: the R-tag in Stack Overflow and the R-users mailing list. The results reveal that knowledge is created and curated in two main forms: participatory, where multiple members explicitly collaborate to build knowledge, and crowdsourced, where individuals work independently of each other. The contribution of this paper is a characterization of knowledge types that are exchanged by these communities of practice, including a description of the reasons why members choose one channel over the other. Finally, this paper enumerates a set of recommendations to assist practitioners in the use of multiple channels for Q&A.
|
||
SP - 441
|
||
EP - 451
|
||
JF - Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Mining Software Repositories
|
||
VL - NA
|
||
IS - NA
|
||
PB - ACM
|
||
DO - 10.1145/2901739.2901772
|
||
ER -
|
||
|
||
|
||
TY - NA
|
||
AU - Filippova, Anna; Cho, Hichang
|
||
TI - CSCW - Mudslinging and Manners: Unpacking Conflict in Free and Open Source Software
|
||
PY - 2015
|
||
AB - As the nature of virtual work changes, so must our understanding of important processes such as conflict. The present study examines conflict in ongoing virtual teams by situating itself in the context of Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) development. A series of semi-structured interviews with diverse representatives of the FOSS community highlight differences in the way conflict occurs. Specifically, a transformation of conflict types is observed together with a form of conflict previously unidentified in work on virtual teams. Findings suggest that the changing structure of ongoing virtual teams has important consequences for team processes like conflict.
|
||
SP - 1393
|
||
EP - 1403
|
||
JF - Proceedings of the 18th ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing
|
||
VL - NA
|
||
IS - NA
|
||
PB - ACM
|
||
DO - 10.1145/2675133.2675254
|
||
ER -
|
||
|
||
|
||
TY - JOUR
|
||
AU - Germonprez, Matt; Link, Georg J.P.; Lumbard, Kevin; Goggins, Sean
|
||
TI - Eight Observations and 24 Research Questions About Open Source Projects: Illuminating New Realities
|
||
PY - 2018
|
||
AB - The rapid acceleration of corporate engagement with open source projects is drawing out new ways for CSCW researchers to consider the dynamics of these projects. Research must now consider the complex ecosystems within which open source projects are situated, including issues of for-profit motivations, brokering foundations, and corporate collaboration. Localized project considerations cannot reveal broader workings of an open source ecosystem, yet much empirical work is constrained to a local context. In response, we present eight observations from our eight-year engaged field study about the changing nature of open source projects. We ground these observations through 24 research questions that serve as primers to spark research ideas in this new reality of open source projects. This paper contributes to CSCW in social and crowd computing by delivering a rich and fresh look at corporately-engaged open source projects with a call for renewed focus and research into newly emergent areas of interest.
|
||
SP - 57
|
||
EP - 22
|
||
JF - Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction
|
||
VL - 2
|
||
IS - CSCW
|
||
PB - Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)
|
||
DO - 10.1145/3274326
|
||
ER -
|
||
|
||
|
||
TY - BOOK
|
||
AU - Crowston, Kevin
|
||
TI - Researching the Future in Information Systems - Lessons from Volunteering and Free/Libre Open Source Software Development for the Future of Work *
|
||
PY - 2011
|
||
AB - In this paper, we review research on voluntary organizations to identify key features of and problems in volunteer work and organizations. We then use the example of free/libre open source software (FLOSS) development teams to examine how those features and problems apply in this situation and how they might be affected by the use of information and communications technologies (ICT). We suggest that understanding volunteer organizations can illuminate the changing nature of all knowledge work, paid as well as unpaid.
|
||
SP - 215
|
||
EP - 229
|
||
JF - IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology
|
||
VL - NA
|
||
IS - NA
|
||
PB - Springer Berlin Heidelberg
|
||
DO - 10.1007/978-3-642-21364-9_14
|
||
ER -
|
||
|
||
|
||
TY - JOUR
|
||
AU - Novek, Joel
|
||
TI - It, Gender, and Professional Practice: Or, Why an Automated Drug Distribution System Was Sent Back to the Manufacturer
|
||
PY - 2002
|
||
AB - Recent research has focused on how gender and computer technology contribute to the structuring of professional roles. A case study was carried out at a long-term care facility in Winnipeg, Canada,...
|
||
SP - 379
|
||
EP - 403
|
||
JF - Science, Technology, & Human Values
|
||
VL - 27
|
||
IS - 3
|
||
PB - SAGE Publications
|
||
DO - 10.1177/016224390202700303
|
||
ER -
|
||
|
||
|
||
TY - JOUR
|
||
AU - Benkler, Yochai
|
||
TI - The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom
|
||
PY - 2017
|
||
AB - With the radical changes in information production that the Internet has introduced, we stand at an important moment of transition, says Yochai Benkler in this thought-provoking book. The phenomenon he describes as social production is reshaping markets, while at the same time offering new opportunities to enhance individual freedom, cultural diversity, political discourse, and justice. But these results are by no means inevitable: a systematic campaign to protect the entrenched industrial information economy of the last century threatens the promise of today's emerging networked information environment. In this comprehensive social theory of the Internet and the networked information economy, Benkler describes how patterns of information, knowledge, and cultural production are changing--and shows that the way information and knowledge are made available can either limit or enlarge the ways people can create and express themselves. He describes the range of legal and policy choices that confront us and maintains that there is much to be gained--or lost--by the decisions we make today.
|
||
SP - 1472
|
||
EP - NA
|
||
JF - NA
|
||
VL - 116
|
||
IS - 7
|
||
PB - Yale University Press
|
||
DO - 10.12987/9780300127232
|
||
ER -
|
||
|
||
|
||
TY - NA
|
||
AU - Jackson, Steven J.; Ahmed, Syed Ishtiaque; Rifat, Rashidujjaman
|
||
TI - Conference on Designing Interactive Systems - Learning, innovation, and sustainability among mobile phone repairers in Dhaka, Bangladesh
|
||
PY - 2014
|
||
AB - Acts of technology maintenance and repair constitute important and often overlooked moments in the operation of complex interactive systems. They also provide fresh insight on a series of problems -- innovation, learning, and sustainability -- long core to HCI concern. This paper builds on original ethnographic fieldwork in the repair markets of Dhaka, Bangladesh to advance three basic arguments: first, that repair activities in such locations reveal novel and significant forms of craft-based knowledge and innovation; second, that repair work is embedded in local and transnational flows that connect local practices to global networks and institutions; and third, that taking repair work seriously can cast new light on problems of learning and sustainability in the design and operation of complex interactive systems. We conclude with observations that relate our repair-based findings back to problems in interactive systems research and design.
|
||
SP - 905
|
||
EP - 914
|
||
JF - Proceedings of the 2014 conference on Designing interactive systems
|
||
VL - NA
|
||
IS - NA
|
||
PB - ACM
|
||
DO - 10.1145/2598510.2598576
|
||
ER -
|
||
|
||
|
||
TY - JOUR
|
||
AU - von Hippel, Eric
|
||
TI - Innovation by User Communities: Learning From Open-Source Software
|
||
PY - 2001
|
||
AB - If the open-source software movement is any harbinger of future trends, manufacturing companies need to be concerned not only about what they produce, but also about what their customers might produce without them. What can a group of loosely organized users accomplish without product developers, factories and marketing departments? More than most manufacturers would care to admit, points out von Hippel, who is a professor at the MIT Sloan School of Management.
