references from waves of data collection

SLR_references_total/SLR_references_1/401-410-ProQuestDocuments-2025-02-27.bib

@@ -0,0 +1,210 @@
+
+@article{yang_off_2023,
+	title = {Off to a {Good} {Start}: {Dynamic} {Contribution} {Patterns} and {Technical} {Success} in an {OSS} {Newcomer}’s {Early} {Career}},
+	volume = {49},
+	issn = {00985589},
+	url = {http://turing.library.northwestern.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/off-good-start-dynamic-contribution-patterns/docview/2776777604/se-2?accountid=12861},
+	doi = {10.1109/TSE.2022.3156071},
+	abstract = {Attracting and retaining newcomers are critical aspects for OSS projects, as such projects rely on newcomers’ sustainable contributions. Considerable effort has been made to help newcomers by identifying and overcoming the barriers during the onboarding process. However, most newcomers eventually fail and drop out of their projects even after successful onboarding. Meanwhile, it has been long known that individuals’ early career stages profoundly impact their long-term career success. However, newcomers’ early careers are less investigated in SE research. In this paper, we sought to develop an empirical understanding of the relationships between newcomers’ dynamic contribution patterns in their early careers and their technical success. To achieve this goal, we compiled a dataset of newcomers’ contribution data from 54 large OSS projects under three different ecosystems and analyzed it with time series analysis and other statistical analysis techniques. Our analyses yield rich findings. The correlations between several contribution patterns and technical success were identified. In general, being consistent and persistent in newcomers’ early careers is positively associated with their technical success. While these correlations generally hold in all three ecosystems, we observed some differences in detailed contribution patterns correlated with technical success across ecosystems. In addition, we performed a case study to investigate whether another type of contributions, i.e., documentation contribution, could potentially have positive correlations with newcomers’ technical success. We discussed the implications and summarized practical recommendations to OSS newcomers. The insights gained from this work demonstrated the necessity of extending the focus of research and practice to newcomers’ early careers and hence shed light on future research in this direction.},
+	language = {English},
+	number = {2},
+	journal = {IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering},
+	author = {Yang, Yue and Wang, Yi and Redmiles, David},
+	year = {2023},
+	note = {Place: New York
+Publisher: IEEE Computer Society},
+	keywords = {Careers, open source, Task analysis, Ecosystems, Success, Documentation, Engineering profession, Codes, Correlation, Newcomer, Focusing, Statistical analysis, Computers--Software, Empirical analysis, Dynamic contribution pattern, early career, newcomer, technical success},
+	pages = {529--548},
+	annote = {Copyright - Copyright IEEE Computer Society 2023},
+	annote = {Last updated - 2024-12-17},
+}
+
+@article{dann_identifying_2022,
+	title = {Identifying {Challenges} for {OSS} {Vulnerability} {Scanners} - {A} {Study} \& {Test} {Suite}},
+	volume = {48},
+	issn = {00985589},
+	url = {http://turing.library.northwestern.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/identifying-challenges-oss-vulnerability-scanners/docview/2714955125/se-2?accountid=12861},
+	doi = {10.1109/TSE.2021.3101739},
+	abstract = {The use of vulnerable open-source dependencies is a known problem in today's software development. Several vulnerability scanners to detect known-vulnerable dependencies appeared in the last decade, however, there exists no case study investigating the impact of development practices, e.g., forking, patching, re-bundling, on their performance. This paper studies (i) types of modifications that may affect vulnerable open-source dependencies and (ii) their impact on the performance of vulnerability scanners. Through an empirical study on 7,024 Java projects developed at SAP , we identified four types of modifications: re-compilation, re-bundling, metadata-removal and re-packaging. In particular, we found that more than 87 percent (56 percent, resp.) of the vulnerable Java classes considered occur in Maven Central in re-bundled (re-packaged, resp.) form. We assessed the impact of these modifications on the performance of the open-source vulnerability scanners OWASP Dependency-Check (OWASP) and Eclipse Steady, GitHub Security Alerts, and three commercial scanners. The results show that none of the scanners is able to handle all the types of modifications identified. Finally, we present Achilles , a novel test suite with 2,505 test cases that allow replicating the modifications on open-source dependencies.},
+	language = {English},
+	number = {9},
+	journal = {IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering},
+	author = {Dann, Andreas and Plate, Henrik and Hermann, Ben and Ponta, Serena Elisa and Bodden, Eric},
+	year = {2022},
+	note = {Place: New York
+Publisher: IEEE Computer Society},
+	keywords = {Open source software, Alliances, Databases, Software, Open-source software, Tools, Software reliability, tools, Java, Security, open-source software, Software development, Software testing, Computers--Software, Benchmark testing, Bundling, Scanners, Security maintenance, security vulnerabilities, Test suite},
+	pages = {3613--3625},
+	annote = {Copyright - Copyright IEEE Computer Society 2022},
+	annote = {Last updated - 2023-11-25},
+}
+
+@article{nadri_relationship_2022,
+	title = {On the {Relationship} {Between} the {Developer}’s {Perceptible} {Race} and {Ethnicity} and the {Evaluation} of {Contributions} in {OSS}},
+	volume = {48},
+	issn = {00985589},
+	url = {http://turing.library.northwestern.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/on-relationship-between-developer-s-perceptible/docview/2703102371/se-2?accountid=12861},
+	doi = {10.1109/TSE.2021.3073773},
+	abstract = {Context: Open Source Software (OSS) projects are typically the result of collective efforts performed by developers with different backgrounds. Although the quality of developers’ contributions should be the only factor influencing the evaluation of the contributions to OSS projects, recent studies have shown that diversity issues are correlated with the acceptance or rejection of developers’ contributions. Objective: This paper assists this emerging state-of-the-art body on diversity research with the first empirical study that analyzes how developers’ perceptible race and ethnicity relates to the evaluation of the contributions in OSS. We also want to create awareness of the racial and ethnic diversity in OSS projects. Methodology: We performed a large-scale quantitative study of OSS projects in GitHub. We extracted the developers’ perceptible race and ethnicity from their names in GitHub using the Name-Prism tool and applied regression modeling of contributions (i.e, pull requests) data from GHTorrent and GitHub. Results: We observed that (1) among the developers whose perceptible race and ethnicity was captured by the tool, only 16.56 percent were perceptible as Non-White developers; (2) contributions from perceptible White developers have about 6–10 percent higher odds of being accepted when compared to contributions from perceptible Non-White developers; and (3) submitters with perceptible non-white races and ethnicities are more likely to get their pull requests accepted when the integrator is estimated to be from their same race and ethnicity rather than when the integrator is estimated to be White. Conclusion: Our initial analysis shows a low number of Non-White developers participating in OSS. Furthermore, the results from our regression analysis lead us to believe that there may exist differences between the evaluation of the contributions from different perceptible races and ethnicities. Thus, our findings reinforce the need for further studies on racial and ethnic diversity in software engineering to foster healthier OSS communities.},
+	language = {English},
+	number = {8},
+	journal = {IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering},
+	author = {Nadri, Reza and Rodriguez-Perez, Gema and Nagappan, Meiyappan},
+	year = {2022},
+	note = {Place: New York
+Publisher: IEEE Computer Society},
+	keywords = {Open source software, GitHub, Ethnicity, software development, open source software, Race, Software engineering, Open-source software, Tools, Psychology, Regression analysis, Multiculturalism, Gender issues, Software development management, Diversity, Cultural differences, Perceptible race and ethnicity diversity, Developer, Computers--Software, Empirical analysis, Ethnic group, Integrators, Multiculturalism \& pluralism},
+	pages = {2955--2968},
+	annote = {Copyright - Copyright IEEE Computer Society 2022},
+	annote = {Last updated - 2024-12-21},
+}
+
+@article{bitzer_is_2017,
+	title = {Is there a wage premium for volunteer {OSS} engagement? - signalling, learning and noise},
+	volume = {49},
+	issn = {00036846},
+	url = {http://turing.library.northwestern.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/is-there-wage-premium-volunteer-oss-engagement/docview/1881460983/se-2?accountid=12861},
+	doi = {10.1080/00036846.2016.1218427},
+	abstract = {Volunteer-based open-source production has become a significant new model for the organization of software development. Economics often pictures this phenomenon as a case of signalling: individuals engage in the volunteer programming of open-source software (OSS) as a labour-market signal resulting in a wage premium. Yet, this explanation could so far not be empirically tested. This article fills this gap by estimating an upper-bound composite wage premium of voluntary OSS contributions and by separating the potential signalling effect of OSS engagement from other effects. Although some 70\% of OSS contributors believe that OSS involvement benefits their careers, we find no actual labour-market premium for OSS engagement. The presence of other motives, such as fun of play or altruism, renders OSS contributions too noisy to function as a signal.},
+	language = {English},
+	number = {14},
+	journal = {Applied Economics},
+	author = {Bitzer, Jürgen and Geishecker, Ingo and Schröder, Philipp J. H.},
+	month = mar,
+	year = {2017},
+	note = {Place: London
+Publisher: Taylor \& Francis Ltd.},
+	keywords = {Open source software, peer production, Business And Economics, Open-source software, Noise, Engagement, open-source software, Public domain, Volunteering, D01, J24, J31, Signalling, voluntary work, wage formation},
+	pages = {1379--1394},
+	annote = {CODEN - APPEBP},
+	annote = {Copyright - © 2016 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor \& Francis Group},
+	annote = {Last updated - 2023-11-19},
+}
+
+@article{mendez-duron_allocation_2013,
+	title = {Do the allocation and quality of intellectual assets affect the reputation of open source software projects?},
+	volume = {50},
+	issn = {03787206},
+	url = {http://turing.library.northwestern.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/do-allocation-quality-intellectual-assets-affect/docview/1449192134/se-2?accountid=12861},
+	abstract = {We study the effect exerted by intellectual asset quality, social interaction, and the (re) allocation of intellectual assets on the reputation of open source software projects by analyzing 3,196 software games over twelve months. Our main findings are as follows: (1) the aggregate performance of the individuals involved in a project increases the project's reputation, (2) changes in individual commitment affect project reputation, (3) social interaction increases project reputation, (4) reputation is more sensitive to the performance of individuals than to social interaction, and (5) the quality of intellectual assets and the project's social interaction both moderate the negative effect of changes in individual commitment. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]},
+	language = {English},
+	number = {7},
+	journal = {Information \& Management},
+	author = {Méndez-Durón, Rebeca},
+	month = nov,
+	year = {2013},
+	note = {Place: Amsterdam
+Publisher: Elsevier Sequoia S.A.},
+	keywords = {Open source software, Social interaction, Studies, Open source, Open-source software, Project management, Organizational behavior, 5240:Software \& systems, 9130:Experiment/theoretical treatment, Public domain, 2500:Organizational behavior, Software Projects, Resource allocation, Computers--Data Base Management, Reputations, Reputation, Human performance, Social relation},
+	pages = {357},
+	annote = {CODEN - IMANDC},
+	annote = {Copyright - Copyright Elsevier Sequoia S.A. Nov 2013},
+	annote = {Last updated - 2024-11-22},
+}
+
+@article{collado_guerilla_2013,
+	title = {A {Guerilla} {Usability} {Lab} with {Free} {Software}},
+	volume = {20},
+	issn = {10725520},
+	url = {http://turing.library.northwestern.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/guerilla-usability-lab-with-free-software/docview/1368183989/se-2?accountid=12861},
+	abstract = {Usability, or the quality of a user's experience when interacting with a system, is a prerequisite for new application delivery within their organization. Nevertheless, a significant percentage of the applications being developed explicitly ignore current best practices. Here, the authors describe a portable, low-cost usability lab targeted at in-house developers, stakeholders, and other interested parties. With it, they aim to empower and encourage development teams across organizations to perform small-scale, routine usability testing. A usability lab is, in essence, an observation platform for learning from the interaction between a participant and an application. Their experience shows that setting up an observation platform with enough quality for usability testing can be done with relative ease, without licensing fees or special platform requirements. If you want to get developers onboard, don't theorize but rather show them the code: Get familiar with their jargon, understand their tools and processes.},
+	language = {English},
+	number = {3},
+	journal = {Interactions},
+	author = {Collado, José Antonio and Mora, Paul Salazar and Parham, Elizabeth},
+	month = jun,
+	year = {2013},
+	note = {Place: New York
+Publisher: Association for Computing Machinery},
+	keywords = {User experience, Software, Usability, Free software, Software development, 5240:Software \& systems, Freeware, United States--US, 5400:Research \& development, 9190:United States, Laboratories, Best practice, Human-computer interaction, Usability testing, 5320:Quality control, Computers--Computer Programming},
+	pages = {62},
+	annote = {Copyright - Copyright Association for Computing Machinery Jun 2013},
+	annote = {Document feature - Photographs; References; Tables},
+	annote = {Last updated - 2024-11-19},
+	annote = {SubjectsTermNotLitGenreText - United States--US},
+}
+
+@article{giuri_skills_2010,
+	title = {Skills, division of labor and performance in collective inventions: {Evidence} from open source software},
+	volume = {28},
+	issn = {01677187},
+	url = {http://turing.library.northwestern.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/skills-division-labor-performance-collective/docview/197329424/se-2?accountid=12861},
+	abstract = {This paper investigates the skills and the division of labor among participants in collective inventions. Our analysis draws on a large sample of projects registered at Sourceforge.net, the world's largest incubator of open source software activity. We test the hypothesis that skill variety of participants is associated with project performance. We also explore whether the level of modularization of project activities is correlated with performance. Our econometric estimations show that skill heterogeneity is associated with project survival and performance. However, the relationship between skill diversity and performance is non-monotonic. Design modularity is also positively associated with the performance of the project. Finally, the interaction between skill heterogeneity and modularity is negatively associated with performance. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]},
+	language = {English},
+	number = {1},
+	journal = {International Journal of Industrial Organization},
+	author = {Giurí, Paola and Ploner, Matteo and Rullani, Francesco and Torrisi, Salvalore},
+	month = jan,
+	year = {2010},
+	note = {Place: Amsterdam
+Publisher: Elsevier Sequoia S.A.},
+	keywords = {Open source software, Studies, Open-source software, Econometrics, Project management, 9130:Experiment/theoretical treatment, Public domain, 8302:Software \& computer services industry, 1130:Economic theory, Business And Economics--Labor And Industrial Relations, Correlation analysis, Skills, Performance, Division of labour, Invention, Inventions, Skill},
+	pages = {54},
+	annote = {CODEN - IJIODY},
+	annote = {Copyright - Copyright Elsevier Sequoia S.A. Jan 2010},
+	annote = {Document feature - Tables; Graphs; Equations; References},
+	annote = {Last updated - 2024-12-01},
+}
+
+@article{jiang_speed_2010,
+	title = {Speed {Matters}: {The} {Role} of {Free} {Software} {Offer} in {Software} {Diffusion}: {JMIS}},
+	volume = {26},
+	issn = {07421222},
+	url = {http://turing.library.northwestern.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/speed-matters-role-free-software-offer-diffusion/docview/1366388107/se-2?accountid=12861},
+	abstract = {Many software products are available free of charge. While the benefits resulting from network externality have been examined in the related literature, the effect of free offer on the diffusion of new software has not been formally analyzed. We show in this study that even if other benefits do not exist, a software firm can still benefit from giving away fully functioning software. This is due to the accelerated diffusion process and subsequently the increased net present value of future sales. By adapting the Bass diffusion model to capture the impact of free software offer, we provide a methodology to determine the optimal number of free adopters. We show that the optimal free offer solution depends on the discount rate, the length of the demand window, and the ratio of low-valuation to high-valuation free adopters. Our methodology is shown to be applicable for both fixed and dynamic pricing strategies. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]},
+	language = {English},
+	number = {3},
+	journal = {Journal of Management Information Systems},
+	author = {Jiang, Zhengrui and Sumit, Sarkar},
+	year = {2010},
+	note = {Place: Abingdon
+Publisher: Taylor \& Francis Ltd.},
+	keywords = {Political Science, Studies, Software, Free software, 9130:Experiment/theoretical treatment, 8302:Software \& computer services industry, Freeware, Mathematical models, Valuation, Sales, 3100:Capital \& debt management, Bass diffusion model, Dynamic pricing, Fixed price, Net present value, Pricing strategies},
+	pages = {207},
+	annote = {Copyright - Copyright M. E. Sharpe Inc. Winter 2010},
+	annote = {Last updated - 2024-12-03},
+}
+
+@article{sowe_identifying_2006,
+	title = {Identifying knowledge brokers that yield software engineering knowledge in {OSS} projects},
+	volume = {48},
+	issn = {09505849},
+	url = {http://turing.library.northwestern.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/identifying-knowledge-brokers-that-yield-software/docview/196417186/se-2?accountid=12861},
+	abstract = {Much research on open source software development concentrates on developer lists and other software repositories to investigate what motivates professional software developers to participate in open source software projects. Little attention has been paid to individuals who spend valuable time in lists helping participants on some mundane yet vital project activities. Using three Debian lists as a case study we investigate the impact of knowledge brokers and their associated activities in open source projects. Social network analysis was used to visualize how participants are affiliated with the lists. The network topology reveals substantial community participation. The consequence of collaborating in mundane activities for the success of open source software projects is discussed. The direct beneficiaries of this research are in the identification of knowledge experts in open source software projects. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]},
+	language = {English},
+	number = {11},
+	journal = {Information and Software Technology},
+	author = {Sowe, Sulayman and Stamelos, Ioannis and Angelis, Lefteris},
+	month = nov,
+	year = {2006},
+	note = {Place: Amsterdam
+Publisher: Elsevier Science Ltd.},
+	keywords = {Open source software, Social network analysis, Studies, Software engineering, Open-source software, Social networks, 5240:Software \& systems, 9130:Experiment/theoretical treatment, Public domain, Systems development, Software Projects, Computers--Data Base Management, Programmer, Software repository},
+	pages = {1025},
+	annote = {Copyright - Copyright Elsevier Science Ltd. Nov 2006},
+	annote = {Last updated - 2023-11-25},
+}
+
+@article{karels_commercializing_2003,
+	title = {Commercializing {Open} {Source} {Software}},
+	volume = {1},
+	issn = {15427730},
+	url = {http://turing.library.northwestern.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/commercializing-open-source-software/docview/230071638/se-2?accountid=12861},
+	doi = {10.1145/945074.945125},
+	abstract = {Special issue title: The business of open source: when two worlds collide
+
+
+Many have tried, a few are succeeding, but challenges abound.},
+	language = {English},
+	number = {5},
+	journal = {ACM Queue},
+	author = {Karels, Michael J},
+	month = aug,
+	year = {2003},
+	note = {Place: New York
+Publisher: Association for Computing Machinery},
+	keywords = {Open source software, Accountability, Open source, Software engineering, Software, Open-source software, Licenses, Operating systems, Documentation, Software development, Business models, Public domain, 51321:Software Publishers, Software industry, Computers--Software, Licensing, Competitive advantage, Open, Commercialization, Community support, Computer peripherals},
+	pages = {46},
+	annote = {Copyright - Copyright Association for Computing Machinery Jul/Aug 2003},
+	annote = {Last updated - 2024-11-19},
+}

