193 lines
24 KiB
BibTeX
193 lines
24 KiB
BibTeX
@article{10.1145/3555190,
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author = {Frluckaj, Hana and Dabbish, Laura and Widder, David Gray and Qiu, Huilian Sophie and Herbsleb, James D.},
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title = {Gender and Participation in Open Source Software Development},
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year = {2022},
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issue_date = {November 2022},
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publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
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address = {New York, NY, USA},
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volume = {6},
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number = {CSCW2},
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url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3555190},
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doi = {10.1145/3555190},
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abstract = {Open source software represents an important form of digital infrastructure as well as a pathway to technical careers for many developers, but women are drastically underrepresented in this setting. Although there is a good body of literature on open source participation, there is very little understanding of the participation trajectories and contribution experiences of women developers, and how they compare to those of men developers, in open source software projects. In order to understand their joining and participation trajectories, we conducted interviews with 23 developers (11 men and 12 women) who became core in an open source project. We identify differences in women and men's motivations for initial contributions and joining processes (e.g. women participating in projects that they have been invited to) and sustained involvement in a project. We also describe unique negative experiences faced by women contributors in this setting in each stage of participation. Our results have implications for diversifying participation in open source software and understanding open source as a pathway to technical careers.},
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journal = {Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact.},
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month = nov,
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articleno = {299},
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numpages = {31},
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keywords = {open source software, open collaboration, inclusion, gender, diversity}
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}
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@article{10.1145/3555129,
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author = {Yin, Likang and Chakraborti, Mahasweta and Yan, Yibo and Schweik, Charles and Frey, Seth and Filkov, Vladimir},
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title = {Open Source Software Sustainability: Combining Institutional Analysis and Socio-Technical Networks},
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year = {2022},
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issue_date = {November 2022},
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publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
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address = {New York, NY, USA},
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volume = {6},
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number = {CSCW2},
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url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3555129},
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doi = {10.1145/3555129},
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abstract = {Sustainable Open Source Software (OSS) forms much of the fabric of our digital society, especially successful and sustainable ones. But many OSS projects do not become sustainable, resulting in abandonment and even risks for the world's digital infrastructure. Prior work has looked at the reasons for this mainly from two very different perspectives. In software engineering, the focus has been on understanding success and sustainability from the socio-technical perspective: the OSS programmers' day-to-day activities and the artifacts they create. In institutional analysis, on the other hand, emphasis has been on institutional designs (e.g., policies, rules, and norms) that structure project governance. Even though each is necessary for a comprehensive understanding of OSS projects, the connection and interaction between the two approaches have been barely explored.In this paper, we make the first effort toward understanding OSS project sustainability using a dual-view analysis, by combining institutional analysis with socio-technical systems analysis. In particular, we (i) use linguistic approaches to extract institutional rules and norms from OSS contributors' communications to represent the evolution of their governance systems, and (ii) construct socio-technical networks based on longitudinal collaboration records to represent each project's organizational structure. We combined the two methods and applied them to a dataset of developer digital traces from 253 nascent OSS projects within the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) incubator. We find that the socio-technical and institutional features relate to each other, and provide complimentary views into the progress of the ASF's OSS projects. Refining these combined analyses can help provide a more precise understanding of the synchronization between the evolution of institutional governance and organizational structure.},
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journal = {Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact.},
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month = nov,
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articleno = {404},
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numpages = {23},
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keywords = {socio-technical systems, institutional design, OSS sustainability}
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}
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@article{10.1145/3610092,
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author = {Hsieh, Jane and Kim, Joselyn and Dabbish, Laura and Zhu, Haiyi},
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title = {"Nip it in the Bud": Moderation Strategies in Open Source Software Projects and the Role of Bots},
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year = {2023},
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issue_date = {October 2023},
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publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
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address = {New York, NY, USA},
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volume = {7},
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number = {CSCW2},
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url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3610092},
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doi = {10.1145/3610092},
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abstract = {Much of our modern digital infrastructure relies critically upon open sourced software. The communities responsible for building this cyberinfrastructure require maintenance and moderation, which is often supported by volunteer efforts. Moderation, as a non-technical form of labor, is a necessary but often overlooked task that maintainers undertake to sustain the community around an OSS project. This study examines the various structures and norms that support community moderation, describes the strategies moderators use to mitigate conflicts, and assesses how bots can play a role in assisting these processes. We interviewed 14 practitioners to uncover existing moderation practices and ways that automation can provide assistance. Our main contributions include a characterization of moderated content in OSS projects, moderation techniques, as well as perceptions of and recommendations for improving the automation of moderation tasks. We hope that these findings will inform the implementation of more effective moderation practices in open source communities.},
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journal = {Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact.},