|
||
|
||
One notable example comes from the world of open-source software. Developed by a pioneering Internet user and freely shared with other Web users, Apache Web-server software is today used to run some 60% of the world's Web sites, despite the existence of equivalent commercial products available from corporate giants such as Microsoft and Netscape. This phenomenon of user innovation and development communities ? aggregations of individuals who share a common need or desire and exert a collective effort to fulfill it independently of any commercial enterprise ? extends beyond software to more flamboyant arenas. The author describes how the sport of high-performance windsurfing, for example, originated with a band of diehard enthusiasts who sought a way to hang onto their sailboards while airborne. As a result of their risk taking and creativity, a large percentage of the million-plus windsurfers aloft today uses boards equipped with user-designed modifications that accommodate airborne acrobatics.
|
||
|
||
Of recent interest to von Hippel is how user innovation communities interact with commercial enterprises ? in particular, how a small group of integrated circuit producers has given customers the means to design highly individualized circuits that can be fabricated in the manfacturers' plants. To date, thousands of customers have used these tools to generate billions of dollars' worth of custom circuits.
|
||
|
||
When measured by any yardstick of traditional economics, the ability of user communities to develop and sustain exceedingly complex products without any manufacturer involvement is remarkable, von Hippel observes. He identifies the conditions that favor user innovation and explores how circumstances evolve ? sometimes to include commercial manufacturers and sometimes not. Aided by the Internet to support collaboration and distribution, the power and pervasiveness of such communities could become enormously amplified.
|
||
SP - 82
|
||
EP - 86
|
||
JF - MIT Sloan Management Review
|
||
VL - 42
|
||
IS - 4
|
||
PB - NA
|
||
DO - NA
|
||
ER -
|
||
|
||
|
||
TY - NA
|
||
AU - Menking, Amanda; Erickson, Ingrid
|
||
TI - CHI - The Heart Work of Wikipedia: Gendered, Emotional Labor in the World's Largest Online Encyclopedia
|
||
PY - 2015
|
||
AB - This note explores the issue of women's participation in Wikipedia through the lens of emotional labor. Using a grounded theory approach, we detail the kinds of tasks women Wikipedians choose to do and explore why they choose the work they do. We also explore the emotional costs of their labor and their strategies for coping. Our analysis of 20 interviews leads us to posit that the gendered and emotional labor required of many women to participate in Wikipedia's production renders it, problematically, a space of conflicting public and private spheres, motivated by antithetical open and closed values. In addition to other contributions, we believe this insight sheds light on some of the complex dynamics behind Wikipedia's observed gender gap.
|
||
SP - 207
|
||
EP - 210
|
||
JF - Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
|
||
VL - NA
|
||
IS - NA
|
||
PB - ACM
|
||
DO - 10.1145/2702123.2702514
|
||
ER -
|
||
|
||
|
||
TY - JOUR
|
||
AU - Bergquist, Magnus; Ljungberg, Jan
|
||
TI - The power of gifts: organizing social relationships in open source communities
|
||
PY - 2001
|
||
AB - In writings on the open source software development model, it is often argued that it is successful as a result of the gift economy that embraces activ- ities in online communities. However, the theoretical foundations for this argument are seldom discussed and empirically tested. Starting with the 'classic' theories of gift giving, we discuss how they need to be developed in order to explain gift- giving practices in digital domains. In this paper, we argue that the gift economy is important, not only because it creates openness, but also because it organizes relationships between people in a certain way. Open source software development relies on gift giving as a way of getting new ideas and prototypes out into circu- lation. This also implies that the giver gets power from giving away. This power is used as a way of guaranteeing the quality of the code. We relate this practice to how gifts, in the form of new scientific knowledge, are given to the research com- munity, and how this is done through peer review processes.
|
||
SP - 305
|
||
EP - 320
|
||
JF - Information Systems Journal
|
||
VL - 11
|
||
IS - 4
|
||
PB - Wiley
|
||
DO - 10.1046/j.1365-2575.2001.00111.x
|
||
ER -
|
||
|
||
|
||
TY - JOUR
|
||
AU - Fleming, Lee; Waguespack, David M.
|
||
TI - Brokerage, Boundary Spanning, and Leadership in Open Innovation Communities
|
||
PY - 2007
|
||
AB - What types of human and social capital identify the emergence of leaders of open innovation communities? Consistent with the norms of an engineering culture, we find that future leaders must first make strong technical contributions. Beyond technical contributions, they must then integrate their communities in order to mobilize volunteers and avoid the ever-present danger of forking and balkanization. This is enabled by two correlated but distinct social positions: social brokerage and boundary spanning between technological areas. An inherent lack of trust associated with brokerage positions can be overcome through physical interaction. Boundary spanners do not suffer this handicap and are much more likely than brokers to advance to leadership. The research separates the influence of human and social capital on promotion, and highlights previously unexamined differences between brokerage-and boundary-spanning positions. Longitudinal analyses of careers within the Internet Engineering Task Force community from 1986--2002 support the arguments.
|
||
SP - 165
|
||
EP - 180
|
||
JF - Organization Science
|
||
VL - 18
|
||
IS - 2
|
||
PB - Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences (INFORMS)
|
||
DO - 10.1287/orsc.1060.0242
|
||
ER -
|
||
|
||
|
||
TY - JOUR
|
||
AU - Star, Susan Leigh
|
||
TI - The Ethnography of Infrastructure
|
||
PY - 1999
|
||
AB - This article asks methodological questions about studying infrastructure with some of the tools and perspectives of ethnography. Infrastructure is both relational and ecological—it means different ...
|
||
SP - 377
|
||
EP - 391
|
||
JF - American Behavioral Scientist
|
||
VL - 43
|
||
IS - 3
|
||
PB - SAGE Publications
|
||
DO - 10.1177/00027649921955326
|
||
ER -
|
||
|
||
|
||
TY - JOUR
|
||
AU - Germonprez, Matt; Kendall, Julie E.; Kendall, Kenneth E.; Mathiassen, Lars; Young, Brett; Warner, Brian
|
||
TI - A Theory of Responsive Design: A Field Study of Corporate Engagement with Open Source Communities
|
||
PY - 2017
|
||
AB - Although our general knowledge about open source communities is extensive, we are only beginning to understand the increasingly common practices by which corporations design software through engage...
|
||
SP - 64
|
||
EP - 83
|
||
JF - Information Systems Research
|
||
VL - 28
|
||
IS - 1
|
||
PB - Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences (INFORMS)
|
||
DO - 10.1287/isre.2016.0662
|
||
ER -
|
||
|
||
|
||
TY - BOOK
|
||
AU - Lund, Arwid
|
||
TI - Wikipedia, Work and Capitalism: A Realm of Freedom?
|
||
PY - 2017
|
||
AB - The peer production of free and open software and Wikipedia has produced use value that competes with commercial exchange value and shown that people are not only motivated by economic self-interes ...
|
||
SP - NA
|
||
EP - NA
|
||
JF - NA
|
||
VL - NA
|
||
IS - NA
|
||
PB - NA
|
||
DO - NA
|
||
ER -
|
||
|
||
|
||
TY - NA
|
||
AU - Lee, Charlotte P.; Dourish, Paul; Mark, Gloria
|
||
TI - CSCW - The human infrastructure of cyberinfrastructure
|
||
PY - 2006
|
||
AB - Despite their rapid proliferation, there has been little examination of the coordination and social practices of cyberinfrastructure projects. We use the notion of "human infrastructure" to explore how human and organizational arrangements share properties with technological infrastructures. We conducted an 18-month ethnographic study of a large-scale distributed biomedical cyberinfrastructure project and discovered that human infrastructure is shaped by a combination of both new and traditional team and organizational structures. Our data calls into question a focus on distributed teams as the means for accomplishing distributed work and we argue for using human infrastructure as an alternative perspective for understanding how distributed collaboration is accomplished in big science.