SLR_references_total/SLR_references_2/t2-acm-1.bib

@@ -0,0 +1,867 @@
+@inproceedings{10.1145/3643991.3649105,
+author = {Zhou, Minghui and Zhang, Yuxia and Tan, Xin},
+title = {Open Source Software Digital Sociology: Quantifying and Managing Complex Open Source Software Ecosystem},
+year = {2024},
+isbn = {9798400705878},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3643991.3649105},
+doi = {10.1145/3643991.3649105},
+abstract = {Open Source Software (OSS) ecosystems have revolutionized computing and society. However, the complex nature of their formation and sustainability presents significant challenges for practitioners and researchers. To understand and manage these complex ecosystems, we propose the concept of OSS digital sociology, aiming to uncover the mechanisms behind OSS ecosystems. This tutorial will illustrate why OSS digital sociology, and the challenges and research achievements in this field.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Mining Software Repositories},
+pages = {743–744},
+numpages = {2},
+location = {Lisbon, Portugal},
+series = {MSR '24}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/3639478.3639805,
+author = {Sun, Jiayi},
+title = {Sustaining Scientific Open-Source Software Ecosystems: Challenges, Practices, and Opportunities},
+year = {2024},
+isbn = {9798400705021},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3639478.3639805},
+doi = {10.1145/3639478.3639805},
+abstract = {Scientific open-source software (scientific OSS) has facilitated scientific research due to its transparent and collaborative nature. The sustainability of such software is becoming crucial given its pivotal role in scientific endeavors. While past research has proposed strategies for the sustainability of the scientific software or general OSS communities in isolation, it remains unclear when the two scenarios are merged if these approaches are directly applicable to developing scientific OSS. In this research, we propose to investigate the unique challenges in sustaining the scientific OSS ecosystems. We first conduct a case study to empirically understand the interdisciplinary team's collaboration in scientific OSS ecosystems and identify the collaboration challenges. Further, to generalize our findings, we plan to conduct a large-scale quantitative study in broader scientific OSS ecosystems to identify the cross-project collaboration inefficiencies. Finally, we would like to design and develop interventions to mitigate the problems identified.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2024 IEEE/ACM 46th International Conference on Software Engineering: Companion Proceedings},
+pages = {234–236},
+numpages = {3},
+location = {Lisbon, Portugal},
+series = {ICSE-Companion '24}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/3691620.3695333,
+author = {Park, Sohee and Kwon, Ryeonggu and Kwon, Gihwon},
+title = {Assessing Open Source Software Survivability using Kaplan-Meier Survival Function and Polynomial Regression},
+year = {2024},
+isbn = {9798400712487},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3691620.3695333},
+doi = {10.1145/3691620.3695333},
+abstract = {This study evaluates OSS project survivability using the Kaplan-Meier Survival Function and polynomial regression models. The key factors identified include the number of contributors and project popularity, which significantly influence survivability. Traditional indicators like project age do not directly correlate with OSS survivability. Instead, community engagement and recognition are crucial, offering valuable guidelines for managing and selecting Survivable OSS projects.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 39th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering},
+pages = {2470–2471},
+numpages = {2},
+keywords = {open source software, survivability, polynomial regression, kaplan-meier survival function},
+location = {Sacramento, CA, USA},
+series = {ASE '24}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/3531056.3542767,
+author = {Zhou, Minghui},
+title = {Open Source Software Digital Sociology: Engineering Open Source Software Ecosystem for Impact and Sustainability},
+year = {2022},
+isbn = {9781450396639},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3531056.3542767},
+doi = {10.1145/3531056.3542767},
+abstract = {Open source Software (OSS) ecosystems have had a tremendous impact on computing and society, while their sustainability poses great challenges to both practitioners and researchers. We utilize vast collections of open data produced by distributed version control and social media to discover the mechanisms by which such ecosystems form and operate, which we call open source software sociology.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the Federated Africa and Middle East Conference on Software Engineering},
+pages = {95–96},
+numpages = {2},
+keywords = {Open source ecosystem, group collaboration, individual learning, software supply chain},
+location = {Cairo-Kampala, Egypt},
+series = {FAMECSE '22}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/3543873.3587336,
+author = {Dam, Tobias and Klausner, Lukas Daniel and Neumaier, Sebastian},
+title = {Towards a Critical Open-Source Software Database},
+year = {2023},
+isbn = {9781450394192},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3543873.3587336},
+doi = {10.1145/3543873.3587336},
+abstract = {Open-source software (OSS) plays a vital role in the modern software ecosystem. However, the maintenance and sustainability of OSS projects can be challenging. In this paper, we present the CrOSSD project, which aims to build a database of OSS projects and measure their current project “health” status. In the project, we will use both quantitative and qualitative metrics to evaluate the health of OSS projects. The quantitative metrics will be gathered through automated crawling of meta information such as the number of contributors, commits and lines of code. Qualitative metrics will be gathered for selected “critical” projects through manual analysis and automated tools, including aspects such as sustainability, funding, community engagement and adherence to security policies. The results of the analysis will be presented on a user-friendly web platform, which will allow users to view the health of individual OSS projects as well as the overall health of the OSS ecosystem. With this approach, the CrOSSD project provides a comprehensive and up-to-date view of the health of OSS projects, making it easier for developers, maintainers and other stakeholders to understand the health of OSS projects and make informed decisions about their use and maintenance.},
+booktitle = {Companion Proceedings of the ACM Web Conference 2023},
+pages = {156–159},
+numpages = {4},
+keywords = {open-source health, open-source software, quality monitoring, software security},
+location = {Austin, TX, USA},
+series = {WWW '23 Companion}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/3546932.3547000,
+author = {Zajdel, Stan and Costa, Diego Elias and Mili, Hafedh},
+title = {Open source software: an approach to controlling usage and risk in application ecosystems},
+year = {2022},
+isbn = {9781450394437},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3546932.3547000},
+doi = {10.1145/3546932.3547000},
+abstract = {The Open Source Software movement has been growing exponentially for a number of years with no signs of slowing. Driving this growth is the wide-spread availability of libraries and frameworks that provide many functionalities. Developers are saving time and money incorporating this functionality into their applications resulting in faster more feature-rich releases. Despite the growing success and the advantages that open source software provides, there is a dark side. Due to its community construction and largely unregulated distribution, the majority of open source software contains bugs, vulnerabilities and other issues making it highly susceptible to exploits. The lack of oversight in general hinders the quality of this software resulting in a trickle down effect in the applications that use it. Additionally, developers who use open source tend to arbitrarily download the software into their build systems but rarely keep track of what they have downloaded resulting in an excessive amount of open source software in their applications and in their ecosystem. This paper discusses processes and practices that users of open source software can implement into their environments that can safely track and control the introduction and usage of open source software into their applications, and report on some preliminary results obtained in an industrial context. We conclude by discussing governance issues related to the disciplined use and reuse of open source and areas for further improvements.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 26th ACM International Systems and Software Product Line Conference - Volume A},
+pages = {154–163},
+numpages = {10},
+keywords = {DevSecOps, NPM, dependencies, maven, open source software},
+location = {Graz, Austria},
+series = {SPLC '22}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/3674805.3686667,
+author = {Lin\r{a}ker, Johan and Link, Georg and Lumbard, Kevin},
+title = {Sustaining Maintenance Labor for Healthy Open Source Software Projects through Human Infrastructure: A Maintainer Perspective},
+year = {2024},
+isbn = {9798400710476},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3674805.3686667},
+doi = {10.1145/3674805.3686667},
+abstract = {Background: Open Source Software (OSS) fuels our global digital infrastructure but is commonly maintained by small groups of people whose time and labor represent a depletable resource. For the OSS projects to stay sustainable, i.e., viable and maintained over time without interruption or weakening, maintenance labor requires an underlying infrastructure to be supported and secured. Aims: Using the construct of human infrastructure, our study aims to investigate how maintenance labor can be supported and secured to enable the creation and maintenance of sustainable OSS projects, viewed from the maintainers’ perspective. Method: In our exploration, we interviewed ten maintainers from nine well-adopted OSS projects. We coded the data in two steps using investigator-triangulation. Results: We constructed a framework of infrastructure design that provide insight for OSS projects in the design of their human infrastructure. The framework specifically highlight the importance of human factors, e.g., securing a work-life balance and proactively managing social pressure, toxicity, and diversity. We also note both differences and overlaps in how the infrastructure needs to support and secure maintenance labor from maintainers and the wider OSS community, respectively. Funding is specifically highlighted as an important enabler for both types of resources. Conclusions: The study contributes to the qualitative understanding of the importance, sensitivity, and risk for depletion of the maintenance labor required to build and maintain healthy OSS projects. Human infrastructure is pivotal in ensuring that maintenance labor is sustainable, and by extension the OSS projects on which we all depend.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 18th ACM/IEEE International Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering and Measurement},
+pages = {37–48},
+numpages = {12},
+keywords = {Community Health, Human Factors, Maintainers, Open Source Software, Project Health, Sustainability},
+location = {Barcelona, Spain},
+series = {ESEM '24}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/3639478.3643079,
+author = {Chakroborti, Debasish and Roy, Chanchal and Schneider, Kevin},
+title = {A Study of Backporting Code in Open-Source Software for Characterizing Changesets},
+year = {2024},
+isbn = {9798400705021},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3639478.3643079},
+doi = {10.1145/3639478.3643079},
+abstract = {The software development process, shaped by stakeholder feedback, encompasses the creation of diverse versions tailored for customization and addressing hardware limitations. Maintaining these versions involves initiating the transfer of changes for reuse. In the context of a pull-based development model, where the development branch remains current, the term "backporting" is coined to sustain stable versions. Stability requirements may necessitate fewer changes, compatible modifications, or security checks. Consequently, we conducted an analysis of 37,460 backports from 223,602 pull requests in open-source GitHub projects, aiming to identify types of incompatibilities encountered in real-life scenarios. We manually pinpointed various reasons why pull requests may lack compatibility with other versions, including contextual differences, varying dependencies, and statement-level alterations. This study constitutes the inaugural comprehensive characterization of changesets during the porting process across different versions with incompatibilities. The acquired insights can serve as a foundation for automated slicing and adaptation of changesets in stable software versions.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2024 IEEE/ACM 46th International Conference on Software Engineering: Companion Proceedings},
+pages = {296–297},
+numpages = {2},
+keywords = {porting, backport, pull-request, commit, github},
+location = {Lisbon, Portugal},
+series = {ICSE-Companion '24}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/3678884.3681844,
+author = {Osborne, Cailean},
+title = {Open Source Software Developers' Views on Public and Private Funding: A Case Study on scikit-learn},
+year = {2024},
+isbn = {9798400711145},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3678884.3681844},
+doi = {10.1145/3678884.3681844},
+abstract = {Governments are increasingly funding open source software (OSS) development to enhance software security, digital sovereignty, and national competitiveness in science and innovation, amongst others. However, little is known about how OSS developers view the relative benefits and drawbacks of governmental funding compared to other funding sources. This study explores this question through a case study on scikit-learn, a Python library for machine learning, funded by public research grants, commercial sponsorship, micro-donations, and a €32 million grant announced in France's artificial intelligence strategy. Through 25 interviews with scikit-learn's maintainers and funders, this study makes two key contributions. First, it contributes empirical findings about the benefits and drawbacks of public and private funding for OSS developers, and the governance protocols employed by the maintainers to balance the diverse interests of their funders and community. Second, it offers practical lessons on funding for OSS developers, governments, and companies based on the experience of scikit-learn. The paper concludes with recommendations for future research and practice.},
+booktitle = {Companion Publication of the 2024 Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing},
+pages = {154–161},
+numpages = {8},
+keywords = {machine learning, open source software, oss funding models, oss sustainability, scikit-learn},
+location = {San Jose, Costa Rica},
+series = {CSCW Companion '24}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1109/ICSE-SEET58685.2023.00037,
+author = {He, Hao and Zhou, Minghui and Wang, Qingye and Li, Jingyue},
+title = {Open Source Software Onboarding as a University Course: An Experience Report},
+year = {2023},
+isbn = {9798350322590},
+publisher = {IEEE Press},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSE-SEET58685.2023.00037},
+doi = {10.1109/ICSE-SEET58685.2023.00037},
+abstract = {Without newcomers, open source software (OSS) projects are hardly sustainable. Yet, newcomers face a steep learning curve during OSS onboarding in which they must overcome a multitude of technical, social, and knowledge barriers. To ease the onboarding process, OSS communities are utilizing mentoring, task recommendation (e.g., "good first issues"), and engagement programs (e.g., Google Summer of Code). However, newcomers must first cultivate their motivation for OSS contribution and learn the necessary preliminaries before they can take advantage of these mechanisms. We believe this gap can be filled by a dedicated, practice-oriented OSS onboarding course. In this paper, we present our experience of teaching an OSS onboarding course at Peking University. The course contains a series of lectures, labs, and invited talks to prepare students with the required skills and motivate them to contribute to OSS. In addition, students are required to complete a semester-long course project in which they plan and make actual contributions to OSS projects. They can either contribute to some recommended OSS projects with dedicated mentors, or contribute to any OSS project they prefer. Finally, 16 out of the 19 enrolled students have successfully contributed to OSS projects, and five have retained. However, the onboarding trajectories, final contributions, and retention outcomes differ vastly between the two groups of students with different course project choices, yielding lessons for software engineering education.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 45th International Conference on Software Engineering: Software Engineering Education and Training},
+pages = {324–336},
+numpages = {13},
+keywords = {open source software, open source onboarding, software engineering education},
+location = {Melbourne, Australia},
+series = {ICSE-SEET '23}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/3613904.3642541,
+author = {Jahn, Leonie and Engelbutzeder, Philip and Randall, Dave and Bollmann, Yannick and Ntouros, Vasilis and Michel, Lea Katharina and Wulf, Volker},
+title = {In Between Users and Developers: Serendipitous Connections and Intermediaries in Volunteer-Driven Open-Source Software Development},
+year = {2024},
+isbn = {9798400703300},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3613904.3642541},
+doi = {10.1145/3613904.3642541},
+abstract = {Technology plays a pivotal role in driving transformation through grassroots movements, which operate on a local scale while embracing a global perspective on sustainability. Consequently, research emerged within Sustainable HCI, aiming to derive design principles that can empower these movements to scale their impact. However, a notable gap exists in contributions when addressing scalability of large free and open-source software (FOSS) projects.This paper aims to present our endeavors as action-oriented researchers with the voluntary-driven Foodsharing.de movement, focusing on a local community, the open-source developers and their connections. Within a community of 585,000 users and only a few developers that is dedicated to save and share surplus food, we explore the concepts of ‘intermediary experience’. We also introduce the notion of ‘serendipitous connections’, highlighting the unintentional yet beneficial associations that can arise from the collaboration between developers and users.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2024 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems},
+articleno = {924},
+numpages = {15},
+keywords = {Grassroots community, Intermediary, Open-Source Software, Sustainability},
+location = {Honolulu, HI, USA},
+series = {CHI '24}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1007/978-3-031-20891-1_4,
+author = {Zhang, Jierui and Wang, Liang and Zheng, Zhiwen and Tao, Xianping},
+title = {Social Community Evolution Analysis and Visualization in Open Source Software Projects},
+year = {2022},
+isbn = {978-3-031-20890-4},
+publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
+address = {Berlin, Heidelberg},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-20891-1_4},
+doi = {10.1007/978-3-031-20891-1_4},
+abstract = {The importance of social communities around open-source software projects has been recognized. Despite that a lot of relevant research focusing on this topic, understanding the structures and dynamics of communities around open-source software projects remains a tedious and challenging task. As a result, an easily accessible and useful application that enables project developers to gain awareness of the status and development of the project communities is desirable. In this paper, we present MyCommunity, a web-based online application system to automatically extract communication-based community structures from social coding platforms such as GitHub. Based on the detected community structures, the system analyzes and visualizes the community evolution history of a project with a set of semantic-rich events, and quantify the strength of community evolution with respect to different events with a series of indexes. Built-in support to quantitative analysis and machine learning tasks based on the quantitative evolutionary events are provided. We demonstrate the usefulness of the system by presenting its ability in predicting project success or failure with the community evolution features. The results suggest the system achieves a prediction accuracy of 88.5\% with commonly available machine learning models.},
+booktitle = {Web Information Systems Engineering – WISE 2022: 23rd International Conference, Biarritz, France, November 1–3, 2022, Proceedings},
+pages = {38–45},
+numpages = {8},
+keywords = {Web-based application, Open source community analysis, Community evolution},
+location = {Biarritz, France}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/3598469.3598489,
+author = {Eibl, Gregor and Thurnay, L\H{o}rinc},
+title = {The promises and perils of open source software release and usage by government – evidence from GitHub and literature},
+year = {2023},
+isbn = {9798400708374},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3598469.3598489},
+doi = {10.1145/3598469.3598489},
+abstract = {Abstract: Open Source Software (OSS) is extensively utilized in industry and government because it allows for open access to the source code and allows for external involvement in the software development process. There are several factors driving this movement in a government setting, making it difficult to assess the adoption's success. Through a study of billions of rows of GitHub activity data, this research analyzes the production of OSS by administrations in German-speaking countries in detail and analyses the motivating factors and challenges to OSS adoption through a literature review. Similar studies have been conducted in other nations, with somewhat different approaches, foci, and different ways to identify public GitHub users as well as insiders and outsiders of OSS projects. 16 consequences of OSS usage and development are listed in the paper. On GitHub, we found 1021 OSS projects run by public agencies in largly German-speaking nations. We then compiled a list of the most popular projects based on commits and the most active public agencies in terms of projects. The research also finds automatic contributions by bots, which have not been taken into account in the literature so far, and demonstrates highly substantial positive correlations between commits, forks, and stars as proxy for the popularity of these projects. This research introduces a new method for identifying government organizations in OSS platforms and illuminates the possible positive and negative effects of the public sector's release and adoption of open source software.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 24th Annual International Conference on Digital Government Research},
+pages = {180–190},
+numpages = {11},
+keywords = {GitHub, barriers, benefits, citizen engagement, evidence, government, open source software},
+location = {Gda?sk, Poland},
+series = {dg.o '23}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/3377812.3381402,
+author = {Alami, Adam},
+title = {The sustainability of quality in free and open source software},
+year = {2020},
+isbn = {9781450371223},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3377812.3381402},
+doi = {10.1145/3377812.3381402},
+abstract = {We learned from the history of software that great software are the ones who manage to sustain their quality. Free and open source software (FOSS) has become a serious software supply channel. However, trust on FOSS products is still an issue. Quality is a trait that enhances trust. In my study, I investigate the following question: how do FOSS communities sustain their software quality? I argue that human and social factors contribute to the sustainability of quality in FOSS communities. Amongst these factors are: the motivation of participants, robust governance style for the software change process, and the exercise of good practices in the pull requests evaluation process.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the ACM/IEEE 42nd International Conference on Software Engineering: Companion Proceedings},
+pages = {222–225},
+numpages = {4},
+keywords = {FOSS sustainability, software quality sustainability, software sustainability},
+location = {Seoul, South Korea},
+series = {ICSE '20}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/3338906.3342813,
+author = {Mockus, Audris},
+title = {Insights from open source software supply chains (keynote)},
+year = {2019},
+isbn = {9781450355728},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3338906.3342813},
+doi = {10.1145/3338906.3342813},
+abstract = {Open Source Software (OSS) forms an infrastructure on which numerous (often critical) software applications are based. Substantial research was done to investigate central projects such as Linux kernel but we have only a limited understanding of how the periphery of the larger OSS ecosystem is interconnected through technical dependencies, code sharing, and knowledge flows. We aim to close this gap by a) creating a nearly complete and rapidly updateable collection of version control data for FLOSS projects; b) by cleaning, correcting, and augmenting the data to measure several types of dependencies among code, developers, and projects; c) by creating models that rely on the resulting supply chains to investigate structural and dynamic properties of the entire OSS. The current implementation is capable of being updated each month, occupies over 300Tb of disk space with 1.5B commits and 12B git objects. Highly accurate algorithms to correct identity data and extract dependencies from the source code are used to characterize the current structure of OSS and the way it has evolved. In particular, models of technology spread demonstrate the implicit factors developers use when choosing software components. We expect the resulting research platform will both spur investigations on how the huge periphery in OSS both sustains and is sustained by the central OSS projects and, as a result, will increase resiliency and effectiveness of the OSS.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2019 27th ACM Joint Meeting on European Software Engineering Conference and Symposium on the Foundations of Software Engineering},
+pages = {3},
+numpages = {1},
+keywords = {Empirical Software Engineering, Software Ecosystems, Software Measurement},
+location = {Tallinn, Estonia},
+series = {ESEC/FSE 2019}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1007/978-3-030-54997-8_10,
+author = {Suleimenov, Aidarbek and Khuzyakhmetova, Assiya and Cerone, Antonio},
+title = {A Survey of Learning Methods in Open Source Software},
+year = {2019},
+isbn = {978-3-030-54996-1},
+publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
+address = {Berlin, Heidelberg},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54997-8_10},
+doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-54997-8_10},
+abstract = {Open source software (OSS) is usually developed by heterogeneous groups of people, each with their own interests, motivations and abilities. Therefore, it is important to establish the best software development and contributing practices early in the life-time of the project. Such practices should foster the contributors’ involvement in the OSS project as quickly as possible. The sustainability of an OSS project is heavily based on the underlying community of contributors and on the knowledge and skills they bring to the project and they acquire and develop through their participation in the project and interaction with the project community. Therefore, identifying and investigating contributors’ learning processes is an important research area in OSS.This survey paper presents an overview of open source learning methods in order to explore how community interaction impacts the development and application of OSS learning processes in other areas, especially in education. It is argued that collaboration with peers and consistent code contributions result in learning progress in OSS. Typical research in this area is based on case by case analysis, whereas this survey tries to highlight and combine the outcomes of several research contributions from the literature.},
+booktitle = {Formal Methods. FM 2019 International Workshops: Porto, Portugal, October 7–11, 2019, Revised Selected Papers, Part II},
+pages = {157–166},
+numpages = {10},
+keywords = {Open source software, Learning processes, Learning methods, Education},
+location = {Porto, Portugal}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/3555051.3555067,
+author = {Lin\r{a}ker, Johan and Papatheocharous, Efi and Olsson, Thomas},
+title = {How to characterize the health of an Open Source Software project? A snowball literature review of an emerging practice},
+year = {2022},
+isbn = {9781450398459},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3555051.3555067},
+doi = {10.1145/3555051.3555067},
+abstract = {Motivation: Society’s dependence on Open Source Software (OSS) and the communities that maintain the OSS is ever-growing. So are the potential risks of, e.g., vulnerabilities being introduced in projects not actively maintained. By assessing an OSS project’s capability to stay viable and maintained over time without interruption or weakening, i.e., the OSS health, users can consider the risk implied by using the OSS as is, and if necessary, decide whether to help improve the health or choose another option. However, such assessment is complex as OSS health covers a wide range of sub-topics, and existing support is limited. Aim: We aim to create an overview of characteristics that affect the health of an OSS project and enable the assessment thereof. Method: We conduct a snowball literature review based on a start set of 9 papers, and identify 146 relevant papers over two iterations of forward and backward snowballing. Health characteristics are elicited and coded using structured and axial coding into a framework structure. Results: The final framework consists of 107 health characteristics divided among 15 themes. Characteristics address the socio-technical spectrum of the community of actors maintaining the OSS project, the software and other deliverables being maintained, and the orchestration facilitating the maintenance. Characteristics are further divided based on the level of abstraction they address, i.e., the OSS project-level specifically, or the project’s overarching ecosystem of related OSS projects. Conclusion: The framework provides an overview of the wide span of health characteristics that may need to be considered when evaluating OSS health and can serve as a foundation both for research and practice.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 18th International Symposium on Open Collaboration},
+articleno = {11},
+numpages = {12},
+keywords = {Health, Open Source Software, Software Ecosystem, Software Quality., Sustainability},
+location = {Madrid, Spain},
+series = {OpenSym '22}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1109/ICSE.2019.00111,
+author = {Alami, Adam and Cohn, Marisa Leavitt and Wasowski, Andrzej},
+title = {Why does code review work for open source software communities?},
+year = {2019},
+publisher = {IEEE Press},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSE.2019.00111},
+doi = {10.1109/ICSE.2019.00111},
+abstract = {Open source software communities have demonstrated that they can produce high quality results. The overall success of peer code review, commonly used in open source projects, has likely contributed strongly to this success. Code review is an emotionally loaded practice, with public exposure of reputation and ample opportunities for conflict. We set off to ask why code review works for open source communities, despite this inherent challenge. We interviewed 21 open source contributors from four communities and participated in meetings of ROS community devoted to implementation of the code review process.It appears that the hacker ethic is a key reason behind the success of code review in FOSS communities. It is built around the ethic of passion and the ethic of caring. Furthermore, we observed that tasks of code review are performed with strong intrinsic motivation, supported by many non-material extrinsic motivation mechanisms, such as desire to learn, to grow reputation, or to improve one's positioning on the job market.In the paper, we describe the study design, analyze the collected data and formulate 20 proposals for how what we know about hacker ethics and human and social aspects of code review, could be exploited to improve the effectiveness of the practice in software projects.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 41st International Conference on Software Engineering},
+pages = {1073–1083},
+numpages = {11},
+keywords = {code review, motivation, open source},
+location = {Montreal, Quebec, Canada},
+series = {ICSE '19}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/3383219.3383240,
+author = {Sharma, Pankajeshwara and Savarimuthu, Bastin Tony Roy and Stanger, Nigel},
+title = {Mining Decision-Making Processes in Open Source Software Development: A Study of Python Enhancement Proposals (PEPs) using Email Repositories},
+year = {2020},
+isbn = {9781450377317},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3383219.3383240},
+doi = {10.1145/3383219.3383240},
+abstract = {Open source software (OSS) communities are often able to produce high quality software comparable to proprietary software. The success of an open source software development (OSSD) community is often attributed to the underlying governance model, and a key component of these models is the decision-making (DM) process. While there have been studies on the decision-making processes publicized by OSS communities (e.g., through published process diagrams), little has been done to study decision-making processes that can be extracted using a bottom-up, data-driven approach, which can then be used to assess whether the publicized processes conform to the extracted processes. To bridge this gap, we undertook a large-scale data-driven study to understand how decisions are made in an OSSD community, using the case study of Python Enhancement Proposals (PEPs), which embody decisions made during the evolution of the Python language. Our main contributions are:(a) the design and development of a framework using information retrieval and natural language processing techniques to analyze the Python email archives (comprising 1.48 million emails), and(b) the extraction of decision-making processes that reveal activities that are neither explicitly mentioned in documentation published by the Python community nor identified in prior research work. Our results provide insights into the actual decision-making process employed by the Python community.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Evaluation and Assessment in Software Engineering},
+pages = {200–209},
+numpages = {10},
+keywords = {Mining repositories, Open Source software development (OSSD), Python, process extraction, process mining, decision-making},
+location = {Trondheim, Norway},
+series = {EASE '20}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/3287324.3293847,
+author = {Weiss, Stewart N.},
+title = {Design of a Gateway for Open Source Software Development in a Traditional CS Curriculum},
+year = {2019},
+isbn = {9781450358903},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3287324.3293847},
+doi = {10.1145/3287324.3293847},
+abstract = {Many computer science students are eager to learn about how to contribute to Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) projects, but like most computer science departments, ours has no courses to help them achieve that goal. Creating such courses requires buy-in by deans, department chairs, and other faculty, who, because of lack of knowledge, can have little interest in supporting such efforts. Our poster shows how we solved this problem and created a means for students to simultaneously learn how to be contributors to FOSS projects and earn credit toward their major. It shows how we sought and found interested students and engaged them through repeated, informal meetings, which we used to gain the support of the chair and dean, and how we simulated a prototype course by having the students sign up for independent study credit. The group then met at regular intervals, communicated and shared work using discussion forums, source code repositories, and IRC chat. All course content is based on open source materials, including free textbooks, an abundance of on-line tutorials and reference materials, lecture notes and assignments that we wrote, with open source licenses, and other materials borrowed from http://foss2serve.org. The success of this simulated course led to the creation of a pilot course for the Spring 2019 semester, endorsed by the college. The poster presents several assignments, discusses preliminary findings, and provides links to materials that we created for this course. It also shows how we encouraged students to work on humanitarian FOSS (HFOSS) projects.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 50th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education},
+pages = {1268},
+numpages = {1},
+keywords = {curriculum development, foss, free and open-source software, hfoss},
+location = {Minneapolis, MN, USA},
+series = {SIGCSE '19}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1109/ISSPIT.2015.7394391,
+author = {Talib, Manar Abu},
+title = {Towards sustainable development through open source software in GCC},
+year = {2015},
+isbn = {9781509004812},
+publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
+address = {USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/ISSPIT.2015.7394391},
+doi = {10.1109/ISSPIT.2015.7394391},
+abstract = {According to a recent survey by the World Economic Forum: The Global Information Technology Report 2014, several Gulf Cooperation Council states have continued their efforts to improve ICT uptake and better integrate ICT into more robust innovation ecosystems in order to obtain higher returns. For example, the UAE now ranks 24th and KSA ranks 32nd in the world. In this research paper, we conduct a comparison study of Open Source Software usage in both countries to understand the current state of Open Source Software in the GCC. It is the first study of its kind in this part of the world and will add great value to the global direction for Open Source Software.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE International Symposium on Signal Processing and Information Technology (ISSPIT)},
+pages = {52–56},
+numpages = {5},
+series = {ISSPIT '15}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1109/HICSS.2014.560,
+author = {Lindberg, A. and Xiao, Xuan and Lyytinen, Kalle},
+title = {Theorizing Modes of Open Source Software Development},
+year = {2014},
+isbn = {9781479925049},
+publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
+address = {USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/HICSS.2014.560},
+doi = {10.1109/HICSS.2014.560},
+abstract = {Open Source Software (OSS) development is distributed across actors and artifacts and involves translating diffuse representations into distinct sets of contiguous code artifacts. Despite the highly distributed and dynamic nature of OSS development, it is often described in unitary, monolithic terms - an unfortunate situation which masks considerable variance across OSS development processes. Therefore we explore reasons for systematic variance in these processes so as to enable more effective OSS development practices. Drawing on theory of distributed cognition, we develop a language of cognitive translations, which occur within and across distributed social arrangements and structural conditions of sharing knowledge. This language provides micro-foundations for understanding how different modes of OSS development emerge. Through examining how generative characteristics of social and structural distributions in OSS shape distinct development pathways, we propose a theoretically derived typology explaining the characteristics, dynamics, and conditions for success of different modes of OSS development.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2014 47th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences},
+pages = {4568–4577},
+numpages = {10},
+keywords = {Emergence, Modes, Open Source Software, Typology},
+series = {HICSS '14}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/2961111.2962633,
+author = {Au\'{e}, Joop and Haisma, Michiel and T\'{o}masd\'{o}ttir, Krist\'{\i}n Fj\'{o}la and Bacchelli, Alberto},
+title = {Social Diversity and Growth Levels of Open Source Software Projects on GitHub},
+year = {2016},
+isbn = {9781450344272},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/2961111.2962633},
+doi = {10.1145/2961111.2962633},
+abstract = {Background: Projects of all sizes and impact are leveraging the services of the social coding platform GitHub to collaborate. Since users' information and actions are recorded, GitHub has been mined for over 6 years now to investigate aspects of the collaborative open source software (OSS) development paradigm. Aim: In this research, we use this data to investigate the relation between project growth as a proxy for success, and social diversity. Method: We first categorize active OSS projects into a five-star rating using a benchmarking system we based on various project growth metrics; then we study the relation between this rating and the reported social diversities for the team members of those projects. Results: Our findings highlight a statistically significant relation; however, the effect is small. Conclusions: Our findings suggest the need for further research on this topic; moreover, the proposed benchmarking method may be used in future work to determine OSS project success on collaboration platforms such as GitHub.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 10th ACM/IEEE International Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering and Measurement},
+articleno = {41},
+numpages = {6},
+keywords = {GitHub, social diversity, software project growth},
+location = {Ciudad Real, Spain},
+series = {ESEM '16}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1109/MSR.2017.32,
+author = {Rebou\c{c}as, Marcel and Santos, Renato O. and Pinto, Gustavo and Castor, Fernando},
+title = {How does contributors' involvement influence the build status of an open-source software project?},
+year = {2017},
+isbn = {9781538615447},
+publisher = {IEEE Press},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/MSR.2017.32},
+doi = {10.1109/MSR.2017.32},