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month = oct,
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articleno = {301},
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numpages = {29},
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keywords = {automation, coordination, moderation, open source}
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}
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@article{10.1145/3449249,
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author = {Geiger, R. Stuart and Howard, Dorothy and Irani, Lilly},
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title = {The Labor of Maintaining and Scaling Free and Open-Source Software Projects},
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year = {2021},
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issue_date = {April 2021},
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publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
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address = {New York, NY, USA},
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volume = {5},
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number = {CSCW1},
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url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3449249},
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doi = {10.1145/3449249},
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abstract = {Free and/or open-source software (or F/OSS) projects now play a major and dominant role in society, constituting critical digital infrastructure relied upon by companies, academics, non-profits, activists, and more. As F/OSS has become larger and more established, we investigate the labor of maintaining and sustaining those projects at various scales. We report findings from an interview-based study with contributors and maintainers working in a wide range of F/OSS projects. Maintainers of F/OSS projects do not just maintain software code in a more traditional software engineering understanding of the term: fixing bugs, patching security vulnerabilities, and updating dependencies. F/OSS maintainers also perform complex and often-invisible interpersonal and organizational work to keep their projects operating as active communities of users and contributors. We particularly focus on how this labor of maintaining and sustaining changes as projects and their software grow and scale across many dimensions. In understanding F/OSS to be as much about maintaining a communal project as it is maintaining software code, we discuss broadly applicable considerations for peer production communities and other socio-technical systems more broadly.},
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journal = {Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact.},
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month = apr,
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articleno = {175},
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numpages = {28},
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keywords = {free software, infrastructure, labor, maintenance, open source}
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}
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@article{10.1145/3434167,
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author = {Ahmed, Alex A. and Kok, Bryan and Howard, Coranna and Still, Klew},
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title = {Online Community-based Design of Free and Open Source Software for Transgender Voice Training},
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year = {2021},
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issue_date = {December 2020},
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publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
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address = {New York, NY, USA},
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volume = {4},
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number = {CSCW3},
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url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3434167},
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doi = {10.1145/3434167},
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abstract = {This paper describes Project Spectra, a collective of open source developers that aims to build free and open source voice training technology for transgender people. We demonstrate how a design prioritizing the agency of trans users was made possible through sustained community collaboration. Using an autoethnographic approach, we discuss our community-based design process, which was documented with memos, online meetings and text conversations, sketches, and other data sources. We illustrate how we articulated our values as a group: deciding our programming framework (including a Statement of Principles), elaborating our "Experience Goals" (the feelings we wanted our design to elicit), and determining the features we wanted to implement in our app. We conclude with a reflection on the benefits and challenges of conducting community-based design research through an open-source organizational model.},
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journal = {Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact.},
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month = jan,
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articleno = {258},
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numpages = {27},
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keywords = {transgender, free and open source software, feminist epistemologies, community-based collaborative design, autoethnography}
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}
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@article{10.1145/3145476,
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author = {Braught, Grant and Maccormick, John and Bowring, James and Burke, Quinn and Cutler, Barbara and Goldschmidt, David and Krishnamoorthy, Mukkai and Turner, Wesley and Huss-Lederman, Steven and Mackellar, Bonnie and Tucker, Allen},
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title = {A Multi-Institutional Perspective on H/FOSS Projects in the Computing Curriculum},
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year = {2018},
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issue_date = {June 2018},
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publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
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address = {New York, NY, USA},
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volume = {18},
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number = {2},
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url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3145476},
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doi = {10.1145/3145476},
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abstract = {Many computer science programs have capstone experiences or project courses that allow students to integrate knowledge from the full breadth of their major. Such capstone projects may be student-designed, instructor-designed, designed in conjunction with outside companies, or integrated with ongoing free and open source (FOSS) projects. The literature shows that the FOSS approach has attracted a great deal of interest, in particular when implemented with projects that have humanitarian goals (HFOSS). In this article, we describe five unique models from five distinct types of institutions for incorporating sustained FOSS or HFOSS (alternatively H/FOSS) project work into capstone experiences or courses. The goal is to provide instructors wishing to integrate open source experiences into their curriculum with additional perspectives and resources to help in adapting this approach to the specific needs and goals of their institution and students. All of the models presented are based on sustained engagement with H/FOSS projects that last at least one semester and often more. Each model is described in terms of its characteristics and how it fits the needs of the institution using the model. Assessment of each model is also presented. We then discuss the themes that are common across the models, such as project selection, team formation, mentoring, and student assessment. We examine the choices made by each model, as well as the challenges faced. We end with a discussion how the models have leveraged institutional initiatives and collaborations with outside organizations to address some of the challenges associated with these projects.},