|
||
SP - 483
|
||
EP - 492
|
||
JF - Proceedings of the 2006 20th anniversary conference on Computer supported cooperative work
|
||
VL - NA
|
||
IS - NA
|
||
PB - ACM
|
||
DO - 10.1145/1180875.1180950
|
||
ER -
|
||
|
||
|
||
TY - CHAP
|
||
AU - Bourdieu, Pierre
|
||
TI - Cultural Reproduction and Social Reproduction
|
||
PY - 2018
|
||
AB - NA
|
||
SP - 71
|
||
EP - 112
|
||
JF - Knowledge, Education, and Cultural Change
|
||
VL - NA
|
||
IS - NA
|
||
PB - Routledge
|
||
DO - 10.4324/9781351018142-3
|
||
ER -
|
||
|
||
|
||
TY - JOUR
|
||
AU - Wei, Kangning; Crowston, Kevin; Eseryel, U. Yeliz; Heckman, Robert
|
||
TI - Roles and politeness behavior in community-based free/libre open source software development
|
||
PY - 2017
|
||
AB - Abstract Community-based Free/Libre Open Source Software (FLOSS) development relies on contributions from both core and peripheral members. Prior research on core–periphery has focused on software coding-related behaviors. We study how core–periphery roles are related to social-relational behavior in terms of politeness behavior. Data from two FLOSS projects suggest that both core and peripheral members use more positive politeness strategies than negative strategies. Further, core and peripheral members use different strategies to protect positive face in positive politeness, which we term respect and intimacy, respectively. Our results contribute to FLOSS research and politeness theory.
|
||
SP - 573
|
||
EP - 582
|
||
JF - Information & Management
|
||
VL - 54
|
||
IS - 5
|
||
PB - Elsevier BV
|
||
DO - 10.1016/j.im.2016.11.006
|
||
ER -
|
||
|
||
|
||
TY - NA
|
||
AU - Geiger, R. Stuart; Ribes, David
|
||
TI - HICSS - Trace Ethnography: Following Coordination through Documentary Practices
|
||
PY - 2011
|
||
AB - We detail the methodology of 'trace ethnography', which combines the richness of participant- observation with the wealth of data in logs so as to reconstruct patterns and practices of users in distributed sociotechnical systems. Trace ethnography is a flexible, powerful technique that is able to capture many distributed phenomena that are otherwise difficult to study. Our approach integrates and extends a number of longstanding techniques across the social and computational sciences, and can be combined with other methods to provide rich descriptions of collaboration and organization.
|
||
SP - 1
|
||
EP - 10
|
||
JF - 2011 44th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences
|
||
VL - NA
|
||
IS - NA
|
||
PB - IEEE
|
||
DO - 10.1109/hicss.2011.455
|
||
ER -
|
||
|
||
|
||
TY - JOUR
|
||
AU - Orr, Julian E.
|
||
TI - Talking about Machines: An Ethnography of a Modern Job - Talking about Machines: An Ethnography of a Modern Job
|
||
PY - 2016
|
||
AB - This is a story of how work gets done. It is also a study of how field service technicians talk about their work and how that talk is instrumental in their success. In his innovative ethnography, Julian E. Orr studies the people who repair photocopiers and shares vignettes from their daily lives. He characterizes their work as a continuous highly skilled improvisation within a triangular relationship of technician, customer, and machine. The work technicians do encompasses elements not contained in the official definition of the job yet vital to its success. Orr's analysis of the way repair people talk about their work reveals that talk is, in fact, a crucial dimension of their practice. Diagnosis happens through a narrative process, the creation of a coherent description of the troubled machine. The descriptions become the basis for technicians' discourse about their experience, and the circulation of stories among the technicians is the principal means by which they stay informed of the developing subtleties of machine behavior. Orr demonstrates that technical knowledge is a socially distributed resource stored and diffused primarily through an oral culture. Based on participant observation with copier repair technicians in the field and strengthened by Orr's own years as a technician, this book explodes numerous myths about technicians and suggests how technical work differs from other kinds of employment.
|
||
SP - 538
|
||
EP - NA
|
||
JF - NA
|
||
VL - 51
|
||
IS - 3
|
||
PB - Cornell University Press
|
||
DO - 10.7591/9781501707407
|
||
ER -
|
||
|
||
|
||
TY - JOUR
|
||
AU - Clarke, Adele E.
|
||
TI - Situational Analyses: Grounded Theory Mapping After the Postmodern Turn
|
||
PY - 2003
|
||
AB - To better address differences and complexities of social life articulated through the postmodern turn, grounded theory is being regenerated and updated. Based on Strauss's ecological frameworks in his social worlds and arenas theory, I offer situational maps and analyses as innovative supplements to the basic social process analyses characteristic of traditional grounded theory. There are three kinds of analytic maps: maps of situations including all the key human and nonhuman elements, maps of social worlds and arenas, and maps of positionality along salient analytic axes. This article introduces all three kinds of maps and explicates one—situational maps—as a means of coherently elucidating and analyzing some of the complexities and instabilities of social life.
|
||
SP - 553
|
||
EP - 576
|
||
JF - Symbolic Interaction
|
||
VL - 26
|
||
IS - 4
|
||
PB - Wiley
|
||
DO - 10.1525/si.2003.26.4.553
|
||
ER -
|
||
|
||
|
||
TY - NA
|
||
AU - Howard, Dorothy; Irani, Lilly
|
||
TI - CHI - Ways of Knowing When Research Subjects Care
|
||
PY - 2019
|
||
AB - This paper investigates a hidden dimension of research with real world stakes: research subjects who care -- sometimes deeply -- about the topic of the research in which they participate. They manifest this care, we show, by managing how they are represented in the research process, by exercising politics in shaping knowledge production, and sometimes in experiencing trauma in the process. We draw first-hand reflections on participation in diversity research on Wikipedia, transforming participants from objects of study to active negotiators of research process. We depict how care, vulnerability, harm, and emotions shape ethnographic and qualitative data. We argue that, especially in reflexive cultures, research subjects are active agents with agendas, accountabilities, and political projects of their own. We propose ethics of care and collaboration to open up new possibilities for knowledge production and socio-technical intervention in HCI.