+abstract = {The recent introduction of the pull-based development model promoted agile development practices such as Code Reviews and Continuous Integration (CI). CI, in particular, is currently a standard development practice in open-source software (OSS) projects. Although it is well-known that OSS contributors have different involvements (e.g., while some developers drive the project, there is a long tail of peripheral developers), little is known about how the contributor's degree of participation can influence the build status of an OSS project. Through TravisTorrent's dataset, we compare the success rates of builds made by casual and non-casual contributors and what factors on their contributions may influence the build result. Our results suggest that there is no representative difference between their build success (they are similar in 85\% of the analyzed projects), meaning that being a casual contributor is not a strong indicator for creating failing builds. Also, factors like the size of their contributions and the number of project configurations (jobs) have the potential of impacting the build success.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Mining Software Repositories},
+pages = {475–478},
+numpages = {4},
+location = {Buenos Aires, Argentina},
+series = {MSR '17}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1109/SBES.2015.10,
+author = {Steinmacher, Igor and Wiese, Igor and Conte, Tayana Uchoa and Gerosa, Marco Aur\'{e}lio},
+title = {Increasing the Self-Efficacy of Newcomers to Open Source Software Projects},
+year = {2015},
+isbn = {9781467392723},
+publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
+address = {USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/SBES.2015.10},
+doi = {10.1109/SBES.2015.10},
+abstract = {Community-based Open Source Software (OSS) projects are usually self-organized and dynamic, receiving contributions from distributed volunteers. These communities' survival, long-term success, and continuity demand a constant influx of newcomers. However, newcomers face many barriers when making their first contribution to an OSS project, leading in many cases to dropouts. Therefore, a major challenge for OSS projects is to provide ways to support newcomers during their first contribution. In this paper, our goal was to evaluate how the newcomers' perceived efficacy is influenced by the use of an environment that organizes the project information for developers who want to place their first contribution to an OSS project. To accomplish this goal, we created FLOSS coach, a portal aiming to support newcomers to OSS projects, which was implemented based on a model of barriers proposed in previous research. Then, we conducted a study, in which 46 students, split in case and control group, were asked to contribute to an OSS project. We assessed the newcomers' self-efficacy by conducting a questionnaire before and after the assignment. We found that presenting the information according to the model of barriers had a positive influence on newcomers' self-efficacy, empowered the newcomers, making them more confident and comfortable during the contribution process. However, there is also some indication that FLOSS coach did not lower the technical barriers.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2015 29th Brazilian Symposium on Software Engineering},
+pages = {160–169},
+numpages = {10},
+keywords = {contribution barriers, newcomers, onboarding, open source, self-efficacy},
+series = {SBES '15}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1109/ICSE-Companion52605.2021.00059,
+author = {Trinkenreich, Bianca},
+title = {Please don't go: increasing women's participation in open source software},
+year = {2021},
+publisher = {IEEE Press},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSE-Companion52605.2021.00059},
+doi = {10.1109/ICSE-Companion52605.2021.00059},
+abstract = {Women represent less than 24\% of the software development industry and suffer from various types of prejudice and biases. In Open Source Software projects, despite a variety of efforts to increase diversity and multi-gendered participation, women are even more underrepresented (less than 10\%). My research focuses on answering the question: How can OSS communities increase women's participation in OSS projects? I will identify the different OSS career pathways, and develop a holistic view of women's motivations to join or leave OSS, along with their definitions of success. Based on this empirical investigation, I will work together with the Linux Foundation to design attraction and retention strategies focused on women. Before and after implementing the strategies, I will conduct empirical studies to evaluate the state of the practice and understand the implications of the strategies.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 43rd International Conference on Software Engineering: Companion Proceedings},
+pages = {138–140},
+numpages = {3},
+keywords = {career, diversity, gender, inclusion, open source software, participation, success, women},
+location = {Virtual Event, Spain},
+series = {ICSE '21}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/2641580.2641589,
+author = {Davidson, Jennifer L. and Mannan, Umme Ayda and Naik, Rithika and Dua, Ishneet and Jensen, Carlos},
+title = {Older Adults and Free/Open Source Software: A Diary Study of First-Time Contributors},
+year = {2014},
+isbn = {9781450330169},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/2641580.2641589},
+doi = {10.1145/2641580.2641589},
+abstract = {The global population is aging rapidly, and older adults are becoming increasingly technically savvy. This paper explores ways to engage these individuals to contribute to free/open source software (FOSS) projects. We conducted a pilot diary study to explore motivations, barriers, and the contribution processes of first-time contributors in a real time, qualitative manner. In addition, we measured their self-efficacy before and after their participation. We found that what drove participants were intrinsic motivations, altruism, and internal values, which differed from previous work with older adults and with the general FOSS population. We also found that self-efficacy did not change significantly, even when participants encountered significant barriers or setbacks. The top 3 barriers were lack of communication, installation issues, and documentation issues. We found that asking for and receiving help, and avoiding difficult development environments were more likely to lead to success. To verify these results, we encourage a future large-scale diary study that involves multiple demographics. Given our pilot study, we recommend that future outreach efforts involving older adults focus on how to effectively communicate and build community amongst older contributors.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of The International Symposium on Open Collaboration},
+pages = {1–10},
+numpages = {10},
+keywords = {age diversity, daily diary, diversity, older adults, open source software, qualitative research},
+location = {Berlin, Germany},
+series = {OpenSym '14}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/2593702.2593704,
+author = {Steinmacher, Igor and Wiese, Igor Scaliante and Conte, Tayana and Gerosa, Marco Aur\'{e}lio and Redmiles, David},
+title = {The hard life of open source software project newcomers},
+year = {2014},
+isbn = {9781450328609},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/2593702.2593704},
+doi = {10.1145/2593702.2593704},
+abstract = {While onboarding an open source software (OSS) project, contributors face many different barriers that hinder their contribution, leading in many cases to dropouts. Many projects leverage the contribution of outsiders and the sustainability of the project relies on retaining some of these newcomers. In this paper, we discuss some barriers faced by newcomers to OSS. The barriers were identified using a qualitative analysis on data obtained from newcomers and members of OSS projects. We organize the results in a conceptual model composed of 38 barriers, grouped into seven different categories. These barriers may motivate new studies and the development of appropriate tooling to better support the onboarding of new contributors.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 7th International Workshop on Cooperative and Human Aspects of Software Engineering},
+pages = {72–78},
+numpages = {7},
+keywords = {Open Source Software, barrier, newcomers, qualitative analysis},
+location = {Hyderabad, India},
+series = {CHASE 2014}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/2460999.2461036,
+author = {Foushee, Brandon and Krein, Jonathan L. and Wu, Justin and Buck, Randy and Knutson, Charles D. and Pratt, Landon J. and MacLean, Alexander C.},
+title = {Reflexivity, Raymond, and the success of open source software development: a SourceForge empirical study},
+year = {2013},
+isbn = {9781450318488},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/2460999.2461036},
+doi = {10.1145/2460999.2461036},
+abstract = {Context: Conventional wisdom, inspired in part by Eric Raymond, suggests that open source developers should---and primarily do---develop software for developers like themselves. We refer to the production of software primarily for the benefit of developers as reflexivity, and we evaluate the applicability of this concept to open source software (OSS) by studying SourceForge projects. Objective: The goal of this research is to test Eric Raymond's assertions with respect to OSS success factors. Method: We present four criteria by which to assess project reflexivity in SourceForge. These criteria are based on three specific indicators: intended audiences, relevant topics, and supported operating systems. Results: We show in this short paper that 68\% of SourceForge projects are likely reflexive (in the sense described by Raymond). Further, 76\% of projects exceeding one million downloads are reflexive, 79\% for projects exceeding ten million downloads, and 89\% for projects exceeding one hundred million downloads. Conclusion: These results tentatively support Raymond's assertions that 1) OSS projects tend to be reflexive and 2) reflexive OSS projects tend to be more successful than irreflexive projects. Causality, however, is not addressed.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Evaluation and Assessment in Software Engineering},
+pages = {246–251},
+numpages = {6},
+keywords = {Eric Raymond, SourceForge, open source software, reflexivity, success factors},
+location = {Porto de Galinhas, Brazil},
+series = {EASE '13}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1109/HICSS.2013.251,
+author = {Yang, Xuan and Hu, Daning and Robert, Davison M.},
+title = {How Microblogging Networks Affect Project Success of Open Source Software Development},
+year = {2013},
+isbn = {9780769548920},
+publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
+address = {USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/HICSS.2013.251},
+doi = {10.1109/HICSS.2013.251},
+abstract = {Microblogging as an emerging social media technology is becoming increasingly popular in more and more OSS communities and forms various follower networks. However, the impacts of microblogging follower network on OSS project success are rarely studied. In this study, we adopt a social network perspective to identify and hypothesize that three microblogging network mechanisms will positively affect OSS project success through knowledge sharing, and attracting more skillful and eminent developers. Using longitudinal data from a large online OSS community called Ohloh, we empirically examine the impacts of various factors for these two type of mechanisms on the commercial and technological successes of OSS projects. We found that preferential attachment and structure hole factors are supported, while accumulative advantage factors are partially supported. Our findings may provide insights for OSS stakeholders to effectively manage microblogging techniques for achieving project success.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2013 46th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences},
+pages = {3178–3186},
+numpages = {9},
+series = {HICSS '13}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/2818048.2820018,
+author = {Filippova, Anna and Cho, Hichang},
+title = {The Effects and Antecedents of Conflict in Free and Open Source Software Development},
+year = {2016},
+isbn = {9781450335928},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/2818048.2820018},
+doi = {10.1145/2818048.2820018},
+abstract = {Conflict is an important group process, and more so in self-organizing teams with fluid boundaries and high possibility for turnover. We empirically investigate different types of conflict in Free and Open Source Software development teams, their antecedents and impact on developers&' sustained participation. Following a survey of 222 FOSS developers, we find conflict to have an overall negative effect on developer retention. Furthermore, different types of conflict have varying impact on outcomes. In particular, only normative conflict levels negatively impact intention to remain in a FOSS project. Both normative and process conflict negatively affect perceptions of team performance, while the co-occurrence of task and process conflict exacerbate negative effects on outcomes. Though we find structural factors like task interdependence and geographical distribution increase overall conflict levels in FOSS teams, participatory decision-making and a transformational leadership style have an ameliorating effect. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 19th ACM Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work \& Social Computing},
+pages = {705–716},
+numpages = {12},
+keywords = {Conflict, Free and Open Source Software, Identification, Participation, Peer-Production, Performance., Virtual Teams},
+location = {San Francisco, California, USA},
+series = {CSCW '16}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/2468356.2468382,
+author = {McDonald, Nora and Goggins, Sean},
+title = {Performance and participation in open source software on GitHub},
+year = {2013},
+isbn = {9781450319522},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/2468356.2468382},
+doi = {10.1145/2468356.2468382},
+abstract = {A few studies have attempted to provide metrics of success in open source software (OSS) projects but the role a code hosting workspace plays in how performance is viewed and measured is little examined. We conducted qualitative, exploratory research with lead and core developers on three successful projects on GitHub to understand how OSS communities on GitHub measure success. These results were obtained in connection with a larger project that is designed to understand the structure of code hosting platforms in relation to participation and performance. We report two main findings. First, lead and core members of the projects we interviewed display a nuanced understanding of community participation in their assessment of success. Second, they attribute increased participation on their projects to the features and usability provided by GitHub.},
+booktitle = {CHI '13 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems},
+pages = {139–144},
+numpages = {6},
+keywords = {open source software, performance, social computing},
+location = {Paris, France},
+series = {CHI EA '13}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/2676723.2691844,
+author = {Postner, Lori and Jackson, Stoney and Coleman, Ben and Mello-Stark, Suzanne and Rebelsky, Samuel},
+title = {Student Contributions to Humanitarian Free and Open Source Software (HFOSS) (Abstract Only)},
+year = {2015},
+isbn = {9781450329668},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/2676723.2691844},
+doi = {10.1145/2676723.2691844},
+abstract = {Can students contribute to HFOSS projects as part of their computing curriculum? How and at what level can HFOSS be integrated? What are the success stories and challenges? This BOF will be led by a diverse group of faculty who have incorporated HFOSS into their classes. They will lead a discussion on the various approaches, successes and challenges they have encountered. Their experiences will provide a backdrop for this BOF session, which should lead to a lively discussion of how and why to use HFOSS in computing courses. Faculty who are interested in HFOSS, but who are novices, will learn about potential projects and classroom materials as well as make connections with more experienced faculty in this area.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 46th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education},
+pages = {700},
+numpages = {1},
+keywords = {humanitarian free and open source software},
+location = {Kansas City, Missouri, USA},
+series = {SIGCSE '15}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/1833272.1833273,
+author = {Deodhar, Swanand J. and Saxena, K. B. C. and Ruohonen, Mikko},
+title = {Firm-oriented success factors of an open source software (OSS) product},
+year = {2010},
+isbn = {9781605589787},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/1833272.1833273},
+doi = {10.1145/1833272.1833273},
+abstract = {The existing work on OSS product success examines factors that are either product-oriented or community-oriented. This paper proposes a new direction for OSS product success research: examination of firm-oriented factors. This has gained importance with the emergence of firm-sponsored OSS communities and firm's collaboration with OSS communities. This conceptual position paper uses absorptive capacity theory as a basis for argument. The paper contributes by extending the work on OSS product success to firm-oriented factors.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Emerging Trends in Free/Libre/Open Source Software Research and Development},
+pages = {1–4},
+numpages = {4},
+keywords = {absorptive capacity, open source software, organizational legitimacy, success factors},
+location = {Cape Town, South Africa},
+series = {FLOSS '10}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/2047594.2047606,
+author = {Jacobs, Stephen and Kussmaul, Clif and Sabin, Mihaela},
+title = {Free and open source software in computing education},
+year = {2011},
+isbn = {9781450310178},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/2047594.2047606},
+doi = {10.1145/2047594.2047606},
+abstract = {Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) exemplifies the merit and successes of open content, understood broadly as creative work that explicitly allows sharing and further changes by anyone, whether an individual or organization. Although the benefits of improving computing education with open source practices are largely acknowledged, transforming teaching to create effective learning environments has many challenges. The panelists will bring different perspectives on teaching strategies and curricular content they have used in their classrooms. These perspectives will exemplify key issues with FOSS-based education and FOSS-based IT systems. The developer and user communities established around FOSS-based IT systems are of particular interest to the IT discipline because of its focus on user centeredness and advocacy for advancing professional practices in authentic environments.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Information Technology Education},
+pages = {41–42},
+numpages = {2},
+keywords = {IT system development, collaboration, free and open source software},
+location = {West Point, New York, USA},
+series = {SIGITE '11}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/3510454.3522685,
+author = {Gray, Philip},
+title = {To disengage or not to disengage: a look at contributor disengagement in open source software},
+year = {2022},
+isbn = {9781450392235},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3510454.3522685},
+doi = {10.1145/3510454.3522685},
+abstract = {Contributors are vital to the sustainability of open source ecosystems, and disengagement threatens that sustainability. We seek to both strengthen and protect open source communities by creating a more robust way of defining and identifying contributor disengagement in these communities. To do this, we collected a large amount of grey literature relating to contributor disengagement and performed a qualitative analysis in order to better our understanding of why contributors disengage.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the ACM/IEEE 44th International Conference on Software Engineering: Companion Proceedings},
+pages = {328–330},
+numpages = {3},
+keywords = {disengagement, grey literature, open source},
+location = {Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania},
+series = {ICSE '22}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1109/ICSE-Companion52605.2021.00131,
+author = {Trinkenreich, Bianca},
+title = {Please don't go: a comprehensive approach to increase women's participation in open source software},
+year = {2021},
+publisher = {IEEE Press},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSE-Companion52605.2021.00131},
+doi = {10.1109/ICSE-Companion52605.2021.00131},
+abstract = {Women represent less than 24\% of employees in the software development industry and experience various types of prejudice and bias. Despite various efforts to increase diversity and multi-gendered participation, women are even more under-represented in Open Source Software (OSS) projects. In my PhD, I investigate the following question: How can OSS communities increase women's participation in their projects? I will identify different OSS career pathways and develop a holistic view of women's motivations to join or leave OSS, as well as their definitions of success. Based on this empirical investigation, I will work together with the Linux Foundation to design attraction and retention strategies focused on women. Before and after implementing the strategies, I will conduct empirical studies to evaluate the state of the practice and understand the implications of the strategies.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 43rd International Conference on Software Engineering: Companion Proceedings},
+pages = {293–298},
+numpages = {6},
+keywords = {career, diversity, gender, open source software, participation, success, women},
+location = {Virtual Event, Spain},
+series = {ICSE '21}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/1985793.1986018,
+author = {Sethanandha, Bhuricha Deen},
+title = {Improving open source software patch contribution process: methods and tools},
+year = {2011},
+isbn = {9781450304450},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/1985793.1986018},
+doi = {10.1145/1985793.1986018},
+abstract = {The patch contribution process (PCP) is very important to the sustainability of OSS projects. Nevertheless, there are several issues on patch contribution in mature OSS projects, which include time consuming process, lost and ignored patches, slow review process. These issues are recognized by researchers and OSS projects, but have not been addressed. In this dissertation, I apply Kanban method to guide process improvement and tools development to reduce PCP cycle time.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 33rd International Conference on Software Engineering},
+pages = {1134–1135},
+numpages = {2},
+keywords = {coordination, free/open source software, kanban, lean methods, productivity},
+location = {Waikiki, Honolulu, HI, USA},
+series = {ICSE '11}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1109/SEAA.2014.11,
+author = {Ayyildiz, T\"{u}lin Er\c{c}elebi and Ko\c{c}yigit, Altan},
+title = {Correlations between Problem Domain and Solution Domain Size Measures for Open Source Software},
+year = {2014},
+isbn = {9781479957958},
+publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
+address = {USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/SEAA.2014.11},
+doi = {10.1109/SEAA.2014.11},
+abstract = {Predicting how much effort will be required to complete a software project as early as possible is a very important factor in the success of software development projects. Including function points and its variants, there are several size measures and corresponding measurement methods that can be used for effort estimation. However, in most of the projects, there is limited amount of information available in the early stages and significant effort is spent for size measurement and effort estimation with such methods. This paper analyzes the correlation between the size metrics of conceptual model of the problem domain and the resulting software. For this purpose, we consider open source project management and game software. We apply linear regression and cross validation techniques to investigate the relation between the sizes of problem domain (i.e., Conceptual) and solution domain (i.e., Design) models. The results reveal a high correlation between the number of conceptual classes in the problem domain model and the number of software classes constituting the corresponding software. The results suggest that it is possible to use problem domain descriptions in the early stages of software development projects to make plausible predictions for the size of the software.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2014 40th EUROMICRO Conference on Software Engineering and Advanced Applications},
+pages = {81–84},
+numpages = {4},
+keywords = {conceptual models, linear regression model for size estimation, size estimation},
+series = {SEAA '14}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1109/SBES.2014.9,
+author = {Steinmacher, Igor and Chaves, Ana Paula and Conte, Tayana Uchoa and Gerosa, Marco Aurelio},
+title = {Preliminary Empirical Identification of Barriers Faced by Newcomers to Open Source Software Projects},
+year = {2014},
+isbn = {9781479942237},
+publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
+address = {USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/SBES.2014.9},
+doi = {10.1109/SBES.2014.9},
+abstract = {When newcomers try to join an open source soft-ware (OSS) project, they face many barriers that hinder their first contribution, leading in many cases to their dropping out. Many projects leverage the contribution of outsiders, and the sustainability of the project relies on retaining some of these new-comers. This research aims to identify the barriers that hinder newcomers' onboarding to OSS projects. Our method consisted of a qualitative study conducted with data obtained from four different sources: (i) systematic literature review, (ii) feedback from nine graduate and undergraduate students after they tried to join OSS projects, (iii) 24 responses to a questionnaire sent to 9 OSS projects, and (iv) semi-structured interviews with 36 sub-jects from 14 different projects, including newcomers and experi-enced members. The method to select the candidate papers in the systematic literature review was querying four digital libraries and backward snowballing. The data obtained from the practi-tioners from all three sources, and the primary studies obtained in the systematic review were analyzed using used procedures of Grounded Theory's open and axial coding. The analysis resulted in a conceptual model composed of 58 barriers, grouped into six different categories: cultural differences, newcomers' characteris-tics, reception issues, orientation, technical hurdles, and docu-mentation problems. We could observe recurrent barriers evi-denced in different data sources. We could notice that the onboarding process of a newcomer to an OSS can be a tough task. This research brings empirical support relying on data from different sources, organizes and discusses the existing common wisdom about barriers faced by newcomers to OSS projects, which deserve attention from researchers and OSS communities.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2014 Ninth International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security},
+pages = {51–60},
+numpages = {10},
+keywords = {newcomers, onboarding, open source software, qualitative analysis, systematic literature review},
+series = {ARES '14}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1109/HICSS.2013.240,
+author = {Moon, Eunyoung},
+title = {Gendered Patterns of Politeness in Free/Libre Open Source Software Development},
+year = {2013},
+isbn = {9780769548920},
+publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
+address = {USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/HICSS.2013.240},
+doi = {10.1109/HICSS.2013.240},
+abstract = {In this paper, a qualitative case study of women-dominated Free/Libre Open Source Software (FLOSS) project is conducted to explore factors which successfully involve and sustain women FLOSS participants by drawing on Brown and Levinson\^{a}s politeness theory. The culture and norms of FLOSS appear to be formulated by what is privileged/marginalized by men in the context of FLOSS, and such men\^{a}s valuing is likely to threaten women FLOSS participants\^{a} face. Our findings are 1) in the FLOSS context, there are gender-based differences in determining what threatens face on the basis of gendered expectations of what is polite, and 2) women-dominated FLOSS participants are \^{a}practically\^{a} polite in software development practices. These findings were explored through an in-depth analysis of interaction episodes on the email list, archival public interview data of women FLOSS developers, FLOSS development environment, and instructive materials shared in public. Our paper shows how politeness theory can be extended to the \^{a}practice\^{a} of coding and non-coding work, and provides FLOSS communities with guidelines for involving and sustaining women participants in FLOSS development.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2013 46th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences},
+pages = {3168–3177},
+numpages = {10},
+keywords = {Free/Libre Open Source Software, distributed collaboration},
+series = {HICSS '13}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1109/ESEM.2011.11,
+author = {Noll, John and Beecham, Sarah and Seichter, Dominik},
+title = {A Qualitative Study of Open Source Software Development: The Open EMR Project},
+year = {2011},
+isbn = {9780769546049},
+publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
+address = {USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/ESEM.2011.11},
+doi = {10.1109/ESEM.2011.11},
+abstract = {Open Source software is competing successfully in many areas. The commercial sector is recognizing the benefits offered by Open Source development methods that lead to high quality software. Can these benefits be realized in specialized domains where expertise is rare? This study examined discussion forums of an Open Source project in a particular specialized application domain--electronic medical records--to see how development roles are carried out, and by whom. We found through a qualitative analysis that the core developers in this system include doctors and clinicians who also use the product. We also found that the size of the community associated with the project is an order of magnitude smaller than predicted, yet still maintains a high degree of responsiveness to issues raised by users. The implication is that a few experts and a small core of dedicated programmers can achieve success using an Open Source approach in a specialized domain.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2011 International Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering and Measurement},
+pages = {30–39},
+numpages = {10},
+keywords = {Cohen's kappa, Electronic Medical Records, Inter-rater Reliability, Open Source Software, Qualitative Research},
+series = {ESEM '11}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1109/HICSS.2009.199,
+title = {Evaluating Longitudinal Success of Open Source Software Projects: A Social Network Perspective},
+year = {2009},
+isbn = {9780769534503},
+publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
+address = {USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/HICSS.2009.199},
+doi = {10.1109/HICSS.2009.199},
+abstract = {To date, numerous open source projects are hosted on many online repositories. While some of these projects are active and thriving, some projects are either languishing or showing no development activities at all. This phenomenon thus begs the important question of what are the influential factors that affect the success of open source projects. In a quest to deepen our understanding of the evolution of open source projects, this research aims to analyze the success of open source projects by using the theoretical lens of social network analysis. Based on extensive analyses of data collected from online repositories, we study the impact of the communication patterns of software development teams on the demand and supply outcomes of these projects, while accounting for project-specific characteristics. Using panel data analysis of data over 13 months, we find significant impacts of communication patterns on project outcomes over the long term.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 42nd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences},
+pages = {1–10},
+numpages = {10},
+series = {HICSS '09}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/1593105.1593168,
+author = {Ezeala, Adanna and Kim, Hyunju and Moore, Loretta A.},
+title = {Open source software development: expectations and experience from a small development project},
+year = {2008},
+isbn = {9781605581057},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/1593105.1593168},
+doi = {10.1145/1593105.1593168},
+abstract = {Open Source Software (OSS) is software that provides access to its source code in order to allow users to improve and redistribute the software. The emergence of OSS has introduced new ways to develop, test, and maintain software. While several success stories about large-scale OSS projects are reported, little research has been done on how small-scale OSS projects are managed by OSS developers. This paper reports preliminary findings from our experience with a small OSS project, while discussing differences between software processes in large- and small-scale OSS developments.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 46th Annual ACM Southeast Conference},
+pages = {243–246},
+numpages = {4},
+keywords = {open source software, software development process},
+location = {Auburn, Alabama},
+series = {ACMSE '08}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1109/HICSS.2011.264,
+author = {Jensen, Carlos and King, Scott and Kuechler, Victor},
+title = {Joining Free/Open Source Software Communities: An Analysis of Newbies' First Interactions on Project Mailing Lists},
+year = {2011},
+isbn = {9780769542829},
+publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
+address = {USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/HICSS.2011.264},
+doi = {10.1109/HICSS.2011.264},
+abstract = {Free/Open source software (FOSS) is an important part of the IT ecosystem. Due to the voluntary nature of participation, continual recruitment is key to the growth and sustainability of these communities. It is therefore important to understand how and why potential contributors fail in the process of transitioning from user to contributor. Most newcomers, or "newbies", have their first interaction with a community through a mailing list. To understand how this first contact influences future interactions, we studied eight mailing lists across four FOSS projects: MediaWiki, GIMP, PostgreSQL, and Subversion. We analyzed discussions initiated by newbies to determine the effect of gender, nationality, politeness, helpfulness and timeliness of response. We found that nearly 80\% of newbie posts received replies, and that receiving timely responses, especially within 48 hours, was positively correlated with future participation. We also found that while the majority of interactions were positive, 1.5\% of responses were rude or hostile.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2011 44th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences},
+pages = {1–10},
+numpages = {10},
+series = {HICSS '11}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1109/UIC-ATC.2010.113,
+author = {Yuan, Lin and Wang, Huaimin and Yin, Gang and Shi, Dianxi and Li, Xiang and Liu, Bixin},
+title = {Mining Frequent Development Patterns of roles in Open Source Software},
+year = {2010},
+isbn = {9780769542720},
+publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
+address = {USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/UIC-ATC.2010.113},
+doi = {10.1109/UIC-ATC.2010.113},
+abstract = {Participants of a software project have a significant impact on whether the project could achieve success, and the relevant information can reflect some trustworthy properties of software. By studying a large number of OSS projects in SourceForge, the role configuration of these projects is analyzed, and some latent frequent patterns are discovered in this paper. It prepares the ground for quantification and utilization of the software trustworthiness evidence from the roles information.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2010 Symposia and Workshops on Ubiquitous, Autonomic and Trusted Computing},
+pages = {444–448},
+numpages = {5},
+keywords = {association rules, metrics, trusted software, trustworthiness evidence},
+series = {UIC-ATC '10}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/1930488.1930501,
+author = {Gamalielsson, Jonas and Lundell, Bj\"{o}rn},
+title = {Open source software for data curation of digital assets: a case study},
+year = {2010},
+isbn = {9781450300117},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/1930488.1930501},
+doi = {10.1145/1930488.1930501},
+abstract = {Legacy file formats is an increasing concern for organisations. Therefore it is important for any company to develop sustainable strategies for data curation in order to maintain valuable digital assets. In this paper we report from a case study conducted in a company context aiming to investigate the feasibility of using Open Source approaches for curation of corporate digital assets kept in proprietary legacy file formats to open file formats. We consider different aspects of openness in a corporate strategy for maintaining digital assets. An important aspect concerns activity and company influence in an Open Source tool-chain, another concerns support for data curation of digital assets actually offered by the tool chain. We find that organisational concern over legacy file formats continues to be an issue, and that strong commercial influence on Open Source projects is no guarantee for success.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 14th International Academic MindTrek Conference: Envisioning Future Media Environments},
+pages = {61–64},
+numpages = {4},
+keywords = {data curation, legacy file formats, open file formats, open source},
+location = {Tampere, Finland},
+series = {MindTrek '10}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1109/NISS.2009.154,
+author = {Al-Ajlan, Ajlan},
+title = {The Evolution of Open Source Software Using Eclipse Metrics},
+year = {2009},
+isbn = {9780769536873},
+publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
+address = {USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/NISS.2009.154},
+doi = {10.1109/NISS.2009.154},
+abstract = {Technological development has become so manifest in all fields that it is now highly crucial to take it into consideration whenever possible. Open Source Software (OSS) has becoming widely adopted by commercial, public and academic organisations. Currently, there is increasing interest and demand in the existing applications of OSS in all fields all over the world. OSS has increased in prominence in the last decade, mostly due to the success of well-known software organisations such as Apache, Mozilla, Linux and Guice. As these organisations have become more dependent on software, the effective management of Software Evolution (SE) becomes more critical to an organization’s success. Therefore, the provision of well-evolved OSS has become an urgent issue in these days and will be so in the future. Therefore, the major challenge in OSS is how to evolve its environment, especially improvements in the security and quality of these systems. The main aim of this paper is to measure the evolution of OSS using, Eclipse Metrics (EM), with Guice software (GS) as a case study. In addition, this paper gives a brief literature review on OSS and how it has evolved.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2009 International Conference on New Trends in Information and Service Science},
+pages = {211–218},
+numpages = {8},
+series = {NISS '09}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1109/HICSS.2015.624,
+author = {Steinmacher, Igor and Conte, Tayana Uch\^{o}a and Gerosa, Marco Aur\'{e}lio},
+title = {Understanding and Supporting the Choice of an Appropriate Task to Start with in Open Source Software Communities},
+year = {2015},
+isbn = {9781479973675},
+publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
+address = {USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/HICSS.2015.624},
+doi = {10.1109/HICSS.2015.624},
+abstract = {Open Source Software (OSS) projects leverage the contribution of outsiders. In fact, the sustainability of many projects relies on retaining some of these newcomers. Usually these communities do not coordinate the work of the newcomers, who go to the issue trackers and self-select a task to start with. We found that "finding a way to start" was reported as an important issue by practitioners. To further investigate this specific barrier, we conducted a qualitative analysis with data obtained from semi-structured interviews with 36 subjects from 14 different projects, including newcomers and experienced members. We used procedures of Grounded Theory--open and axial coding--to analyze the data. We found that newcomers are not confident enough to choose their initial task and they need information about the tasks or direction from the community to support choosing a task more suitable for them. We also present a set of strategies identified in the literature, interviews, and state-of-the-practice that can provide newcomers with such information, enabling them to be more confident when choosing their first tasks and collaborate with the community.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2015 48th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences},
+pages = {5299–5308},
+numpages = {10},
+keywords = {Open Source Software, coordination, joining process, new developer, newcomers, onboarding, task selection},
+series = {HICSS '15}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1007/11788713_108,
+author = {Rissanen, Jyrki},
+title = {NeurOSS — open source software for neuropsychological rehabilitation},
+year = {2006},
+isbn = {3540360204},
+publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
+address = {Berlin, Heidelberg},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/11788713_108},
+doi = {10.1007/11788713_108},
+abstract = {In recent years hundreds of successful community-driven open source software projects have incarnated. However, it is quite hard to find similar success stories in the field of neuropsychological rehabilitation. This paper describes the core ideas of the NeurOSS project. The project aims at building an open source software platform for developing tools for neuropsychological rehabilitation, and gathering up a community of people from all over the world to contribute to shared collection of open source plug-in components extending and utilizing the core services of the platform},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Computers Helping People with Special Needs},
+pages = {740–743},
+numpages = {4},
+location = {Linz, Austria},
+series = {ICCHP'06}
+}
+