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journal = {ACM Trans. Comput. Educ.},
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month = jul,
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articleno = {7},
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numpages = {31},
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keywords = {FOSS, HFOSS, Open source, capstones, humanitarian, projects}
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}
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@article{10.1145/3290837,
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author = {Gasson, Susan and Purcelle, Michelle},
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title = {A Participation Architecture to Support User Peripheral Participation in a Hybrid FOSS Community},
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year = {2018},
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issue_date = {December 2018},
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publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
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address = {New York, NY, USA},
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volume = {1},
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number = {4},
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url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3290837},
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doi = {10.1145/3290837},
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abstract = {Participation by product users is critical to success in free, open-source software (FOSS) software communities as they originate and develop valuable ideas for product innovation that are unlikely to originate from the core software development community. Users tend to be involved at the periphery of FOSS communities, suggesting new product ideas, highlighting problems with user documentation, or explaining when the product design fails to fit with the needs of their local user application domain. As an increasing number of FOSS projects employ a hybrid participation model that combines volunteer effort with paid software development effort or product support, it can be difficult for non-developer users to participate in product innovation. In colocated organizations, it is theorized that peripheral participants learn how to engage with the practices and cultural identity of a community through a sociocultural apprenticeship known as legitimate peripheral participation. But we have little literature that explores how legitimate peripheral participation is enabled in online communities.The research study presented in this article explores how participation by peripheral users in a hybrid FOSS project is afforded by participation architecture channels and community mechanisms that mediate two forms of engagement: a “cognitive apprenticeship” that introduces participants to situated domain activity, such as the community processes involved in product innovation, and a “social apprenticeship” by which participants become enculturated in the system of meanings, values, norms, and behaviors that govern community/participant identity. We identified five stages of community innovation, analyzing sociotechnical affordances of the online participation architecture that enable peripheral participants to internalize the meanings of community practice and to develop a social identity within the FOSS community. Our contribution to theory is provided by the substantive explanation of the cognitive and social translations that enable legitimate peripheral participation in online communities, mediated by sociotechnical access channels and mechanisms that afford two contrasting forms of opportunities for action: those resulting from interactions between a goal-oriented actor and the technology platform features or channels of participation, and those associated with the social structures, roles, and relationships underpinning community interactions. Neither of these is sufficient without the other. Our contribution to practice is provided by an explanation of how four distinct categories of affordance provide these cognitive and social apprenticeship benefits, allowing participation architecture designers to cater to all forms of peripheral user participation. We conclude that the technical affordances of a typical FOSS community participation architecture are insufficient to mediate peripheral participation by nontechnical users. Meaningful participation is mediated by interactions between boundary spanners who play knowledge-brokering and organizational bridging roles. The combination of technical and social affordances enables peripheral participants to acquire an interior view of community practices and social culture and in turn to introduce new ideas, new values, and new rationales to produce a generative dance of innovation that percolates through the community.},
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journal = {Trans. Soc. Comput.},
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month = dec,
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articleno = {14},
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numpages = {46},
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keywords = {Legitimate peripheral participation, affordances, hybrid-FOSS community, innovation, participation architecture, user participation}
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}
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@article{10.1145/3705303,
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author = {Chen, Yunqi and Wan, Zhiyuan and Zhuang, Yifei and Liu, Ning and Lo, David and Yang, Xiaohu},
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title = {Understanding the OSS Communities of Deep Learning Frameworks: A Comparative Case Study of PyTorch and TensorFlow},
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year = {2025},
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issue_date = {March 2025},
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publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
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address = {New York, NY, USA},
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volume = {34},
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number = {3},
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issn = {1049-331X},
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url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3705303},
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doi = {10.1145/3705303},
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abstract = {Over the past two decades, deep learning has received tremendous success in developing software systems across various domains. Deep learning frameworks have been proposed to facilitate the development of such software systems, among which, PyTorch and TensorFlow stand out as notable examples. Considerable attention focuses on exploring software engineering practices and addressing diverse technical aspects in developing and deploying deep learning frameworks and software systems. Despite these efforts, little is known about the open source software communities involved in the development of deep learning frameworks.In this article, we perform a comparative investigation into the open source software communities of the two representative deep learning frameworks, PyTorch and TensorFlow. To facilitate the investigation, we compile a dataset of 2,792 and 3,288 code commit authors, along with 9,826 and 19,750 participants engaged in issue events on GitHub, from the two communities, respectively. With the dataset, we first characterize the structures of the two communities by employing four operationalizations to classify contributors into various roles and inspect the contributions made by common contributors across the two communities. We then conduct a longitudinal analysis to characterize the evolution of the two communities across various releases, in terms of the numbers of contributors with various roles and role transitions among contributors. Finally, we explore the causal effects between community characteristics and the popularity of the two frameworks.We find that the TensorFlow community harbors a larger base of contributors, encompassing a higher proportion of core developers and a more extensive cohort of active users compared to the PyTorch community. In terms of the technical background of the developers, 64.4\% and 56.1\% developers in the PyTorch and TensorFlow communities are employed by the leading companies of the corresponding open source software projects, Meta and Google, respectively; 25.9\% and 21.9\% core developers in the PyTorch and TensorFlow communities possess Ph.D. degrees, while 77.2\% and 77.7\% contribute to other machine learning or deep learning open source projects, respectively. Developers contributing to both communities demonstrate spatial and temporal similarities to some extent in their pull requests across the respective projects. The evolution of contributors with various roles exhibits a consistent upward trend over time in the PyTorch community. Conversely, a noticeable turning point in the growth of contributors characterizes the evolution of the TensorFlow community. Both communities show a statistically significant decreasing trend in the inflow rates of core developers. Furthermore, we observe statistically significant causal effects between the expansion of communities and retention of core developers and the popularity of deep learning frameworks. Based on our findings, we discuss implications, provide recommendations for sustaining open source software communities of deep learning frameworks, and outline directions for future research.},