|
||
SP - 97
|
||
EP - 16
|
||
JF - Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
|
||
VL - NA
|
||
IS - NA
|
||
PB - ACM
|
||
DO - 10.1145/3290605.3300327
|
||
ER -
|
||
|
||
|
||
TY - JOUR
|
||
AU - Coleman, Gabriella
|
||
TI - The Political Agnosticism of Free and Open Source Software and the Inadvertent Politics of Contrast
|
||
PY - 2004
|
||
AB - Free and open source software (FOSS), which is by now entrenched in the technology sector, has recently traveled far beyond this sphere in the form of artifacts, licenses, and as a broader icon for openness and collaboration.1 FOSS has attained a robust socio-political life as a touchstone for like-minded projects in art, law, journalism, and science-some examples being MIT's OpenCourseWare project, School Forge, and the BBC's decision to release all their archives under a Creative Commons license. One might suspect FOSS of having a deliberate political agenda, but when asked, FOSS developers invariably offer a firm and unambiguous "no"-usually followed by a precise lexicon for discussing the proper relationship between FOSS and politics. For example, while it is perfectly acceptable and encouraged to have a panel on free software at an anti-globalization conference, FOSS developers would suggest that it is unacceptable to claim that FOSS has as one of its goals anti-globalization, or for that matter any political program-a subtle but vital difference, which captures the uncanny, visceral, and minute semiotic acts by which developers divorce FOSS from a guided political direction. FOSS, of course, beholds a complex political life despite the lack of political intention; nonetheless, I argue that the political agnosticism of FOSS shapes the expressive life and force of its informal politics. FOSS gives palpable voice to the growing fault lines between expressive and intellectual property rights, especially in the context of digital technologies. While free speech and property rights are often imagined as linked and essential parts of our American liberal heritage, the social life of FOSS complicates this connection while providing a window into how liberal values such as free speech take on specific forms through cultural-based technical practice: that of computer hacking.2 Whereas, traditionally, censorship and state intervention were seen as the primary threats against the realization of free speech, the social practices of free and open software raise the idea that forms property can be antithetical to the principles of free speech, "principles" that are constantly under social revision though they might appear as timeless and obvious. Source code, the blueprint for programs that most non-technical users rarely see, is becoming an object to construct claims about vocational rights and the appropriate scope of First Amendment law;3 FOSS has not only transformed the dynamics of software development but is also shifting understandings of the appropriate use of intellectual property instruments and the scope of free speech protections. I argue that the wedge placed by practitioners between FOSS and politics is significant to an anthropological assessment of the liberal underpinnings and reformulations of FOSS and the wider socio-political effect of its vast circulations. My thesis is that the denial of FOSS' formal politics enacted through a particularized cultural exercise of free speech facilitates the broad mobility of FOSS as artifacts and metaphors and thus lays the groundwork for its informal political scope: its key role as a catalyst by which to rethink the assumptions of intellectual property rights through its use and inversion. It works because it recalibrates some of the distinctions and associations between free speech and intellectual property-it revises intellectual property law and channels it toward the protection of free speech, instead of its "conventional use" of securing property rights. Christopher Kelty aptly describes this as "openness through privatization, which makes it the most powerful political movement on the Internet, even though most of its proponents spend all their extra energy denying that it is political" (2000:6). Political intent and subjectivity are indeed noticeably absent in the constitution of the free software and open source movement, which differs from more formal political endeavors and new social movements predicated on some political intentionality, direction, or reflexivity or a desire to transform wider social conditions. …
|
||
SP - 507
|
||
EP - 519
|
||
JF - Anthropological Quarterly
|
||
VL - 77
|
||
IS - 3
|
||
PB - Project MUSE
|
||
DO - 10.1353/anq.2004.0035
|
||
ER -
|
||
|
||
|
||
TY - NA
|
||
AU - Howison, James
|
||
TI - Sustaining scientific infrastructures: transitioning from grants to peer production (work-in-progress)
|
||
PY - 2015
|
||
AB - Science now relies on mid-level infrastructure, including shared instruments, cell lines, supercomputing resources, data sets, and software components. These are beyond the facilities and services traditionally provided by individual universities; funding agencies such as the NSF often support their initial creation but their long-term sustainability is a challenge and commercialization is only rarely an option. A promising model, though, is broad-based community support through peer production, often inspired by the organization of open source software projects. Such transitions, though, are not automatic or easy, just as commercialization is not. In this research I am studying successful and unsuccessful attempts to transition, building theory and practical guidance for scientists and funding agencies. In this work-inprogress paper, I present the motivation and background for the study and provide motivation through preliminary description of my first case study.
|
||
SP - NA
|
||
EP - NA
|
||
JF - NA
|
||
VL - NA
|
||
IS - NA
|
||
PB - NA
|
||
DO - NA
|
||
ER -
|
||
|
||
|
||
TY - CHAP
|
||
AU - Capiluppi, Andrea; Michlmayr, Martin
|
||
TI - OSS - From the Cathedral to the Bazaar: An Empirical Study of the Lifecycle of Volunteer Community Projects
|
||
PY - NA
|
||
AB - Some free software and open source projects have been extremely successful in the past. The success of a project is often related to the number of developers it can attract: a larger community of developers (the ‘bazaar’) identifies and corrects more software defects and adds more features via a peer-review process. In this paper two free software projects (Wine and Arla) are empirically explored in order to characterize their software lifecycle, development processes and communities. Both the projects show a phase where the number of active developers and the actual work performed on the system is constant, or does not grow: we argued that this phase corresponds to the one termed ‘cathedral’ in the literature. One of the two projects (Wine) shows also a second phase: a sudden growing amount of developers corresponds to a similar growing output produced: we termed this as the ‘bazaar’ phase, and we also argued that this phase was not achieved for the other system. A further analysis revealed that the transition between ‘cathedral’ and ‘bazaar’ was a phase by itself in Wine, achieved by creating a growing amount of new modules, which attracted new developers.
|
||
SP - 31
|
||
EP - 44
|
||
JF - IFIP — The International Federation for Information Processing
|
||
VL - NA
|
||
IS - NA
|
||
PB - Springer US
|
||
DO - 10.1007/978-0-387-72486-7_3
|
||
ER -
|
||
|
||
|
||
TY - CHAP
|
||
AU - Morse, Janice M.; Clark, Lauren
|
||
TI - The SAGE Handbook of Current Developments in Grounded Theory - The Nuances of Grounded Theory Sampling and the Pivotal Role of Theoretical Sampling
|
||
PY - 2019
|
||
AB - NA
|
||
SP - 145
|
||
EP - 166
|
||
JF - The SAGE Handbook of Current Developments in Grounded Theory
|
||
VL - NA
|
||
IS - NA
|
||
PB - SAGE Publications Ltd
|
||
DO - 10.4135/9781526436061.n9
|
||
ER -
|
||
|
||
|
||
TY - JOUR
|
||
AU - FitzgeraldBrian,
|
||
TI - The transformation of open source software
|
||
PY - 2006
|
||
AB - A frequent characterization of open source software is the somewhat outdated, mythical one of a collective of supremely talented software hackers freely volunteering their services to produce unifo...
|
||
SP - NA
|
||
EP - NA
|
||
JF - Management Information Systems Quarterly
|
||
VL - NA
|
||
IS - NA
|
||
PB - Management Information Systems Research Center
|
||
DO - NA
|
||
ER -
|
||
|
||
|
||
TY - JOUR
|
||
AU - Russell, Andrew L.; Vinsel, Lee
|
||
TI - After Innovation, Turn to Maintenance.
|
||
PY - 2018
|
||
AB - NA
|
||
SP - 1
|
||
EP - 25
|
||
JF - Technology and culture
|
||
VL - 59
|
||
IS - 1
|
||
PB - Project MUSE
|
||
DO - 10.1353/tech.2018.0004
|
||
ER -
|
||
|
||
|
||
TY - JOUR
|
||
AU - Merton, Robert K.
|
||
TI - The Matthew effect in science. The reward and communication systems of science are considered.