SLR_references_total/SLR_references_2/t2-acm-2.bib

@@ -0,0 +1,861 @@
+@inproceedings{10.1145/1125170.1125182,
+author = {Li, Yan and Tan, Chuan-Hoo and Teo, Hock-Hai and Mattar, A. Talib},
+title = {Motivating open source software developers: influence of transformational and transactional leaderships},
+year = {2006},
+isbn = {1595933492},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/1125170.1125182},
+doi = {10.1145/1125170.1125182},
+abstract = {Open Source Software (OSS) is developed by geographically distributed unpaid programmers. The success of such a seemingly chaotic OSS project will largely depend on how the project leader organizes and motivates the developers to contribute. Grounded on leadership and motivation theories, we proposed and tested a research model that seeks to explain the behavioral effects of a leader on the developers' motivation to contribute. Survey data collected from 118 OSS developers on Sourceforge.net was used to test the research model. The results indicate that leaders' transformational leadership is positively related to developers' intrinsic motivation and leaders' active management by exception, a form of transactional leadership, is positively related to developers' extrinsic motivation.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2006 ACM SIGMIS CPR Conference on Computer Personnel Research: Forty Four Years of Computer Personnel Research: Achievements, Challenges \& the Future},
+pages = {34–43},
+numpages = {10},
+keywords = {leadership, motivation, open source software development},
+location = {Claremont, California, USA},
+series = {SIGMIS CPR '06}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1109/COMPSAC.2008.171,
+author = {Nakagawa, Elisa Yumi and Machado de Sousa, Elaine Parros and de Brito Murata, Kiyoshi and de Faria Andery, Gabriel and Morelli, Leonardo Bitencourt and Maldonado, Jos\'{e} Carlos},
+title = {Software Architecture Relevance in Open Source Software Evolution: A Case Study},
+year = {2008},
+isbn = {9780769532622},
+publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
+address = {USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/COMPSAC.2008.171},
+doi = {10.1109/COMPSAC.2008.171},
+abstract = {Software architecture has received increasing attention of practitioners and researchers, since it has played a significant role in determining the success and quality of software systems. At the same time, the success of Open Source Software (OSS) has also sparked interest of researchers in the universities and in the software industry. OSS has been largely used and developed and, as a consequence, the OSS quality has been a concern and an interesting subject for researchers. However, in spite of narrow relation between software architecture and software quality, there is lack of more detailed works that investigate how software architecture can influence OSS quality. In this paper, we present a case study reporting how software architecture is directly related to OSS quality. We have hence proposed architecture refactoring activity in order to repair software architectures, aiming at improving mainly maintainability, functionality and usability of these systems.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2008 32nd Annual IEEE International Computer Software and Applications Conference},
+pages = {1234–1239},
+numpages = {6},
+keywords = {software architecture, open source software, open source software quality},
+series = {COMPSAC '08}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1109/ARES.2007.84,
+author = {Wahyudin, Dindin and Tjoa, A Min},
+title = {Event-Based Monitoring of Open Source Software Projects},
+year = {2007},
+isbn = {0769527752},
+publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
+address = {USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/ARES.2007.84},
+doi = {10.1109/ARES.2007.84},
+abstract = {Project management traditionally has a strong focus on human reporting that fits well a tightly coupled form of organization to ensure the quality of project reporting. For loosely coupled forms of organization, such as open source systems (OSS) development projects, there are very few approaches to ensure the quality of project reporting; a promising approach can be to augment human reporting with data analysis based on the communication and state changes in an OSS project. In this paper we propose a concept and an initial measurement approach for event-based monitoring of OSS projects to better understand the actual benefit of tool-supported gathering, correlating and analyzing processes event data from the OSS community as a supplement for traditional software project monitoring data collection. We report on an empirical feasibility study investigating success and risk indicators of five OSS projects listed in the Apache Incubator.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the The Second International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security},
+pages = {1108–1115},
+numpages = {8},
+series = {ARES '07}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/1632149.1632165,
+author = {Munga, Neeshal and Fogwill, Thomas and Williams, Quentin},
+title = {The adoption of open source software in business models: a Red Hat and IBM case study},
+year = {2009},
+isbn = {9781605586434},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/1632149.1632165},
+doi = {10.1145/1632149.1632165},
+abstract = {Free / Libre open source software (FLOSS/OSS) has gained increasing popularity and utilisation in commercial and governmental organisations. Universities like Harvard and Stanford now offer courses on open source as a business and also on how businesses can compete with open source firms. However, very little research has been published in regards to the influence of OSS on business strategies; the use of OSS as a viable business or its value proposition within a commercial entity. The business model, a powerful tool for extracting economic value from the potential of technological innovation, clearly plays an important role in the success of a business. In this paper we investigate the role of open source in the business models of Red Hat and IBM and describe how OSS has contributed to their success. A framework recently developed by some of the authors is used to evaluate and identify the key factors important to the integration of OSS strategies into traditional business models.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2009 Annual Research Conference of the South African Institute of Computer Scientists and Information Technologists},
+pages = {112–121},
+numpages = {10},
+keywords = {business models, case study, open source software},
+location = {Vanderbijlpark, Emfuleni, South Africa},
+series = {SAICSIT '09}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1109/APSEC.2004.93,
+author = {Ishikawa, Masahiko},
+title = {Software Product Line and Open Source Software},
+year = {2004},
+isbn = {0769522459},
+publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
+address = {USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/APSEC.2004.93},
+doi = {10.1109/APSEC.2004.93},
+abstract = {A similar set of open source software is selected on many systems even if these systems in which the software is applied are in different domains. It must be primary type of core asset on Product Line Software Engineering. And next, I want to discuss about success of many network appliances run on open source OS.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 11th Asia-Pacific Software Engineering Conference},
+pages = {567},
+numpages = {1},
+series = {APSEC '04}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1109/HICSS.2010.385,
+author = {Van Antwerp, Matthew and Madey, Greg},
+title = {The Importance of Social Network Structure in the Open Source Software Developer Community},
+year = {2010},
+isbn = {9780769538693},
+publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
+address = {USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/HICSS.2010.385},
+doi = {10.1109/HICSS.2010.385},
+abstract = {This paper outlines the motivations and methods for analyzing the developer network of open source software (OSS) projects. Previous work done by Hinds [5] suggested social network structure was instrumental towards the success of an OSS project, as measured by activity and output. The follow-up paper by Hinds [4] discovered that his hypotheses, based on social network theory and previous research on the importance of subgroup connectedness, were vastly different than the results of his study of over 100 successful OSS projects. He concluded that the social network structure had no significant effect on project success. We outline how his approach disregarded potentially important factors and through a new study evaluate the role of the OSS developer network as it pertains to long-term project popularity. We also present an initial investigation into the adequacy of using the SourceForge activity percentile as a long-term success metric. In contrast with Hinds, we show that previously existing developer-developer ties are an indicator of past and future project popularity.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2010 43rd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences},
+pages = {1–10},
+numpages = {10},
+series = {HICSS '10}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.5555/2337223.2337491,
+author = {Serrano Zanetti, Marcelo},
+title = {The co-evolution of socio-technical structures in sustainable software development: lessons from the open source software communities},
+year = {2012},
+isbn = {9781467310673},
+publisher = {IEEE Press},
+abstract = {Software development depends on many factors, including technical, human and social aspects. Due to the complexity of this dependence, a unifying framework must be defined and for this purpose we adopt the complex networks methodology. We use a data-driven approach based on a large collection of open source software projects extracted from online project development platforms. The preliminary results presented in this article reveal that the network perspective yields key insights into the sustainability of software development.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 34th International Conference on Software Engineering},
+pages = {1587–1590},
+numpages = {4},
+location = {Zurich, Switzerland},
+series = {ICSE '12}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1109/HICSS.2007.426,
+author = {Asundi, Jai and Jayant, Rajiv},
+title = {Patch Review Processes in Open Source Software Development Communities: A Comparative Case Study},
+year = {2007},
+isbn = {0769527558},
+publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
+address = {USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/HICSS.2007.426},
+doi = {10.1109/HICSS.2007.426},
+abstract = {In spite of the overwhelming success of Free/Open Source Software (F/OSS) like Apache and GNU/Linux, there is a limited understanding of the processes and methodologies that specify this form of software development. In this paper, we examine the process of patch reviews as a proxy for the extent of code-review in F/OSS projects. While existing descriptions of patch review processes are mostly narrative and based on individual experiences, we systematically analyze the email archives of five F/OSS projects to characterize this process. While doing so, we make a distinction between contributions (patches or review comments) by core members and casual contributors to grasp the role of core members in this process. Our results show that while the patch review processes are not exactly identical across various F/OSS projects, the core members across all projects play the vital role of gate-keepers to ensure a high level of review for submitted patches.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 40th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences},
+pages = {166c},
+series = {HICSS '07}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/1227310.1227495,
+author = {Ellis, Heidi J. C. and Morelli, Ralph A. and de Lanerolle, Trishan R. and Damon, Jonathan and Raye, Jonathan},
+title = {Can humanitarian open-source software development draw new students to CS?},
+year = {2007},
+isbn = {1595933611},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/1227310.1227495},
+doi = {10.1145/1227310.1227495},
+abstract = {In this paper, we present an example humanitarian open-source software project that has been used since January 2006 at a small liberal-arts college as an experiment in undergraduate CS education. Sahana (Sinhalese for relief) is a free and open-source disaster management system developed in Sri Lanka by a group of IT professionals following the 2004 Asian tsunami. It is a web-based tool that addresses the IT coordination problems that typically occur in trying to recover from a large-scale disaster. We are currently exploring the wider use of Sahana as a sustainable model and platform for teaching about open-source software development while at the same time allowing CS students and educators to make a socially useful contribution of their time, effort, and expertise. This paper presents our experiences with Sahana including the benefits for both academia and industry.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 38th SIGCSE Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education},
+pages = {551–555},
+numpages = {5},
+keywords = {curriculum development, open source software, software engineering},
+location = {Covington, Kentucky, USA},
+series = {SIGCSE '07}
+}
+
+@article{10.1145/1227504.1227495,
+author = {Ellis, Heidi J. C. and Morelli, Ralph A. and de Lanerolle, Trishan R. and Damon, Jonathan and Raye, Jonathan},
+title = {Can humanitarian open-source software development draw new students to CS?},
+year = {2007},
+issue_date = {March 2007},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+volume = {39},
+number = {1},
+issn = {0097-8418},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/1227504.1227495},
+doi = {10.1145/1227504.1227495},
+abstract = {In this paper, we present an example humanitarian open-source software project that has been used since January 2006 at a small liberal-arts college as an experiment in undergraduate CS education. Sahana (Sinhalese for relief) is a free and open-source disaster management system developed in Sri Lanka by a group of IT professionals following the 2004 Asian tsunami. It is a web-based tool that addresses the IT coordination problems that typically occur in trying to recover from a large-scale disaster. We are currently exploring the wider use of Sahana as a sustainable model and platform for teaching about open-source software development while at the same time allowing CS students and educators to make a socially useful contribution of their time, effort, and expertise. This paper presents our experiences with Sahana including the benefits for both academia and industry.},
+journal = {SIGCSE Bull.},
+month = mar,
+pages = {551–555},
+numpages = {5},
+keywords = {curriculum development, open source software, software engineering}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.5555/776816.776950,
+author = {Feller, Joseph and Fitzgerald, Brian and Hissam, Scott and Lakhani, Karim},
+title = {The 3rd workshop on Open Source Software Engineering},
+year = {2003},
+isbn = {076951877X},
+publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
+address = {USA},
+abstract = {Building on the success of "Making Sense of the Bazaar" and "Meeting Challenges and Surviving Success" --- the 1st and 2nd Workshops on Open Source Software Engineering (ICSE 2001 and ICSE 2002) --- this workshop ("Taking Stock of the Bazaar') brings together researchers and practitioners for the purpose of discussing the diverse array of techniques --- as well as supporting tools and social/organizational contexts --- which can be observed in the domain of open source software.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Software Engineering},
+pages = {785–786},
+numpages = {2},
+location = {Portland, Oregon},
+series = {ICSE '03}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1109/HICSS.2009.63,
+title = {An Exploratory Study on the Two New Trends in Open Source Software: End-Users and Service},
+year = {2009},
+isbn = {9780769534503},
+publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
+address = {USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/HICSS.2009.63},
+doi = {10.1109/HICSS.2009.63},
+abstract = {Many have been envisaging the emergence of Open Source Software (OSS) for general end-users and the enhancements in providing services and support, as the most critical factors for OSS success, and at the same time, the most critical issues which are holding back the OSS movement. While these two distinct waves in OSS evolution have become more observable, researchers have not yet explored the characteristics of these two distinct new waves. The current study found evidence for these two waves and further explored the two waves by empirically examining two hundred projects hosted in Sourceforge.net. We compared the characteristics of OSS projects that are intended for two disparate audiences: developers and end-users and found that projects for end-users supported more languages but also had more restrictive licenses as compared to projects for developers.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 42nd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences},
+pages = {1–10},
+numpages = {10},
+series = {HICSS '09}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/2788993.2789830,
+author = {Barcomb, Ann},
+title = {A multiple case study of small free software businesses as social entrepreneurships},
+year = {2015},
+isbn = {9781450336666},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/2788993.2789830},
+doi = {10.1145/2788993.2789830},
+abstract = {Free/libre and open source software are frequently described as a single community or movement. The difference between free software and open source ideology may influence founders, resulting in different types of companies being created. Specifically, the relationship between free/libre software ideology and social entrepreneurships is investigated. This paper presents seven case studies of businesses, five of which were founded by people who identify with the free/libre software movement. The result is a theory that small businesses founded by free/libre software advocates have three characteristics of social entrepreneurships. First, social benefit is prioritized over wealth creation. Second, the business's social mission is not incidental but is furthered through its for-profit activities, rather than supported by the company's profits. Third, the company's success is defined in part by the success of its social mission. Free/libre software entrepreneurs who recognize their activities as social entrepreneurships can benefit from the existing literature on the unique challenges faced by socially-oriented businesses.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 11th International Symposium on Open Collaboration},
+articleno = {1},
+numpages = {8},
+keywords = {free software, open source software, public good, small business, social entrepreneurship, social ventures},
+location = {San Francisco, California},
+series = {OpenSym '15}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1109/SITIS.2008.57,
+author = {Wagener, G\'{e}rard and Dulaunoy, Alexandre and Engel, Thomas},
+title = {An Instrumented Analysis of Unknown Software and Malware Driven by Free Libre Open Source Software},
+year = {2008},
+isbn = {9780769534930},
+publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
+address = {USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/SITIS.2008.57},
+doi = {10.1109/SITIS.2008.57},
+abstract = {Reverse engineering is often the last resort for analyzing unknown or closed source software. Such an investigation is motivated by a risk evaluation of closed sourceprograms or by evaluating consequences and countermeasures against infections by malicious programs that are often closed source. This article presents a success storywhere we used and modified free software serving as environment for analyzing unknown software. We explain howa malware sandbox can be constructed based on free software. Moreover we describe how we modified free softwareto improve malware analysis with additional features or ex-tensions. Free software helped us to increase the accuracyof malware or unknown software analysis.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE International Conference on Signal Image Technology and Internet Based Systems},
+pages = {597–605},
+numpages = {9},
+keywords = {free software, malware, network security, reverse engineering, sandbox, sofware analysis},
+series = {SITIS '08}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/512035.512055,
+author = {Nakakoji, Kumiyo and Yamamoto, Yasuhiro and Nishinaka, Yoshiyuki and Kishida, Kouichi and Ye, Yunwen},
+title = {Evolution patterns of open-source software systems and communities},
+year = {2002},
+isbn = {1581135459},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/512035.512055},
+doi = {10.1145/512035.512055},
+abstract = {Open-Source Software (OSS) development is regarded as a successful model of encouraging "natural product evolution". To understand how this "natural product evolution" happens, we have conducted a case study of four typical OSS projects. Unlike most previous studies on software evolution that focus on the evolution of the system per se, our study takes a broader perspective: It examines not only the evolution of OSS systems, but also the evolution of the associated OSS communities, as well as the relationship between the two types of evolution.Through the case study, we have found that while collaborative development within a community is the essential characteristic of OSS, different collaboration models exist, and that the difference in collaboration model results in different evolution patterns of OSS systems and communities. To treat such differences systematically, we propose to classify OSS into three types: Exploration-Oriented, Utility-Oriented, and Service-Oriented. Such a classification can provide guidance on the creation and maintenance of sustainable OSS development and communities.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the International Workshop on Principles of Software Evolution},
+pages = {76–85},
+numpages = {10},
+keywords = {case study, open-source software (OSS), open-source software community, software evolution},
+location = {Orlando, Florida},
+series = {IWPSE '02}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.5555/776816.776867,
+author = {Ye, Yunwen and Kishida, Kouichi},
+title = {Toward an understanding of the motivation Open Source Software developers},
+year = {2003},
+isbn = {076951877X},
+publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
+address = {USA},
+abstract = {An Open Source Software (OSS) project is unlikely to be successful unless there is an accompanied community that provides the platform for developers and users to collaborate. Members of such communities are volunteers whose motivation to participate and contribute is of essential importance to the success of OSS projects. In this paper, we aim to create an understanding of what motivates people to participate in OSS communities. We theorize that learning is one of the motivational forces. Our theory is grounded in the learning theory of Legitimate Peripheral Participation, and is supported by analyzing the social structure of OSS communities and the co-evolution between OSS systems and communities. We also discuss practical implications of our theory for creating and maintaining sustainable OSS communities as well as for software engineering research and education.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Software Engineering},
+pages = {419–429},
+numpages = {11},
+location = {Portland, Oregon},
+series = {ICSE '03}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.5555/1260984.1261215,
+author = {German, Daniel M.},
+title = {Using software distributions to understand the relationship among free and open source software projects},
+year = {2007},
+isbn = {0769528309},
+publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
+address = {USA},
+abstract = {Success in the open source software world has been measured in terms of metrics such as number of downloads, number of commits, number of lines of code, number of participants, etc. These metrics tend to discriminate towards applications that are small and tend to evolve slowly. A problem is, however, how to identify applications in these latter categories that are important. Software distributions specify the dependencies needed to build and to run a given software application. We use this information to create a dependency graph of the applications contained in such a distribution. We explore the characteristics of this graph, and use it to define some metrics to quantify the dependencies (and dependents) of a given software application. We demonstrate that some applications that are invisible to the final user (such as libraries) are widely used by end-user applications. This graph can be used as a proxy to measure success of small, slowly evolving free and open source software.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 29th International Conference on Software Engineering Workshops},
+pages = {24},
+series = {ICSEW '07}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1109/MSR.2007.32,
+author = {German, Daniel M.},
+title = {Using Software Distributions to Understand the Relationship among Free and Open Source Software Projects},
+year = {2007},
+isbn = {076952950X},
+publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
+address = {USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/MSR.2007.32},
+doi = {10.1109/MSR.2007.32},
+abstract = {Success in the open source software world has been measured in terms of metrics such as number of downloads, number of commits, number of lines of code, number of participants, etc. These metrics tend to discriminate towards applications that are small and tend to evolve slowly. A problem is, however, how to identify applications in these latter categories that are important. Software distributions specify the dependencies needed to build and to run a given software application. We use this information to create a dependency graph of the applications contained in such a distribution. We explore the characteristics of this graph, and use it to define some metrics to quantify the dependencies (and dependents) of a given software application. We demonstrate that some applications that are invisible to the final user (such as libraries) are widely used by end-user applications. This graph can be used as a proxy to measure success of small, slowly evolving free and open source software.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Mining Software Repositories},
+pages = {24},
+series = {MSR '07}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1007/978-3-319-39483-1_63,
+author = {Laugasson, Edmund and Quaicoe, James Sunney and Jeladze, Eka and Jesmin, Triinu},
+title = {Bridging Digital Divide in Schools in Developing Countries: Perceptions of Teachers of Free Software Opportunities},
+year = {2016},
+isbn = {978-3-319-39482-4},
+publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
+address = {Berlin, Heidelberg},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39483-1_63},
+doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-39483-1_63},
+abstract = {21st century information society requires more and more use of ICT (information and communication technology) in everyday life. Nowadays there is much talk about the digital divide, which means economical and social disparities in digital technology use and availability in society of a particular country and among different countries. In this paper we sought to explore teachers knowledge and use of ICT resources in the context of free/libre and open-source software (FLOSS). When relying permanently on free tools there are several benefits which in turn will grow sustainable information society and will fortify economy in larger scale. For the mentioned purpose we use Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) first version. We found that TAM model is not ideal to accomplish mentioned tasks, especially in educational institutions. If teachers will be aware of FLOSS then they can increase ICT resources use in schools in a meaningful way. This in turn will reduce also disparity in schools and we may call it as a digital turn.},
+booktitle = {Learning and Collaboration Technologies: Third International Conference, LCT 2016, Held as Part of HCI International 2016, Toronto, ON, Canada, July 17-22, 2016, Proceedings},
+pages = {695–706},
+numpages = {12},
+keywords = {Technology Acceptance Model, Adoption, Digital divide, Free/libre and open-source software},
+location = {Toronto, ON, Canada}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1109/HICSS.2006.213,
+author = {Lin, Lihui},
+title = {Impact of Users' Expertise on the Competition between Proprietary and Open Source Software},
+year = {2006},
+isbn = {0769525075},
+publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
+address = {USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/HICSS.2006.213},
+doi = {10.1109/HICSS.2006.213},
+abstract = {Despite the availability of source code, deploying open source software (OSS) in an enterprise environment requires expertise. Recent surveys show that the skills of IT staff in an organization are one of the key factors in OSS adoption decisions. This paper develops a model where users choosing between proprietary software and OSS are heterogeneous in their expertise. The paper finds that as users become more skilled in OSS, the price of proprietary software will decline. Second, the equilibrium market structure is influenced by both users' expertise and network effects. It is not surprising that proprietary software can drive OSS out of the market in presence of network effect, but counter-intuitively, this happens when users are highly skilled in OSS. Third, in presence of network effect, OSS may survive in the market only when it is customizable by skilled users and therefore provides significant higher benefits to users than proprietary software.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 39th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences - Volume 08},
+pages = {166.1},
+series = {HICSS '06}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/2948076.2948090,
+author = {Haskel, Lisa and Graham, Paula},
+title = {Whats GNU got to do with it? participatory design, infrastructuring and free/open source software},
+year = {2016},
+isbn = {9781450341363},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/2948076.2948090},
+doi = {10.1145/2948076.2948090},
+abstract = {In this paper we link Participatory Design (PD) to Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) via Infrastructuring. We describe the characteristics of FOSS focusing on extensibility, generativity and their communities of practice. We discuss how FOSS products and communities provide valuable resources to PD projects beyond the design phase. We use evidence from our long-running, community based PD project to show how FOSS provides essential elements of infrastructure that contribute to the sustainability of this project and suggest that the mutual learning outcomes of PD, together with FOSS resources, can support users' participation after design. We contribute to PD by providing a point of view from developers and facilitators, who combine FOSS and PD, that furthers an understanding of how these two areas are related.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 14th Participatory Design Conference: Short Papers, Interactive Exhibitions, Workshops - Volume 2},
+pages = {17–20},
+numpages = {4},
+keywords = {Drupal, free and open source software, infrastructuring, participatory design, sustainability},
+location = {Aarhus, Denmark},
+series = {PDC '16}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/973620.973725,
+author = {Yordanova, Lina and Boychev, Georgi and Tsvetanova, Yanka and Hrisuleva, Vania and Kiryakova, Gabriela},
+title = {Development of a web-based course on informatics via open-source software package MOODLE},
+year = {2003},
+isbn = {9549641333},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/973620.973725},
+doi = {10.1145/973620.973725},
+abstract = {The current study discusses the implementation of an Open-source Learning Management System platform MOODLE for establishment of Web-based course on Communication and Information Systems subjects. Our shared experience about searching, choosing, installation and implementation of an Open Source platform is a good example for starting with e-Learning development as the used strategy led to success. Future work could be encouraging and training students to use the designed and created course.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 4th International Conference Conference on Computer Systems and Technologies: E-Learning},
+pages = {629–633},
+numpages = {5},
+keywords = {LMS platform, e-Learning, open-source, web-based course},
+location = {Rousse, Bulgaria},
+series = {CompSysTech '03}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.5555/1565142.1565145,
+author = {Michlmayr, Martin},
+title = {Software Process Maturity and the Success of Free Software Projects},
+year = {2005},
+isbn = {1586035592},
+publisher = {IOS Press},
+address = {NLD},
+abstract = {The success of free software and open source projects has increased interest in utilizing the open source model for mature software development. However, the ad hoc nature of open source development may result in poor quality software or failures for a number of volunteer projects. In this paper, projects from SourceForge are assessed to test the hypothesis that there is a relationship between process maturity and the success of free software and open source projects. This study addresses the question of whether the maturity of particular software processes differs in successful and unsuccessful projects. Processes are identified that are key factors in successful free software projects. The insights gained from this study can be applied as to improve the software process used by free software projects.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2005 Conference on Software Engineering: Evolution and Emerging Technologies},
+pages = {3–14},
+numpages = {12},
+keywords = {Free Software, Open Source, Process Maturity, Quality Improvement}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.5555/647881.737775,
+author = {Chandra, Subhachandra and Chen, Peter M.},
+title = {Whither Generic Recovery from Application Faults? A Fault Study using Open-Source Software},
+year = {2000},
+isbn = {0769507077},
+publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
+address = {USA},
+abstract = {This paper tests the hypothesis that generic recovery techniques, such as process pairs, can survive most application faults without using application-specific information. We examine in detail the faults that occur in three, large, open-source applications: the Apache web server, the GNOME desktop environment, and the MySQL database. Using information contained in the bug reports and source code, we classify faults based on how they depend on the operating environment. We find that 72-87\% of the faults are independent of the operating environment and are hence deterministic (non-transient). Recovering from the failures caused by these faults requires the use of application-specific knowledge. Half of the remaining faults depend on a condition in the operating environment that is likely to persist on retry, and the failures caused by these faults are likely to require application-specific recovery. Unfortunately, only 5-14\% of the faults were triggered by transient conditions, such as timing and synchronization that naturally fix them during recovery. Our results indicate that classical application-generic recovery techniques, such as process pairs, will not be sufficient to enable applications to survive most failures caused by application faults.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2000 International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks (Formerly FTCS-30 and DCCA-8)},
+pages = {97–106},
+numpages = {10},
+keywords = {Faults, Heisenbugs, Recovery, Software, Transient},
+series = {DSN '00}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/2538862.2544315,
+author = {DeCausemaker, Remy and Jacobs, Stephen},
+title = {Adventures in hackademia: leveraging humanitarian free/open source software development in the class room (abstract only)},
+year = {2014},
+isbn = {9781450326056},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/2538862.2544315},
+doi = {10.1145/2538862.2544315},
+abstract = {This poster will briefly describe the components of the Humanitarian Free/Open Source Software Development (HFOSS) course offered by the Department of Interactive Games and Media at Rochester Institute of Technology in Upstate NY. It will depict this model of an "Open" Course (i.e. Open Courseware, Open Curriculum, Open Classroom, and Open Code) informed both by academic theory, and industry best practice. It will show the results of designers, developers, and project leaders, working in tandem with professors, staffers, and administrators to offer students a chance to apply research, and put theory into practice. It will discuss strategies of engagement, metrics of success and failure, and what resources are available for others to do the same.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 45th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education},
+pages = {723–724},
+numpages = {2},
+keywords = {foss, free/open source software, open source},
+location = {Atlanta, Georgia, USA},
+series = {SIGCSE '14}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1109/APSEC.2004.58,
+author = {Senyard, Anthony and Michlmayr, Martin},
+title = {How to Have a Successful Free Software Project},
+year = {2004},
+isbn = {0769522459},
+publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
+address = {USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/APSEC.2004.58},
+doi = {10.1109/APSEC.2004.58},
+abstract = {Some free software projects have been extremely successful. This rise to prominence can be attributed to the high quality and suitability of the software. This quality and suitability is achieved through an elaborate peer-review process performed by a large community of users, who act as co-developers to identify and correct software defects and add features. Although this process is crucial to the success of free software projects, there is more to the free software development than the creation of a 'bazaar'. In this paper we draw on existing free software projects to define a lifecycle model for free software. This paper then explores each phase of the lifecycle model and agrees that, while the bazaar phase attracts the most attention, it is the initial modular design that accommodates diverse interventions. Moreover, it is the period of transition from the initial group to the larger community based development that is crucial in determining whether a free software project will succeed or fail.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 11th Asia-Pacific Software Engineering Conference},
+pages = {84–91},
+numpages = {8},
+keywords = {development process, free software, software lifecycle},
+series = {APSEC '04}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1109/SBES.2010.26,
+author = {Terceiro, Antonio and Rios, Luiz Romario and Chavez, Christina},
+title = {An Empirical Study on the Structural Complexity Introduced by Core and Peripheral Developers in Free Software Projects},
+year = {2010},
+isbn = {9780769542737},
+publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
+address = {USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/SBES.2010.26},
+doi = {10.1109/SBES.2010.26},
+abstract = {Background: Several factors may impact the process of software maintenance and evolution of free software projects, including structural complexity and lack of control over its contributors. Structural complexity, an architectural concern, makes software projects more difficult to understand, and consequently more difficult to maintain and evolve. The contributors in a free software project exhibit different levels of participation in the project, and can be categorized as core and peripheral developers. Research aim: This research aims at characterising the changes made to the source code of 7 web server projects written in C with respect to the amount of structural complexity added or removed and the developer level of participation. Method: We performed a observational study with historical data collected from the version control repositories of those projects, recording structural complexity information for each change as well as identifying each change as performed by a core or a peripheral developer. Results and conclusions: We have found that core developers introduce less structural complexity than peripheral developers in general, and that in the case of complexity-reducing activities, core developers remove more structural complexity than peripheral developers. These results demonstrate the importance of having a stable and healthy core team to the sustainability of free software projects.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2010 Brazilian Symposium on Software Engineering},
+pages = {21–29},
+numpages = {9},
+keywords = {Core and Periphery, Empirical Software Engineering, FLOSS, Free Software, Open Source software, Structural Complexity},
+series = {SBES '10}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/581339.581436,
+author = {Feller, Joseph},
+title = {Meeting challenges and surviving success: the 2nd workshop on open source software engineering},
+year = {2002},
+isbn = {158113472X},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/581339.581436},
+doi = {10.1145/581339.581436},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Software Engineering},
+pages = {669–670},
+numpages = {2},
+location = {Orlando, Florida},
+series = {ICSE '02}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1109/HICSS.2014.406,
+author = {Carillo, Kevin Daniel Andr\'{e} and Huff, Sid and Chawner, Brenda},
+title = {It's Not Only about Writing Code: An Investigation of the Notion of Citizenship Behaviors in the Context of Free/Libre/Open Source Software Communities},
+year = {2014},
+isbn = {9781479925049},
+publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
+address = {USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/HICSS.2014.406},
+doi = {10.1109/HICSS.2014.406},
+abstract = {Attracting a large number of new contributors has been seen as a way to ensure the survival, long-term success, and sustainability of Free/Libre/Open Source Software (FLOSS) communities. However, this appears to be a necessary, but not a sufficient condition, as the well-being of FLOSS communities also relies on members behaving as "good citizens," to nurture and protect the community. This paper investigates the notion of FLOSS community citizenship behaviors in light of the organizational citizenship behaviors literature. Relying on 11 semi-structured interviews with FLOSS project leaders and community managers, the papers identifies key instances of citizenship behaviors along two dimensions: CCB-I (community citizenship behaviors oriented towards the benefits of other individuals), and CCB-P (community citizenship behaviors oriented towards the benefits of the project and its community).},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2014 47th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences},
+pages = {3276–3285},
+numpages = {10},
+keywords = {citizenship behaviors, free software, open source software communities},
+series = {HICSS '14}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/3663529.3663777,
+author = {Khan, Nafiz Imtiaz and Filkov, Vladimir},
+title = {From Models to Practice: Enhancing OSS Project Sustainability with Evidence-Based Advice},
+year = {2024},
+isbn = {9798400706585},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3663529.3663777},
+doi = {10.1145/3663529.3663777},
+abstract = {Sustainability in Open Source Software (OSS) projects is crucial for long-term innovation, community support, and the enduring success of open-source solutions. Although multitude of studies have provided effective models for OSS sustainability, their practical implications have been lacking because most identified features are not amenable to direct tuning by developers (e.g., levels of communication, number of commits per project). 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+In this paper, we report on preliminary work toward making models more actionable based on evidence-based findings from prior research. Given a set of identified features of interest to OSS project sustainability, we performed comprehensive literature review related to those features to uncover practical, evidence-based advice, which we call Researched Actionables (ReACTs). The ReACTs are practical advice with specific steps, found in prior work to associate with tangible results. Starting from a set of sustainability-related features, this study contributes 105 ReACTs to the SE community by analyzing 186 published articles. Moreover, this study introduces a newly developed tool (ReACTive) designed to enhance the exploration of ReACTs through visualization across various facets of the OSS ecosystem. The ReACTs idea opens new avenues for connecting SE metrics to actionable research in SE in general.},
+booktitle = {Companion Proceedings of the 32nd ACM International Conference on the Foundations of Software Engineering},
+pages = {457–461},
+numpages = {5},
+keywords = {Literature Review, Open Source Software, Research Actionable, Sustainability},
+location = {Porto de Galinhas, Brazil},
+series = {FSE 2024}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.5555/998675.999508,
+author = {Feller, Joseph and Fitzgerald, Brian and Hissam, Scott and Lakhani, Karim},
+title = {Collaboration, Conflict and Control: The 4th Workshop on Open Source Software Engineering},
+year = {2004},
+isbn = {0769521630},
+publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
+address = {USA},
+abstract = {Building on the success of the first three workshops inthe series, which were held at ICSE 2001 (Toronto), ICSE2002 (Orlando) and ICSE 2003 (Portland), the 4thWorkshop on Open Source Software Engineering,("Collaboration, Conflict and Control") brings togetherresearchers and practitioners for the purpose ofdiscussing the platforms and tools, techniques andprocesses, and the organizational structures that are usedto support and sustain communication, collaboration andconflict resolution within and between open sourcesoftware communities.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on Software Engineering},
+pages = {764–765},
+numpages = {2},
+series = {ICSE '04}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/3383219.3383242,
+author = {Alami, Adam and Cohn, Marisa Leavitt and W\k{a}isowski, Andrzej},
+title = {How Do FOSS Communities Decide to Accept Pull Requests?},
+year = {2020},
+isbn = {9781450377317},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3383219.3383242},
+doi = {10.1145/3383219.3383242},
+abstract = {Pull requests are a method to facilitate review and management of contribution in distributed software development. Software developers author commits, and present them in a pull request to be inspected by maintainers and reviewers. The success and sustainability of communities depends on ongoing contributions, but rejections decrease motivation of contributors. We carried out a a qualitative study to understand the mechanisms of evaluating PRs in open source software (FOSS) communities from developers and maintainers perspective. We interviewed 30 participants from five different FOSS communities. The data shows that acceptance of contributions depends not only on technical criteria, but also significantly on social and strategic aspects. This paper identifies three PR governance styles found in the studied communities: (1) protective, (2) equitable and (3) lenient. Each one of these styles has its particularities. While the protective style values trustworthiness and reliability of the contributor, the lenient style believes in creating a positive and welcoming environment where contributors are mentored to evolve contributions until they meet the community standards. Despite the differences, these governance styles have a commonality, they all safeguard the quality of the software.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Evaluation and Assessment in Software Engineering},
+pages = {220–229},
+numpages = {10},
+keywords = {FOSS governance, Open source software, code review, community management, decision making, pull request},
+location = {Trondheim, Norway},
+series = {EASE '20}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1109/ICSE.2019.00100,
+author = {Barcomb, Ann and Stol, Klaas-Jan and Riehle, Dirk and Fitzgerald, Brian},
+title = {Why do episodic volunteers stay in FLOSS communities?},
+year = {2019},
+publisher = {IEEE Press},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSE.2019.00100},
+doi = {10.1109/ICSE.2019.00100},
+abstract = {Successful Free/Libre and Open Source Software (FLOSS) projects incorporate both habitual and infrequent, or episodic, contributors. Using the concept of episodic volunteering (EV) from the general volunteering literature, we derive a model consisting of five key constructs that we hypothesize affect episodic volunteers' retention in FLOSS communities. To evaluate the model we conducted a survey with over 100 FLOSS episodic volunteers. We observe that three of our model constructs (social norms, satisfaction and community commitment) are all positively associated with volunteers' intention to remain, while the two other constructs (psychological sense of community and contributor benefit motivations) are not. Furthermore, exploratory clustering on unobserved heterogeneity suggests that there are four distinct categories of volunteers: satisfied, classic, social and obligated. Based on our findings, we offer suggestions for projects to incorporate and manage episodic volunteers, so as to better leverage this type of contributors and potentially improve projects' sustainability.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 41st International Conference on Software Engineering},
+pages = {948–954},
+numpages = {7},
+keywords = {community management, episodic volunteering, open source software, volunteer management},
+location = {Montreal, Quebec, Canada},
+series = {ICSE '19}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/3611643.3617848,
+author = {Feng, Zixuan},
+title = {The State of Survival in OSS: The Impact of Diversity},
+year = {2023},
+isbn = {9798400703270},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3611643.3617848},
+doi = {10.1145/3611643.3617848},
+abstract = {Maintaining and retaining contributors is crucial for Open Source (OSS) projects. However, there is often a high turnover among contributors (in some projects as high as 80\%). The survivability of contributors is influenced by various factors, including their demographics. Research on contributors’ survivability must, therefore, consider diversity factors. This study longitudinally analyzed the impact of demographic attributes on survivability in the Flutter community through the lens of gender, region, and compensation. The preliminary analysis reveals that affiliated or Western contributors have a higher survival probability than volunteer or Non-Western contributors. However, no significant difference was found in the survival probability between men and women.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 31st ACM Joint European Software Engineering Conference and Symposium on the Foundations of Software Engineering},
+pages = {2213–2215},
+numpages = {3},
+keywords = {Disengagement, Open Source, Survivability},
+location = {San Francisco, CA, USA},
+series = {ESEC/FSE 2023}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/1540438.1540461,
+author = {Beaver, Justin M. and Cui, Xiaohui and St Charles, Jesse L. and Potok, Thomas E.},
+title = {Modeling success in FLOSS project groups},
+year = {2009},
+isbn = {9781605586342},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/1540438.1540461},
+doi = {10.1145/1540438.1540461},
+abstract = {A significant challenge in software engineering is accurately modeling projects in order to correctly forecast success or failure. The primary difficulty is that software development efforts are complex in terms of both the technical and social aspects of the engineering environment. This is compounded by the lack of real data that captures both the measures of success in performing a process, and the measures that reflect a group's social dynamics. This research focuses on the development of a model for predicting software project success that leverages the wealth of available open source project data in order to accurately forecast the behavior of those software engineering groups. The model accounts for both the technical elements of software engineering and the social elements that drive the decisions of individual developers. Agent-based simulations are used to represent the complexity of the group interactions, and the behavior of each agent is based on the acquired open source software engineering data. For four of the five project success measures, the results indicate that the developed model represents the underlying data well and provides accurate predictions of open source project success indicators.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Predictor Models in Software Engineering},
+articleno = {16},
+numpages = {8},
+keywords = {Bayesian belief networks, FLOSS, agent-based simulation, data-based models, software engineering},
+location = {Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada},
+series = {PROMISE '09}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/3183440.3195047,
+author = {Zhang, Yuxia and Tan, Xin and Zhou, Minghui and Jin, Zhi},
+title = {Companies' domination in FLOSS development: an empirical study of OpenStack},
+year = {2018},
+isbn = {9781450356633},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3183440.3195047},
+doi = {10.1145/3183440.3195047},
+abstract = {Because of the increasing acceptance and possibly expanding market of free/libre open source software (FLOSS), the spectrum and scale of companies that participate in FLOSS development have substantially expanded in recent years. Companies get involved in FLOSS projects to acquire user innovations [3, 12], to reduce costs [8, 11], to make money on complementary services [13], etc. Such intense involvement may change the nature of FLOSS development and pose critical challenges for the sustainability of the projects. For example, it has been found that a company's full control and intense involvement is associated with a decrease of volunteer inflow [13]. Sometimes a project may fail after one company pulls resources from the project [13]. This raises concerns about the domination of one company in a project. In large projects like OpenStack, there are often hundreds of companies involved in contributing code. Despite substantial researches on commercial participation, whether or not one company dominates a project and the impact of such domination has never been explicitly explored. We investigate four main projects of OpenStack, a large ecosystem that has had a tremendous impact on computing and society, to answer the following research questions: Does one company dominate the project's development (RQ1)? If the answer to RQ1 is yes, does the domination affect the community (RQ2)?},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 40th International Conference on Software Engineering: Companion Proceeedings},
+pages = {440–441},
+numpages = {2},
+location = {Gothenburg, Sweden},
+series = {ICSE '18}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.5555/3666122.3666579,
+author = {Engelken, Rainer},
+title = {Gradient flossing: improving gradient descent through dynamic control of jacobians},
+year = {2023},
+publisher = {Curran Associates Inc.},
+address = {Red Hook, NY, USA},
+abstract = {Training recurrent neural networks (RNNs) remains a challenge due to the instability of gradients across long time horizons, which can lead to exploding and vanishing gradients. Recent research has linked these problems to the values of Lyapunov exponents for the forward-dynamics, which describe the growth or shrinkage of infinitesimal perturbations. Here, we propose gradient flossing, a novel approach to tackling gradient instability by pushing Lyapunov exponents of the forward dynamics toward zero during learning. We achieve this by regularizing Lyapunov exponents through backpropagation using differentiable linear algebra. This enables us to "floss" the gradients, stabilizing them and thus improving network training. We demonstrate that gradient flossing controls not only the gradient norm but also the condition number of the long-term Jacobian, facilitating multidimensional error feedback propagation. We find that applying gradient flossing prior to training enhances both the success rate and convergence speed for tasks involving long time horizons. For challenging tasks, we show that gradient flossing during training can further increase the time horizon that can be bridged by backpropagation through time. Moreover, we demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach on various RNN architectures and tasks of variable temporal complexity. Additionally, we provide a simple implementation of our gradient flossing algorithm that can be used in practice. Our results indicate that gradient flossing via regularizing Lyapunov exponents can significantly enhance the effectiveness of RNN training and mitigate the exploding and vanishing gradients problem.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 37th International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems},
+articleno = {457},
+numpages = {28},
+location = {New Orleans, LA, USA},
+series = {NIPS '23}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/3576915.3623188,
+author = {Yang, Su and Xiao, Yang and Xu, Zhengzi and Sun, Chengyi and Ji, Chen and Zhang, Yuqing},
+title = {Enhancing OSS Patch Backporting with Semantics},
+year = {2023},
+isbn = {9798400700507},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3576915.3623188},
+doi = {10.1145/3576915.3623188},
+abstract = {Keeping open-source software (OSS) up to date is one potential solution to prevent known vulnerabilities. However, it requires frequent and costly testing and may introduce compatibility issues. Consequently, developers often choose to backport security patches to the vulnerable versions instead. Manual backporting is time-consuming, especially for large OSS such as the Linux kernel. Therefore, automating this process is urgently needed to save considerable time. Existing automated approaches for backporting patches involve either automatic patch generation or automatic patch migration. However, these methods are often ineffective and error-prone since they failed to locate the precise patch locations or generate the correct patch, operating only on the syntactic level.In this paper, we propose a patch type-sensitive approach to automatically backport OSS security patches, guided by the patch type and patch semantics. Specifically, our approach identifies patch locations with the aid of program dependency graph-based matching at the semantic level. It further applies fine-grained patch migration and fine-tuning based on patch types. We have implemented our approach in a tool named TSBPORT and evaluated it on a large-scale dataset consisting of 1,815 pairs of real-world security patches for the Linux kernel. The evaluation results show that TSBPORT successfully backported 1,589 (87.59\%) patches, out of which 587 (32.34\%) could not be backported by any state-of-the-art approaches, significantly outperforming state-of-the-art approaches. In addition, experiments also show that TSBPORT can be generalized to backport patches in other OSS projects with a success rate of 88.18\%.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2023 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security},
+pages = {2366–2380},
+numpages = {15},
+keywords = {patch backporting, patch semantics, patch type},
+location = {Copenhagen, Denmark},
+series = {CCS '23}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.5555/1260984.1261210,
+author = {English, Robert and Schweik, Charles M.},
+title = {Identifying Success and Tragedy of FLOSS Commons: A Preliminary Classification of Sourceforge.net Projects},
+year = {2007},
+isbn = {0769528309},
+publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
+address = {USA},
+abstract = {Free/Libre and Open Source Software (FLOSS) projects are a form of commons where individuals work collectively to produce software that is a public, rather than a private, good. The famous phrase "Tragedy of the Commons” describes a situation where a natural resource commons, such as a pasture, or a water supply, gets depleted because of overuse. The tragedy in FLOSS commons is distinctly different -- it occurs when collective action ceases before a software product is produced or reaches its full potential. This paper builds on previous work about defining success in FLOSS projects by taking a collective action perspective. We first report the results of interviews with FLOSS developers regarding our ideas about success and failure in FLOSS projects. Building on those interviews and previous work, we then describe our criteria for defining success/tragedy in FLOSS commons. Finally, we discuss the results of a preliminary classification of nearly all projects hosted on Sourceforge.net as of August 2006.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 29th International Conference on Software Engineering Workshops},
+pages = {131},
+series = {ICSEW '07}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1007/978-3-031-78090-5_10,
+author = {Miura, Chiaki and Ito, Kensuke},
+title = {Incentivize Peer Review Without Rewarding: Using OSS-Like Citation Pull Request},
+year = {2024},
+isbn = {978-3-031-78089-9},
+publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
+address = {Berlin, Heidelberg},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-78090-5_10},
+doi = {10.1007/978-3-031-78090-5_10},
+abstract = {Scholarly communication is experiencing significant growth in publication volume. However, due to a lack of incentives, the current peer review system struggles to secure a sufficient number of diverse referees. Learning from the recent success in Open-Source Software (OSS) development, several alternative review models have been proposed, though none have focused on the mechanisms behind contribution-driven development. We introduce Push Citation, which combines a reversed citation with a revision to prior articles. Citation metrics incentivize article owners to perform reviews and encourage contributors to make suggestions. An experiment on workload balancing demonstrates that Push Citation is robust against the increasing demand for reviews and the uneven distribution of the burden. Potential drawbacks and countermeasures are also discussed.},
+booktitle = {Information Integration and Web Intelligence: 26th International Conference, IiWAS 2024, Bratislava, Slovak Republic, December 2–4, 2024, Proceedings, Part I},
+pages = {110–124},
+numpages = {15},
+keywords = {Incentivize Peer Review, Open Science, Open-Source Software, Scholarly Communication},
+location = {Bratislava, Slovakia}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1109/FLOSS.2007.9,
+author = {English, Robert and Schweik, Charles M.},
+title = {Identifying Success and Tragedy of FLOSS Commons: A Preliminary Classification of Sourceforge.net Projects},
+year = {2007},
+isbn = {0769529615},
+publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
+address = {USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/FLOSS.2007.9},
+doi = {10.1109/FLOSS.2007.9},
+abstract = {Free/Libre and Open Source Software (FLOSS) projects are a form of commons where individuals work collectively to produce software that is a public, rather than a private, good. The famous phrase "Tragedy of the Commons" describes a situation where a natural resource commons, such as a pasture, or a water supply, gets depleted because of overuse. The tragedy in FLOSS commons is distinctly different -- it occurs when collective action ceases before a software product is produced or reaches its full potential. This paper builds on previous work about defining success in FLOSS projects by taking a collective action perspective. We first report the results of interviews with FLOSS developers regarding our ideas about success and failure in FLOSS projects. Building on those interviews and previous work, we then describe our criteria for defining success/tragedy in FLOSS commons. Finally, we discuss the results of a preliminary classification of nearly all projects hosted on Sourceforge.net as of August 2006.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Emerging Trends in FLOSS Research and Development},
+pages = {11},
+series = {FLOSS '07}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1109/ICSE-SEET52601.2021.00009,
+author = {Tan, Shin Hwei and Hu, Chunfeng and Li, Ziqiang and Zhang, Xiaowen and Zhou, Ying},
+title = {GitHub-OSS fixit},
+year = {2021},
+isbn = {9780738133201},
+publisher = {IEEE Press},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSE-SEET52601.2021.00009},
+doi = {10.1109/ICSE-SEET52601.2021.00009},
+abstract = {Many studies have shown the benefits of introducing open-source projects into teaching Software Engineering (SE) courses. However, there are several limitations of existing studies that limit the wide adaptation of open-source projects in a classroom setting, including (1) the selected project is limited to one particular project, (2) most studies only investigated on its effect on teaching a specific SE concept, and (3) students may make mistakes in their contribution which leads to poor quality code. Meanwhile, software companies have successfully launched programs like Google Summer of Code (GSoC) and FindBugs "fixit" to contribute to open-source projects. Inspired by the success of these programs, we propose GitHub-OSS Fixit, a team-based course project where students are taught to contribute to open-source Java projects by fixing bugs reported in GitHub. We described our course outline to teach students SE concepts by encouraging the usages of several automated program analysis tools. We also included the carefully designed instructions that we gave to students for participating in GitHub-OSS Fixit. As all lectures and labs are conducted online, we think that our course design could help in guiding future online SE courses. Overall, our survey results show that students think that GitHub-OSS Fixit could help them to improve many skills and apply the knowledge taught in class. In total, 154 students have submitted 214 pull requests to 24 different Java projects, in which 93 of them have been merged, and 46 have been closed by developers.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 43rd International Conference on Software Engineering: Joint Track on Software Engineering Education and Training},
+pages = {1–10},
+numpages = {10},
+keywords = {open-source software, program repair, software engineering},
+location = {Virtual Event, Spain},
+series = {ICSE-JSEET '21}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/3611643.3616288,
+author = {Fronchetti, Felipe and Shepherd, David C. and Wiese, Igor and Treude, Christoph and Gerosa, Marco Aur\'{e}lio and Steinmacher, Igor},
+title = {Do CONTRIBUTING Files Provide Information about OSS Newcomers’ Onboarding Barriers?},
+year = {2023},
+isbn = {9798400703270},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3611643.3616288},
+doi = {10.1145/3611643.3616288},
+abstract = {Effectively onboarding newcomers is essential for the success of open source projects. These projects often provide onboarding guidelines in their ’CONTRIBUTING’ files (e.g., CONTRIBUTING.md on GitHub). These files explain, for example, how to find open tasks, implement solutions, and submit code for review. However, these files often do not follow a standard structure, can be too large, and miss barriers commonly found by newcomers. In this paper, we propose an automated approach to parse these CONTRIBUTING files and assess how they address onboarding barriers. We manually classified a sample of files according to a model of onboarding barriers from the literature, trained a machine learning classifier that automatically predicts the categories of each paragraph (precision: 0.655, recall: 0.662), and surveyed developers to investigate their perspective of the predictions’ adequacy (75\% of the predictions were considered adequate). We found that CONTRIBUTING files typically do not cover the barriers newcomers face (52\% of the analyzed projects missed at least 3 out of the 6 barriers faced by newcomers; 84\% missed at least 2). Our analysis also revealed that information about choosing a task and talking with the community, two of the most recurrent barriers newcomers face, are neglected in more than 75\% of the projects. We made available our classifier as an online service that analyzes the content of a given CONTRIBUTING file. Our approach may help community builders identify missing information in the project ecosystem they maintain and newcomers can understand what to expect in CONTRIBUTING files.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 31st ACM Joint European Software Engineering Conference and Symposium on the Foundations of Software Engineering},
+pages = {16–28},
+numpages = {13},
+keywords = {FLOSS, novices, onboarding, open source, software engineering},
+location = {San Francisco, CA, USA},
+series = {ESEC/FSE 2023}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1109/GHTC.2011.82,
+author = {Babu, Satish},
+title = {FOSS as a Tool for Development: The Kerala Experience},
+year = {2011},
+isbn = {9780769545950},
+publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
+address = {USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/GHTC.2011.82},
+doi = {10.1109/GHTC.2011.82},
+abstract = {The mainstreaming of Free and Open Source Software(FOSS) has been one of the most visible changes inthe domain of software in the last decade. Starting out as arallying point for techno-activists, FOSS is today a valued optionsupported by Governments, Businesses as well as the civil societyin most parts of the word. The State of Kerala in southernIndia, already quite unique on a variety of social, democratic andpolitical indicators, was the first to adopt FOSS as an instrumentof State policy in 2001. As it celebrates a decade of FOSS in 2011,Kerala demonstrates the remarkable transition of FOSS into acost-effective, pragmatic, and technologically sound strategy thatsimultaneously upholds the principles of freedom and democracy.Given that software is set to permeate most aspects of humanendeavor, the use of FOSS is an example for a highly sustainable -- socially, politically and technologically -- model of use of ICTs forhumanity.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE Global Humanitarian Technology Conference},
+pages = {108–110},
+numpages = {3},
+keywords = {FOSS, Free Software, Kerala, Open Source, Sustainable Development},
+series = {GHTC '11}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1109/GHTC.2011.78,
+author = {Tucker, Allen and Morelli, Ralph and Lanerolle, Trishan de},
+title = {The Humanitarian FOSS Project: Goals, Activities, and Outcomes},
+year = {2011},
+isbn = {9780769545950},
+publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
+address = {USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/GHTC.2011.78},
+doi = {10.1109/GHTC.2011.78},
+abstract = {Begun in 2006, the Humanitarian Free and Open Source Software Project (HFOSS Project) is an educational initiative whose goal is to engage undergraduates in computer science by building free and open source software that benefits humanity, both locally and globally. During its short lifetime, the Project has inspired increasing numbers of students and instructors to make significant contributions to several humanitarian open source software development projects. In the last four years, the HFOSS Project has received material support from several partners, including the National Science Foundation, Accenture, Google, and Mozilla. This support has enabled the Project to expand its reach to add new college and university partners and to add more humanitarian software projects. Contributions to the HFOSS Project come from professionals in academia, IT organizations, and non-profit organizations that engage undergraduate students in courses, research projects, and summer internship experiences. Its curriculum is accessible to a wide range of undergraduates, since it includes courses for non- majors as well as computer science and engineering majors. This paper describes all these activities and their impact on undergraduate computing education, local non-profit organizations, and global FOSS communities. It concludes by identifying the progress that the HFOSS Project has made toward developing a sustainable infrastructure.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE Global Humanitarian Technology Conference},
+pages = {98–101},
+numpages = {4},
+keywords = {curriculum, education, humanitarian, open source, software engineering, tools and techniques},
+series = {GHTC '11}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1007/978-3-031-64171-8_4,
+author = {Kree, Lukas and Helmke, Ren\'{e} and Winter, Eugen},
+title = {Using Semgrep OSS to Find OWASP Top 10 Weaknesses in PHP Applications: A Case Study},
+year = {2024},
+isbn = {978-3-031-64170-1},
+publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
+address = {Berlin, Heidelberg},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-64171-8_4},
+doi = {10.1007/978-3-031-64171-8_4},
+abstract = {Given PHP’s continuous success, it remains an important task to ensure security in its applications. While code reviews are a common measure to catch bugs during development, they lack scalability, are error-prone, and time-consuming [2, 38, 41]. Thus, static analysis tools like Semgrep emerged to provide programmatic feedback on code. But static analyses often show low precision, which can jeopardize utility.In this case study, we investigate precision rates for Semgrep OSS for common web weaknesses from the OWASP Top 10 [35]. We explore method and tool limitations in weakness detection, OWASP classes, and Semgrep’s public PHP rule set. We apply the latter to 300 open source applications, invest 34 h in manual sample validation, and derive precision rates for each OWASP class.Our validation shows that the rules correctly detected weaknesses for seven OWASP classes with 86\% precision, demonstrating the tool’s utility. Yet, we estimate that most findings are not exploitable (81\%). Thus, there is still considerable assessment overhead for users. Our work further highlights that only a subset of weaknesses are detectable, as dimensions such as runtime context and insecure design remain hidden. Finally, we advise practitioners to not exclusively rely on public rules, as translating application-specific business logic and design choices may open up to the detection of previously uncovered weaknesses.},
+booktitle = {Detection of Intrusions and Malware, and Vulnerability Assessment: 21st International Conference, DIMVA 2024, Lausanne, Switzerland, July 17–19, 2024, Proceedings},
+pages = {64–83},
+numpages = {20},
+location = {Lausanne, Switzerland}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/3611643.3617849,
+author = {Nguyen, Emily},
+title = {Do All Software Projects Die When Not Maintained? Analyzing Developer Maintenance to Predict OSS Usage},
+year = {2023},
+isbn = {9798400703270},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3611643.3617849},
+doi = {10.1145/3611643.3617849},
+abstract = {Abstract:  Past research suggests software should be continuously maintained in order to remain useful in our digital society. To determine whether these studies on software evolution are supported in modern-day software libraries, we conduct a natural experiment on 26,050 GitHub repositories, statistically modeling library usage based on their package-level downloads against different factors related to project maintenance.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 31st ACM Joint European Software Engineering Conference and Symposium on the Foundations of Software Engineering},
+pages = {2195–2197},
+numpages = {3},
+keywords = {Open Source, Open Source Sustainability, Survival Analysis},
+location = {San Francisco, CA, USA},
+series = {ESEC/FSE 2023}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/3589335.3651559,
+author = {Russo Latona, Giuseppe and Gote, Christoph and Zingg, Christian and Casiraghi, Giona and Verginer, Luca and Schweitzer, Frank},
+title = {Shock! Quantifying the Impact of Core Developers' Dropout on the Productivity of OSS Projects},
+year = {2024},
+isbn = {9798400701726},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3589335.3651559},
+doi = {10.1145/3589335.3651559},
+abstract = {Open Source Software (OSS) projects play a critical role in the digital infrastructure of companies and services provided to millions of people. Given their importance, understanding the resilience of OSS projects is paramount. A primary reason for OSS project failure is the shock caused by the dropout of a core developer, which can jeopardize productivity and project survival. Using a difference-in-differences (DiD) analysis, this study investigates the repercussions of this shock on the productivity of 8,234 developers identified among 9,573 OSS GitHub projects. Our findings reveal the indirect impact of the core developer's dropout. The remaining developers experienced a 20\% productivity drop. This observation is troubling because it suggests that the shock might push other developers to drop out, putting the collaboration structure of the project at risk. Also, projects with higher productivity before the shock experienced a larger drop-down after the shock. This points to a tradeoff between productivity and resilience, i.e., the ability of OSS projects to recover from the dropout of a core developer. Our findings underscore the importance of a balanced approach in OSS project management, harmonizing productivity goals with resilience considerations.},
+booktitle = {Companion Proceedings of the ACM Web Conference 2024},
+pages = {706–709},
+numpages = {4},
+keywords = {causal inference, online collaboration networks, resilience},
+location = {Singapore, Singapore},
+series = {WWW '24}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/3478905.3478923,
+author = {Liu, Peng and Gui, Liang},
+title = {Structural Analysis of Collaboration Network in OSS Communities∗},
+year = {2021},
+isbn = {9781450390248},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3478905.3478923},
+doi = {10.1145/3478905.3478923},
+abstract = {The success of open-source software (OSS) depends on the self-organizing collaboration of developers and the structure of developer collaboration network are intensively investigated in the literature. However, the research on the relationship between network structure and developers’ contribution is still insufficient. This paper investigates developer collaboration networks in three OSS communities by data analytics. The results indicate that real networks are mainly characterized by the modular small-world structure, which is inherently correlated with the sub-project participation of developers. Most module members are single-dimensional developers whose coding-collaboration focuses on a small number of sub-projects (called the main dimension of the module), while a small proportion of module members are multi-dimensional developers who conduct coding-collaboration in the main dimension of different modules. These results may deepen our understandings of the collaborative pattern of OSS communities, and also have some reference value for the studies of open collaborative innovation in large-scale crowds.},
+booktitle = {2021 4th International Conference on Data Science and Information Technology},
+pages = {84–91},
+numpages = {8},
+location = {Shanghai, China},
+series = {DSIT 2021}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1109/ICSE48619.2023.00218,
+author = {Guizani, Mariam and Castro-Guzman, Aileen Abril and Sarma, Anita and Steinmacher, Igor},
+title = {Rules of Engagement: Why and How Companies Participate in OSS},
+year = {2023},
+isbn = {9781665457019},
+publisher = {IEEE Press},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSE48619.2023.00218},
+doi = {10.1109/ICSE48619.2023.00218},
+abstract = {Company engagement in open source (OSS) is now the new norm. From large technology companies to startups, companies are participating in the OSS ecosystem by open-sourcing their technology, sponsoring projects through funding or paid developer time. However, our understanding of the OSS ecosystem is rooted in the "old world" model where individual contributors sustain OSS projects. In this work, we create a more comprehensive understanding of the hybrid OSS landscape by investigating what motivates companies to contribute and how they contribute to OSS. We conducted interviews with 20 participants who have different roles (e.g., CEO, OSPO Lead, Ecosystem Strategist) at 17 different companies of different sizes from large companies (e.g. Microsoft, RedHat, Google, Spotify) to startups. Data from semi-structured interviews reveal that company motivations can be categorized into four levels (Founders' Vision, Reputation, Business Advantage, and Reciprocity) and companies participate through different mechanisms (e.g., Developers' Time, Mentoring Time, Advocacy \& Promotion Time), each of which tie to the different types of motivations. We hope our findings nudge more companies to participate in the OSS ecosystem, helping make it robust, diverse, and sustainable.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 45th International Conference on Software Engineering},
+pages = {2617–2629},
+numpages = {13},
+keywords = {open source, OSS, companies in open source, motivations, diversity},
+location = {Melbourne, Victoria, Australia},
+series = {ICSE '23}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/3510003.3510196,
+author = {Xiao, Wenxin and He, Hao and Xu, Weiwei and Tan, Xin and Dong, Jinhao and Zhou, Minghui},
+title = {Recommending good first issues in GitHub OSS projects},
+year = {2022},
+isbn = {9781450392211},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3510003.3510196},
+doi = {10.1145/3510003.3510196},
+abstract = {Attracting and retaining newcomers is vital for the sustainability of an open-source software project. However, it is difficult for newcomers to locate suitable development tasks, while existing "Good First Issues" (GFI) in GitHub are often insufficient and inappropriate. In this paper, we propose RecGFI, an effective practical approach for the recommendation of good first issues to newcomers, which can be used to relieve maintainers' burden and help newcomers onboard. RecGFI models an issue with features from multiple dimensions (content, background, and dynamics) and uses an XGBoost classifier to generate its probability of being a GFI. To evaluate RecGFI, we collect 53,510 resolved issues among 100 GitHub projects and carefully restore their historical states to build ground truth datasets. Our evaluation shows that RecGFI can achieve up to 0.853 AUC in the ground truth dataset and outperforms alternative models. Our interpretable analysis of the trained model further reveals interesting observations about GFI characteristics. Finally, we report latest issues (without GFI-signaling labels but recommended as GFI by our approach) to project maintainers among which 16 are confirmed as real GFIs and five have been resolved by a newcomer.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 44th International Conference on Software Engineering},
+pages = {1830–1842},
+numpages = {13},
+keywords = {good first issues, onboarding, open-source software},
+location = {Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania},
+series = {ICSE '22}
+}
+