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journal = {ACM Trans. Softw. Eng. Methodol.},
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month = feb,
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articleno = {70},
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numpages = {30},
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keywords = {Deep learning, community evolution, GitHub, developer classification}
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}
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@article{10.1145/3415251,
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author = {Trinkenreich, Bianca and Guizani, Mariam and Wiese, Igor and Sarma, Anita and Steinmacher, Igor},
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title = {Hidden Figures: Roles and Pathways of Successful OSS Contributors},
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year = {2020},
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issue_date = {October 2020},
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publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
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address = {New York, NY, USA},
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volume = {4},
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number = {CSCW2},
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url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3415251},
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doi = {10.1145/3415251},
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abstract = {Open Source Software (OSS) development is a collaborative endeavor where expert developers, distributed around the globe create software solutions. Given this characteristic, OSS communities have been studied as technical communities, where stakeholders join and evolve in their careers based on their (often voluntary) code contributions to the project. However, the OSS landscape is slowly changing with more people and companies getting involved in OSS. This means that projects now need people in non-technical roles and activities to keep the project sustainable and evolving. In this paper, we focus on understanding the roles and activities that are part of the current OSS landscape and the different career pathways in OSS. By conducting and analyzing 17 interviews with OSS contributors who are well known in the community, we provide empirical evidence of the existence and importance of community-centric roles (e.g advocate, license manager, community founder) in addition to the well-known project-centric ones (e.g maintainer, core member). However, the community-centric roles typically remain hidden, since these roles may not leave traces in software repositories typically analyzed by researchers. We found that people can build a career in OSS through different roles and activities, with different backgrounds, including those not related to writing software. Furthermore, people's career pathways are fluid, moving between project and community-centric roles. Our work highlights that communities and researchers need to take action to acknowledge the importance of these varied roles, making these roles visible and well-recognized, which can ultimately help attract and retain more people in the OSS projects.},
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journal = {Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact.},
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month = oct,
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articleno = {180},
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numpages = {22},
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keywords = {role, open-source, collaborative development, career}
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}
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@article{10.1145/2876443,
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author = {Zhou, Minghui and Mockus, Audris and Ma, Xiujuan and Zhang, Lu and Mei, Hong},
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title = {Inflow and Retention in OSS Communities with Commercial Involvement: A Case Study of Three Hybrid Projects},
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year = {2016},
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issue_date = {May 2016},
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publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
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address = {New York, NY, USA},
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volume = {25},
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number = {2},
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issn = {1049-331X},
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url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/2876443},
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doi = {10.1145/2876443},
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abstract = {Motivation: Open-source projects are often supported by companies, but such involvement often affects the robust contributor inflow needed to sustain the project and sometimes prompts key contributors to leave. To capture user innovation and to maintain quality of software and productivity of teams, these projects need to attract and retain contributors. Aim: We want to understand and quantify how inflow and retention are shaped by policies and actions of companies in three application server projects. Method: We identified three hybrid projects implementing the same JavaEE specification and used published literature, online materials, and interviews to quantify actions and policies companies used to get involved. We collected project repository data, analyzed affiliation history of project participants, and used generalized linear models and survival analysis to measure contributor inflow and retention. Results: We identified coherent groups of policies and actions undertaken by sponsoring companies as three models of community involvement and quantified tradeoffs between the inflow and retention each model provides. We found that full control mechanisms and high intensity of commercial involvement were associated with a decrease of external inflow and with improved retention. However, a shared control mechanism was associated with increased external inflow contemporaneously with the increase of commercial involvement. Implications: Inspired by a natural experiment, our methods enabled us to quantify aspects of the balance between community and private interests in open- source software projects and provide clear implications for the structure of future open-source communities.},
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journal = {ACM Trans. Softw. Eng. Methodol.},
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month = apr,
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articleno = {13},
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numpages = {29},
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keywords = {Hybrid project, commercial involvement, contributor inflow, contributor retention, extent and intensity of involvement, natural experiment}
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}
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