|
||
PY - 1968
|
||
AB - This account of the Matthew effect is another small exercise in the psychosociological analysis of the workings of science as a social institution. The initial problem is transformed by a shift in theoretical perspective. As originally identified, the Matthew effect was construed in terms of enhancement of the position of already eminent scientists who are given disproportionate credit in cases of collaboration or of independent multiple discoveries. Its significance was thus confined to its implications for the reward system of science. By shifting the angle of vision, we note other possible kinds of consequences, this time for the communication system of science. The Matthew effect may serve to heighten the visibility of contributions to science by scientists of acknowledged standing and to reduce the visibility of contributions by authors who are less well known. We examine the psychosocial conditions and mechanisms underlying this effect and find a correlation between the redundancy function of multiple discoveries and the focalizing function of eminent men of science—a function which is reinforced by the great value these men place upon finding basic problems and by their self-assurance. This self-assurance, which is partly inherent, partly the result of experiences and associations in creative scientific environments, and partly a result of later social validation of their position, encourages them to search out risky but important problems and to highlight the results of their inquiry. A macrosocial version of the Matthew principle is apparently involved in those processes of social selection that currently lead to the concentration of scientific resources and talent ( 50 ).
|
||
SP - 56
|
||
EP - 63
|
||
JF - Science (New York, N.Y.)
|
||
VL - 159
|
||
IS - 3810
|
||
PB - American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
|
||
DO - 10.1126/science.159.3810.56
|
||
ER -
|
||
|
||
|
||
TY - NA
|
||
AU - Lee, Charlotte P.; Paine, Drew
|
||
TI - CSCW - From The Matrix to a Model of Coordinated Action (MoCA): A Conceptual Framework of and for CSCW
|
||
PY - 2015
|
||
AB - The CSCW community is reliant upon technology-centric models of groupware and collaboration that frame how we examine and design for cooperative work. This paper both reviews the CSCW literature to examine existing models of collaborative work and proposes a new, expanded conceptual model: the Model of Coordinated Action (MoCA). MoCA is a broader framework for describing complex collaborative situations and environments including, but not limited to, collaborations that have diverse, high-turnover memberships or emerging practices. We introduce MoCA's seven dimensions of coordinative action and illustrate their connection to past and current CSCW research. Finally, we discuss some ramifications of MoCA for our understanding of CSCW as a sociotechnical design space.
|
||
SP - 179
|
||
EP - 194
|
||
JF - Proceedings of the 18th ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing
|
||
VL - NA
|
||
IS - NA
|
||
PB - ACM
|
||
DO - 10.1145/2675133.2675161
|
||
ER -
|
||
|
||
|
||
TY - JOUR
|
||
AU - Blumer, Herbert
|
||
TI - What is Wrong with Social Theory?
|
||
PY - 1954
|
||
AB - NA
|
||
SP - 3
|
||
EP - 3
|
||
JF - American Sociological Review
|
||
VL - 19
|
||
IS - 1
|
||
PB - SAGE Publications
|
||
DO - 10.2307/2088165
|
||
ER -
|
||
|
||
|
||
TY - NA
|
||
AU - Croom, Adam
|
||
TI - Roads and Bridges: The Unseen Labor Behind Our Digital Infrastructure / Ford Foundation
|
||
PY - 2016
|
||
AB - NA
|
||
SP - NA
|
||
EP - NA
|
||
JF - NA
|
||
VL - NA
|
||
IS - NA
|
||
PB - NA
|
||
DO - NA
|
||
ER -
|
||
|
||
|
||
TY - BOOK
|
||
AU - Tkacz, Nathaniel
|
||
TI - Wikipedia and the Politics of Openness
|
||
PY - 2014
|
||
AB - Few virtues are as celebrated in contemporary culture as openness. Rooted in software culture and carrying more than a whiff of Silicon Valley technical utopianism, openness—of decision-making, data, and organizational structure—is seen as the cure for many problems in politics and business.
|
||
|
||
But what does openness mean, and what would a political theory of openness look like? With Wikipedia and the Politics of Openness, Nathaniel Tkacz uses Wikipedia, the most prominent product of open organization, to analyze the theory and politics of openness in practice—and to break its spell. Through discussions of edit wars, article deletion policies, user access levels, and more, Tkacz enables us to see how the key concepts of openness—including collaboration, ad-hocracy, and the splitting of contested projects through “forking”—play out in reality.
|
||
|
||
The resulting book is the richest critical analysis of openness to date, one that roots media theory in messy reality and thereby helps us move beyond the vaporware promises of digital utopians and take the first steps toward truly understanding what openness does, and does not, have to offer.
|
||
SP - NA
|
||
EP - NA
|
||
JF - NA
|
||
VL - NA
|
||
IS - NA
|
||
PB - NA
|
||
DO - NA
|
||
ER -
|
||
|
||
|
||
TY - BOOK
|
||
AU - COLEMAN, E. GABRIELLA
|
||
TI - Coding Freedom
|
||
PY - 2012
|
||
AB - NA
|
||
SP - NA
|
||
EP - NA
|
||
JF - NA
|
||
VL - NA
|
||
IS - NA
|
||
PB - Princeton University Press
|
||
DO - 10.2307/j.ctt1r2gbj
|
||
ER -
|
||
|
||
|
||
TY - BOOK
|
||
AU - Dunbar-Hester, Christina
|
||
TI - Hacking Diversity
|
||
PY - 2019
|
||
AB - NA
|
||
SP - NA
|
||
EP - NA
|
||
JF - NA
|
||
VL - NA
|
||
IS - NA
|
||
PB - Princeton University Press
|
||
DO - 10.2307/j.ctvhrd181
|
||
ER -
|
||
|
||
|
||
TY - BOOK
|
||
AU - Tapscott, Don; Williams, Anthony D.
|
||
TI - Wikinomics: How Mass Collaboration Changes Everything
|
||
PY - 2006
|
||
AB - The knowledge, resources, and computing power of billions of people are self-organizing into a massive new collective force. Interconnected and orchestrated through blogs, wikis, chat rooms, peer-to-peer networks, and personal broadcasting, the Web is being reinvented to provide the first global platform for collaboration in history. "Wikinomics" is the definitive investigation into how small businesses can achieve success by using a dynamic ecosystem of partners to co-create and peer-produce value in this newly-emerging, networked economy. Encouraging consumers, employees, suppliers, partners and competitors alike to share information and ideas, mass collaboration marks a profound change in the way business is conducted and radically alters the future of corporate architecture, strategy and management.
|
||
SP - NA
|
||
EP - NA
|
||
JF - NA
|
||
VL - NA
|
||
IS - NA
|
||
PB - NA
|
||
DO - NA
|
||
ER -
|
||
|
||
|
||
TY - JOUR
|
||
AU - Parmiggiani, Elena
|
||
TI - This Is Not a Fish: On the Scale and Politics of Infrastructure Design Studies
|
||
PY - 2017
|
||
AB - Interconnected workplace information technologies (information infrastructures) are distributed across user and system types, agendas, locales, and temporal rhythms. The term infrastructuring describes the design of information infrastructure not as a bounded phase but as a continuous collaborative and inherently political process. From the perspective of ethnographers, however, this conceptualization presents the practical challenge of dealing with the political work involved in infrastructuring and in its study. In this paper, I discuss the challenges of infrastructuring activities for ethnographic research. Based on a self-revealing account of my three-year ethnographic study of an oil company's project to design a platform for subsea environmental monitoring in the Arctic region, I discuss how my framing of infrastructuring was the result of my process of constructing the ethnographic field in my research. I combined four mechanisms to scale my ethnographic method to investigate infrastructuring across heterogeneous dimensions. Drawing on my practical experience, I discuss how my process of constructing the field let me discover richer possibilities for understanding the politics involved in the study of infrastructuring.