SLR_references_total/SLR_references_2/t2-acm-3.bib

@@ -0,0 +1,428 @@
+@inproceedings{10.1145/1508865.1508977,
+author = {Morelli, Ralph and de Lanerolle, Trishan},
+title = {Foss 101: engaging introductory students in the open source movement},
+year = {2009},
+isbn = {9781605581835},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/1508865.1508977},
+doi = {10.1145/1508865.1508977},
+abstract = {Can engaging students in free and open source software(FOSS) pique their interest in computer science? This paper describes an introductory computer science course that introduced students to using FOSS, to contributing to a humanitarian FOSS project, and to studying the broader impact of FOSS on our society. Students learned basic webprogramming skills (PHP/MySQL) and made small but significant contributions to a global FOSS project. Mistakes were made and opportunities were missed. But overall theexperiment was a success and the experience was enjoyable and educational for students and instructor alike. By building on what worked well, this course could serve as a model for incorporating study of FOSS into the introductory computing curriculum.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 40th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education},
+pages = {311–315},
+numpages = {5},
+keywords = {open source software, open source movement, curriculum development},
+location = {Chattanooga, TN, USA},
+series = {SIGCSE '09}
+}
+
+@article{10.1145/1539024.1508977,
+author = {Morelli, Ralph and de Lanerolle, Trishan},
+title = {Foss 101: engaging introductory students in the open source movement},
+year = {2009},
+issue_date = {March 2009},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+volume = {41},
+number = {1},
+issn = {0097-8418},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/1539024.1508977},
+doi = {10.1145/1539024.1508977},
+abstract = {Can engaging students in free and open source software(FOSS) pique their interest in computer science? This paper describes an introductory computer science course that introduced students to using FOSS, to contributing to a humanitarian FOSS project, and to studying the broader impact of FOSS on our society. Students learned basic webprogramming skills (PHP/MySQL) and made small but significant contributions to a global FOSS project. Mistakes were made and opportunities were missed. But overall theexperiment was a success and the experience was enjoyable and educational for students and instructor alike. By building on what worked well, this course could serve as a model for incorporating study of FOSS into the introductory computing curriculum.},
+journal = {SIGCSE Bull.},
+month = mar,
+pages = {311–315},
+numpages = {5},
+keywords = {open source software, open source movement, curriculum development}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/1833272.1833275,
+author = {Capiluppi, Andrea and Baravalle, Andres and Heap, Nick W.},
+title = {From "community" to "commercial" FLOSS: the case of Moodle},
+year = {2010},
+isbn = {9781605589787},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/1833272.1833275},
+doi = {10.1145/1833272.1833275},
+abstract = {This paper documents the evolution of Moodle, an advanced Content Management System, and its transition from a purely volunteer-based project to one driven by commercial interests and stakeholders. The study of its evolution provides evidence of the sustainability of its process: increasing amounts of provided effort by developers correspond to similarly increasing produced outputs to the Moodle system. It is also evident how this OSS system, apart from achieving the transition to a successful multisite, collaborative and community-based OSS project, depends more on its community than its commercial partners.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Emerging Trends in Free/Libre/Open Source Software Research and Development},
+pages = {11–16},
+numpages = {6},
+location = {Cape Town, South Africa},
+series = {FLOSS '10}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/3510458.3513020,
+author = {Guizani, Mariam and Zimmermann, Thomas and Sarma, Anita and Ford, Denae},
+title = {Attracting and retaining OSS contributors with a maintainer dashboard},
+year = {2022},
+isbn = {9781450392273},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3510458.3513020},
+doi = {10.1145/3510458.3513020},
+abstract = {Tools and artifacts produced by open source software (OSS) have been woven into the foundation of the technology industry. To keep this foundation intact, the open source community needs to actively invest in sustainable approaches to bring in new contributors and nurture existing ones. We take a first step at this by collaboratively designing a maintainer dashboard that provides recommendations on how to attract and retain open source contributors. For example, by highlighting project goals (e.g., a social good cause) to attract diverse contributors and mechanisms to acknowledge (e.g., a "rising contributor" badge) existing contributors. Next, we conduct a project-specific evaluation with maintainers to better understand use cases in which this tool will be most helpful at supporting their plans for growth. From analyzing feedback, we find recommendations to be useful at signaling projects as welcoming and providing gentle nudges for maintainers to proactively recognize emerging contributors. However, there are complexities to consider when designing recommendations such as the project current development state (e.g., deadlines, milestones, refactoring) and governance model. Finally, we distill our findings to share what the future of recommendations in open source looks like and how to make these recommendations most meaningful over time.Open Source Software (OSS) plays an important role in the development and maintenance of software products that are widely deployed in different domains from computer science to astrophysics and cutting edge medicines research. Chances are there is an open source project for anyone to contribute to. With the recent deployment of the popular Linux open source project on Mars even the sky is no limit. However, OSS projects largely depend on volunteers and attracting, retaining, and keeping contributors engaged is a severe challenge. In this paper, we present the design and evaluation of a dashboard to support community managers, such as maintainers, to track and acknowledge newcomers' contributions. With the support of tools such as ours, maintainers will be better prepared to attract and retain their emerging community.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2022 ACM/IEEE 44th International Conference on Software Engineering: Software Engineering in Society},
+pages = {36–40},
+numpages = {5},
+keywords = {social good, open source, maintainers},
+location = {Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania},
+series = {ICSE-SEIS '22}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1109/ICSE-NIER58687.2023.00010,
+author = {Sajadi, Amirali and Damevski, Kostadin and Chatterjee, Preetha},
+title = {Interpersonal Trust in OSS: Exploring Dimensions of Trust in GitHub Pull Requests},
+year = {2023},
+isbn = {9798350300390},
+publisher = {IEEE Press},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSE-NIER58687.2023.00010},
+doi = {10.1109/ICSE-NIER58687.2023.00010},
+abstract = {Interpersonal trust plays a crucial role in facilitating collaborative tasks, such as software development. While previous research recognizes the significance of trust in an organizational setting, there is a lack of understanding in how trust is exhibited in OSS distributed teams, where there is an absence of direct, in-person communications. To foster trust and collaboration in OSS teams, we need to understand what trust is and how it is exhibited in written developer communications (e.g., pull requests, chats). In this paper, we first investigate various dimensions of trust to identify the ways trusting behavior can be observed in OSS. Next, we sample a set of 100 GitHub pull requests from Apache Software Foundation (ASF) projects, to analyze and demonstrate how each dimension of trust can be exhibited. Our findings provide preliminary insights into cues that might be helpful to automatically assess team dynamics and establish interpersonal trust in OSS teams, leading to successful and sustainable OSS.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 45th International Conference on Software Engineering: New Ideas and Emerging Results},
+pages = {19–24},
+numpages = {6},
+keywords = {pull requests, open source software, trust},
+location = {Melbourne, Australia},
+series = {ICSE-NIER '23}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/3611643.3616250,
+author = {Fang, Zihan and Endres, Madeline and Zimmermann, Thomas and Ford, Denae and Weimer, Westley and Leach, Kevin and Huang, Yu},
+title = {A Four-Year Study of Student Contributions to OSS vs. OSS4SG with a Lightweight Intervention},
+year = {2023},
+isbn = {9798400703270},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3611643.3616250},
+doi = {10.1145/3611643.3616250},
+abstract = {Modern software engineering practice and training increasingly rely on Open Source Software (OSS). The recent growth in demand for professional software engineers has led to increased contributions to, and usage of, OSS. However, there is limited understanding of the factors affecting how developers, and how new or student developers in particular, decide which OSS projects to contribute to, a process critical to OSS sustainability, access, adoption, and growth. To better understand OSS contributions from the developers of tomorrow, we conducted a four-year study with 1,361 students investigating the life cycle of their contributions (from project selection to pull request acceptance). During the study, we also delivered a lightweight intervention to promote the awareness of open source projects for social good (OSS4SG), OSS projects that have positive impacts in other domains. Using both quantitative and qualitative methods, we analyze student experience reports and the pull requests they submit. Compared to general OSS projects, we find significant differences in project selection (𝑝 < 0.0001, effect size = 0.84), student motivation (𝑝 < 0.01, effect size = 0.13), and increased pull-request acceptance rates for OSS4SG contributions. We also find that our intervention correlates with increased student contributions to OSS4SG (𝑝 < 0.0001, effect size = 0.38). Finally, we analyze correlations of factors such as gender or working with a partner. Our findings may help improve the experience for new developers participating in OSS4SG and the quality of their contributions. We also hope our work helps educators, project leaders, and contributors to build a mutually-beneficial framework for the future growth of OSS4SG.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 31st ACM Joint European Software Engineering Conference and Symposium on the Foundations of Software Engineering},
+pages = {3–15},
+numpages = {13},
+keywords = {CS Education, Open Source Software, Social Good},
+location = {San Francisco, CA, USA},
+series = {ESEC/FSE 2023}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1109/HICSS.2012.644,
+author = {Schilling, Andreas and Laumer, Sven and Weitzel, Tim},
+title = {Who Will Remain? An Evaluation of Actual Person-Job and Person-Team Fit to Predict Developer Retention in FLOSS Projects},
+year = {2012},
+isbn = {9780769545257},
+publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
+address = {USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/HICSS.2012.644},
+doi = {10.1109/HICSS.2012.644},
+abstract = {Many businesses and private households rely on Free Libre Open Source Software (FLOSS). Due to a lack of sustained contributors, however, most FLOSS projects do not survive. The early identification of developers who are likely to remain is thus an eminent challenge for the management of FLOSS initiatives. Previous research has shown that individuals' subjective assessment is often inaccurate emphasizing the need to objectively evaluate retention behavior. Consistent with the concepts Person-Job (P-J) and Person-Team (P-T) fit from the traditional recruitment literature, we derive objective measures to predict developer retention in FLOSS projects. In an analysis of the contribution behavior of former Google Summer of Code (GSoC) students we reveal that the level of development experience and conversational knowledge is strongly associated with retention. Surprisingly, our analysis reveals that students with abilities that are underrepresented in the project and students with a higher academic education do not remain considerably longer.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2012 45th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences},
+pages = {3446–3455},
+numpages = {10},
+keywords = {Team staffing, Recruiting, Open source software development, Open source, Open Source Software, OSS/FLOSS, IS personnel, Developer Retention},
+series = {HICSS '12}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/2214091.2214119,
+author = {Schilling, Andreas},
+title = {Links to the source - a multidimensional view of social ties for the retention of FLOSS developers},
+year = {2012},
+isbn = {9781450311106},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/2214091.2214119},
+doi = {10.1145/2214091.2214119},
+abstract = {Free Libre Open Source Software (FLOSS) is of vital importance for the daily life of many private and corporate users. However, the majority of all FLOSS initiatives fail, most commonly due to a lack of sustained developers. In contrast to previous research which used an individual centric or a structural perspective, this dissertation combines motivational and relational aspects to build a comprehensive understanding for FLOSS developers' ongoing project commitment. A unified research model is developed by drawing on established theories from organizational and sociological literature, in particular by combining Self-Determination-Theory (SDT) and Social-Identity-Theory (SIT). Both SDT and SIT have been found valuable concepts for staffing decisions in organizations. In addition to the development and evaluation of the research model, this dissertation derives operational strategies for project managers of FLOSS initiatives on how to enhance the retention behavior of their contributor base.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 50th Annual Conference on Computers and People Research},
+pages = {103–108},
+numpages = {6},
+keywords = {turnover intention, social-identity-theory, self-determination-theory, retention, open source, job satisfaction, it personnel},
+location = {Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA},
+series = {SIGMIS-CPR '12}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1109/CHASE.2015.9,
+author = {Hata, Hideaki and Todo, Taiki and Onoue, Saya and Matsumoto, Kenichi},
+title = {Characteristics of Sustainable OSS Projects: A Theoretical and Empirical Study},
+year = {2015},
+isbn = {9781467370318},
+publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
+address = {USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/CHASE.2015.9},
+doi = {10.1109/CHASE.2015.9},
+abstract = {How can we attract developers? What can we do to incentivize developers to write code? We started the study by introducing the population pyramid visualization to software development communities, called software population pyramids, and found a typical pattern in shapes. This pattern comes from the differences in attracting coding contributors and discussion contributors. To understand the causes of the differences, we then build game-theoretical models of the contribution situation. Based on these results, we again analyzed the projects empirically to support the outcome of the models, and found empirical evidence. The answers to the initial questions are clear. To incentivize developers to code, the projects should prepare documents, or the projects or third parties should hire developers, and these are what sustainable projects in Git Hub did in reality. In addition, making innovations to reduce the writing costs can also have an impact in attracting coding contributors.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE/ACM 8th International Workshop on Cooperative and Human Aspects of Software Engineering},
+pages = {15–21},
+numpages = {7},
+keywords = {Population Pyramids, OSS, Game Theory},
+series = {CHASE '15}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/3463274.3463326,
+author = {Sharma, Pankajeshwara and Savarimuthu, Tony and Stanger, Nigel},
+title = {Influence of Roles in Decision-Making during OSS Development — A Study of Python},
+year = {2021},
+isbn = {9781450390538},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3463274.3463326},
+doi = {10.1145/3463274.3463326},
+abstract = {Governance has been highlighted as a key factor in the success of an Open Source Software (OSS) project. It is generally seen that in a mixed meritocracy and autocracy governance model, the decision-making (DM) responsibility regarding what features are included in the OSS is shared among members from select roles; prominently the project leader. However, less examination has been made whether members from these roles are also prominent in DM discussions and how decisions are made, to show they play an integral role in the success of the project. We believe that to establish their influence, it is necessary to examine not only discussions of proposals in which the project leader makes the decisions, but also those where others make the decisions. Therefore, in this study, we examine the prominence of members performing different roles in: (i) making decisions, (ii) performing certain social roles in DM discussions (e.g., discussion starters), (iii) contributing to the OSS development social network through DM discussions, and (iv) how decisions are made under both scenarios. We examine these aspects in the evolution of the well-known Python project. We carried out a data-driven longitudinal study of their email communication spanning 20 years, comprising about 1.5 million emails. These emails contain decisions for 466 Python Enhancement Proposals (PEPs) that document the language’s evolution. Our findings make the influence of different roles transparent to future (new) members, other stakeholders, and more broadly, to the OSS research community.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Evaluation and Assessment in Software Engineering},
+pages = {50–59},
+numpages = {10},
+keywords = {social network analysis, roles, rationale, onion model, influence, decision-making, Python, PEP, Open Source Software (OSS)},
+location = {Trondheim, Norway},
+series = {EASE '21}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.5555/2819321.2819325,
+author = {Hata, Hideaki and Todo, Taiki and Onoue, Saya and Matsumoto, Kenichi},
+title = {Characteristics of sustainable OSS projects: a theoretical and empirical study},
+year = {2015},
+publisher = {IEEE Press},
+abstract = {How can we attract developers? What can we do to incentivize developers to write code? We started the study by introducing the population pyramid visualization to software development communities, called software population pyramids, and found a typical pattern in shapes. This pattern comes from the differences in attracting coding contributors and discussion contributors. To understand the causes of the differences, we then build game-theoretical models of the contribution situation. Based on these results, we again analyzed the projects empirically to support the outcome of the models, and found empirical evidence. The answers to the initial questions are clear. To incentivize developers to code, the projects should prepare documents, or the projects or third parties should hire developers, and these are what sustainable projects in GitHub did in reality. In addition, making innovations to reduce the writing costs can also have an impact in attracting coding contributors.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the Eighth International Workshop on Cooperative and Human Aspects of Software Engineering},
+pages = {15–21},
+numpages = {7},
+location = {Florence, Italy},
+series = {CHASE '15}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/3233391.3233531,
+author = {Johri, Aditya and Teo, Hon Jie},
+title = {Achieving Equilibrium through Coworking: Work-Life Balance in FLOSS through Multiple Spaces and Media Use},
+year = {2018},
+isbn = {9781450359368},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3233391.3233531},
+doi = {10.1145/3233391.3233531},
+abstract = {Participants in FLOSS (Free/Libre Open Source Software) projects are atypical in their collaborative practices given the high demand for virtual work. Through a study of workers from two organizations working on FLOSS projects we identify the boundaries, in terms of productivity and quality of life, of virtual work and actions workers take in order to find a work-life balance. We found that although workers valued the flexibility of working from home, they had difficulty focusing on their work for sustained time periods and often felt isolated. This motivated them to use coworking spaces - physical spaces used as work space by workers not on the same team or even the same firm - as a critical part of their space ecology. In conjunction with their media ecology - a mix of communication technologies including IRC - the space/media mix allowed them to balance their work and personal lives. We draw implications for better supporting FLOSS and virtual work practices through design of media/space and work practices.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 14th International Symposium on Open Collaboration},
+articleno = {7},
+numpages = {11},
+keywords = {Work-Life balance, Virtual work, Media-Space Mix, FLOSS teams, Coworking spaces},
+location = {Paris, France},
+series = {OpenSym '18}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1109/SoHeal.2019.00009,
+author = {Iaffaldano, Giuseppe and Steinmacher, Igor and Calefato, Fabio and Gerosa, Marco and Lanubile, Filippo},
+title = {Why do developers take breaks from contributing to OSS projects? a preliminary analysis},
+year = {2019},
+publisher = {IEEE Press},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/SoHeal.2019.00009},
+doi = {10.1109/SoHeal.2019.00009},
+abstract = {Creating a successful and sustainable Open Source Software (OSS) project often depends on the strength and the health of the community behind it. Current literature explains the contributors' lifecycle, starting with the motivations that drive people to contribute and barriers to joining OSS projects, covering developers' evolution until they become core members. However, the stages when developers leave the projects are still weakly explored and are not well-defined in existing developers' lifecycle models. In this position paper, we enrich the knowledge about the leaving stage by identifying sleeping and dead states, representing temporary and permanent brakes that developers take from contributing. We conducted a preliminary set of semi-structured interviews with active developers. We analyzed the answers by focusing on defining and understanding the reasons for the transitions to/from sleeping and dead states. This paper raises new questions that may guide further discussions and research, which may ultimately benefit OSS communities.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Software Health},
+pages = {9–16},
+numpages = {8},
+keywords = {project abandonment, open source, developers turnover, communities},
+location = {Montreal, Quebec, Canada},
+series = {SoHeal '19}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/2957792.2957809,
+author = {Vaseva, Lyudmila},
+title = {Out of Altruism or Because it Reads Well on the CV? The Motivations for Participation in the Freifunk Community Compared to FLOSS},
+year = {2016},
+isbn = {9781450344517},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/2957792.2957809},
+doi = {10.1145/2957792.2957809},
+abstract = {Motivation of free, libre and open source software developers has been widely studied over the years. The reasons people engage in this seemingly altruistic behavior have been elaborated and classified. The present work addresses a slightly different issue: what motivates individuals to participate in community network projects? Are the reasons similar to or quite distinct from these relevant to contributors to free software? Based on recently conducted interviews with community network activists from the Germany based project Freifunk and established FLOSS motivation research, we will analyse the specifics of the Freifunk project and the factors which spur its members to action. The obtained insights could then hopefully be used to understand the underlying group processes and help build sustainable communities.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 12th International Symposium on Open Collaboration},
+articleno = {5},
+numpages = {4},
+keywords = {motivation, freifunk, floss, community networks},
+location = {Berlin, Germany},
+series = {OpenSym '16}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/2491055.2491085,
+author = {Azarbakht, Amir},
+title = {Drawing the big picture: analyzing FLOSS collaboration with temporal social network analysis},
+year = {2013},
+isbn = {9781450318525},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/2491055.2491085},
+doi = {10.1145/2491055.2491085},
+abstract = {How can we understand FOSS collaboration better? Can social issues that emerge be identified and addressed before it is too late? Can the community heal itself, become more transparent and inclusive, and promote diversity? We propose a technique to address these issues by quantitative analysis of social dynamics in FOSS communities. We propose using social network analysis metrics to identify growth patterns and unhealthy dynamics; giving the community a heads-up when they can still take action to ensure the sustainability of the project.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on Open Collaboration},
+articleno = {30},
+numpages = {1},
+keywords = {temporal analysis, social network analysis, social dynamics, reliability, measurement, human factors, free/open source software, forking, FLOSS},
+location = {Hong Kong, China},
+series = {WikiSym '13}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/2652524.2652544,
+author = {Bosu, Amiangshu and Carver, Jeffrey C.},
+title = {Impact of developer reputation on code review outcomes in OSS projects: an empirical investigation},
+year = {2014},
+isbn = {9781450327749},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/2652524.2652544},
+doi = {10.1145/2652524.2652544},
+abstract = {<u>Context:</u> Gaining an identity and building a good reputation are important motivations for Open Source Software (OSS) developers. It is unclear whether these motivations have any actual impact on OSS project success. <u>Goal:</u> To identify how an OSS developer's reputation affects the outcome of his/her code review requests. <u>Method:</u> We conducted a social network analysis (SNA) of the code review data from eight popular OSS projects. Working on the assumption that core developers have better reputation than peripheral developers, we developed an approach, Core Identification using K-means (CIK) to divide the OSS developers into core and periphery groups based on six SNA centrality measures. We then compared the outcome of the code review process for members of the two groups. <u>Results:</u> The results suggest that the core developers receive quicker first feedback on their review request, complete the review process in shorter time, and are more likely to have their code changes accepted into the project codebase. Peripheral developers may have to wait 2 - 19 times (or 12 - 96 hours) longer than core developers for the review process of their code to complete. <u>Conclusion:</u> We recommend that projects allocate resources or create tool support to triage the code review requests to motivate prospective developers through quick feedback.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 8th ACM/IEEE International Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering and Measurement},
+articleno = {33},
+numpages = {10},
+keywords = {social network analysis, peer impression, open source, network structure, code review},
+location = {Torino, Italy},
+series = {ESEM '14}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1109/ICSM.2013.45,
+author = {Gharehyazie, Mohammad and Posnett, Daryl and Filkov, Vladimir},
+title = {Social Activities Rival Patch Submission for Prediction of Developer Initiation in OSS Projects},
+year = {2013},
+isbn = {9780769549811},
+publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
+address = {USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSM.2013.45},
+doi = {10.1109/ICSM.2013.45},
+abstract = {Maintaining a productive and collaborative team of developers is essential to Open Source Software (OSS) success, and hinges upon the trust inherent among the team. Whether a project participant is initiated as a developer is a function of both his technical contributions and also his social interactions with other project participants. One\^{a}€™s online social footprint is arguably easier to ascertain and gather than one\^{a}€™s technical contributions e.g., gathering patch submission information requires mining multiple sources with different formats, and then merging the aliases from these sources. In contrast to prior work, where patch submission was found to be an essential ingredient to achieving developer status, here we investigate the extent to which the likelihood of achieving that status can be modeled solely as a social network phenomenon. For 6 different OSS projects we compile and integrate a set of social measures of the communications network among OSS project participants and a set of technical measures, i.e. OSS developers patch submission activities. We use these sets to predict whether a project participant will become a developer. We find that the social network metrics, in particular the amount of two-way communication a person participates in, are more significant predictors of one\^{a}€™s likelihood to becoming a developer. Further, we find that this is true to the extent that other predictors, e.g. patch submission info, need not be included in the models. In addition, we show that future developers are easy to identify with great fidelity when using the first three months of data of their social activities. Moreover, only the first month of their social links are a very useful predictor, coming within 10\% of the three month data\^{a}€™s predictions. Finally, we find that it is easier to become a developer earlier in the projects lifecycle than it is later as the project matures. These results should provide insight on the social nature of gaining trust and advancing in status in distributed projects.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE International Conference on Software Maintenance},
+pages = {340–349},
+numpages = {10},
+series = {ICSM '13}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1109/ICSE43902.2021.00096,
+author = {Huang, Yu and Ford, Denae and Zimmermann, Thomas},
+title = {Leaving My Fingerprints: Motivations and Challenges of Contributing to OSS for Social Good},
+year = {2021},
+isbn = {9781450390859},
+publisher = {IEEE Press},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSE43902.2021.00096},
+doi = {10.1109/ICSE43902.2021.00096},
+abstract = {When inspiring software developers to contribute to open source software, the act is often referenced as an opportunity to build tools to support the developer community. However, that is not the only charge that propels contributions--- growing interest in open source has also been attributed to software developers deciding to use their technical skills to benefit a common societal good. To understand how developers identify these projects, their motivations for contributing, and challenges they face, we conducted 21 semi-structured interviews with OSS for Social Good (OSS4SG) contributors. From our interview analysis, we identified themes of contribution styles that we wanted to understand at scale by deploying a survey to over 5765 OSS and Open Source Software for Social Good contributors. From our quantitative analysis of 517 responses, we find that the majority of contributors demonstrate a distinction between OSS4SG and OSS. Likewise, contributors described definitions based on what societal issue the project was to mitigate and who the outcomes of the project were going to benefit. In addition, we find that OSS4SG contributors focus less on benefiting themselves by padding their resume with new technology skills and are more interested in leaving their mark on society at statistically significant levels. We also find that OSS4SG contributors evaluate the owners of the project significantly more than OSS contributors. These findings inform implications to help contributors identify high societal impact projects, help project maintainers reduce barriers to entry, and help organizations understand why contributors are drawn to these projects to sustain active participation.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 43rd International Conference on Software Engineering},
+pages = {1020–1032},
+numpages = {13},
+location = {Madrid, Spain},
+series = {ICSE '21}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.5555/2337223.2337284,
+author = {Zhou, Minghui and Mockus, Audris},
+title = {What make long term contributors: willingness and opportunity in OSS community},
+year = {2012},
+isbn = {9781467310673},
+publisher = {IEEE Press},
+abstract = {To survive and succeed, software projects need to attract and retain contributors. We model the individual's chances to become a valuable contributor through their capacity, willingness, and the opportunity to contribute at the time of joining. Using issue tracking data of Mozilla and Gnome, we find that the probability for a new joiner to become a Long Term Contributor (LTC) is associated with her willingness and environment. Specifically, during their first month, future LTCs tend to be more active and show more community-oriented attitude than other joiners. Joiners who start by commenting on instead of reporting an issue or ones who succeed to get at least one reported issue to be fixed, more than double their odds of becoming an LTC. The macro-climate with high project relative sociality and the micro-climate with a large, productive, and clustered peer group increase the odds. On the contrary, the macro-climate with high project popularity and the micro-climate with low attention from peers reduce the odds. This implies that the interaction between individual's attitude and project's climate are associated with the odds that an individual would become a valuable contributor or disengage from the project. Our findings may provide a basis for empirical approaches to design a better community architecture and to improve the experience of contributors.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 34th International Conference on Software Engineering},
+pages = {518–528},
+numpages = {11},
+location = {Zurich, Switzerland},
+series = {ICSE '12}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.5555/1260984.1261217,
+author = {Bird, Christian and Gourley, Alex and Devanbu, Prem},
+title = {Detecting Patch Submission and Acceptance in OSS Projects},
+year = {2007},
+isbn = {0769528309},
+publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
+address = {USA},
+abstract = {The success of open source software (OSS) is completely dependent on the work of volunteers who contribute their time and talents. The submission of patches is the major way that participants outside of the core group of developers make contributions. We argue that the process of patch submission and acceptance into the codebase is an important piece of the open source puzzle and that the use of patch-related data can be helpful in understanding how OSS projects work. We present our methods in identifying the submission and acceptance of patches and give results and evaluation in applying these methods to the Apache webserver, Python interpreter, Postgres SQL database, and (with limitations) MySQL database projects. In addition, we present valuable ways in which this data has been and can be used.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 29th International Conference on Software Engineering Workshops},
+pages = {26},
+series = {ICSEW '07}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1109/MSR.2007.6,
+author = {Bird, Christian and Gourley, Alex and Devanbu, Prem},
+title = {Detecting Patch Submission and Acceptance in OSS Projects},
+year = {2007},
+isbn = {076952950X},
+publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
+address = {USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/MSR.2007.6},
+doi = {10.1109/MSR.2007.6},
+abstract = {The success of open source software (OSS) is completely dependent on the work of volunteers who contribute their time and talents. The submission of patches is the major way that participants outside of the core group of developers make contributions. We argue that the process of patch submission and acceptance into the codebase is an important piece of the open source puzzle and that the use of patch-related data can be helpful in understanding how OSS projects work. We present our methods in identifying the submission and acceptance of patches and give results and evaluation in applying these methods to the Apache webserver, Python interpreter, Postgres SQL database, and (with limitations) MySQL database projects. In addition, we present valuable ways in which this data has been and can be used.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Mining Software Repositories},
+pages = {26},
+series = {MSR '07}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.5555/977397.977723,
+author = {Capiluppi, Andrea and Morisio, Maurizio and Lago, Patricia},
+title = {Evolution of understanding in OSS projects},
+year = {2004},
+isbn = {076952107X},
+publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
+address = {USA},
+abstract = {Empirical papers on Open Source software should tryand formulate reasons for successes as Linux, Apacheand some other flagship projects.What we need to understand about this topic is on the process ofproducing software through cooperation of differentefforts.Albeit many success reasons for these projectsare inherently due to the application domain that theproject develops, architectural and conceptual views ofthe code have to be considered as key factors whenconsidering community efforts and joint decisions.In this work we focus our attention on what isperceived of a source code when investigating itsstructure.We do this considering that structure as aproxy for the conceptual architecture of theapplication.A metric is developed based on somecurrent assumptions, and it is test over a sample ofOpen Source projects.What is interesting to note, isthat refactoring efforts are clearly visible whenintended as reduction of complexity of source code.Our second observation is that, based on what an OpenSource software currently does, i.e. its applicationdomain, there's a threshold value that several projectstend to.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the Eighth Euromicro Working Conference on Software Maintenance and Reengineering (CSMR'04)},
+pages = {58},
+series = {CSMR '04}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1109/ICCGI.2006.36,
+author = {Kim, Dae-Woo and Lim, Hyun-Min and Lee, Sang-Kon},
+title = {Performing Verification and Validation for KT-OSS Development},
+year = {2006},
+isbn = {0769526292},
+publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
+address = {USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCGI.2006.36},
+doi = {10.1109/ICCGI.2006.36},
+abstract = {This paper describes verification and validation activities in KT-OSS (Korea Telecom Operations Supports System) development. In this paper, the verification and verification phases for KT-OSS development are based on the general software development lifecycle and add an additional phase to the lifecycle. To success KT-OSS development, we needed appropriate tests which focused on functionality, reliability, usability, efficiency in the development process of KT-OSS. This paper describes various tests performed in the KT-OSS development process and tests for maintaining the developed system according to the phases. And to control the quality for KT-OSS, we organized a testing \& evaluation department which is independent from a development department. Through these testing activities, we have developed KT-OSS and released it successfully.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the International Multi-Conference on Computing in the Global Information Technology},
+pages = {37},
+keywords = {Verification, Validation, Testing, Software Development Lifecycle, OSS},
+series = {ICCGI '06}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/2652524.2652549,
+author = {Al Alam, S. M. Didar and Shahnewaz, S. M. and Pfahl, Dietmar and Ruhe, Guenther},
+title = {Monitoring bottlenecks in achieving release readiness: a retrospective case study across ten OSS projects},
+year = {2014},
+isbn = {9781450327749},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/2652524.2652549},
+doi = {10.1145/2652524.2652549},
+abstract = {Context: Not releasing software on time can cause substantial loss in revenue. Continuous awareness of the product release status is required. Release readiness is a time-dependent attribute of the status of the product release, which aggregates the degree of satisfaction of a portfolio of release process and product measures.Goal: At different stages of a release cycle, the goal is to understand frequencies and pattern of occurrence of factors affecting project success by restricting the status of release readiness (called bottlenecks).Method: As a form of explorative case study research, we analyzed ten open source software (OSS) projects taken from the GitHub repository. As a retrospective study covering a period of 28 weeks, we monitored eight release readiness attributes and identified their impact on release readiness over time across the ten projects.Results: Feature completion rate, Bug fixing rate, and Features implemented were observed as the most frequent bottlenecks. The most frequent transition between bottlenecks is from Pull-request completion rate to Bug fixing rate. With the exception of Pull-request completion rate, no significant differences were found in occurrence of bottleneck factors between early and late stage of the release cycle.Conclusions: We received an initial understanding of the most frequent bottleneck factors for release readiness and their likelihood of subsequent occurrence. This is intended to guide the effort spent on improving release engineering.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 8th ACM/IEEE International Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering and Measurement},
+articleno = {60},
+numpages = {4},
+keywords = {retrospective analysis, release readiness, exploratory case study, bottleneck identification},
+location = {Torino, Italy},
+series = {ESEM '14}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.5555/1260984.1261214,
+author = {Rigby, Peter C. and Hassan, Ahmed E.},
+title = {What can OSS mailing lists tell us? A preliminary psychometric text analysis of the Apache developer mailing list},
+year = {2007},
+isbn = {0769528309},
+publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
+address = {USA},
+abstract = {Developer mailing lists are a rich source of information about Open Source Software (OSS) development. The unstructured nature of email makes extracting information difficult. We use a psychometrically-based linguistic analysis tool, the LIWC, to examine the Apache httpd server developer mailing list. We conduct three preliminary experiments to assess the appropriateness of this tool for information extraction from mailing lists. First, using LIWC dimensions that are correlated with the big five personality traits, we assess the personality of four top developers against a baseline for the entire mailing list. The two developers that were responsible for the major Apache releases had similar personalities. Their personalities were different from the baseline and the other developers. Second, the first and last 50 emails for two top developers who have left the project are examined. The analysis shows promise in understanding why developers join and leave a project. Third, we examine word usage on the mailing list for two major Apache releases. The differences may reflect the relative success of each release.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 29th International Conference on Software Engineering Workshops},
+pages = {23},
+series = {ICSEW '07}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1109/MSR.2007.35,
+author = {Rigby, Peter C. and Hassan, Ahmed E.},
+title = {What Can OSS Mailing Lists Tell Us? A Preliminary Psychometric Text Analysis of the Apache Developer Mailing List},
+year = {2007},
+isbn = {076952950X},
+publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
+address = {USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/MSR.2007.35},
+doi = {10.1109/MSR.2007.35},
+abstract = {Developer mailing lists are a rich source of information about Open Source Software (OSS) development. The unstructured nature of email makes extracting information difficult. We use a psychometrically-based linguistic analysis tool, the LIWC, to examine the Apache httpd server developer mailing list. We conduct three preliminary experiments to assess the appropriateness of this tool for information extraction from mailing lists. First, using LIWC dimensions that are correlated with the big five personality traits, we assess the personality of four top developers against a baseline for the entire mailing list. The two developers that were responsible for the major Apache releases had similar personalities. Their personalities were different from the baseline and the other developers. Second, the first and last 50 emails for two top developers who have left the project are examined. The analysis shows promise in understanding why developers join and leave a project. Third, we examine word usage on the mailing list for two major Apache releases. The differences may reflect the relative success of each release.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Mining Software Repositories},
+pages = {23},
+series = {MSR '07}
+}
+

SLR_references_total/SLR_references_2/t2-acm-4.bib

@@ -0,0 +1,192 @@
+@article{10.1145/3555190,
+author = {Frluckaj, Hana and Dabbish, Laura and Widder, David Gray and Qiu, Huilian Sophie and Herbsleb, James D.},
+title = {Gender and Participation in Open Source Software Development},
+year = {2022},
+issue_date = {November 2022},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+volume = {6},
+number = {CSCW2},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3555190},
+doi = {10.1145/3555190},
+abstract = {Open source software represents an important form of digital infrastructure as well as a pathway to technical careers for many developers, but women are drastically underrepresented in this setting. Although there is a good body of literature on open source participation, there is very little understanding of the participation trajectories and contribution experiences of women developers, and how they compare to those of men developers, in open source software projects. In order to understand their joining and participation trajectories, we conducted interviews with 23 developers (11 men and 12 women) who became core in an open source project. We identify differences in women and men's motivations for initial contributions and joining processes (e.g. women participating in projects that they have been invited to) and sustained involvement in a project. We also describe unique negative experiences faced by women contributors in this setting in each stage of participation. Our results have implications for diversifying participation in open source software and understanding open source as a pathway to technical careers.},
+journal = {Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact.},
+month = nov,
+articleno = {299},
+numpages = {31},
+keywords = {open source software, open collaboration, inclusion, gender, diversity}
+}
+
+@article{10.1145/3555129,
+author = {Yin, Likang and Chakraborti, Mahasweta and Yan, Yibo and Schweik, Charles and Frey, Seth and Filkov, Vladimir},
+title = {Open Source Software Sustainability: Combining Institutional Analysis and Socio-Technical Networks},
+year = {2022},
+issue_date = {November 2022},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+volume = {6},
+number = {CSCW2},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3555129},
+doi = {10.1145/3555129},
+abstract = {Sustainable Open Source Software (OSS) forms much of the fabric of our digital society, especially successful and sustainable ones. But many OSS projects do not become sustainable, resulting in abandonment and even risks for the world's digital infrastructure. Prior work has looked at the reasons for this mainly from two very different perspectives. In software engineering, the focus has been on understanding success and sustainability from the socio-technical perspective: the OSS programmers' day-to-day activities and the artifacts they create. In institutional analysis, on the other hand, emphasis has been on institutional designs (e.g., policies, rules, and norms) that structure project governance. Even though each is necessary for a comprehensive understanding of OSS projects, the connection and interaction between the two approaches have been barely explored.In this paper, we make the first effort toward understanding OSS project sustainability using a dual-view analysis, by combining institutional analysis with socio-technical systems analysis. In particular, we (i) use linguistic approaches to extract institutional rules and norms from OSS contributors' communications to represent the evolution of their governance systems, and (ii) construct socio-technical networks based on longitudinal collaboration records to represent each project's organizational structure. We combined the two methods and applied them to a dataset of developer digital traces from 253 nascent OSS projects within the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) incubator. We find that the socio-technical and institutional features relate to each other, and provide complimentary views into the progress of the ASF's OSS projects. Refining these combined analyses can help provide a more precise understanding of the synchronization between the evolution of institutional governance and organizational structure.},
+journal = {Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact.},
+month = nov,
+articleno = {404},
+numpages = {23},
+keywords = {socio-technical systems, institutional design, OSS sustainability}
+}
+
+@article{10.1145/3610092,
+author = {Hsieh, Jane and Kim, Joselyn and Dabbish, Laura and Zhu, Haiyi},
+title = {"Nip it in the Bud": Moderation Strategies in Open Source Software Projects and the Role of Bots},
+year = {2023},
+issue_date = {October 2023},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+volume = {7},
+number = {CSCW2},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3610092},
+doi = {10.1145/3610092},
+abstract = {Much of our modern digital infrastructure relies critically upon open sourced software. The communities responsible for building this cyberinfrastructure require maintenance and moderation, which is often supported by volunteer efforts. Moderation, as a non-technical form of labor, is a necessary but often overlooked task that maintainers undertake to sustain the community around an OSS project. This study examines the various structures and norms that support community moderation, describes the strategies moderators use to mitigate conflicts, and assesses how bots can play a role in assisting these processes. We interviewed 14 practitioners to uncover existing moderation practices and ways that automation can provide assistance. Our main contributions include a characterization of moderated content in OSS projects, moderation techniques, as well as perceptions of and recommendations for improving the automation of moderation tasks. We hope that these findings will inform the implementation of more effective moderation practices in open source communities.},
+journal = {Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact.},
+month = oct,
+articleno = {301},
+numpages = {29},
+keywords = {automation, coordination, moderation, open source}
+}
+
+@article{10.1145/3449249,
+author = {Geiger, R. Stuart and Howard, Dorothy and Irani, Lilly},
+title = {The Labor of Maintaining and Scaling Free and Open-Source Software Projects},
+year = {2021},
+issue_date = {April 2021},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+volume = {5},
+number = {CSCW1},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3449249},
+doi = {10.1145/3449249},
+abstract = {Free and/or open-source software (or F/OSS) projects now play a major and dominant role in society, constituting critical digital infrastructure relied upon by companies, academics, non-profits, activists, and more. As F/OSS has become larger and more established, we investigate the labor of maintaining and sustaining those projects at various scales. We report findings from an interview-based study with contributors and maintainers working in a wide range of F/OSS projects. Maintainers of F/OSS projects do not just maintain software code in a more traditional software engineering understanding of the term: fixing bugs, patching security vulnerabilities, and updating dependencies. F/OSS maintainers also perform complex and often-invisible interpersonal and organizational work to keep their projects operating as active communities of users and contributors. We particularly focus on how this labor of maintaining and sustaining changes as projects and their software grow and scale across many dimensions. In understanding F/OSS to be as much about maintaining a communal project as it is maintaining software code, we discuss broadly applicable considerations for peer production communities and other socio-technical systems more broadly.},
+journal = {Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact.},
+month = apr,
+articleno = {175},
+numpages = {28},
+keywords = {free software, infrastructure, labor, maintenance, open source}
+}
+
+@article{10.1145/3434167,
+author = {Ahmed, Alex A. and Kok, Bryan and Howard, Coranna and Still, Klew},
+title = {Online Community-based Design of Free and Open Source Software for Transgender Voice Training},
+year = {2021},
+issue_date = {December 2020},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+volume = {4},
+number = {CSCW3},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3434167},
+doi = {10.1145/3434167},
+abstract = {This paper describes Project Spectra, a collective of open source developers that aims to build free and open source voice training technology for transgender people. We demonstrate how a design prioritizing the agency of trans users was made possible through sustained community collaboration. Using an autoethnographic approach, we discuss our community-based design process, which was documented with memos, online meetings and text conversations, sketches, and other data sources. We illustrate how we articulated our values as a group: deciding our programming framework (including a Statement of Principles), elaborating our "Experience Goals" (the feelings we wanted our design to elicit), and determining the features we wanted to implement in our app. We conclude with a reflection on the benefits and challenges of conducting community-based design research through an open-source organizational model.},
+journal = {Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact.},
+month = jan,
+articleno = {258},
+numpages = {27},
+keywords = {transgender, free and open source software, feminist epistemologies, community-based collaborative design, autoethnography}
+}
+
+@article{10.1145/3145476,
+author = {Braught, Grant and Maccormick, John and Bowring, James and Burke, Quinn and Cutler, Barbara and Goldschmidt, David and Krishnamoorthy, Mukkai and Turner, Wesley and Huss-Lederman, Steven and Mackellar, Bonnie and Tucker, Allen},
+title = {A Multi-Institutional Perspective on H/FOSS Projects in the Computing Curriculum},
+year = {2018},
+issue_date = {June 2018},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+volume = {18},
+number = {2},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3145476},
+doi = {10.1145/3145476},
+abstract = {Many computer science programs have capstone experiences or project courses that allow students to integrate knowledge from the full breadth of their major. Such capstone projects may be student-designed, instructor-designed, designed in conjunction with outside companies, or integrated with ongoing free and open source (FOSS) projects. The literature shows that the FOSS approach has attracted a great deal of interest, in particular when implemented with projects that have humanitarian goals (HFOSS). In this article, we describe five unique models from five distinct types of institutions for incorporating sustained FOSS or HFOSS (alternatively H/FOSS) project work into capstone experiences or courses. The goal is to provide instructors wishing to integrate open source experiences into their curriculum with additional perspectives and resources to help in adapting this approach to the specific needs and goals of their institution and students. All of the models presented are based on sustained engagement with H/FOSS projects that last at least one semester and often more. Each model is described in terms of its characteristics and how it fits the needs of the institution using the model. Assessment of each model is also presented. We then discuss the themes that are common across the models, such as project selection, team formation, mentoring, and student assessment. We examine the choices made by each model, as well as the challenges faced. We end with a discussion how the models have leveraged institutional initiatives and collaborations with outside organizations to address some of the challenges associated with these projects.},
+journal = {ACM Trans. Comput. Educ.},
+month = jul,
+articleno = {7},
+numpages = {31},
+keywords = {FOSS, HFOSS, Open source, capstones, humanitarian, projects}
+}
+
+@article{10.1145/3290837,
+author = {Gasson, Susan and Purcelle, Michelle},
+title = {A Participation Architecture to Support User Peripheral Participation in a Hybrid FOSS Community},
+year = {2018},
+issue_date = {December 2018},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+volume = {1},
+number = {4},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3290837},
+doi = {10.1145/3290837},
+abstract = {Participation by product users is critical to success in free, open-source software (FOSS) software communities as they originate and develop valuable ideas for product innovation that are unlikely to originate from the core software development community. Users tend to be involved at the periphery of FOSS communities, suggesting new product ideas, highlighting problems with user documentation, or explaining when the product design fails to fit with the needs of their local user application domain. As an increasing number of FOSS projects employ a hybrid participation model that combines volunteer effort with paid software development effort or product support, it can be difficult for non-developer users to participate in product innovation. In colocated organizations, it is theorized that peripheral participants learn how to engage with the practices and cultural identity of a community through a sociocultural apprenticeship known as legitimate peripheral participation. But we have little literature that explores how legitimate peripheral participation is enabled in online communities.The research study presented in this article explores how participation by peripheral users in a hybrid FOSS project is afforded by participation architecture channels and community mechanisms that mediate two forms of engagement: a “cognitive apprenticeship” that introduces participants to situated domain activity, such as the community processes involved in product innovation, and a “social apprenticeship” by which participants become enculturated in the system of meanings, values, norms, and behaviors that govern community/participant identity. We identified five stages of community innovation, analyzing sociotechnical affordances of the online participation architecture that enable peripheral participants to internalize the meanings of community practice and to develop a social identity within the FOSS community. Our contribution to theory is provided by the substantive explanation of the cognitive and social translations that enable legitimate peripheral participation in online communities, mediated by sociotechnical access channels and mechanisms that afford two contrasting forms of opportunities for action: those resulting from interactions between a goal-oriented actor and the technology platform features or channels of participation, and those associated with the social structures, roles, and relationships underpinning community interactions. Neither of these is sufficient without the other. Our contribution to practice is provided by an explanation of how four distinct categories of affordance provide these cognitive and social apprenticeship benefits, allowing participation architecture designers to cater to all forms of peripheral user participation. We conclude that the technical affordances of a typical FOSS community participation architecture are insufficient to mediate peripheral participation by nontechnical users. Meaningful participation is mediated by interactions between boundary spanners who play knowledge-brokering and organizational bridging roles. The combination of technical and social affordances enables peripheral participants to acquire an interior view of community practices and social culture and in turn to introduce new ideas, new values, and new rationales to produce a generative dance of innovation that percolates through the community.},
+journal = {Trans. Soc. Comput.},
+month = dec,
+articleno = {14},
+numpages = {46},
+keywords = {Legitimate peripheral participation, affordances, hybrid-FOSS community, innovation, participation architecture, user participation}
+}
+
+@article{10.1145/3705303,
+author = {Chen, Yunqi and Wan, Zhiyuan and Zhuang, Yifei and Liu, Ning and Lo, David and Yang, Xiaohu},
+title = {Understanding the OSS Communities of Deep Learning Frameworks: A Comparative Case Study of PyTorch and TensorFlow},
+year = {2025},
+issue_date = {March 2025},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+volume = {34},
+number = {3},
+issn = {1049-331X},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3705303},
+doi = {10.1145/3705303},
+abstract = {Over the past two decades, deep learning has received tremendous success in developing software systems across various domains. Deep learning frameworks have been proposed to facilitate the development of such software systems, among which, PyTorch and TensorFlow stand out as notable examples. Considerable attention focuses on exploring software engineering practices and addressing diverse technical aspects in developing and deploying deep learning frameworks and software systems. Despite these efforts, little is known about the open source software communities involved in the development of deep learning frameworks.In this article, we perform a comparative investigation into the open source software communities of the two representative deep learning frameworks, PyTorch and TensorFlow. To facilitate the investigation, we compile a dataset of 2,792 and 3,288 code commit authors, along with 9,826 and 19,750 participants engaged in issue events on GitHub, from the two communities, respectively. With the dataset, we first characterize the structures of the two communities by employing four operationalizations to classify contributors into various roles and inspect the contributions made by common contributors across the two communities. We then conduct a longitudinal analysis to characterize the evolution of the two communities across various releases, in terms of the numbers of contributors with various roles and role transitions among contributors. Finally, we explore the causal effects between community characteristics and the popularity of the two frameworks.We find that the TensorFlow community harbors a larger base of contributors, encompassing a higher proportion of core developers and a more extensive cohort of active users compared to the PyTorch community. In terms of the technical background of the developers, 64.4\% and 56.1\% developers in the PyTorch and TensorFlow communities are employed by the leading companies of the corresponding open source software projects, Meta and Google, respectively; 25.9\% and 21.9\% core developers in the PyTorch and TensorFlow communities possess Ph.D. degrees, while 77.2\% and 77.7\% contribute to other machine learning or deep learning open source projects, respectively. Developers contributing to both communities demonstrate spatial and temporal similarities to some extent in their pull requests across the respective projects. The evolution of contributors with various roles exhibits a consistent upward trend over time in the PyTorch community. Conversely, a noticeable turning point in the growth of contributors characterizes the evolution of the TensorFlow community. Both communities show a statistically significant decreasing trend in the inflow rates of core developers. Furthermore, we observe statistically significant causal effects between the expansion of communities and retention of core developers and the popularity of deep learning frameworks. Based on our findings, we discuss implications, provide recommendations for sustaining open source software communities of deep learning frameworks, and outline directions for future research.},
+journal = {ACM Trans. Softw. Eng. Methodol.},
+month = feb,
+articleno = {70},
+numpages = {30},
+keywords = {Deep learning, community evolution, GitHub, developer classification}
+}
+
+@article{10.1145/3415251,
+author = {Trinkenreich, Bianca and Guizani, Mariam and Wiese, Igor and Sarma, Anita and Steinmacher, Igor},
+title = {Hidden Figures: Roles and Pathways of Successful OSS Contributors},
+year = {2020},
+issue_date = {October 2020},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+volume = {4},
+number = {CSCW2},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3415251},
+doi = {10.1145/3415251},
+abstract = {Open Source Software (OSS) development is a collaborative endeavor where expert developers, distributed around the globe create software solutions. Given this characteristic, OSS communities have been studied as technical communities, where stakeholders join and evolve in their careers based on their (often voluntary) code contributions to the project. However, the OSS landscape is slowly changing with more people and companies getting involved in OSS. This means that projects now need people in non-technical roles and activities to keep the project sustainable and evolving. In this paper, we focus on understanding the roles and activities that are part of the current OSS landscape and the different career pathways in OSS. By conducting and analyzing 17 interviews with OSS contributors who are well known in the community, we provide empirical evidence of the existence and importance of community-centric roles (e.g advocate, license manager, community founder) in addition to the well-known project-centric ones (e.g maintainer, core member). However, the community-centric roles typically remain hidden, since these roles may not leave traces in software repositories typically analyzed by researchers. We found that people can build a career in OSS through different roles and activities, with different backgrounds, including those not related to writing software. Furthermore, people's career pathways are fluid, moving between project and community-centric roles. Our work highlights that communities and researchers need to take action to acknowledge the importance of these varied roles, making these roles visible and well-recognized, which can ultimately help attract and retain more people in the OSS projects.},
+journal = {Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact.},
+month = oct,
+articleno = {180},
+numpages = {22},
+keywords = {role, open-source, collaborative development, career}
+}
+
+@article{10.1145/2876443,
+author = {Zhou, Minghui and Mockus, Audris and Ma, Xiujuan and Zhang, Lu and Mei, Hong},
+title = {Inflow and Retention in OSS Communities with Commercial Involvement: A Case Study of Three Hybrid Projects},
+year = {2016},
+issue_date = {May 2016},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+volume = {25},
+number = {2},
+issn = {1049-331X},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/2876443},
+doi = {10.1145/2876443},
+abstract = {Motivation: Open-source projects are often supported by companies, but such involvement often affects the robust contributor inflow needed to sustain the project and sometimes prompts key contributors to leave. To capture user innovation and to maintain quality of software and productivity of teams, these projects need to attract and retain contributors. Aim: We want to understand and quantify how inflow and retention are shaped by policies and actions of companies in three application server projects. Method: We identified three hybrid projects implementing the same JavaEE specification and used published literature, online materials, and interviews to quantify actions and policies companies used to get involved. We collected project repository data, analyzed affiliation history of project participants, and used generalized linear models and survival analysis to measure contributor inflow and retention. Results: We identified coherent groups of policies and actions undertaken by sponsoring companies as three models of community involvement and quantified tradeoffs between the inflow and retention each model provides. We found that full control mechanisms and high intensity of commercial involvement were associated with a decrease of external inflow and with improved retention. However, a shared control mechanism was associated with increased external inflow contemporaneously with the increase of commercial involvement. Implications: Inspired by a natural experiment, our methods enabled us to quantify aspects of the balance between community and private interests in open- source software projects and provide clear implications for the structure of future open-source communities.},
+journal = {ACM Trans. Softw. Eng. Methodol.},
+month = apr,
+articleno = {13},
+numpages = {29},
+keywords = {Hybrid project, commercial involvement, contributor inflow, contributor retention, extent and intensity of involvement, natural experiment}
+}
+