|
||
SP - 205
|
||
EP - 243
|
||
JF - Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW)
|
||
VL - 26
|
||
IS - 1
|
||
PB - Springer Science and Business Media LLC
|
||
DO - 10.1007/s10606-017-9266-0
|
||
ER -
|
||
|
||
|
||
TY - NA
|
||
AU - Ames, Morgan G.; Rosner, Daniela K.; Erickson, Ingrid
|
||
TI - Worship, Faith, and Evangelism
|
||
PY - 2015
|
||
AB - NA
|
||
SP - 69
|
||
EP - 81
|
||
JF - Proceedings of the 18th ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing
|
||
VL - NA
|
||
IS - NA
|
||
PB - ACM
|
||
DO - 10.1145/2675133.2675282
|
||
ER -
|
||
|
||
|
||
TY - JOUR
|
||
AU - Li, Yan; Tan, Chuan-Hoo; Teo, Hock-Hai
|
||
TI - Leadership characteristics and developers' motivation in open source software development
|
||
PY - 2012
|
||
AB - NA
|
||
SP - 257
|
||
EP - 267
|
||
JF - Information & Management
|
||
VL - 49
|
||
IS - 5
|
||
PB - Elsevier BV
|
||
DO - 10.1016/j.im.2012.05.005
|
||
ER -
|
||
|
||
|
||
TY - JOUR
|
||
AU - Orlikowski, Wanda J.; Scott, Susan V.
|
||
TI - 10 Sociomateriality: Challenging the Separation of Technology, Work and Organization
|
||
PY - 2008
|
||
AB - We begin by juxtaposing the pervasive presence of technology in organizational work with its absence from the organization studies literature. Our analysis of four leading journals in the field confirms that over 95% of the articles published in top management research outlets do not take into account the role of technology in organizational life. We then examine the research that has been done on technology, and categorize this literature into two research streams according to their view of technology: discrete entities or mutually dependent ensembles. For each stream, we discuss three existing reviews spanning the last three decades of scholarship to highlight that while there have been many studies and approaches to studying organizational interactions and implications of technology, empirical research has produced mixed and often‐conflicting results. Going forward, we suggest that further work is needed to theorize the fusion of technology and work in organizations, and that additional perspectives are needed to add to the palette of concepts in use. To this end, we identify a promising emerging genre of research that we refer to under the umbrella term: sociomateriality. Research framed according to the tenets of a sociomaterial approach challenges the deeply taken‐for‐granted assumption that technology, work, and organizations should be conceptualized separately, and advances the view that there is an inherent inseparability between the technical and the social. We discuss the intellectual motivation for proposing a sociomaterial research approach and point to some common themes evident in recent studies. We conclude by suggesting that a reconsideration of conventional views of technology may help us more effectively study and understand the multiple, emergent, and dynamic sociomaterial configurations that constitute contemporary organizational practices.
|
||
SP - 433
|
||
EP - 474
|
||
JF - Academy of Management Annals
|
||
VL - 2
|
||
IS - 1
|
||
PB - Academy of Management
|
||
DO - 10.5465/19416520802211644
|
||
ER -
|
||
|
||
|
||
TY - NA
|
||
AU - Birkinbine, Benjamin J.
|
||
TI - Conflict in the Commons: Towards a Political Economy of Corporate Involvement in Free and Open Source Software
|
||
PY - 2015
|
||
AB - Free (libre) and open source software (FLOSS) gives users the right to study, modify, adapt, or improve upon software by granting access to the source code. Proprietary software, on the other hand, relies on restricting certain uses of software to protect the marketability of intellectual property. From its beginnings in the 1980s, FLOSS has provided a radical alternative to proprietary software and is generally heralded as one of the triumphs of commons-based peer production. However, corporations are becoming increasingly involved in FLOSS projects, which would seem to be a clash of interests. In this paper, I argue that the increasing corporate involvement in FLOSS projects potentially threatens the radical potential of FLOSS by directing commons-based development toward corporate goals. To date, the FLOSS community has been able to leverage its collective labor power to counteract such corporate maneuvering. This type of collective action relies on a class consciousness among software laborers that needs to be maintained if these strategies are to remain effective. To illustrate how these dynamics operate within the software industry, I focus on the acquisition of Sun Microsystems by Oracle and its consequences for FLOSS development.
|
||
SP - NA
|
||
EP - NA
|
||
JF - NA
|
||
VL - 2
|
||
IS - 2
|
||
PB - NA
|
||
DO - NA
|
||
ER -
|
||
|
||
|
||
TY - BOOK
|
||
AU - Weber, Steven
|
||
TI - The Success of Open Source
|
||
PY - 2004
|
||
AB - Preface 1. Property and the Problem of Software 2. The Early History of Open Source 3. What Is Open Source and How Does It Work? 4. A Maturing Model of Production 5. Explaining Open Source: Microfoundations 6. Explaining Open Source: Macro-Organization 7. Business Models and the Law 8. The Code That Changed the World? Notes Index
|
||
SP - NA
|
||
EP - NA
|
||
JF - NA
|
||
VL - NA
|
||
IS - NA
|
||
PB - NA
|
||
DO - NA
|
||
ER -
|
||
|
||
|
||
TY - JOUR
|
||
AU - Coleman, Gabriella
|
||
TI - The Hacker Conference: A Ritual Condensation and Celebration of a Lifeworld
|
||
PY - 2010
|
||
AB - This piece draws on ethnographic experience at various hacker conferences to rethink how face-to-face interactions work in concert with digital interactivity to constitute social worlds. Through a process of ritual condensation and emotional celebration, the conference works to perform and thus confirm what are otherwise more frequent, though more prosaic forms of virtual sociality. This focus allows me to decenter the historical priority placed on digital interactivity and examine the complementary and intertwined relationships between face-to-face interactions and online interactivity among a group of people often thought of as the quintessential digital subjects. More generally, approaching the conference in light of its ritual characteristics may also demonstrate how social enchantment and moral solidarity, often thought to play only a marginal role in the march of secular and liberal modernity, is in fact central to its unfolding.
|
||
SP - 47
|
||
EP - 72
|
||
JF - Anthropological Quarterly
|
||
VL - 83
|
||
IS - 1
|
||
PB - Project MUSE
|
||
DO - 10.1353/anq.0.0112
|
||
ER -
|
||
|
||
|
||
TY - NA
|
||
AU - Bourdieu, Pierre
|
||
TI - Cultural Reproduction and Social Reproduction
|
||
PY - 2018
|
||
AB - The specific role of the sociology of education is assumed once it has established itself as the science of the relations between cultural reproduction and social reproduction. This occurs when it endeavours to determine the contribution made by the educational system to the reproduction of the structure of power relationships and symbolic relationships between classes, by contributing to the reproduction of the structure of the distribution of cultural capital among these classes. The transmission from generation to generation of accumulated information, classical theories tend to dissociate the function of cultural reproduction proper to all educational systems from their function of social reproduction. The greater reliability of the survey carried out by the Centre of European Sociology of the European museum public is due to the fact that it was based upon the degree of effective practice and not on the statements of those being questioned.