SLR_references_total/SLR_references_2/t2-socabs.bib

@@ -0,0 +1,373 @@
+
+@article{pereira-garcia_free_2020,
+	title = {{FREE} {SOFTWARE} {LAW} {PROJECTS} {IN} {COLOMBIA}},
+	volume = {35},
+	issn = {01026909},
+	url = {http://turing.library.northwestern.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/free-software-law-projects-colombia/docview/2401795429/se-2?accountid=12861},
+	doi = {10.1590/3510406/2020},
+	abstract = {This article covers an analysis of the bills presented before the Republic of Colombia Congress as efforts to regulate free software in the country, which were not successful in their legislative process. It analyzes whether the transits generated in the legislative proposals and the reasons why they were not approved, emphasizing the position of groups that defend free software. Therefore, a revision of legislative documents published in the Colombian official media was proposed, taking into account the approach of several actors involved in controversies from a virtual ethnography perspective, in which virtual spaces are included as a mechanism to understand the dynamics between the actors involved in the debate. In the end, it is affirmed that the failure of free software bills in Colombia highlights the interests of dominant groups that establish influential alliances in the course of technological regulation, in addition to a technological discourse with market interests.Alternate abstract:El presente artículo es un análisis sobre los proyectos de ley presentados ante el Congreso de la República con la intención de legislar el software libre en Colombia, los cuales no fueron exitosos en su trámite legislativo. Se analizan los tránsitos generados en las propuestas legislativas y las razones por las cuales estas no fueron aprobadas, haciendo énfasis en la postura de los grupos defensores del software libre. Con este fin se propuso la revisión de documentos legislativos publicados en los medios oficiales colombianos, además del abordaje a diversos actores involucrados en las controversias desde la perspectiva de la etnografía virtual, en la cual se abordan los espacios virtuales, como mecanismo para entender las dinámicas que ocurrieron entre diversos actores involucrados en el debate. Se afirma que el fracaso de los proyectos de ley sobre software libre en Colombia evidencia los intereses de grupos dominantes que establecen alianzas influyentes en el curso de la regulación tecnológica, además, de la alineación del discurso tecnológico con intereses mercantiles.Alternate abstract:L’article analyse l’échec des projets de lois soumis au Congrès de la république de Colombie sur la réglementation du logiciel libre dans le pays. Il examine le parcours des propositions législatives et les raisons de leur non-approbation tout en mettant l’accent sur la position des partisans du logiciel libre. L’objectif est d’étudier les documents législatifs publiés dans la presse officielle colombienne en tenant compte de l’approche de différents acteurs impliqués dans les controverses depuis la perspective de l’ethnographie virtuelle, où les espaces virtuels sont un mécanisme qui permet de comprendre les dynamiques entre les participants du débat. La recherche montre que l’échec des projets de loi sur le logiciel libre en Colombie est lié aux intérêts de groupes dominants qui établissent des alliances influentes au niveau de la régulation technologique et dont le discours technologique est dominé par des intérêts commerciaux.},
+	language = {Spanish},
+	number = {104},
+	journal = {Revista Brasileira de Ciências Sociais},
+	author = {Pereira-García, Alexander},
+	year = {2020},
+	note = {Place: Sao Paulo
+Publisher: Associação Nacional de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa em Ciências Sociais - ANPOCS},
+	keywords = {Alliances, Colombia, ethnographie virtuelle, Ethnography, Etnografia Virtual, Etnografía Virtual, Free Software, Freeware, Legislação Tecnológica, Legislación Tecnológica, législation technologique, Logiciels libres, réglementation des logiciels, Regulamentação do software, Regular el software, Social Sciences: Comprehensive Works, Software, Software Libre, Software Livre, Software Regulation, Technological Legislation, Virtual Ethnography},
+	annote = {Copyright - © 2020. This work is licensed under https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.es (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.},
+	annote = {Last updated - 2023-11-15},
+	annote = {SubjectsTermNotLitGenreText - Colombia},
+}
+
+@article{wajcman_uthallig_2016,
+	title = {Uthållig kreativitet - tills döden skiljer oss åt -- {Tre} faror, två demoner, tio budord},
+	volume = {53},
+	issn = {0038-0342},
+	url = {http://turing.library.northwestern.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/uthållig-kreativitet-tills-döden-skiljer-oss-åt/docview/1819291680/se-2?accountid=12861},
+	abstract = {Anförande vid Sociologidagarna, Uppsala 10–12 mars 2016, Stefan Svallfors, Södertörns högskola \& Institutet för framtidsstudier},
+	language = {Swedish},
+	number = {2},
+	journal = {Sociologisk Forskning},
+	author = {Wajcman, Judy},
+	year = {2016},
+	note = {Place: Lund
+Publisher: Lunds Universitet},
+	keywords = {Creativity, Researchers, Sociology},
+	pages = {199},
+	annote = {Last updated - 2024-09-04},
+}
+
+@article{barron_free_2013,
+	title = {Free software production as critical social practice},
+	volume = {42},
+	issn = {03085147},
+	url = {http://turing.library.northwestern.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/free-software-production-as-critical-social/docview/2089824849/se-2?accountid=12861},
+	doi = {10.1080/03085147.2013.791510},
+	abstract = {This paper analyses the phenomenon of free and open source software (FOSS) in the light of Luc Boltanski and Ève Chiapello's The new spirit of capitalism. It argues that collaborative FOSS production by volunteer software developers is a species of critical social practice in Boltanski and Chiapello's sense: rooted in resistance to capitalist social relations, and yet also a source of values that justify the new routes to profitability associated with contemporary network capitalism. Advanced via collective projects that are sustained by hacker norms and privately legislated 'copyleft' law, the FOSS ethos is apparently antithetical to private property-based accumulation. Yet it can be shown to embody the 'new spirit of capitalism' in its most distilled form; moreover FOSS developers have instituted new forms of property and new modes of profit creation around software that are in the process of being adapted for use in other economic sectors. Meanwhile, the private law constraints on profit-seeking that have emerged from the FOSS movement are counteracting some of the social pathologies that accompany network capitalism only to consolidate others. The paper concludes by identifying likely bases for a renewal of critique given these realities.},
+	language = {English},
+	number = {4},
+	journal = {Economy and Society},
+	author = {Barron, Anne},
+	month = nov,
+	year = {2013},
+	note = {Place: Abingdon
+Publisher: Taylor \& Francis LLC},
+	keywords = {Accumulation, Business And Economics, Capitalism, copyleft, Economic sectors, Economic theory, Free, Free and open-source software, free software, Free software, immaterial labour, Law, new spirit of capitalism, open source, Open source software, Private property, Profitability, Profits, Property, Renewal, reputational capital, Resistance, Social relations, Software},
+	pages = {597--625},
+	annote = {Copyright - © 2013 Taylor \& Francis},
+	annote = {Last updated - 2024-12-06},
+}
+
+@article{barron_free_2013-1,
+	title = {Free software production as critical social practice},
+	volume = {42},
+	issn = {0308-5147, 0308-5147},
+	url = {http://turing.library.northwestern.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/free-software-production-as-critical-social/docview/1512220562/se-2?accountid=12861},
+	doi = {10.1080/03085147.2013.791510},
+	abstract = {This paper analyses the phenomenon of free and open source software (FOSS) in the light of Luc Boltanski and Eve Chiapello's The new spirit of capitalism. It argues that collaborative FOSS production by volunteer software developers is a species of critical social practice in Boltanski and Chiapello's sense: rooted in resistance to capitalist social relations, and yet also a source of values that justify the new routes to profitability associated with contemporary network capitalism. Advanced via collective projects that are sustained by hacker norms and privately legislated 'copyleft' law, the FOSS ethos is apparently antithetical to private property-based accumulation. Yet it can be shown to embody the 'new spirit of capitalism' in its most distilled form; moreover FOSS developers have instituted new forms of property and new modes of profit creation around software that are in the process of being adapted for use in other economic sectors. Meanwhile, the private law constraints on profit-seeking that have emerged from the FOSS movement are counteracting some of the social pathologies that accompany network capitalism only to consolidate others. The paper concludes by identifying likely bases for a renewal of critique given these realities. Adapted from the source document.},
+	language = {English},
+	number = {4},
+	journal = {Economy and Society},
+	author = {Barron, Anne},
+	month = nov,
+	year = {2013},
+	note = {Publisher: Routledge/Taylor \& Francis, Abingdon UK},
+	keywords = {0715:social change and economic development, article, Capitalism, Computer Software, Cooperation, Economic Sectors, Law, Profits, social change \& economic development, Social Networks, Values, Volunteers},
+	pages = {597--625},
+	annote = {CODEN - ECSCAK},
+	annote = {Date revised - 2014-04-01},
+	annote = {Last updated - 2016-09-28},
+	annote = {SubjectsTermNotLitGenreText - Capitalism; Computer Software; Profits; Law; Social Networks; Volunteers; Values; Economic Sectors; Cooperation},
+}
+
+@article{conaldi_dual_2013,
+	title = {The dual network structure of organizational problem solving: {A} case study on open source software development},
+	volume = {35},
+	issn = {0378-8733, 0378-8733},
+	url = {http://turing.library.northwestern.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/dual-network-structure-organizational-problem/docview/1429630051/se-2?accountid=12861},
+	abstract = {We reconstruct the dual network structure generated by the association between 72 contributors and 737 software bugs engaged during a full development cycle of the free/open source software project Epiphany. Estimates of structural parameters of Exponential Random Graph Models for two-mode networks reveal the structural logics shaping activities of collaborative problem solving. After controlling for contributor-specific and software bug-specific characteristics, we find that contributors ('problem solvers') tend to distribute their activity over multiple software bugs. At the same time, however, we find that software bugs ('problems') tend not to share multiple contributors. This dual tendency toward de-specialization and exclusivity is sustained by specific local network dependencies revealed by our analysis which also suggests possible organizational mechanisms that may be underlying the puzzling macro-structural regularities frequently observed, but rarely explained, in the production of open source software. By combining these mechanisms with the influence of contributors characterized by different levels of involvement in the project, we provide micro-level evidence of structural interdependence between 'core' and 'peripheral' members identified exclusively on the basis of their individual level of contribution to the project. [Copyright Elsevier B.V.]},
+	language = {English},
+	number = {2},
+	journal = {Social Networks},
+	author = {Conaldi, Guido and Lomi, Alessandro},
+	month = may,
+	year = {2013},
+	note = {Publisher: Elsevier, Amsterdam The Netherlands},
+	keywords = {0665:complex organization, article, Computer Software, Cooperation, Organizational Structure, Property, social network analysis, Two-mode networks Exponential Random Graphs Free/open source software Organizational problem solving},
+	pages = {237--250},
+	annote = {CODEN - SONED4},
+	annote = {Date revised - 2013-09-01},
+	annote = {Last updated - 2016-09-28},
+	annote = {SubjectsTermNotLitGenreText - Computer Software; Property; Organizational Structure; Cooperation},
+}
+
+@article{bixler_toward_2012,
+	title = {Toward a {Community} of {Innovation} in {Community}-{Based} {Natural} {Resource} {Management}: {Insights} from {Open} {Source} {Software}},
+	volume = {71},
+	issn = {0018-7259, 0018-7259},
+	url = {http://turing.library.northwestern.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/toward-community-innovation-based-natural/docview/1283642756/se-2?accountid=12861},
+	abstract = {Community-based natural resource management (CBNRM) is an environmental governance approach that deals with complex and interwoven ecological problems through a participatory environmental management framework. Practitioner, donor, and academic interest in this strategy is on the rise, and successful CBNRM organizations are experiencing internal and external pressures to help "transfer" their knowledge and experiences to other contexts and scales. If organized through the traditional top-down diffusion of innovation approach, many barriers to CBNRM transfer exist, beginning with organizational costs that may outweigh potential benefits. However, reframed as a more "open" and emergent process, the burdens of transfer may be reduced and benefits increased. We draw on an analogy from the Open Source Software (OSS) movement to suggest an organizational rationale for exchange and principles such as "porting," the "kernel," "copyleft," and "forking" that can guide CBNRM and for community-based organizations challenged to share their approach to conservation. Adapted from the source document.},
+	language = {English},
+	number = {3},
+	journal = {Human Organization},
+	author = {Bixler, R Patrick and Taylor, Peter Leigh},
+	month = oct,
+	year = {2012},
+	note = {Publisher: Society for Applied Anthropology, Oklahoma City OK},
+	keywords = {2656:environmental interactions, article, Community Organizations, community-based natural resource management watershed management transferability open source software, Environmental Factors, environmental interactions, Governance, Information Dissemination, Innovations, Knowledge, Natural Resources, Property, Resource Management},
+	pages = {234--243},
+	annote = {CODEN - HUORAY},
+	annote = {Date revised - 2013-02-01},
+	annote = {Last updated - 2016-09-28},
+	annote = {SubjectsTermNotLitGenreText - Resource Management; Natural Resources; Property; Innovations; Governance; Knowledge; Environmental Factors; Community Organizations; Information Dissemination},
+}
+
+@article{bixler_toward_2012-1,
+	title = {Toward a {Community} of {Innovation} in {Community}-{Based} {Natural} {Resource} {Management}: {Insights} from {Open} {Source} {Software}},
+	volume = {71},
+	issn = {00187259},
+	url = {http://turing.library.northwestern.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/toward-community-innovation-based-natural/docview/1055806751/se-2?accountid=12861},
+	doi = {10.17730/humo.71.3.200w0j1266306t79},
+	abstract = {Community-based natural resource management (CBNRM) is an environmental governance approach that deals with complex and interwoven ecological problems through a participatory environmental management framework. Practitioner, donor, and academic interest in this strategy is on the rise, and successful CBNRM organizations are experiencing internal and external pressures to help "transfer" their knowledge and experiences to other contexts and scales. If organized through the traditional top-down diffusion of innovation approach, many barriers to CBNRM transfer exist, beginning with organizational costs that may outweigh potential benefits. However, reframed as a more "open" and emergent process, the burdens of transfer may be reduced and benefits increased. We draw on an analogy from the Open Source Software (OSS) movement to suggest an organizational rationale for exchange and principles such as "porting," the "kernel," "copyleft," and "forking" that can guide CBNRM and for community-based organizations challenged to share their approach to conservation. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]},
+	language = {English},
+	number = {3},
+	journal = {Human Organization},
+	author = {Bixler, R Patrick and Taylor, Peter Leigh},
+	year = {2012},
+	note = {Place: Oklahoma City
+Publisher: Taylor \& Francis Ltd.},
+	keywords = {Collaboration, Colorado, Community, Community engagement, Community organizations, Conservation, Diffusion, Environmental aspects, Environmental governance, Environmental resource management, Governance, Information dissemination, Innovations, Montana, Natural resource, Natural resource management, Open source, Open source software, Open-source software, Principles, Property, Public domain, Research, Research methodology, Resource management, Sciences: Comprehensive Works, Software, Startups, Studies, Success, Taylor, Peter, United States--US, Watershed management, Watersheds},
+	pages = {234--243},
+	annote = {CODEN - HUORAY},
+	annote = {Copyright - Copyright Society of Applied Anthropology Fall 2012},
+	annote = {Document feature - References; Maps},
+	annote = {Last updated - 2024-12-06},
+	annote = {Name - Colorado State University},
+	annote = {People - Taylor, Peter},
+	annote = {SubjectsTermNotLitGenreText - Montana; United States--US; Taylor, Peter; Colorado},
+}
+
+@article{carlotto_activist-driven_2011,
+	title = {Activist-driven innovation: an interpretive history of free software},
+	volume = {26},
+	issn = {01026909},
+	url = {http://turing.library.northwestern.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/activist-driven-innovation-interpretive-history/docview/1732127821/se-2?accountid=12861},
+	doi = {10.1590/S0102-69092011000200005},
+	abstract = {The understanding that there are two distinct regimes for the production of software is increasingly common in literature. What is not so common, and is therefore the most original contribution of this paper is, on the one hand, the historical approach to the configuration of those regimes and, on the other hand, the analysis of the factors determining the technical and commercial success of one regime over the other. Furthermore, we have worked with two additional hypotheses: first, that the development of free software historically belongs to the public/scientific knowledge production regime - i.e., free software mimicking the organization of the scientific community because it has its historical roots in it; and secondly, that in a "market competition" environment the public and scientific regime has proven more efficient and has therefore forced companies working in the private/business regime to adopt free or open source software.},
+	language = {Portuguese},
+	number = {76},
+	journal = {Revista Brasileira de Ciências Sociais},
+	author = {Carlotto, Maria Caramez and Ortellado, Pablo},
+	year = {2011},
+	note = {Place: Sao Paulo
+Publisher: Associação Nacional de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa em Ciências Sociais - ANPOCS},
+	keywords = {Free software, Innovation, Inovação, Intellectual property, Knowledge production regimes, Logiciel libre, Propriedade intelectual, Propriété intéllectuelle, Regimes de produção de conhecimento, Régimes de production du savoir, Social Sciences: Comprehensive Works, Software livre},
+	pages = {77--102},
+	annote = {Copyright - Copyright Associação Nacional de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa em Ciências Sociais - ANPOCS 2011},
+	annote = {Last updated - 2023-06-14},
+}
+
+@article{carlotto_activist-driven_2011-1,
+	title = {Activist-driven innovation: an interpretive history of free software},
+	volume = {26},
+	issn = {0102-6909, 0102-6909},
+	url = {http://turing.library.northwestern.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/activist-driven-innovation-interpretive-history/docview/1037876933/se-2?accountid=12861},
+	doi = {10.1590/S0102-69092011000200005},
+	abstract = {The understanding that there are two distinct regimes for the production of software is increasingly common in literature. What is not so common, and is therefore the most original contribution of this paper is, on the one hand, the historical approach to the configuration of those regimes and, on the other hand, the analysis of the factors determining the technical and commercial success of one regime over the other. Furthermore, we have worked with two additional hypotheses: first, that the development of free software historically belongs to the public/scientific knowledge production regime -- i.e., free software mimicking the organization of the scientific community because it has its historical roots in it; and secondly, that in a 'market competition' environment the public and scientific regime has proven more efficient and has therefore forced companies working in the private/business regime to adopt free or open source software. Adapted from the source document.},
+	language = {Portuguese},
+	number = {76},
+	journal = {Revista Brasileira de Ciencias Sociais},
+	author = {Carlotto, Maria Caramez and Ortellado, Pablo},
+	year = {2011},
+	note = {Publisher: ANPOCS, Sao Paulo Brazil},
+	keywords = {1772: sociology of science, article, Computer Software, Economic Development, Free software, Innovation, Innovations, Intellectual property, Knowledge production regimes, Markets, Property, Scientific Community, Scientific Knowledge, sociology of technology},
+	pages = {77--102},
+	annote = {CODEN - RBCSEQ},
+	annote = {Date revised - 2012-09-01},
+	annote = {Last updated - 2016-09-28},
+	annote = {SubjectsTermNotLitGenreText - Computer Software; Innovations; Markets; Economic Development; Property; Scientific Knowledge; Scientific Community},
+}
+
+@article{perez-bustos_building_2010,
+	title = {Building {Spaces} of {Exclusivity}: {An} {Ethnographic} {Approach} to {Indian} and {Colombian} {Women}'s {Role} and {Experience} in {Local} {Free} {Software} {Communities}},
+	issn = {0120-4807, 0120-4807},
+	url = {http://turing.library.northwestern.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/building-spaces-exclusivity-ethnographic-approach/docview/1364699164/se-2?accountid=12861},
+	abstract = {This paper aims to account for the ways women integrating the free software community in two countries from the global South negotiate with feminizing paradigms imposed to them by the collectives interested in popularizating free technologies. Through an ethnographic approach to vital experiences of women in the Indian collective Linux-Chix, and holding a dialog with the experiences of non-organized women in the free software community in Colombia, this paper suggests these negotiations are going to be materialized primarily in the constitution of survival strategies from which certain civilizing projects are particularly vindicated, some of which seem to promote a Western paradigm of female subjectivity. Adapted from the source document.},
+	language = {Spanish},
+	number = {69},
+	journal = {Universitas Humanistica},
+	author = {Perez-Bustos, Tania},
+	month = jan,
+	year = {2010},
+	note = {Publisher: Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota Colombia},
+	keywords = {Females, India, Ethnography, article, Computer Software, Colombia, 0410: group interactions, 2983: feminist/gender studies, Free Software, women, feminism, social group identity \& intergroup relations (groups based on race \& ethnicity, age, \& sexual orientation), sociology of gender \& gender relations, Subjectivity},
+	pages = {115--137},
+	annote = {Date revised - 2013-06-01},
+	annote = {Last updated - 2016-09-28},
+	annote = {SubjectsTermNotLitGenreText - Females; Computer Software; Ethnography; India; Subjectivity; Colombia},
+}
+
+@article{leach_freedom_2009,
+	title = {Freedom {Imagined}: {Morality} and {Aesthetics} in {Open} {Source} {Software} {Design}},
+	volume = {74},
+	issn = {0014-1844, 0014-1844},
+	url = {http://turing.library.northwestern.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/freedom-imagined-morality-aesthetics-open-source/docview/61770588/se-2?accountid=12861},
+	doi = {10.1080/00141840902751188},
+	abstract = {This paper is about the interaction between the human imagination and technology among a self-described 'community': that of developers of Free or Open Source Software. I argue that the moral imagination observable in this phenomenon can be understood with reference to its emergence around specific methods of technical production. Principles of openness, truth, freedom and progress, which are also understood as central to the technical production of good software, are reinforced (as a ethical orientation) by their contribution to making 'good' software. A reciprocal dynamic ensues in which better software is seen as dependent on particular social practices and ideologies while these practices and ideologies are given salience by their success in fostering valuable production. Processes key to the generation of this social form are examined before a number of key features of the practice of programming, such as its often combative and individualistic character, and an absence of women in developer communities, are considered in the light of the analysis. Adapted from the source document.},
+	language = {English},
+	number = {1},
+	journal = {Ethnos},
+	author = {Leach, James and Nafus, Dawn and Krieger, Bernhard},
+	month = mar,
+	year = {2009},
+	note = {Publisher: Routledge/Taylor \& Francis, Abingdon UK},
+	keywords = {Ethics, Technology, Imagination, article, Property, Computer Software, sociology of technology, 1772:sociology of science, Ideologies, Morality, Social Dynamics},
+	pages = {51--71},
+	annote = {CODEN - ETNOAE},
+	annote = {Date revised - 2010-10-21},
+	annote = {Last updated - 2016-09-28},
+	annote = {Number of references - 51},
+	annote = {SubjectsTermNotLitGenreText - Computer Software; Ideologies; Property; Imagination; Ethics; Social Dynamics; Technology; Morality},
+}
+
+@article{mcinerney_technology_2009,
+	title = {Technology {Movements} and the {Politics} of {Free}/{Open} {Source} {Software}},
+	volume = {34},
+	issn = {0162-2439, 0162-2439},
+	url = {http://turing.library.northwestern.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/technology-movements-politics-free-open-source/docview/61706341/se-2?accountid=12861},
+	doi = {10.1177/0162243907309852},
+	abstract = {Many technologies in our everyday lives are expressions of deliberate and protracted political struggles among interested groups. While some technologies are inherently political, other technologies become politicized through competition among different groups and organizations. How do seemingly apolitical technologies become politicized? In this article, the author examines the case of the "circuit riders," a progressive technology movement in the United States that promotes information technology use among nonprofit and grassroots organizations, to show how a particular technology is politicized through field-level interactions. Applying and contributing to actor-network theory, the author finds that translation takes place as an organizational process by which actors associate the ideals of the technology in question with their political ideals and then attempt to enroll other actors to accept the resultant associations. Successful association depends on both discursive and organizational practices. [Reprinted by permission of Sage Publications Inc., copyright 2009.]},
+	language = {English},
+	number = {2},
+	journal = {Science, Technology, and Human Values},
+	author = {McInerney, Paul-Brian},
+	month = mar,
+	year = {2009},
+	note = {Publisher: Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks CA},
+	keywords = {Social Movements, Politics, Technology, Networks, article, Computer Software, sociology of technology, 1772:sociology of science, actor-network theory, free/open source software, politics, association, social movement},
+	pages = {206--233},
+	annote = {CODEN - STHVDQ},
+	annote = {Date revised - 2010-10-21},
+	annote = {Last updated - 2016-09-28},
+	annote = {Number of references - 85},
+	annote = {SubjectsTermNotLitGenreText - Computer Software; Politics; Networks; Social Movements; Technology},
+}
+
+@article{gallego_designing_2008,
+	title = {Designing a forecasting analysis to understand the diffusion of open source software in the year 2010},
+	volume = {75},
+	issn = {0040-1625, 0040-1625},
+	url = {http://turing.library.northwestern.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/designing-forecasting-analysis-understand/docview/61698239/se-2?accountid=12861},
+	doi = {10.1016/j.techfore.2007.02.002},
+	abstract = {Open source software (OSS) is being considered the new paradigm of software distribution. As contrasted with the traditional software marketing model, OSS pursues the freedom to have access to open source and offers several advantages to enterprises. These advantages include saving costs related to Information Systems and Technologies (IS/IT) and the possibility of adapting to changing organizational requirements. However, the recent forthcoming of OSS prevents us from knowing the real impact it has today on social and organizational fields. Having considered this obstacle, the authors have defined a foreseeable setting for OSS diffusion and adoption by means of a forecasting study based on the Delphi method for the year 2010. The findings reveal the levels of OSS diffusion for this year according to the main applications, geographic regions and industries. In a complementary manner, the authors have studied the elements of success as well as the most relevant obstacles for diffusing and adopting technological solutions based on OSS. [Copyright 2007 Elsevier Inc.]},
+	language = {English},
+	number = {5},
+	journal = {Technological Forecasting and Social Change},
+	author = {Gallego, M Dolores and Luna, Paula and Bueno, Salvador},
+	month = jun,
+	year = {2008},
+	note = {Publisher: Elsevier Science Publishing, Amsterdam The Netherlands},
+	keywords = {Diffusion, Information Technology, article, Computer Software, sociology of technology, Technological Innovations, 1772:sociology of science, Forecasting, Critical success factors, Technological Change},
+	pages = {672--686},
+	annote = {CODEN - TFSCB3},
+	annote = {Date revised - 2008-11-06},
+	annote = {Last updated - 2016-09-28},
+	annote = {SubjectsTermNotLitGenreText - Information Technology; Computer Software; Forecasting; Technological Innovations; Technological Change; Diffusion},
+}
+
+@article{gallego_designing_2008-1,
+	title = {Designing a forecasting analysis to understand the diffusion of open source software in the year 2010},
+	volume = {75},
+	issn = {00401625},
+	url = {http://turing.library.northwestern.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/designing-forecasting-analysis-understand/docview/205257823/se-2?accountid=12861},
+	doi = {10.1016/j.techfore.2007.02.002},
+	abstract = {Open source software (OSS) is being considered the new paradigm of software distribution. As contrasted with the traditional software marketing model, OSS pursues the freedom to have access to open source and offers several advantages to enterprises. These advantages include saving costs related to Information Systems and Technologies (IS/IT) and the possibility of adapting to changing organizational requirements. However, the recent forthcoming of OSS prevents us from knowing the real impact it has today on social and organizational fields. Having considered this obstacle, the authors have defined a foreseeable setting for OSS diffusion and adoption by means of a forecasting study based on the Delphi method for the year 2010. The findings reveal the levels of OSS diffusion for this year according to the main applications, geographic regions and industries. In a complementary manner, the authors have studied the elements of success as well as the most relevant obstacles for diffusing and adopting technological solutions based on OSS. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]},
+	language = {English},
+	number = {5},
+	journal = {Technological Forecasting and Social Change},
+	author = {Gallego, M Dolores and Luna, Paula and Bueno, Salvador},
+	month = jun,
+	year = {2008},
+	note = {Place: New York
+Publisher: Elsevier Science Ltd.},
+	keywords = {Open source software, Sociology, Studies, Open source, Software, Open-source software, Technology adoption, Technology transfer, 5240:Software \& systems, 9130:Experiment/theoretical treatment, Public domain, 7100:Market research, Delphi method, Software distribution, Success factors, Forecasting techniques},
+	pages = {672},
+	annote = {Copyright - Copyright Elsevier Science Ltd. Jun 2008},
+	annote = {Last updated - 2024-12-06},
+}
+
+@article{noauthor_review_2007,
+	title = {Review: {Niels} {C}. {Taubert} (2006). {Produktive} {Anarchie}? {Netzwerke} freier {Softwareentwicklung} [{Productive} {Anarchy}? {Networks} of {Open} {Source} {Software} {Development}]},
+	volume = {8},
+	url = {http://turing.library.northwestern.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/review-niels-c-taubert-2006-produktive-anarchie/docview/869226706/se-2?accountid=12861},
+	abstract = {Open source software is software designed to allow anyone to use and make changes in the software. This practice often renders the product superior to more centralized models such as those used in commercial software companies. How is such a phenomenon possible in a time where nothing seems to be acquirable save by purchase? Niels C. TAUBERT's book Productive Anarchy? Networks of Open Source Software Development aims at a sociological understanding of the prerequisites and conditions for the success of open source software. One of the conclusions of TAUBERT's book is that the process of open software development needs to be understood as adaptive and experimental. A continuous feedback between the context of production and the context of application is the basis for robust and successful software production. One of the surprising results of the book is that the most important requirement for this feedback process is a set of norms--neutrality, communism, disinterestedness, and universalism--norms that Robert MERTON associated with academic science in the 1940s. If TAUBERT is right that these norms are to be found outside the world of institutional science in open source software development projects today, then his case study can be seen as an indicator for a new form of knowledge production in the 21st century, where the social relevance and responsibility of a research process are keys to successful innovation. With this book, which deserves a wide readership, TAUBERT makes an important contribution to our understanding of the successful organization of technology development.              URN: urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs0701109},
+	language = {English},
+	number = {1},
+	journal = {Forum : Qualitative Social Research},
+	year = {2007},
+	note = {Place: Berlin
+Publisher: Freie Universität Berlin},
+	keywords = {Innovation, Open-source software, Knowledge economy, Software development, Software industry, Social Sciences: Comprehensive Works, Naturally occurring radioactive material, Norm, Robert Merton},
+	annote = {Copyright - Copyright Freie Universität Berlin 2007},
+	annote = {Last updated - 2024-08-26},
+}
+
+@article{gross_review_2007,
+	title = {Review: {Niels} {C}. {Taubert} [2006]. {Productive} {Anarchy}? {Networks} of {Open} {Source} {Software} {Development}},
+	volume = {8},
+	issn = {1438-5627, 1438-5627},
+	url = {http://turing.library.northwestern.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/review-niels-c-taubert-2006-productive-anarchy/docview/61664267/se-2?accountid=12861},
+	abstract = {Open source software is software designed to allow anyone to use and make changes in the software. This practice often renders the product superior to more centralized models such as those used in commercial software companies. How is such a phenomenon possible in a time where nothing seems to be acquirable save by purchase? Niels C. TAUBERT's book Productive Anarchy? Networks of Open Source Software Development aims at a sociological understanding of the prerequisites and conditions for the success of open source software. One of the conclusions of TAUBERT's book is that the process of open software development needs to be understood as adaptive and experimental. A continuous feedback between the context of production and the context of application is the basis for robust and successful software production. One of the surprising results of the book is that the most important requirement for this feedback process is a set of norms-neutrality, communism, disinterestedness, and universalism-norms that Robert MERTON associated with academic science in the 1940s. If TAUBERT is right that these norms are to be found outside the world of institutional science in open source software development projects today, then his case study can be seen as an indicator for a new form of knowledge production in the 21st century, where the social relevance and responsibility of a research process are keys to successful innovation. With this book, which deserves a wide readership, TAUBERT makes an important contribution to our understanding of the successful organization of technology development. References. Adapted from the source document.},
+	language = {German},
+	number = {1},
+	journal = {Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung/Forum: Qualitative Social Research},
+	author = {Gross, Matthias},
+	month = jan,
+	year = {2007},
+	note = {Publisher: Free University of Berlin, Germany},
+	keywords = {Norms, Social Networks, article, Computer Software, Technological Innovations, research methods/tools, 0104: methodology and research technology, Computer Assisted Research, open source software, science studies, innovation, scientific ethos},
+	annote = {Date revised - 2007-08-02},
+	annote = {Last updated - 2016-09-28},
+	annote = {SubjectsTermNotLitGenreText - Computer Software; Computer Assisted Research; Technological Innovations; Social Networks; Norms},
+}
+
+@article{osterloh_trust_2004,
+	title = {Trust and {Community} in {Open} {Source} {Software} {Production}},
+	volume = {26},
+	issn = {0171-5860, 0171-5860},
+	url = {http://turing.library.northwestern.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/trust-community-open-source-software-production/docview/60088240/se-2?accountid=12861},
+	abstract = {Open source software production is a successful new innovation model which disproves that only private ownership of intellectual property rights fosters innovations. It is analyzed here under which conditions the open source model may be successful in general. We show that a complex interplay of situational, motivational, \& institutional factors have to be taken into account to understand how to manage the 'tragedy of the commons' as well as the 'tragedy of the anticommons'. It is argued that the success of this new innovation model is greatly facilitated by a well balanced portfolio of intrinsic \& extrinsic motivation, low costs for contributors \& governance mechanisms that do not crowd out intrinsic motivation. 96 References. Adapted from the source document.},
+	language = {English},
+	number = {1},
+	journal = {Analyse \& Kritik},
+	author = {Osterloh, Margit and Rota, Sandra},
+	month = dec,
+	year = {2004},
+	keywords = {Motivation, Copyrights, Public Goods, Trust, Property Rights, article, Computer Software, sociology of technology, Technological Innovations, 1772:sociology of science, High Technology Industries},
+	pages = {279--301},
+	annote = {Date revised - 2007-10-30},
+	annote = {Last updated - 2016-09-28},
+	annote = {Number of references - 91},
+	annote = {SubjectsTermNotLitGenreText - Trust; High Technology Industries; Technological Innovations; Motivation; Computer Software; Copyrights; Property Rights; Public Goods},
+}
+
+@article{osterloh_trust_2004-1,
+	title = {Trust and {Community} in {Open} {Source} {Software} {Production}*},
+	volume = {26},
+	issn = {01715860},
+	url = {http://turing.library.northwestern.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/trust-community-open-source-software-production/docview/208532393/se-2?accountid=12861},
+	doi = {10.1515/auk-2004-0115},
+	abstract = {Open source software production is a successful new innovation model which disproves that only private ownership of intellectual property rights fosters innovations. It is analyzed here under which conditions the open source model may be successful in general. We show that a complex interplay of situational, motivational, and institutional factors have to be taken into account to understand how to manage the 'tragedy of the commons' as well as the 'tragedy of the anticommons'. It is argued that the success of this new innovation model is greatly facilitated by a well balanced portfolio of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, low costs for contributors and governance mechanisms that do not crowd out intrinsic motivation.[PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]},
+	language = {English},
+	number = {1},
+	journal = {Analyse und Kritik},
+	author = {Osterloh, Margit and Rota, Sandra},
+	year = {2004},
+	note = {Place: Stuttgart
+Publisher: Walter de Gruyter GmbH},
+	keywords = {Open source software, Motivation, Community, Open source, Trust, Social Sciences: Comprehensive Works},
+	pages = {279--301},
+	annote = {Copyright - Copyright Lucius \& Lucius Verlagsgesellschaft mbH Dec 2004},
+	annote = {Document feature - references},
+	annote = {Last updated - 2023-11-19},
+}

SLR_references_total/both_waves_references/401-410-ProQuestDocuments-2025-02-27.bib

@@ -0,0 +1,210 @@
+
+@article{yang_off_2023,
+	title = {Off to a {Good} {Start}: {Dynamic} {Contribution} {Patterns} and {Technical} {Success} in an {OSS} {Newcomer}’s {Early} {Career}},
+	volume = {49},
+	issn = {00985589},
+	url = {http://turing.library.northwestern.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/off-good-start-dynamic-contribution-patterns/docview/2776777604/se-2?accountid=12861},
+	doi = {10.1109/TSE.2022.3156071},
+	abstract = {Attracting and retaining newcomers are critical aspects for OSS projects, as such projects rely on newcomers’ sustainable contributions. Considerable effort has been made to help newcomers by identifying and overcoming the barriers during the onboarding process. However, most newcomers eventually fail and drop out of their projects even after successful onboarding. Meanwhile, it has been long known that individuals’ early career stages profoundly impact their long-term career success. However, newcomers’ early careers are less investigated in SE research. In this paper, we sought to develop an empirical understanding of the relationships between newcomers’ dynamic contribution patterns in their early careers and their technical success. To achieve this goal, we compiled a dataset of newcomers’ contribution data from 54 large OSS projects under three different ecosystems and analyzed it with time series analysis and other statistical analysis techniques. Our analyses yield rich findings. The correlations between several contribution patterns and technical success were identified. In general, being consistent and persistent in newcomers’ early careers is positively associated with their technical success. While these correlations generally hold in all three ecosystems, we observed some differences in detailed contribution patterns correlated with technical success across ecosystems. In addition, we performed a case study to investigate whether another type of contributions, i.e., documentation contribution, could potentially have positive correlations with newcomers’ technical success. We discussed the implications and summarized practical recommendations to OSS newcomers. The insights gained from this work demonstrated the necessity of extending the focus of research and practice to newcomers’ early careers and hence shed light on future research in this direction.},
+	language = {English},
+	number = {2},
+	journal = {IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering},
+	author = {Yang, Yue and Wang, Yi and Redmiles, David},
+	year = {2023},
+	note = {Place: New York
+Publisher: IEEE Computer Society},
+	keywords = {Careers, open source, Task analysis, Ecosystems, Success, Documentation, Engineering profession, Codes, Correlation, Newcomer, Focusing, Statistical analysis, Computers--Software, Empirical analysis, Dynamic contribution pattern, early career, newcomer, technical success},
+	pages = {529--548},
+	annote = {Copyright - Copyright IEEE Computer Society 2023},
+	annote = {Last updated - 2024-12-17},
+}
+
+@article{dann_identifying_2022,
+	title = {Identifying {Challenges} for {OSS} {Vulnerability} {Scanners} - {A} {Study} \& {Test} {Suite}},
+	volume = {48},
+	issn = {00985589},
+	url = {http://turing.library.northwestern.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/identifying-challenges-oss-vulnerability-scanners/docview/2714955125/se-2?accountid=12861},
+	doi = {10.1109/TSE.2021.3101739},
+	abstract = {The use of vulnerable open-source dependencies is a known problem in today's software development. Several vulnerability scanners to detect known-vulnerable dependencies appeared in the last decade, however, there exists no case study investigating the impact of development practices, e.g., forking, patching, re-bundling, on their performance. This paper studies (i) types of modifications that may affect vulnerable open-source dependencies and (ii) their impact on the performance of vulnerability scanners. Through an empirical study on 7,024 Java projects developed at SAP , we identified four types of modifications: re-compilation, re-bundling, metadata-removal and re-packaging. In particular, we found that more than 87 percent (56 percent, resp.) of the vulnerable Java classes considered occur in Maven Central in re-bundled (re-packaged, resp.) form. We assessed the impact of these modifications on the performance of the open-source vulnerability scanners OWASP Dependency-Check (OWASP) and Eclipse Steady, GitHub Security Alerts, and three commercial scanners. The results show that none of the scanners is able to handle all the types of modifications identified. Finally, we present Achilles , a novel test suite with 2,505 test cases that allow replicating the modifications on open-source dependencies.},
+	language = {English},
+	number = {9},
+	journal = {IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering},
+	author = {Dann, Andreas and Plate, Henrik and Hermann, Ben and Ponta, Serena Elisa and Bodden, Eric},
+	year = {2022},
+	note = {Place: New York
+Publisher: IEEE Computer Society},
+	keywords = {Open source software, Alliances, Databases, Software, Open-source software, Tools, Software reliability, tools, Java, Security, open-source software, Software development, Software testing, Computers--Software, Benchmark testing, Bundling, Scanners, Security maintenance, security vulnerabilities, Test suite},
+	pages = {3613--3625},
+	annote = {Copyright - Copyright IEEE Computer Society 2022},
+	annote = {Last updated - 2023-11-25},
+}
+
+@article{nadri_relationship_2022,
+	title = {On the {Relationship} {Between} the {Developer}’s {Perceptible} {Race} and {Ethnicity} and the {Evaluation} of {Contributions} in {OSS}},
+	volume = {48},
+	issn = {00985589},
+	url = {http://turing.library.northwestern.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/on-relationship-between-developer-s-perceptible/docview/2703102371/se-2?accountid=12861},
+	doi = {10.1109/TSE.2021.3073773},
+	abstract = {Context: Open Source Software (OSS) projects are typically the result of collective efforts performed by developers with different backgrounds. Although the quality of developers’ contributions should be the only factor influencing the evaluation of the contributions to OSS projects, recent studies have shown that diversity issues are correlated with the acceptance or rejection of developers’ contributions. Objective: This paper assists this emerging state-of-the-art body on diversity research with the first empirical study that analyzes how developers’ perceptible race and ethnicity relates to the evaluation of the contributions in OSS. We also want to create awareness of the racial and ethnic diversity in OSS projects. Methodology: We performed a large-scale quantitative study of OSS projects in GitHub. We extracted the developers’ perceptible race and ethnicity from their names in GitHub using the Name-Prism tool and applied regression modeling of contributions (i.e, pull requests) data from GHTorrent and GitHub. Results: We observed that (1) among the developers whose perceptible race and ethnicity was captured by the tool, only 16.56 percent were perceptible as Non-White developers; (2) contributions from perceptible White developers have about 6–10 percent higher odds of being accepted when compared to contributions from perceptible Non-White developers; and (3) submitters with perceptible non-white races and ethnicities are more likely to get their pull requests accepted when the integrator is estimated to be from their same race and ethnicity rather than when the integrator is estimated to be White. Conclusion: Our initial analysis shows a low number of Non-White developers participating in OSS. Furthermore, the results from our regression analysis lead us to believe that there may exist differences between the evaluation of the contributions from different perceptible races and ethnicities. Thus, our findings reinforce the need for further studies on racial and ethnic diversity in software engineering to foster healthier OSS communities.},
+	language = {English},
+	number = {8},
+	journal = {IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering},
+	author = {Nadri, Reza and Rodriguez-Perez, Gema and Nagappan, Meiyappan},
+	year = {2022},
+	note = {Place: New York
+Publisher: IEEE Computer Society},
+	keywords = {Open source software, GitHub, Ethnicity, software development, open source software, Race, Software engineering, Open-source software, Tools, Psychology, Regression analysis, Multiculturalism, Gender issues, Software development management, Diversity, Cultural differences, Perceptible race and ethnicity diversity, Developer, Computers--Software, Empirical analysis, Ethnic group, Integrators, Multiculturalism \& pluralism},
+	pages = {2955--2968},
+	annote = {Copyright - Copyright IEEE Computer Society 2022},
+	annote = {Last updated - 2024-12-21},
+}
+
+@article{bitzer_is_2017,
+	title = {Is there a wage premium for volunteer {OSS} engagement? - signalling, learning and noise},
+	volume = {49},
+	issn = {00036846},
+	url = {http://turing.library.northwestern.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/is-there-wage-premium-volunteer-oss-engagement/docview/1881460983/se-2?accountid=12861},
+	doi = {10.1080/00036846.2016.1218427},
+	abstract = {Volunteer-based open-source production has become a significant new model for the organization of software development. Economics often pictures this phenomenon as a case of signalling: individuals engage in the volunteer programming of open-source software (OSS) as a labour-market signal resulting in a wage premium. Yet, this explanation could so far not be empirically tested. This article fills this gap by estimating an upper-bound composite wage premium of voluntary OSS contributions and by separating the potential signalling effect of OSS engagement from other effects. Although some 70\% of OSS contributors believe that OSS involvement benefits their careers, we find no actual labour-market premium for OSS engagement. The presence of other motives, such as fun of play or altruism, renders OSS contributions too noisy to function as a signal.},
+	language = {English},
+	number = {14},
+	journal = {Applied Economics},
+	author = {Bitzer, Jürgen and Geishecker, Ingo and Schröder, Philipp J. H.},
+	month = mar,
+	year = {2017},
+	note = {Place: London
+Publisher: Taylor \& Francis Ltd.},
+	keywords = {Open source software, peer production, Business And Economics, Open-source software, Noise, Engagement, open-source software, Public domain, Volunteering, D01, J24, J31, Signalling, voluntary work, wage formation},
+	pages = {1379--1394},
+	annote = {CODEN - APPEBP},
+	annote = {Copyright - © 2016 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor \& Francis Group},
+	annote = {Last updated - 2023-11-19},
+}
+
+@article{mendez-duron_allocation_2013,
+	title = {Do the allocation and quality of intellectual assets affect the reputation of open source software projects?},
+	volume = {50},
+	issn = {03787206},
+	url = {http://turing.library.northwestern.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/do-allocation-quality-intellectual-assets-affect/docview/1449192134/se-2?accountid=12861},
+	abstract = {We study the effect exerted by intellectual asset quality, social interaction, and the (re) allocation of intellectual assets on the reputation of open source software projects by analyzing 3,196 software games over twelve months. Our main findings are as follows: (1) the aggregate performance of the individuals involved in a project increases the project's reputation, (2) changes in individual commitment affect project reputation, (3) social interaction increases project reputation, (4) reputation is more sensitive to the performance of individuals than to social interaction, and (5) the quality of intellectual assets and the project's social interaction both moderate the negative effect of changes in individual commitment. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]},
+	language = {English},
+	number = {7},
+	journal = {Information \& Management},
+	author = {Méndez-Durón, Rebeca},
+	month = nov,
+	year = {2013},
+	note = {Place: Amsterdam
+Publisher: Elsevier Sequoia S.A.},
+	keywords = {Open source software, Social interaction, Studies, Open source, Open-source software, Project management, Organizational behavior, 5240:Software \& systems, 9130:Experiment/theoretical treatment, Public domain, 2500:Organizational behavior, Software Projects, Resource allocation, Computers--Data Base Management, Reputations, Reputation, Human performance, Social relation},
+	pages = {357},
+	annote = {CODEN - IMANDC},
+	annote = {Copyright - Copyright Elsevier Sequoia S.A. Nov 2013},
+	annote = {Last updated - 2024-11-22},
+}
+
+@article{collado_guerilla_2013,
+	title = {A {Guerilla} {Usability} {Lab} with {Free} {Software}},
+	volume = {20},
+	issn = {10725520},
+	url = {http://turing.library.northwestern.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/guerilla-usability-lab-with-free-software/docview/1368183989/se-2?accountid=12861},
+	abstract = {Usability, or the quality of a user's experience when interacting with a system, is a prerequisite for new application delivery within their organization. Nevertheless, a significant percentage of the applications being developed explicitly ignore current best practices. Here, the authors describe a portable, low-cost usability lab targeted at in-house developers, stakeholders, and other interested parties. With it, they aim to empower and encourage development teams across organizations to perform small-scale, routine usability testing. A usability lab is, in essence, an observation platform for learning from the interaction between a participant and an application. Their experience shows that setting up an observation platform with enough quality for usability testing can be done with relative ease, without licensing fees or special platform requirements. If you want to get developers onboard, don't theorize but rather show them the code: Get familiar with their jargon, understand their tools and processes.},
+	language = {English},
+	number = {3},
+	journal = {Interactions},
+	author = {Collado, José Antonio and Mora, Paul Salazar and Parham, Elizabeth},
+	month = jun,
+	year = {2013},
+	note = {Place: New York
+Publisher: Association for Computing Machinery},
+	keywords = {User experience, Software, Usability, Free software, Software development, 5240:Software \& systems, Freeware, United States--US, 5400:Research \& development, 9190:United States, Laboratories, Best practice, Human-computer interaction, Usability testing, 5320:Quality control, Computers--Computer Programming},
+	pages = {62},
+	annote = {Copyright - Copyright Association for Computing Machinery Jun 2013},
+	annote = {Document feature - Photographs; References; Tables},
+	annote = {Last updated - 2024-11-19},
+	annote = {SubjectsTermNotLitGenreText - United States--US},
+}
+
+@article{giuri_skills_2010,
+	title = {Skills, division of labor and performance in collective inventions: {Evidence} from open source software},
+	volume = {28},
+	issn = {01677187},
+	url = {http://turing.library.northwestern.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/skills-division-labor-performance-collective/docview/197329424/se-2?accountid=12861},
+	abstract = {This paper investigates the skills and the division of labor among participants in collective inventions. Our analysis draws on a large sample of projects registered at Sourceforge.net, the world's largest incubator of open source software activity. We test the hypothesis that skill variety of participants is associated with project performance. We also explore whether the level of modularization of project activities is correlated with performance. Our econometric estimations show that skill heterogeneity is associated with project survival and performance. However, the relationship between skill diversity and performance is non-monotonic. Design modularity is also positively associated with the performance of the project. Finally, the interaction between skill heterogeneity and modularity is negatively associated with performance. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]},
+	language = {English},
+	number = {1},
+	journal = {International Journal of Industrial Organization},
+	author = {Giurí, Paola and Ploner, Matteo and Rullani, Francesco and Torrisi, Salvalore},
+	month = jan,
+	year = {2010},
+	note = {Place: Amsterdam
+Publisher: Elsevier Sequoia S.A.},
+	keywords = {Open source software, Studies, Open-source software, Econometrics, Project management, 9130:Experiment/theoretical treatment, Public domain, 8302:Software \& computer services industry, 1130:Economic theory, Business And Economics--Labor And Industrial Relations, Correlation analysis, Skills, Performance, Division of labour, Invention, Inventions, Skill},
+	pages = {54},
+	annote = {CODEN - IJIODY},
+	annote = {Copyright - Copyright Elsevier Sequoia S.A. Jan 2010},
+	annote = {Document feature - Tables; Graphs; Equations; References},
+	annote = {Last updated - 2024-12-01},
+}
+
+@article{jiang_speed_2010,
+	title = {Speed {Matters}: {The} {Role} of {Free} {Software} {Offer} in {Software} {Diffusion}: {JMIS}},
+	volume = {26},
+	issn = {07421222},
+	url = {http://turing.library.northwestern.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/speed-matters-role-free-software-offer-diffusion/docview/1366388107/se-2?accountid=12861},
+	abstract = {Many software products are available free of charge. While the benefits resulting from network externality have been examined in the related literature, the effect of free offer on the diffusion of new software has not been formally analyzed. We show in this study that even if other benefits do not exist, a software firm can still benefit from giving away fully functioning software. This is due to the accelerated diffusion process and subsequently the increased net present value of future sales. By adapting the Bass diffusion model to capture the impact of free software offer, we provide a methodology to determine the optimal number of free adopters. We show that the optimal free offer solution depends on the discount rate, the length of the demand window, and the ratio of low-valuation to high-valuation free adopters. Our methodology is shown to be applicable for both fixed and dynamic pricing strategies. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]},
+	language = {English},
+	number = {3},
+	journal = {Journal of Management Information Systems},
+	author = {Jiang, Zhengrui and Sumit, Sarkar},
+	year = {2010},
+	note = {Place: Abingdon
+Publisher: Taylor \& Francis Ltd.},
+	keywords = {Political Science, Studies, Software, Free software, 9130:Experiment/theoretical treatment, 8302:Software \& computer services industry, Freeware, Mathematical models, Valuation, Sales, 3100:Capital \& debt management, Bass diffusion model, Dynamic pricing, Fixed price, Net present value, Pricing strategies},
+	pages = {207},
+	annote = {Copyright - Copyright M. E. Sharpe Inc. Winter 2010},
+	annote = {Last updated - 2024-12-03},
+}
+
+@article{sowe_identifying_2006,
+	title = {Identifying knowledge brokers that yield software engineering knowledge in {OSS} projects},
+	volume = {48},
+	issn = {09505849},
+	url = {http://turing.library.northwestern.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/identifying-knowledge-brokers-that-yield-software/docview/196417186/se-2?accountid=12861},
+	abstract = {Much research on open source software development concentrates on developer lists and other software repositories to investigate what motivates professional software developers to participate in open source software projects. Little attention has been paid to individuals who spend valuable time in lists helping participants on some mundane yet vital project activities. Using three Debian lists as a case study we investigate the impact of knowledge brokers and their associated activities in open source projects. Social network analysis was used to visualize how participants are affiliated with the lists. The network topology reveals substantial community participation. The consequence of collaborating in mundane activities for the success of open source software projects is discussed. The direct beneficiaries of this research are in the identification of knowledge experts in open source software projects. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]},
+	language = {English},
+	number = {11},
+	journal = {Information and Software Technology},
+	author = {Sowe, Sulayman and Stamelos, Ioannis and Angelis, Lefteris},
+	month = nov,
+	year = {2006},
+	note = {Place: Amsterdam
+Publisher: Elsevier Science Ltd.},
+	keywords = {Open source software, Social network analysis, Studies, Software engineering, Open-source software, Social networks, 5240:Software \& systems, 9130:Experiment/theoretical treatment, Public domain, Systems development, Software Projects, Computers--Data Base Management, Programmer, Software repository},
+	pages = {1025},
+	annote = {Copyright - Copyright Elsevier Science Ltd. Nov 2006},
+	annote = {Last updated - 2023-11-25},
+}
+
+@article{karels_commercializing_2003,
+	title = {Commercializing {Open} {Source} {Software}},
+	volume = {1},
+	issn = {15427730},
+	url = {http://turing.library.northwestern.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/commercializing-open-source-software/docview/230071638/se-2?accountid=12861},
+	doi = {10.1145/945074.945125},
+	abstract = {Special issue title: The business of open source: when two worlds collide
+
+
+Many have tried, a few are succeeding, but challenges abound.},
+	language = {English},
+	number = {5},
+	journal = {ACM Queue},
+	author = {Karels, Michael J},
+	month = aug,
+	year = {2003},
+	note = {Place: New York
+Publisher: Association for Computing Machinery},
+	keywords = {Open source software, Accountability, Open source, Software engineering, Software, Open-source software, Licenses, Operating systems, Documentation, Software development, Business models, Public domain, 51321:Software Publishers, Software industry, Computers--Software, Licensing, Competitive advantage, Open, Commercialization, Community support, Computer peripherals},
+	pages = {46},
+	annote = {Copyright - Copyright Association for Computing Machinery Jul/Aug 2003},
+	annote = {Last updated - 2024-11-19},
+}