|
||
SP - 257
|
||
EP - 272
|
||
JF - NA
|
||
VL - NA
|
||
IS - NA
|
||
PB - NA
|
||
DO - NA
|
||
ER -
|
||
|
||
|
||
TY - BOOK
|
||
AU - Kelty, Christopher
|
||
TI - Two Bits: The Cultural Significance of Free Software
|
||
PY - 2008
|
||
AB - In Two Bits, Christopher M. Kelty investigates the history and cultural significance of Free Software, revealing the people and practices that have transformed not only software but also music, film, science, and education. Free Software is a set of practices devoted to the collaborative creation of software source code that is made openly and freely available through an unconventional use of copyright law. Kelty explains how these specific practices have reoriented the relations of power around the creation, dissemination, and authorization of all kinds of knowledge. He also makes an important contribution to discussions of public spheres and social imaginaries by demonstrating how Free Software is a recursive publica public organized around the ability to build, modify, and maintain the very infrastructure that gives it life in the first place.Drawing on ethnographic research that took him from an Internet healthcare start-up company in Boston to media labs in Berlin to young entrepreneurs in Bangalore, Kelty describes the technologies and the moral vision that bind together hackers, geeks, lawyers, and other Free Software advocates. In each case, he shows how their practices and way of life include not only the sharing of software source code but also ways of conceptualizing openness, writing copyright licenses, coordinating collaboration, and proselytizing. By exploring in detail how these practices came together as the Free Software movement from the 1970s to the 1990s, Kelty also considers how it is possible to understand the new movements emerging from Free Software: projects such as Creative Commons, a nonprofit organization that creates copyright licenses, and Connexions, a project to create an online scholarly textbook commons.
|
||
SP - NA
|
||
EP - NA
|
||
JF - NA
|
||
VL - NA
|
||
IS - NA
|
||
PB - NA
|
||
DO - NA
|
||
ER -
|
||
|
||
|
||
TY - NA
|
||
AU - Bentley, Richard; Hughes, John A.; Randall, Dave; Rodden, Tom; Sawyer, Pete; Shapiro, Dan; Sommerville, Ian
|
||
TI - CSCW - Ethnographically-informed systems design for air traffic control
|
||
PY - 1992
|
||
AB - This paper relates experiences of a project where an ethnographic study of air traffic controllers is being used to inform the design of the controllers’ interface to the flight data base. We outline the current UK air traffic control system, discuss the ethnographic work we have undertaken studying air traffic control as a cooperative activity, describe some of the difficulties in collaboration between software developers and sociologists and show how the ethnographic studies have influenced the systems design process. Our conclusions are that ethnographic studies are helpful in informing the systems design process and may produce insights which contradict conventional thinking in systems design.
|
||
SP - 123
|
||
EP - 129
|
||
JF - Proceedings of the 1992 ACM conference on Computer-supported cooperative work - CSCW '92
|
||
VL - NA
|
||
IS - NA
|
||
PB - ACM Press
|
||
DO - 10.1145/143457.143470
|
||
ER -
|
||
|
||
|
||
TY - NA
|
||
AU - Houston, Lara; Jackson, Steven J.; Rosner, Daniela K.; Ahmed, Syed Ishtiaque; Young, Meg; Kang, Laewoo
|
||
TI - CHI - Values in Repair
|
||
PY - 2016
|
||
AB - This paper examines the question of "values in repair" -- the distinct forms of meaning and care that may be built into human-technology interactions through individual and collective acts of repair. Our work draws on research in HCI and the social sciences and findings from ethnographic studies in four sites -- two amateur "fixers" collectives' in Brooklyn and Seattle, USA and two mobile phone repair communities in Uganda and Bangladesh -- to advance two arguments. First, studies of repair account for new sites and processes of value that differ from those appearing at HCI's better-studied moments of design and use. Second, repair may embed modes of human interaction with technology and with each other in ways that surface values as contingent and ongoing accomplishments, suggesting ongoing processes of valuation that can never be fully fixed or commoditized. These insights help HCI account for human relationships to technology built into the world through repair.
|
||
SP - 1403
|
||
EP - 1414
|
||
JF - Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
|
||
VL - NA
|
||
IS - NA
|
||
PB - ACM
|
||
DO - 10.1145/2858036.2858470
|
||
ER -
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|
||
|
||
TY - JOUR
|
||
AU - Ribes, David; Lee, Charlotte P.
|
||
TI - Sociotechnical Studies of Cyberinfrastructure and e-Research: Current Themes and Future Trajectories
|
||
PY - 2010
|
||
AB - Cyberinfrastructure (CI), eScience and eInfrastructure are the current terms of art for the networked information technologies supporting scientifi cr esearch activities such as collaboration, data sharing and dissemination of findings. These are the computational infrastructures that enable, for instance, global climate modelers to compile heterogeneous information sources in order to understand environmental change or the tools that make the massive quantitative data emerging from the Large Hadron Collider into tractable scientific visualizations. Within the US and Europe these ventures have garnered significant momentum in terms of funding and technological development. The greater funding of CI for the physical and biological sciences has led to a proliferation of CI studies in those areas (a bias reflected in our own special issue) with CI studies of humanities, arts, and social sciences growing more slowly. Cyberinfrastructure is heralded as a transformative force, enabling new forms of investigation and cross-disciplinary collaboration. The six articles in this special issue are dedicated to the detailed empirical exploration of CI systems, their development, and the changes that are emerging at the intersection of novel information technologies and everyday research practice. The emphasis in the sciences on large-scale and long-term support for collaboration is gaining momentum. The field of Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW), with its historical emphasis on workplace studies and Dedication We dedicate this special issue to the memory of Susan Leigh Star. The influence of her work, and particularly her conceptualization of infrastructure, has been very influential in this growing research area. Almost all of the articles in this special issue cite her work or cite other works that were influenced by her own. Less apparent to others but strongly present in our lives was Leigh’s role as a mentor, colleague and inspiration as she fostered the study of infrastructure. Her pioneering work demonstrated the important role of embedded social scientists that subsequently created openings to the field sites and funding sources that made much of this research possible. Leigh, you will be greatly missed. Computer Supported Cooperative Work (2010) 19:231–244
|
||
SP - 231
|
||
EP - 244
|
||
JF - Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW)
|
||
VL - 19
|
||
IS - 3
|
||
PB - Springer Science and Business Media LLC
|
||
DO - 10.1007/s10606-010-9120-0
|
||
ER -
|
||
|
||
|
||
TY - NA
|
||
AU - Mathew, Ashwin; Cheshire, Coye
|
||
TI - HICSS - Risky Business: Social Trust and Community in the Practice of Cybersecurity for Internet Infrastructure
|
||
PY - 2017
|
||
AB - NA
|
||
SP - 1
|
||
EP - 10
|
||
JF - Proceedings of the 50th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (2017)
|
||
VL - NA
|
||
IS - NA
|
||
PB - Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences
|
||
DO - 10.24251/hicss.2017.283
|
||
ER -
|
||
|
||
|
||
TY - JOUR
|
||
AU - Capra, Eugenio; Francalanci, Chiara; Merlo, Francesco
|
||
TI - An Empirical Study on the Relationship Between Software Design Quality, Development Effort and Governance in Open Source Projects
|
||
PY - 2008
|
||
AB - The relationship among software design quality, development effort, and governance practices is a traditional research problem. However, the extent to which consolidated results on this relationship remain valid for open source (OS) projects is an open research problem. An emerging body of literature contrasts the view of open source as an alternative to proprietary software and explains that there exists a continuum between closed and open source projects. This paper hypothesizes that as projects approach the OS end of the continuum, governance becomes less formal. In turn a less formal governance is hypothesized to require a higher-quality code as a means to facilitate coordination among developers by making the structure of code explicit and facilitate quality by removing the pressure of deadlines from contributors. However, a less formal governance is also hypothesized to increase development effort due to a more cumbersome coordination overhead. The verification of research hypotheses is based on empirical data from a sample of 75 major OS projects. Empirical evidence supports our hypotheses and suggests that software quality, mainly measured as coupling and inheritance, does not increase development effort, but represents an important managerial variable to implement the more open governance approach that characterizes OS projects which, in turn, increases development effort.
|
||
SP - 765
|
||
EP - 782
|
||
JF - IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
|
||
VL - 34
|
||
IS - 6
|
||
PB - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
|
||
DO - 10.1109/tse.2008.68
|
||
ER -
|
||
|
||
|
||
TY - BOOK
|
||
AU - Shirky, Clay
|
||
TI - Cognitive Surplus: Creativity and Generosity in a Connected Age
|
||
PY - 2010
|
||
AB - From the bestselling author of Here Comes Everybody, Clay Shirky's Cognitive Surplus: Creativity and Generosity in a Connected Age is a fascinating look at how the internet is transforming our culture, providing new outlets for human potential. In the past, we filled our free time with the tools at our disposal. Television became a kind of universal part-time job, and sitcoms and soap operas sponged up our cognitive surplus: the collective surfeit of time, intellect and energy at our disposal. Today, tech has finally caught up with human potential. New tools don't just let us consume, but create and share. Clay Shirky's groundbreaking book reveals what is now happening with this previously untapped talent and goodwill. From lolcats to tools for tracking voter fraud and ethnic violence, he shows how we're using our cognitive surplus for the better, and what it means for the future. "A manifesto for what's next - or what ought to be". (Independent). "Perhaps the most amazing fact about Shirky's incisive manual for building a better world is this: it's just possible that everything he promises may be true". (Observer). "Fizzes with great insights...It's a delight to read and will change how you think about the future". (Cory Doctorow, Boing Boing). "When Clay Shirky speaks...people listen. The author of the influential Here Comes Everybody is again driving conversation". (Time). "Shirky gives us a ruler by which to measure our contribution to the world. Watching TV will never be the same again". (Guardian). Clay Shirky teaches at the Interactive Telecommunications Program at NYU, where he researches the interrelated effects of our social and technological networks. His writings have appeared in the New York Times, the Wall Street Journal, the Times of London, Harvard Business Review, Business 2.0, and Wired.
|
||
SP - NA
|
||
EP - NA
|
||
JF - NA
|
||
VL - NA
|
||
IS - NA
|
||
PB - NA
|
||
DO - NA
|
||
ER -
|
||
|
||
|
||
TY - BOOK
|
||
AU - Blumer, Herbert
|
||
TI - Symbolic Interactionism: Perspective and Method
|
||
PY - 1969
|
||
AB - This is a collection of articles dealing with the point of view of symbolic interactionism and with the topic of methodology in the discipline of sociology. It is written by the leading figure in the school of symbolic interactionism, and presents what might be regarded as the most authoritative statement of its point of view, outlining its fundamental premises and sketching their implications for sociological study. Blumer states that symbolic interactionism rests on three premises: that human beings act toward things on the basis of the meanings of things have for them; that the meaning of such things derives from the social interaction one has with one's fellows; and that these meanings are handled in, and modified through, an interpretive process.
|
||
SP - NA
|
||
EP - NA
|
||
JF - NA
|
||
VL - NA
|
||
IS - NA
|
||
PB - NA
|
||
DO - NA
|
||
ER -
|
||
|
||
|
||
TY - BOOK
|
||
AU - Torvalds, Linus; Diamond, David
|
||
TI - Just for Fun: The Story of an Accidental Revolutionary
|
||
PY - 2001
|
||
AB - From the Publisher:
|
||
Ten years ago, college student Linus Torvalds retreated to his own computer to write code. He quips, "I couldn't afford software that I liked, so I wrote my own operating system." Not only did he write the operating system, he gave it away and invited other software engineers to improve it.
|
||
The rest is history. Today, Torvalds has become the key figure in the open source software movement. The powerful operating system he wrote, Linux, has grown into a major force in the computer industry, while its voluntary development model has made Linux the world's largest collaborative project. Hundreds of the world's best engineers contribute to the improvement of Linux. Over 12 million machines, including many of the servers that power the World Wide Web, now run on Linux, as do the top-of-the-line offerings from such hardware giants as IBM and Compaq.
|
||
Just for Fun chronicles Torvalds's amazing lifefrom his eccentric childhood in Finland, to his gangly, geeky teenage years when his greatest joy was writing programs on his grandfather's VIC-20 computer, to his rise to world-wide fame with Linux. Brimming with Torvalds's candid observations and opinions, this is a must-read for anyone who wants to know where high tech and business are going in the future.
|
||
SP - NA
|
||
EP - NA
|
||
JF - NA
|
||
VL - NA
|
||
IS - NA
|
||
PB - NA
|
||
DO - NA
|
||
ER -
|
||
|
||
|
||
TY - BOOK
|
||
AU - Suchman, Lucy
|
||
TI - Human-Machine Reconfigurations: Plans and Situated Actions
|
||
PY - 2006
|
||
AB - Acknowledgements Introduction 1. Readings and responses 2. Preface to the 1st edition 3. Introduction to the 1st edition 4. Interactive artifacts 5. Plans 6. Situated actions 7. Communicative resources 8. Case and methods 9. Human-machine communication 10. Conclusion to the 1st edition 11. Plans, scripts and other ordering devices 12. Agencies at the interface 13. Figuring the human in AI and robotics 14. Demystifications and re-enchantments of the human-like machine 15. Reconfigurations Notes References.
|
||
SP - NA
|
||
EP - NA
|
||
JF - NA
|
||
VL - NA
|
||
IS - NA
|
||
PB - NA
|
||
DO - NA
|
||
ER -
|
||
|
||
|
||
TY - NA
|
||
AU - Edwards, Paul N.; Jackson, Steven J.; Bowker, Geoffrey C.; Knobel, Cory P.
|
||
TI - Understanding Infrastructure: Dynamics, Tensions, and Design
|
||
PY - 2007
|
||
AB - Final report of the workshop, "History and Theory of Infrastructure: Lessons for New Scientific Cyberinfrastructures"
|
||
SP - NA
|
||
EP - NA
|
||
JF - NA
|
||
VL - NA
|
||
IS - NA
|
||
PB - NA
|
||
DO - NA
|
||
ER -
|
||
|
||
|
||
TY - NA
|
||
AU - Geiger, R. Stuart
|
||
TI - The Lives of Bots
|
||
PY - 2011
|
||
AB - I describe the complex social and technical environment in which bots exist in Wikipedia, emphasizing not only how bots produce order and enforce rules, but also how humans produce bots and negotiate rules around their operation.
|
||
SP - NA
|
||
EP - NA
|
||
JF - NA
|
||
VL - NA
|
||
IS - NA
|
||
PB - NA
|
||
DO - NA
|
||
ER -
|
||
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