SLR_references_total/both_waves_references/t2-acm-1.bib

@@ -0,0 +1,867 @@
+@inproceedings{10.1145/3643991.3649105,
+author = {Zhou, Minghui and Zhang, Yuxia and Tan, Xin},
+title = {Open Source Software Digital Sociology: Quantifying and Managing Complex Open Source Software Ecosystem},
+year = {2024},
+isbn = {9798400705878},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3643991.3649105},
+doi = {10.1145/3643991.3649105},
+abstract = {Open Source Software (OSS) ecosystems have revolutionized computing and society. However, the complex nature of their formation and sustainability presents significant challenges for practitioners and researchers. To understand and manage these complex ecosystems, we propose the concept of OSS digital sociology, aiming to uncover the mechanisms behind OSS ecosystems. This tutorial will illustrate why OSS digital sociology, and the challenges and research achievements in this field.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Mining Software Repositories},
+pages = {743–744},
+numpages = {2},
+location = {Lisbon, Portugal},
+series = {MSR '24}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/3639478.3639805,
+author = {Sun, Jiayi},
+title = {Sustaining Scientific Open-Source Software Ecosystems: Challenges, Practices, and Opportunities},
+year = {2024},
+isbn = {9798400705021},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3639478.3639805},
+doi = {10.1145/3639478.3639805},
+abstract = {Scientific open-source software (scientific OSS) has facilitated scientific research due to its transparent and collaborative nature. The sustainability of such software is becoming crucial given its pivotal role in scientific endeavors. While past research has proposed strategies for the sustainability of the scientific software or general OSS communities in isolation, it remains unclear when the two scenarios are merged if these approaches are directly applicable to developing scientific OSS. In this research, we propose to investigate the unique challenges in sustaining the scientific OSS ecosystems. We first conduct a case study to empirically understand the interdisciplinary team's collaboration in scientific OSS ecosystems and identify the collaboration challenges. Further, to generalize our findings, we plan to conduct a large-scale quantitative study in broader scientific OSS ecosystems to identify the cross-project collaboration inefficiencies. Finally, we would like to design and develop interventions to mitigate the problems identified.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2024 IEEE/ACM 46th International Conference on Software Engineering: Companion Proceedings},
+pages = {234–236},
+numpages = {3},
+location = {Lisbon, Portugal},
+series = {ICSE-Companion '24}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/3691620.3695333,
+author = {Park, Sohee and Kwon, Ryeonggu and Kwon, Gihwon},
+title = {Assessing Open Source Software Survivability using Kaplan-Meier Survival Function and Polynomial Regression},
+year = {2024},
+isbn = {9798400712487},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3691620.3695333},
+doi = {10.1145/3691620.3695333},
+abstract = {This study evaluates OSS project survivability using the Kaplan-Meier Survival Function and polynomial regression models. The key factors identified include the number of contributors and project popularity, which significantly influence survivability. Traditional indicators like project age do not directly correlate with OSS survivability. Instead, community engagement and recognition are crucial, offering valuable guidelines for managing and selecting Survivable OSS projects.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 39th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering},
+pages = {2470–2471},
+numpages = {2},
+keywords = {open source software, survivability, polynomial regression, kaplan-meier survival function},
+location = {Sacramento, CA, USA},
+series = {ASE '24}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/3531056.3542767,
+author = {Zhou, Minghui},
+title = {Open Source Software Digital Sociology: Engineering Open Source Software Ecosystem for Impact and Sustainability},
+year = {2022},
+isbn = {9781450396639},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3531056.3542767},
+doi = {10.1145/3531056.3542767},
+abstract = {Open source Software (OSS) ecosystems have had a tremendous impact on computing and society, while their sustainability poses great challenges to both practitioners and researchers. We utilize vast collections of open data produced by distributed version control and social media to discover the mechanisms by which such ecosystems form and operate, which we call open source software sociology.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the Federated Africa and Middle East Conference on Software Engineering},
+pages = {95–96},
+numpages = {2},
+keywords = {Open source ecosystem, group collaboration, individual learning, software supply chain},
+location = {Cairo-Kampala, Egypt},
+series = {FAMECSE '22}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/3543873.3587336,
+author = {Dam, Tobias and Klausner, Lukas Daniel and Neumaier, Sebastian},
+title = {Towards a Critical Open-Source Software Database},
+year = {2023},
+isbn = {9781450394192},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3543873.3587336},
+doi = {10.1145/3543873.3587336},
+abstract = {Open-source software (OSS) plays a vital role in the modern software ecosystem. However, the maintenance and sustainability of OSS projects can be challenging. In this paper, we present the CrOSSD project, which aims to build a database of OSS projects and measure their current project “health” status. In the project, we will use both quantitative and qualitative metrics to evaluate the health of OSS projects. The quantitative metrics will be gathered through automated crawling of meta information such as the number of contributors, commits and lines of code. Qualitative metrics will be gathered for selected “critical” projects through manual analysis and automated tools, including aspects such as sustainability, funding, community engagement and adherence to security policies. The results of the analysis will be presented on a user-friendly web platform, which will allow users to view the health of individual OSS projects as well as the overall health of the OSS ecosystem. With this approach, the CrOSSD project provides a comprehensive and up-to-date view of the health of OSS projects, making it easier for developers, maintainers and other stakeholders to understand the health of OSS projects and make informed decisions about their use and maintenance.},
+booktitle = {Companion Proceedings of the ACM Web Conference 2023},
+pages = {156–159},
+numpages = {4},
+keywords = {open-source health, open-source software, quality monitoring, software security},
+location = {Austin, TX, USA},
+series = {WWW '23 Companion}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/3546932.3547000,
+author = {Zajdel, Stan and Costa, Diego Elias and Mili, Hafedh},
+title = {Open source software: an approach to controlling usage and risk in application ecosystems},
+year = {2022},
+isbn = {9781450394437},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3546932.3547000},
+doi = {10.1145/3546932.3547000},
+abstract = {The Open Source Software movement has been growing exponentially for a number of years with no signs of slowing. Driving this growth is the wide-spread availability of libraries and frameworks that provide many functionalities. Developers are saving time and money incorporating this functionality into their applications resulting in faster more feature-rich releases. Despite the growing success and the advantages that open source software provides, there is a dark side. Due to its community construction and largely unregulated distribution, the majority of open source software contains bugs, vulnerabilities and other issues making it highly susceptible to exploits. The lack of oversight in general hinders the quality of this software resulting in a trickle down effect in the applications that use it. Additionally, developers who use open source tend to arbitrarily download the software into their build systems but rarely keep track of what they have downloaded resulting in an excessive amount of open source software in their applications and in their ecosystem. This paper discusses processes and practices that users of open source software can implement into their environments that can safely track and control the introduction and usage of open source software into their applications, and report on some preliminary results obtained in an industrial context. We conclude by discussing governance issues related to the disciplined use and reuse of open source and areas for further improvements.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 26th ACM International Systems and Software Product Line Conference - Volume A},
+pages = {154–163},
+numpages = {10},
+keywords = {DevSecOps, NPM, dependencies, maven, open source software},
+location = {Graz, Austria},
+series = {SPLC '22}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/3674805.3686667,
+author = {Lin\r{a}ker, Johan and Link, Georg and Lumbard, Kevin},
+title = {Sustaining Maintenance Labor for Healthy Open Source Software Projects through Human Infrastructure: A Maintainer Perspective},
+year = {2024},
+isbn = {9798400710476},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3674805.3686667},
+doi = {10.1145/3674805.3686667},
+abstract = {Background: Open Source Software (OSS) fuels our global digital infrastructure but is commonly maintained by small groups of people whose time and labor represent a depletable resource. For the OSS projects to stay sustainable, i.e., viable and maintained over time without interruption or weakening, maintenance labor requires an underlying infrastructure to be supported and secured. Aims: Using the construct of human infrastructure, our study aims to investigate how maintenance labor can be supported and secured to enable the creation and maintenance of sustainable OSS projects, viewed from the maintainers’ perspective. Method: In our exploration, we interviewed ten maintainers from nine well-adopted OSS projects. We coded the data in two steps using investigator-triangulation. Results: We constructed a framework of infrastructure design that provide insight for OSS projects in the design of their human infrastructure. The framework specifically highlight the importance of human factors, e.g., securing a work-life balance and proactively managing social pressure, toxicity, and diversity. We also note both differences and overlaps in how the infrastructure needs to support and secure maintenance labor from maintainers and the wider OSS community, respectively. Funding is specifically highlighted as an important enabler for both types of resources. Conclusions: The study contributes to the qualitative understanding of the importance, sensitivity, and risk for depletion of the maintenance labor required to build and maintain healthy OSS projects. Human infrastructure is pivotal in ensuring that maintenance labor is sustainable, and by extension the OSS projects on which we all depend.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 18th ACM/IEEE International Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering and Measurement},
+pages = {37–48},
+numpages = {12},
+keywords = {Community Health, Human Factors, Maintainers, Open Source Software, Project Health, Sustainability},
+location = {Barcelona, Spain},
+series = {ESEM '24}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/3639478.3643079,
+author = {Chakroborti, Debasish and Roy, Chanchal and Schneider, Kevin},
+title = {A Study of Backporting Code in Open-Source Software for Characterizing Changesets},
+year = {2024},
+isbn = {9798400705021},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3639478.3643079},
+doi = {10.1145/3639478.3643079},
+abstract = {The software development process, shaped by stakeholder feedback, encompasses the creation of diverse versions tailored for customization and addressing hardware limitations. Maintaining these versions involves initiating the transfer of changes for reuse. In the context of a pull-based development model, where the development branch remains current, the term "backporting" is coined to sustain stable versions. Stability requirements may necessitate fewer changes, compatible modifications, or security checks. Consequently, we conducted an analysis of 37,460 backports from 223,602 pull requests in open-source GitHub projects, aiming to identify types of incompatibilities encountered in real-life scenarios. We manually pinpointed various reasons why pull requests may lack compatibility with other versions, including contextual differences, varying dependencies, and statement-level alterations. This study constitutes the inaugural comprehensive characterization of changesets during the porting process across different versions with incompatibilities. The acquired insights can serve as a foundation for automated slicing and adaptation of changesets in stable software versions.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2024 IEEE/ACM 46th International Conference on Software Engineering: Companion Proceedings},
+pages = {296–297},
+numpages = {2},
+keywords = {porting, backport, pull-request, commit, github},
+location = {Lisbon, Portugal},
+series = {ICSE-Companion '24}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/3678884.3681844,
+author = {Osborne, Cailean},
+title = {Open Source Software Developers' Views on Public and Private Funding: A Case Study on scikit-learn},
+year = {2024},
+isbn = {9798400711145},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3678884.3681844},
+doi = {10.1145/3678884.3681844},
+abstract = {Governments are increasingly funding open source software (OSS) development to enhance software security, digital sovereignty, and national competitiveness in science and innovation, amongst others. However, little is known about how OSS developers view the relative benefits and drawbacks of governmental funding compared to other funding sources. This study explores this question through a case study on scikit-learn, a Python library for machine learning, funded by public research grants, commercial sponsorship, micro-donations, and a €32 million grant announced in France's artificial intelligence strategy. Through 25 interviews with scikit-learn's maintainers and funders, this study makes two key contributions. First, it contributes empirical findings about the benefits and drawbacks of public and private funding for OSS developers, and the governance protocols employed by the maintainers to balance the diverse interests of their funders and community. Second, it offers practical lessons on funding for OSS developers, governments, and companies based on the experience of scikit-learn. The paper concludes with recommendations for future research and practice.},
+booktitle = {Companion Publication of the 2024 Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing},
+pages = {154–161},
+numpages = {8},
+keywords = {machine learning, open source software, oss funding models, oss sustainability, scikit-learn},
+location = {San Jose, Costa Rica},
+series = {CSCW Companion '24}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1109/ICSE-SEET58685.2023.00037,
+author = {He, Hao and Zhou, Minghui and Wang, Qingye and Li, Jingyue},
+title = {Open Source Software Onboarding as a University Course: An Experience Report},
+year = {2023},
+isbn = {9798350322590},
+publisher = {IEEE Press},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSE-SEET58685.2023.00037},
+doi = {10.1109/ICSE-SEET58685.2023.00037},
+abstract = {Without newcomers, open source software (OSS) projects are hardly sustainable. Yet, newcomers face a steep learning curve during OSS onboarding in which they must overcome a multitude of technical, social, and knowledge barriers. To ease the onboarding process, OSS communities are utilizing mentoring, task recommendation (e.g., "good first issues"), and engagement programs (e.g., Google Summer of Code). However, newcomers must first cultivate their motivation for OSS contribution and learn the necessary preliminaries before they can take advantage of these mechanisms. We believe this gap can be filled by a dedicated, practice-oriented OSS onboarding course. In this paper, we present our experience of teaching an OSS onboarding course at Peking University. The course contains a series of lectures, labs, and invited talks to prepare students with the required skills and motivate them to contribute to OSS. In addition, students are required to complete a semester-long course project in which they plan and make actual contributions to OSS projects. They can either contribute to some recommended OSS projects with dedicated mentors, or contribute to any OSS project they prefer. Finally, 16 out of the 19 enrolled students have successfully contributed to OSS projects, and five have retained. However, the onboarding trajectories, final contributions, and retention outcomes differ vastly between the two groups of students with different course project choices, yielding lessons for software engineering education.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 45th International Conference on Software Engineering: Software Engineering Education and Training},
+pages = {324–336},
+numpages = {13},
+keywords = {open source software, open source onboarding, software engineering education},
+location = {Melbourne, Australia},
+series = {ICSE-SEET '23}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/3613904.3642541,
+author = {Jahn, Leonie and Engelbutzeder, Philip and Randall, Dave and Bollmann, Yannick and Ntouros, Vasilis and Michel, Lea Katharina and Wulf, Volker},
+title = {In Between Users and Developers: Serendipitous Connections and Intermediaries in Volunteer-Driven Open-Source Software Development},
+year = {2024},
+isbn = {9798400703300},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3613904.3642541},
+doi = {10.1145/3613904.3642541},
+abstract = {Technology plays a pivotal role in driving transformation through grassroots movements, which operate on a local scale while embracing a global perspective on sustainability. Consequently, research emerged within Sustainable HCI, aiming to derive design principles that can empower these movements to scale their impact. However, a notable gap exists in contributions when addressing scalability of large free and open-source software (FOSS) projects.This paper aims to present our endeavors as action-oriented researchers with the voluntary-driven Foodsharing.de movement, focusing on a local community, the open-source developers and their connections. Within a community of 585,000 users and only a few developers that is dedicated to save and share surplus food, we explore the concepts of ‘intermediary experience’. We also introduce the notion of ‘serendipitous connections’, highlighting the unintentional yet beneficial associations that can arise from the collaboration between developers and users.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2024 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems},
+articleno = {924},
+numpages = {15},
+keywords = {Grassroots community, Intermediary, Open-Source Software, Sustainability},
+location = {Honolulu, HI, USA},
+series = {CHI '24}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1007/978-3-031-20891-1_4,
+author = {Zhang, Jierui and Wang, Liang and Zheng, Zhiwen and Tao, Xianping},
+title = {Social Community Evolution Analysis and Visualization in Open Source Software Projects},
+year = {2022},
+isbn = {978-3-031-20890-4},
+publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
+address = {Berlin, Heidelberg},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-20891-1_4},
+doi = {10.1007/978-3-031-20891-1_4},
+abstract = {The importance of social communities around open-source software projects has been recognized. Despite that a lot of relevant research focusing on this topic, understanding the structures and dynamics of communities around open-source software projects remains a tedious and challenging task. As a result, an easily accessible and useful application that enables project developers to gain awareness of the status and development of the project communities is desirable. In this paper, we present MyCommunity, a web-based online application system to automatically extract communication-based community structures from social coding platforms such as GitHub. Based on the detected community structures, the system analyzes and visualizes the community evolution history of a project with a set of semantic-rich events, and quantify the strength of community evolution with respect to different events with a series of indexes. Built-in support to quantitative analysis and machine learning tasks based on the quantitative evolutionary events are provided. We demonstrate the usefulness of the system by presenting its ability in predicting project success or failure with the community evolution features. The results suggest the system achieves a prediction accuracy of 88.5\% with commonly available machine learning models.},
+booktitle = {Web Information Systems Engineering – WISE 2022: 23rd International Conference, Biarritz, France, November 1–3, 2022, Proceedings},
+pages = {38–45},
+numpages = {8},
+keywords = {Web-based application, Open source community analysis, Community evolution},
+location = {Biarritz, France}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/3598469.3598489,
+author = {Eibl, Gregor and Thurnay, L\H{o}rinc},
+title = {The promises and perils of open source software release and usage by government – evidence from GitHub and literature},
+year = {2023},
+isbn = {9798400708374},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3598469.3598489},
+doi = {10.1145/3598469.3598489},
+abstract = {Abstract: Open Source Software (OSS) is extensively utilized in industry and government because it allows for open access to the source code and allows for external involvement in the software development process. There are several factors driving this movement in a government setting, making it difficult to assess the adoption's success. Through a study of billions of rows of GitHub activity data, this research analyzes the production of OSS by administrations in German-speaking countries in detail and analyses the motivating factors and challenges to OSS adoption through a literature review. Similar studies have been conducted in other nations, with somewhat different approaches, foci, and different ways to identify public GitHub users as well as insiders and outsiders of OSS projects. 16 consequences of OSS usage and development are listed in the paper. On GitHub, we found 1021 OSS projects run by public agencies in largly German-speaking nations. We then compiled a list of the most popular projects based on commits and the most active public agencies in terms of projects. The research also finds automatic contributions by bots, which have not been taken into account in the literature so far, and demonstrates highly substantial positive correlations between commits, forks, and stars as proxy for the popularity of these projects. This research introduces a new method for identifying government organizations in OSS platforms and illuminates the possible positive and negative effects of the public sector's release and adoption of open source software.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 24th Annual International Conference on Digital Government Research},
+pages = {180–190},
+numpages = {11},
+keywords = {GitHub, barriers, benefits, citizen engagement, evidence, government, open source software},
+location = {Gda?sk, Poland},
+series = {dg.o '23}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/3377812.3381402,
+author = {Alami, Adam},
+title = {The sustainability of quality in free and open source software},
+year = {2020},
+isbn = {9781450371223},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3377812.3381402},
+doi = {10.1145/3377812.3381402},
+abstract = {We learned from the history of software that great software are the ones who manage to sustain their quality. Free and open source software (FOSS) has become a serious software supply channel. However, trust on FOSS products is still an issue. Quality is a trait that enhances trust. In my study, I investigate the following question: how do FOSS communities sustain their software quality? I argue that human and social factors contribute to the sustainability of quality in FOSS communities. Amongst these factors are: the motivation of participants, robust governance style for the software change process, and the exercise of good practices in the pull requests evaluation process.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the ACM/IEEE 42nd International Conference on Software Engineering: Companion Proceedings},
+pages = {222–225},
+numpages = {4},
+keywords = {FOSS sustainability, software quality sustainability, software sustainability},
+location = {Seoul, South Korea},
+series = {ICSE '20}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/3338906.3342813,
+author = {Mockus, Audris},
+title = {Insights from open source software supply chains (keynote)},
+year = {2019},
+isbn = {9781450355728},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3338906.3342813},
+doi = {10.1145/3338906.3342813},
+abstract = {Open Source Software (OSS) forms an infrastructure on which numerous (often critical) software applications are based. Substantial research was done to investigate central projects such as Linux kernel but we have only a limited understanding of how the periphery of the larger OSS ecosystem is interconnected through technical dependencies, code sharing, and knowledge flows. We aim to close this gap by a) creating a nearly complete and rapidly updateable collection of version control data for FLOSS projects; b) by cleaning, correcting, and augmenting the data to measure several types of dependencies among code, developers, and projects; c) by creating models that rely on the resulting supply chains to investigate structural and dynamic properties of the entire OSS. The current implementation is capable of being updated each month, occupies over 300Tb of disk space with 1.5B commits and 12B git objects. Highly accurate algorithms to correct identity data and extract dependencies from the source code are used to characterize the current structure of OSS and the way it has evolved. In particular, models of technology spread demonstrate the implicit factors developers use when choosing software components. We expect the resulting research platform will both spur investigations on how the huge periphery in OSS both sustains and is sustained by the central OSS projects and, as a result, will increase resiliency and effectiveness of the OSS.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2019 27th ACM Joint Meeting on European Software Engineering Conference and Symposium on the Foundations of Software Engineering},
+pages = {3},
+numpages = {1},
+keywords = {Empirical Software Engineering, Software Ecosystems, Software Measurement},
+location = {Tallinn, Estonia},
+series = {ESEC/FSE 2019}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1007/978-3-030-54997-8_10,
+author = {Suleimenov, Aidarbek and Khuzyakhmetova, Assiya and Cerone, Antonio},
+title = {A Survey of Learning Methods in Open Source Software},
+year = {2019},
+isbn = {978-3-030-54996-1},
+publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
+address = {Berlin, Heidelberg},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54997-8_10},
+doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-54997-8_10},
+abstract = {Open source software (OSS) is usually developed by heterogeneous groups of people, each with their own interests, motivations and abilities. Therefore, it is important to establish the best software development and contributing practices early in the life-time of the project. Such practices should foster the contributors’ involvement in the OSS project as quickly as possible. The sustainability of an OSS project is heavily based on the underlying community of contributors and on the knowledge and skills they bring to the project and they acquire and develop through their participation in the project and interaction with the project community. Therefore, identifying and investigating contributors’ learning processes is an important research area in OSS.This survey paper presents an overview of open source learning methods in order to explore how community interaction impacts the development and application of OSS learning processes in other areas, especially in education. It is argued that collaboration with peers and consistent code contributions result in learning progress in OSS. Typical research in this area is based on case by case analysis, whereas this survey tries to highlight and combine the outcomes of several research contributions from the literature.},
+booktitle = {Formal Methods. FM 2019 International Workshops: Porto, Portugal, October 7–11, 2019, Revised Selected Papers, Part II},
+pages = {157–166},
+numpages = {10},
+keywords = {Open source software, Learning processes, Learning methods, Education},
+location = {Porto, Portugal}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/3555051.3555067,
+author = {Lin\r{a}ker, Johan and Papatheocharous, Efi and Olsson, Thomas},
+title = {How to characterize the health of an Open Source Software project? A snowball literature review of an emerging practice},
+year = {2022},
+isbn = {9781450398459},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3555051.3555067},
+doi = {10.1145/3555051.3555067},
+abstract = {Motivation: Society’s dependence on Open Source Software (OSS) and the communities that maintain the OSS is ever-growing. So are the potential risks of, e.g., vulnerabilities being introduced in projects not actively maintained. By assessing an OSS project’s capability to stay viable and maintained over time without interruption or weakening, i.e., the OSS health, users can consider the risk implied by using the OSS as is, and if necessary, decide whether to help improve the health or choose another option. However, such assessment is complex as OSS health covers a wide range of sub-topics, and existing support is limited. Aim: We aim to create an overview of characteristics that affect the health of an OSS project and enable the assessment thereof. Method: We conduct a snowball literature review based on a start set of 9 papers, and identify 146 relevant papers over two iterations of forward and backward snowballing. Health characteristics are elicited and coded using structured and axial coding into a framework structure. Results: The final framework consists of 107 health characteristics divided among 15 themes. Characteristics address the socio-technical spectrum of the community of actors maintaining the OSS project, the software and other deliverables being maintained, and the orchestration facilitating the maintenance. Characteristics are further divided based on the level of abstraction they address, i.e., the OSS project-level specifically, or the project’s overarching ecosystem of related OSS projects. Conclusion: The framework provides an overview of the wide span of health characteristics that may need to be considered when evaluating OSS health and can serve as a foundation both for research and practice.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 18th International Symposium on Open Collaboration},
+articleno = {11},
+numpages = {12},
+keywords = {Health, Open Source Software, Software Ecosystem, Software Quality., Sustainability},
+location = {Madrid, Spain},
+series = {OpenSym '22}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1109/ICSE.2019.00111,
+author = {Alami, Adam and Cohn, Marisa Leavitt and Wasowski, Andrzej},
+title = {Why does code review work for open source software communities?},
+year = {2019},
+publisher = {IEEE Press},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSE.2019.00111},
+doi = {10.1109/ICSE.2019.00111},
+abstract = {Open source software communities have demonstrated that they can produce high quality results. The overall success of peer code review, commonly used in open source projects, has likely contributed strongly to this success. Code review is an emotionally loaded practice, with public exposure of reputation and ample opportunities for conflict. We set off to ask why code review works for open source communities, despite this inherent challenge. We interviewed 21 open source contributors from four communities and participated in meetings of ROS community devoted to implementation of the code review process.It appears that the hacker ethic is a key reason behind the success of code review in FOSS communities. It is built around the ethic of passion and the ethic of caring. Furthermore, we observed that tasks of code review are performed with strong intrinsic motivation, supported by many non-material extrinsic motivation mechanisms, such as desire to learn, to grow reputation, or to improve one's positioning on the job market.In the paper, we describe the study design, analyze the collected data and formulate 20 proposals for how what we know about hacker ethics and human and social aspects of code review, could be exploited to improve the effectiveness of the practice in software projects.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 41st International Conference on Software Engineering},
+pages = {1073–1083},
+numpages = {11},
+keywords = {code review, motivation, open source},
+location = {Montreal, Quebec, Canada},
+series = {ICSE '19}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/3383219.3383240,
+author = {Sharma, Pankajeshwara and Savarimuthu, Bastin Tony Roy and Stanger, Nigel},
+title = {Mining Decision-Making Processes in Open Source Software Development: A Study of Python Enhancement Proposals (PEPs) using Email Repositories},
+year = {2020},
+isbn = {9781450377317},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3383219.3383240},
+doi = {10.1145/3383219.3383240},
+abstract = {Open source software (OSS) communities are often able to produce high quality software comparable to proprietary software. The success of an open source software development (OSSD) community is often attributed to the underlying governance model, and a key component of these models is the decision-making (DM) process. While there have been studies on the decision-making processes publicized by OSS communities (e.g., through published process diagrams), little has been done to study decision-making processes that can be extracted using a bottom-up, data-driven approach, which can then be used to assess whether the publicized processes conform to the extracted processes. To bridge this gap, we undertook a large-scale data-driven study to understand how decisions are made in an OSSD community, using the case study of Python Enhancement Proposals (PEPs), which embody decisions made during the evolution of the Python language. Our main contributions are:(a) the design and development of a framework using information retrieval and natural language processing techniques to analyze the Python email archives (comprising 1.48 million emails), and(b) the extraction of decision-making processes that reveal activities that are neither explicitly mentioned in documentation published by the Python community nor identified in prior research work. Our results provide insights into the actual decision-making process employed by the Python community.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Evaluation and Assessment in Software Engineering},
+pages = {200–209},
+numpages = {10},
+keywords = {Mining repositories, Open Source software development (OSSD), Python, process extraction, process mining, decision-making},
+location = {Trondheim, Norway},
+series = {EASE '20}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/3287324.3293847,
+author = {Weiss, Stewart N.},
+title = {Design of a Gateway for Open Source Software Development in a Traditional CS Curriculum},
+year = {2019},
+isbn = {9781450358903},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3287324.3293847},
+doi = {10.1145/3287324.3293847},
+abstract = {Many computer science students are eager to learn about how to contribute to Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) projects, but like most computer science departments, ours has no courses to help them achieve that goal. Creating such courses requires buy-in by deans, department chairs, and other faculty, who, because of lack of knowledge, can have little interest in supporting such efforts. Our poster shows how we solved this problem and created a means for students to simultaneously learn how to be contributors to FOSS projects and earn credit toward their major. It shows how we sought and found interested students and engaged them through repeated, informal meetings, which we used to gain the support of the chair and dean, and how we simulated a prototype course by having the students sign up for independent study credit. The group then met at regular intervals, communicated and shared work using discussion forums, source code repositories, and IRC chat. All course content is based on open source materials, including free textbooks, an abundance of on-line tutorials and reference materials, lecture notes and assignments that we wrote, with open source licenses, and other materials borrowed from http://foss2serve.org. The success of this simulated course led to the creation of a pilot course for the Spring 2019 semester, endorsed by the college. The poster presents several assignments, discusses preliminary findings, and provides links to materials that we created for this course. It also shows how we encouraged students to work on humanitarian FOSS (HFOSS) projects.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 50th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education},
+pages = {1268},
+numpages = {1},
+keywords = {curriculum development, foss, free and open-source software, hfoss},
+location = {Minneapolis, MN, USA},
+series = {SIGCSE '19}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1109/ISSPIT.2015.7394391,
+author = {Talib, Manar Abu},
+title = {Towards sustainable development through open source software in GCC},
+year = {2015},
+isbn = {9781509004812},
+publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
+address = {USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/ISSPIT.2015.7394391},
+doi = {10.1109/ISSPIT.2015.7394391},
+abstract = {According to a recent survey by the World Economic Forum: The Global Information Technology Report 2014, several Gulf Cooperation Council states have continued their efforts to improve ICT uptake and better integrate ICT into more robust innovation ecosystems in order to obtain higher returns. For example, the UAE now ranks 24th and KSA ranks 32nd in the world. In this research paper, we conduct a comparison study of Open Source Software usage in both countries to understand the current state of Open Source Software in the GCC. It is the first study of its kind in this part of the world and will add great value to the global direction for Open Source Software.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE International Symposium on Signal Processing and Information Technology (ISSPIT)},
+pages = {52–56},
+numpages = {5},
+series = {ISSPIT '15}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1109/HICSS.2014.560,
+author = {Lindberg, A. and Xiao, Xuan and Lyytinen, Kalle},
+title = {Theorizing Modes of Open Source Software Development},
+year = {2014},
+isbn = {9781479925049},
+publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
+address = {USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/HICSS.2014.560},
+doi = {10.1109/HICSS.2014.560},
+abstract = {Open Source Software (OSS) development is distributed across actors and artifacts and involves translating diffuse representations into distinct sets of contiguous code artifacts. Despite the highly distributed and dynamic nature of OSS development, it is often described in unitary, monolithic terms - an unfortunate situation which masks considerable variance across OSS development processes. Therefore we explore reasons for systematic variance in these processes so as to enable more effective OSS development practices. Drawing on theory of distributed cognition, we develop a language of cognitive translations, which occur within and across distributed social arrangements and structural conditions of sharing knowledge. This language provides micro-foundations for understanding how different modes of OSS development emerge. Through examining how generative characteristics of social and structural distributions in OSS shape distinct development pathways, we propose a theoretically derived typology explaining the characteristics, dynamics, and conditions for success of different modes of OSS development.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2014 47th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences},
+pages = {4568–4577},
+numpages = {10},
+keywords = {Emergence, Modes, Open Source Software, Typology},
+series = {HICSS '14}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/2961111.2962633,
+author = {Au\'{e}, Joop and Haisma, Michiel and T\'{o}masd\'{o}ttir, Krist\'{\i}n Fj\'{o}la and Bacchelli, Alberto},
+title = {Social Diversity and Growth Levels of Open Source Software Projects on GitHub},
+year = {2016},
+isbn = {9781450344272},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/2961111.2962633},
+doi = {10.1145/2961111.2962633},
+abstract = {Background: Projects of all sizes and impact are leveraging the services of the social coding platform GitHub to collaborate. Since users' information and actions are recorded, GitHub has been mined for over 6 years now to investigate aspects of the collaborative open source software (OSS) development paradigm. Aim: In this research, we use this data to investigate the relation between project growth as a proxy for success, and social diversity. Method: We first categorize active OSS projects into a five-star rating using a benchmarking system we based on various project growth metrics; then we study the relation between this rating and the reported social diversities for the team members of those projects. Results: Our findings highlight a statistically significant relation; however, the effect is small. Conclusions: Our findings suggest the need for further research on this topic; moreover, the proposed benchmarking method may be used in future work to determine OSS project success on collaboration platforms such as GitHub.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 10th ACM/IEEE International Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering and Measurement},
+articleno = {41},
+numpages = {6},
+keywords = {GitHub, social diversity, software project growth},
+location = {Ciudad Real, Spain},
+series = {ESEM '16}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1109/MSR.2017.32,
+author = {Rebou\c{c}as, Marcel and Santos, Renato O. and Pinto, Gustavo and Castor, Fernando},
+title = {How does contributors' involvement influence the build status of an open-source software project?},
+year = {2017},
+isbn = {9781538615447},
+publisher = {IEEE Press},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/MSR.2017.32},
+doi = {10.1109/MSR.2017.32},
+abstract = {The recent introduction of the pull-based development model promoted agile development practices such as Code Reviews and Continuous Integration (CI). CI, in particular, is currently a standard development practice in open-source software (OSS) projects. Although it is well-known that OSS contributors have different involvements (e.g., while some developers drive the project, there is a long tail of peripheral developers), little is known about how the contributor's degree of participation can influence the build status of an OSS project. Through TravisTorrent's dataset, we compare the success rates of builds made by casual and non-casual contributors and what factors on their contributions may influence the build result. Our results suggest that there is no representative difference between their build success (they are similar in 85\% of the analyzed projects), meaning that being a casual contributor is not a strong indicator for creating failing builds. Also, factors like the size of their contributions and the number of project configurations (jobs) have the potential of impacting the build success.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Mining Software Repositories},
+pages = {475–478},
+numpages = {4},
+location = {Buenos Aires, Argentina},
+series = {MSR '17}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1109/SBES.2015.10,
+author = {Steinmacher, Igor and Wiese, Igor and Conte, Tayana Uchoa and Gerosa, Marco Aur\'{e}lio},
+title = {Increasing the Self-Efficacy of Newcomers to Open Source Software Projects},
+year = {2015},
+isbn = {9781467392723},
+publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
+address = {USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/SBES.2015.10},
+doi = {10.1109/SBES.2015.10},
+abstract = {Community-based Open Source Software (OSS) projects are usually self-organized and dynamic, receiving contributions from distributed volunteers. These communities' survival, long-term success, and continuity demand a constant influx of newcomers. However, newcomers face many barriers when making their first contribution to an OSS project, leading in many cases to dropouts. Therefore, a major challenge for OSS projects is to provide ways to support newcomers during their first contribution. In this paper, our goal was to evaluate how the newcomers' perceived efficacy is influenced by the use of an environment that organizes the project information for developers who want to place their first contribution to an OSS project. To accomplish this goal, we created FLOSS coach, a portal aiming to support newcomers to OSS projects, which was implemented based on a model of barriers proposed in previous research. Then, we conducted a study, in which 46 students, split in case and control group, were asked to contribute to an OSS project. We assessed the newcomers' self-efficacy by conducting a questionnaire before and after the assignment. We found that presenting the information according to the model of barriers had a positive influence on newcomers' self-efficacy, empowered the newcomers, making them more confident and comfortable during the contribution process. However, there is also some indication that FLOSS coach did not lower the technical barriers.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2015 29th Brazilian Symposium on Software Engineering},
+pages = {160–169},
+numpages = {10},
+keywords = {contribution barriers, newcomers, onboarding, open source, self-efficacy},
+series = {SBES '15}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1109/ICSE-Companion52605.2021.00059,
+author = {Trinkenreich, Bianca},
+title = {Please don't go: increasing women's participation in open source software},
+year = {2021},
+publisher = {IEEE Press},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSE-Companion52605.2021.00059},
+doi = {10.1109/ICSE-Companion52605.2021.00059},
+abstract = {Women represent less than 24\% of the software development industry and suffer from various types of prejudice and biases. In Open Source Software projects, despite a variety of efforts to increase diversity and multi-gendered participation, women are even more underrepresented (less than 10\%). My research focuses on answering the question: How can OSS communities increase women's participation in OSS projects? I will identify the different OSS career pathways, and develop a holistic view of women's motivations to join or leave OSS, along with their definitions of success. Based on this empirical investigation, I will work together with the Linux Foundation to design attraction and retention strategies focused on women. Before and after implementing the strategies, I will conduct empirical studies to evaluate the state of the practice and understand the implications of the strategies.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 43rd International Conference on Software Engineering: Companion Proceedings},
+pages = {138–140},
+numpages = {3},
+keywords = {career, diversity, gender, inclusion, open source software, participation, success, women},
+location = {Virtual Event, Spain},
+series = {ICSE '21}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/2641580.2641589,
+author = {Davidson, Jennifer L. and Mannan, Umme Ayda and Naik, Rithika and Dua, Ishneet and Jensen, Carlos},
+title = {Older Adults and Free/Open Source Software: A Diary Study of First-Time Contributors},
+year = {2014},
+isbn = {9781450330169},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/2641580.2641589},
+doi = {10.1145/2641580.2641589},
+abstract = {The global population is aging rapidly, and older adults are becoming increasingly technically savvy. This paper explores ways to engage these individuals to contribute to free/open source software (FOSS) projects. We conducted a pilot diary study to explore motivations, barriers, and the contribution processes of first-time contributors in a real time, qualitative manner. In addition, we measured their self-efficacy before and after their participation. We found that what drove participants were intrinsic motivations, altruism, and internal values, which differed from previous work with older adults and with the general FOSS population. We also found that self-efficacy did not change significantly, even when participants encountered significant barriers or setbacks. The top 3 barriers were lack of communication, installation issues, and documentation issues. We found that asking for and receiving help, and avoiding difficult development environments were more likely to lead to success. To verify these results, we encourage a future large-scale diary study that involves multiple demographics. Given our pilot study, we recommend that future outreach efforts involving older adults focus on how to effectively communicate and build community amongst older contributors.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of The International Symposium on Open Collaboration},
+pages = {1–10},
+numpages = {10},
+keywords = {age diversity, daily diary, diversity, older adults, open source software, qualitative research},
+location = {Berlin, Germany},
+series = {OpenSym '14}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/2593702.2593704,
+author = {Steinmacher, Igor and Wiese, Igor Scaliante and Conte, Tayana and Gerosa, Marco Aur\'{e}lio and Redmiles, David},
+title = {The hard life of open source software project newcomers},
+year = {2014},
+isbn = {9781450328609},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/2593702.2593704},
+doi = {10.1145/2593702.2593704},
+abstract = {While onboarding an open source software (OSS) project, contributors face many different barriers that hinder their contribution, leading in many cases to dropouts. Many projects leverage the contribution of outsiders and the sustainability of the project relies on retaining some of these newcomers. In this paper, we discuss some barriers faced by newcomers to OSS. The barriers were identified using a qualitative analysis on data obtained from newcomers and members of OSS projects. We organize the results in a conceptual model composed of 38 barriers, grouped into seven different categories. These barriers may motivate new studies and the development of appropriate tooling to better support the onboarding of new contributors.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 7th International Workshop on Cooperative and Human Aspects of Software Engineering},
+pages = {72–78},
+numpages = {7},
+keywords = {Open Source Software, barrier, newcomers, qualitative analysis},
+location = {Hyderabad, India},
+series = {CHASE 2014}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/2460999.2461036,
+author = {Foushee, Brandon and Krein, Jonathan L. and Wu, Justin and Buck, Randy and Knutson, Charles D. and Pratt, Landon J. and MacLean, Alexander C.},
+title = {Reflexivity, Raymond, and the success of open source software development: a SourceForge empirical study},
+year = {2013},
+isbn = {9781450318488},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/2460999.2461036},
+doi = {10.1145/2460999.2461036},
+abstract = {Context: Conventional wisdom, inspired in part by Eric Raymond, suggests that open source developers should---and primarily do---develop software for developers like themselves. We refer to the production of software primarily for the benefit of developers as reflexivity, and we evaluate the applicability of this concept to open source software (OSS) by studying SourceForge projects. Objective: The goal of this research is to test Eric Raymond's assertions with respect to OSS success factors. Method: We present four criteria by which to assess project reflexivity in SourceForge. These criteria are based on three specific indicators: intended audiences, relevant topics, and supported operating systems. Results: We show in this short paper that 68\% of SourceForge projects are likely reflexive (in the sense described by Raymond). Further, 76\% of projects exceeding one million downloads are reflexive, 79\% for projects exceeding ten million downloads, and 89\% for projects exceeding one hundred million downloads. Conclusion: These results tentatively support Raymond's assertions that 1) OSS projects tend to be reflexive and 2) reflexive OSS projects tend to be more successful than irreflexive projects. Causality, however, is not addressed.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Evaluation and Assessment in Software Engineering},
+pages = {246–251},
+numpages = {6},
+keywords = {Eric Raymond, SourceForge, open source software, reflexivity, success factors},
+location = {Porto de Galinhas, Brazil},
+series = {EASE '13}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1109/HICSS.2013.251,
+author = {Yang, Xuan and Hu, Daning and Robert, Davison M.},
+title = {How Microblogging Networks Affect Project Success of Open Source Software Development},
+year = {2013},
+isbn = {9780769548920},
+publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
+address = {USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/HICSS.2013.251},
+doi = {10.1109/HICSS.2013.251},
+abstract = {Microblogging as an emerging social media technology is becoming increasingly popular in more and more OSS communities and forms various follower networks. However, the impacts of microblogging follower network on OSS project success are rarely studied. In this study, we adopt a social network perspective to identify and hypothesize that three microblogging network mechanisms will positively affect OSS project success through knowledge sharing, and attracting more skillful and eminent developers. Using longitudinal data from a large online OSS community called Ohloh, we empirically examine the impacts of various factors for these two type of mechanisms on the commercial and technological successes of OSS projects. We found that preferential attachment and structure hole factors are supported, while accumulative advantage factors are partially supported. Our findings may provide insights for OSS stakeholders to effectively manage microblogging techniques for achieving project success.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2013 46th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences},
+pages = {3178–3186},
+numpages = {9},
+series = {HICSS '13}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/2818048.2820018,
+author = {Filippova, Anna and Cho, Hichang},
+title = {The Effects and Antecedents of Conflict in Free and Open Source Software Development},
+year = {2016},
+isbn = {9781450335928},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/2818048.2820018},
+doi = {10.1145/2818048.2820018},
+abstract = {Conflict is an important group process, and more so in self-organizing teams with fluid boundaries and high possibility for turnover. We empirically investigate different types of conflict in Free and Open Source Software development teams, their antecedents and impact on developers&' sustained participation. Following a survey of 222 FOSS developers, we find conflict to have an overall negative effect on developer retention. Furthermore, different types of conflict have varying impact on outcomes. In particular, only normative conflict levels negatively impact intention to remain in a FOSS project. Both normative and process conflict negatively affect perceptions of team performance, while the co-occurrence of task and process conflict exacerbate negative effects on outcomes. Though we find structural factors like task interdependence and geographical distribution increase overall conflict levels in FOSS teams, participatory decision-making and a transformational leadership style have an ameliorating effect. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 19th ACM Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work \& Social Computing},
+pages = {705–716},
+numpages = {12},
+keywords = {Conflict, Free and Open Source Software, Identification, Participation, Peer-Production, Performance., Virtual Teams},
+location = {San Francisco, California, USA},
+series = {CSCW '16}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/2468356.2468382,
+author = {McDonald, Nora and Goggins, Sean},
+title = {Performance and participation in open source software on GitHub},
+year = {2013},
+isbn = {9781450319522},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/2468356.2468382},
+doi = {10.1145/2468356.2468382},
+abstract = {A few studies have attempted to provide metrics of success in open source software (OSS) projects but the role a code hosting workspace plays in how performance is viewed and measured is little examined. We conducted qualitative, exploratory research with lead and core developers on three successful projects on GitHub to understand how OSS communities on GitHub measure success. These results were obtained in connection with a larger project that is designed to understand the structure of code hosting platforms in relation to participation and performance. We report two main findings. First, lead and core members of the projects we interviewed display a nuanced understanding of community participation in their assessment of success. Second, they attribute increased participation on their projects to the features and usability provided by GitHub.},
+booktitle = {CHI '13 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems},
+pages = {139–144},
+numpages = {6},
+keywords = {open source software, performance, social computing},
+location = {Paris, France},
+series = {CHI EA '13}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/2676723.2691844,
+author = {Postner, Lori and Jackson, Stoney and Coleman, Ben and Mello-Stark, Suzanne and Rebelsky, Samuel},
+title = {Student Contributions to Humanitarian Free and Open Source Software (HFOSS) (Abstract Only)},
+year = {2015},
+isbn = {9781450329668},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/2676723.2691844},
+doi = {10.1145/2676723.2691844},
+abstract = {Can students contribute to HFOSS projects as part of their computing curriculum? How and at what level can HFOSS be integrated? What are the success stories and challenges? This BOF will be led by a diverse group of faculty who have incorporated HFOSS into their classes. They will lead a discussion on the various approaches, successes and challenges they have encountered. Their experiences will provide a backdrop for this BOF session, which should lead to a lively discussion of how and why to use HFOSS in computing courses. Faculty who are interested in HFOSS, but who are novices, will learn about potential projects and classroom materials as well as make connections with more experienced faculty in this area.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 46th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education},
+pages = {700},
+numpages = {1},
+keywords = {humanitarian free and open source software},
+location = {Kansas City, Missouri, USA},
+series = {SIGCSE '15}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/1833272.1833273,
+author = {Deodhar, Swanand J. and Saxena, K. B. C. and Ruohonen, Mikko},
+title = {Firm-oriented success factors of an open source software (OSS) product},
+year = {2010},
+isbn = {9781605589787},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/1833272.1833273},
+doi = {10.1145/1833272.1833273},
+abstract = {The existing work on OSS product success examines factors that are either product-oriented or community-oriented. This paper proposes a new direction for OSS product success research: examination of firm-oriented factors. This has gained importance with the emergence of firm-sponsored OSS communities and firm's collaboration with OSS communities. This conceptual position paper uses absorptive capacity theory as a basis for argument. The paper contributes by extending the work on OSS product success to firm-oriented factors.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Emerging Trends in Free/Libre/Open Source Software Research and Development},
+pages = {1–4},
+numpages = {4},
+keywords = {absorptive capacity, open source software, organizational legitimacy, success factors},
+location = {Cape Town, South Africa},
+series = {FLOSS '10}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/2047594.2047606,
+author = {Jacobs, Stephen and Kussmaul, Clif and Sabin, Mihaela},
+title = {Free and open source software in computing education},
+year = {2011},
+isbn = {9781450310178},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/2047594.2047606},
+doi = {10.1145/2047594.2047606},
+abstract = {Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) exemplifies the merit and successes of open content, understood broadly as creative work that explicitly allows sharing and further changes by anyone, whether an individual or organization. Although the benefits of improving computing education with open source practices are largely acknowledged, transforming teaching to create effective learning environments has many challenges. The panelists will bring different perspectives on teaching strategies and curricular content they have used in their classrooms. These perspectives will exemplify key issues with FOSS-based education and FOSS-based IT systems. The developer and user communities established around FOSS-based IT systems are of particular interest to the IT discipline because of its focus on user centeredness and advocacy for advancing professional practices in authentic environments.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Information Technology Education},
+pages = {41–42},
+numpages = {2},
+keywords = {IT system development, collaboration, free and open source software},
+location = {West Point, New York, USA},
+series = {SIGITE '11}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/3510454.3522685,
+author = {Gray, Philip},
+title = {To disengage or not to disengage: a look at contributor disengagement in open source software},
+year = {2022},
+isbn = {9781450392235},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3510454.3522685},
+doi = {10.1145/3510454.3522685},
+abstract = {Contributors are vital to the sustainability of open source ecosystems, and disengagement threatens that sustainability. We seek to both strengthen and protect open source communities by creating a more robust way of defining and identifying contributor disengagement in these communities. To do this, we collected a large amount of grey literature relating to contributor disengagement and performed a qualitative analysis in order to better our understanding of why contributors disengage.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the ACM/IEEE 44th International Conference on Software Engineering: Companion Proceedings},
+pages = {328–330},
+numpages = {3},
+keywords = {disengagement, grey literature, open source},
+location = {Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania},
+series = {ICSE '22}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1109/ICSE-Companion52605.2021.00131,
+author = {Trinkenreich, Bianca},
+title = {Please don't go: a comprehensive approach to increase women's participation in open source software},
+year = {2021},
+publisher = {IEEE Press},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSE-Companion52605.2021.00131},
+doi = {10.1109/ICSE-Companion52605.2021.00131},
+abstract = {Women represent less than 24\% of employees in the software development industry and experience various types of prejudice and bias. Despite various efforts to increase diversity and multi-gendered participation, women are even more under-represented in Open Source Software (OSS) projects. In my PhD, I investigate the following question: How can OSS communities increase women's participation in their projects? I will identify different OSS career pathways and develop a holistic view of women's motivations to join or leave OSS, as well as their definitions of success. Based on this empirical investigation, I will work together with the Linux Foundation to design attraction and retention strategies focused on women. Before and after implementing the strategies, I will conduct empirical studies to evaluate the state of the practice and understand the implications of the strategies.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 43rd International Conference on Software Engineering: Companion Proceedings},
+pages = {293–298},
+numpages = {6},
+keywords = {career, diversity, gender, open source software, participation, success, women},
+location = {Virtual Event, Spain},
+series = {ICSE '21}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/1985793.1986018,
+author = {Sethanandha, Bhuricha Deen},
+title = {Improving open source software patch contribution process: methods and tools},
+year = {2011},
+isbn = {9781450304450},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/1985793.1986018},
+doi = {10.1145/1985793.1986018},
+abstract = {The patch contribution process (PCP) is very important to the sustainability of OSS projects. Nevertheless, there are several issues on patch contribution in mature OSS projects, which include time consuming process, lost and ignored patches, slow review process. These issues are recognized by researchers and OSS projects, but have not been addressed. In this dissertation, I apply Kanban method to guide process improvement and tools development to reduce PCP cycle time.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 33rd International Conference on Software Engineering},
+pages = {1134–1135},
+numpages = {2},
+keywords = {coordination, free/open source software, kanban, lean methods, productivity},
+location = {Waikiki, Honolulu, HI, USA},
+series = {ICSE '11}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1109/SEAA.2014.11,
+author = {Ayyildiz, T\"{u}lin Er\c{c}elebi and Ko\c{c}yigit, Altan},
+title = {Correlations between Problem Domain and Solution Domain Size Measures for Open Source Software},
+year = {2014},
+isbn = {9781479957958},
+publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
+address = {USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/SEAA.2014.11},
+doi = {10.1109/SEAA.2014.11},
+abstract = {Predicting how much effort will be required to complete a software project as early as possible is a very important factor in the success of software development projects. Including function points and its variants, there are several size measures and corresponding measurement methods that can be used for effort estimation. However, in most of the projects, there is limited amount of information available in the early stages and significant effort is spent for size measurement and effort estimation with such methods. This paper analyzes the correlation between the size metrics of conceptual model of the problem domain and the resulting software. For this purpose, we consider open source project management and game software. We apply linear regression and cross validation techniques to investigate the relation between the sizes of problem domain (i.e., Conceptual) and solution domain (i.e., Design) models. The results reveal a high correlation between the number of conceptual classes in the problem domain model and the number of software classes constituting the corresponding software. The results suggest that it is possible to use problem domain descriptions in the early stages of software development projects to make plausible predictions for the size of the software.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2014 40th EUROMICRO Conference on Software Engineering and Advanced Applications},
+pages = {81–84},
+numpages = {4},
+keywords = {conceptual models, linear regression model for size estimation, size estimation},
+series = {SEAA '14}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1109/SBES.2014.9,
+author = {Steinmacher, Igor and Chaves, Ana Paula and Conte, Tayana Uchoa and Gerosa, Marco Aurelio},
+title = {Preliminary Empirical Identification of Barriers Faced by Newcomers to Open Source Software Projects},
+year = {2014},
+isbn = {9781479942237},
+publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
+address = {USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/SBES.2014.9},
+doi = {10.1109/SBES.2014.9},
+abstract = {When newcomers try to join an open source soft-ware (OSS) project, they face many barriers that hinder their first contribution, leading in many cases to their dropping out. Many projects leverage the contribution of outsiders, and the sustainability of the project relies on retaining some of these new-comers. This research aims to identify the barriers that hinder newcomers' onboarding to OSS projects. Our method consisted of a qualitative study conducted with data obtained from four different sources: (i) systematic literature review, (ii) feedback from nine graduate and undergraduate students after they tried to join OSS projects, (iii) 24 responses to a questionnaire sent to 9 OSS projects, and (iv) semi-structured interviews with 36 sub-jects from 14 different projects, including newcomers and experi-enced members. The method to select the candidate papers in the systematic literature review was querying four digital libraries and backward snowballing. The data obtained from the practi-tioners from all three sources, and the primary studies obtained in the systematic review were analyzed using used procedures of Grounded Theory's open and axial coding. The analysis resulted in a conceptual model composed of 58 barriers, grouped into six different categories: cultural differences, newcomers' characteris-tics, reception issues, orientation, technical hurdles, and docu-mentation problems. We could observe recurrent barriers evi-denced in different data sources. We could notice that the onboarding process of a newcomer to an OSS can be a tough task. This research brings empirical support relying on data from different sources, organizes and discusses the existing common wisdom about barriers faced by newcomers to OSS projects, which deserve attention from researchers and OSS communities.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2014 Ninth International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security},
+pages = {51–60},
+numpages = {10},
+keywords = {newcomers, onboarding, open source software, qualitative analysis, systematic literature review},
+series = {ARES '14}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1109/HICSS.2013.240,
+author = {Moon, Eunyoung},
+title = {Gendered Patterns of Politeness in Free/Libre Open Source Software Development},
+year = {2013},
+isbn = {9780769548920},
+publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
+address = {USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/HICSS.2013.240},
+doi = {10.1109/HICSS.2013.240},
+abstract = {In this paper, a qualitative case study of women-dominated Free/Libre Open Source Software (FLOSS) project is conducted to explore factors which successfully involve and sustain women FLOSS participants by drawing on Brown and Levinson\^{a}s politeness theory. The culture and norms of FLOSS appear to be formulated by what is privileged/marginalized by men in the context of FLOSS, and such men\^{a}s valuing is likely to threaten women FLOSS participants\^{a} face. Our findings are 1) in the FLOSS context, there are gender-based differences in determining what threatens face on the basis of gendered expectations of what is polite, and 2) women-dominated FLOSS participants are \^{a}practically\^{a} polite in software development practices. These findings were explored through an in-depth analysis of interaction episodes on the email list, archival public interview data of women FLOSS developers, FLOSS development environment, and instructive materials shared in public. Our paper shows how politeness theory can be extended to the \^{a}practice\^{a} of coding and non-coding work, and provides FLOSS communities with guidelines for involving and sustaining women participants in FLOSS development.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2013 46th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences},
+pages = {3168–3177},
+numpages = {10},
+keywords = {Free/Libre Open Source Software, distributed collaboration},
+series = {HICSS '13}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1109/ESEM.2011.11,
+author = {Noll, John and Beecham, Sarah and Seichter, Dominik},
+title = {A Qualitative Study of Open Source Software Development: The Open EMR Project},
+year = {2011},
+isbn = {9780769546049},
+publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
+address = {USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/ESEM.2011.11},
+doi = {10.1109/ESEM.2011.11},
+abstract = {Open Source software is competing successfully in many areas. The commercial sector is recognizing the benefits offered by Open Source development methods that lead to high quality software. Can these benefits be realized in specialized domains where expertise is rare? This study examined discussion forums of an Open Source project in a particular specialized application domain--electronic medical records--to see how development roles are carried out, and by whom. We found through a qualitative analysis that the core developers in this system include doctors and clinicians who also use the product. We also found that the size of the community associated with the project is an order of magnitude smaller than predicted, yet still maintains a high degree of responsiveness to issues raised by users. The implication is that a few experts and a small core of dedicated programmers can achieve success using an Open Source approach in a specialized domain.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2011 International Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering and Measurement},
+pages = {30–39},
+numpages = {10},
+keywords = {Cohen's kappa, Electronic Medical Records, Inter-rater Reliability, Open Source Software, Qualitative Research},
+series = {ESEM '11}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1109/HICSS.2009.199,
+title = {Evaluating Longitudinal Success of Open Source Software Projects: A Social Network Perspective},
+year = {2009},
+isbn = {9780769534503},
+publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
+address = {USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/HICSS.2009.199},
+doi = {10.1109/HICSS.2009.199},
+abstract = {To date, numerous open source projects are hosted on many online repositories. While some of these projects are active and thriving, some projects are either languishing or showing no development activities at all. This phenomenon thus begs the important question of what are the influential factors that affect the success of open source projects. In a quest to deepen our understanding of the evolution of open source projects, this research aims to analyze the success of open source projects by using the theoretical lens of social network analysis. Based on extensive analyses of data collected from online repositories, we study the impact of the communication patterns of software development teams on the demand and supply outcomes of these projects, while accounting for project-specific characteristics. Using panel data analysis of data over 13 months, we find significant impacts of communication patterns on project outcomes over the long term.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 42nd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences},
+pages = {1–10},
+numpages = {10},
+series = {HICSS '09}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/1593105.1593168,
+author = {Ezeala, Adanna and Kim, Hyunju and Moore, Loretta A.},
+title = {Open source software development: expectations and experience from a small development project},
+year = {2008},
+isbn = {9781605581057},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/1593105.1593168},
+doi = {10.1145/1593105.1593168},
+abstract = {Open Source Software (OSS) is software that provides access to its source code in order to allow users to improve and redistribute the software. The emergence of OSS has introduced new ways to develop, test, and maintain software. While several success stories about large-scale OSS projects are reported, little research has been done on how small-scale OSS projects are managed by OSS developers. This paper reports preliminary findings from our experience with a small OSS project, while discussing differences between software processes in large- and small-scale OSS developments.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 46th Annual ACM Southeast Conference},
+pages = {243–246},
+numpages = {4},
+keywords = {open source software, software development process},
+location = {Auburn, Alabama},
+series = {ACMSE '08}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1109/HICSS.2011.264,
+author = {Jensen, Carlos and King, Scott and Kuechler, Victor},
+title = {Joining Free/Open Source Software Communities: An Analysis of Newbies' First Interactions on Project Mailing Lists},
+year = {2011},
+isbn = {9780769542829},
+publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
+address = {USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/HICSS.2011.264},
+doi = {10.1109/HICSS.2011.264},
+abstract = {Free/Open source software (FOSS) is an important part of the IT ecosystem. Due to the voluntary nature of participation, continual recruitment is key to the growth and sustainability of these communities. It is therefore important to understand how and why potential contributors fail in the process of transitioning from user to contributor. Most newcomers, or "newbies", have their first interaction with a community through a mailing list. To understand how this first contact influences future interactions, we studied eight mailing lists across four FOSS projects: MediaWiki, GIMP, PostgreSQL, and Subversion. We analyzed discussions initiated by newbies to determine the effect of gender, nationality, politeness, helpfulness and timeliness of response. We found that nearly 80\% of newbie posts received replies, and that receiving timely responses, especially within 48 hours, was positively correlated with future participation. We also found that while the majority of interactions were positive, 1.5\% of responses were rude or hostile.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2011 44th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences},
+pages = {1–10},
+numpages = {10},
+series = {HICSS '11}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1109/UIC-ATC.2010.113,
+author = {Yuan, Lin and Wang, Huaimin and Yin, Gang and Shi, Dianxi and Li, Xiang and Liu, Bixin},
+title = {Mining Frequent Development Patterns of roles in Open Source Software},
+year = {2010},
+isbn = {9780769542720},
+publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
+address = {USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/UIC-ATC.2010.113},
+doi = {10.1109/UIC-ATC.2010.113},
+abstract = {Participants of a software project have a significant impact on whether the project could achieve success, and the relevant information can reflect some trustworthy properties of software. By studying a large number of OSS projects in SourceForge, the role configuration of these projects is analyzed, and some latent frequent patterns are discovered in this paper. It prepares the ground for quantification and utilization of the software trustworthiness evidence from the roles information.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2010 Symposia and Workshops on Ubiquitous, Autonomic and Trusted Computing},
+pages = {444–448},
+numpages = {5},
+keywords = {association rules, metrics, trusted software, trustworthiness evidence},
+series = {UIC-ATC '10}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/1930488.1930501,
+author = {Gamalielsson, Jonas and Lundell, Bj\"{o}rn},
+title = {Open source software for data curation of digital assets: a case study},
+year = {2010},
+isbn = {9781450300117},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/1930488.1930501},
+doi = {10.1145/1930488.1930501},
+abstract = {Legacy file formats is an increasing concern for organisations. Therefore it is important for any company to develop sustainable strategies for data curation in order to maintain valuable digital assets. In this paper we report from a case study conducted in a company context aiming to investigate the feasibility of using Open Source approaches for curation of corporate digital assets kept in proprietary legacy file formats to open file formats. We consider different aspects of openness in a corporate strategy for maintaining digital assets. An important aspect concerns activity and company influence in an Open Source tool-chain, another concerns support for data curation of digital assets actually offered by the tool chain. We find that organisational concern over legacy file formats continues to be an issue, and that strong commercial influence on Open Source projects is no guarantee for success.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 14th International Academic MindTrek Conference: Envisioning Future Media Environments},
+pages = {61–64},
+numpages = {4},
+keywords = {data curation, legacy file formats, open file formats, open source},
+location = {Tampere, Finland},
+series = {MindTrek '10}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1109/NISS.2009.154,
+author = {Al-Ajlan, Ajlan},
+title = {The Evolution of Open Source Software Using Eclipse Metrics},
+year = {2009},
+isbn = {9780769536873},
+publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
+address = {USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/NISS.2009.154},
+doi = {10.1109/NISS.2009.154},
+abstract = {Technological development has become so manifest in all fields that it is now highly crucial to take it into consideration whenever possible. Open Source Software (OSS) has becoming widely adopted by commercial, public and academic organisations. Currently, there is increasing interest and demand in the existing applications of OSS in all fields all over the world. OSS has increased in prominence in the last decade, mostly due to the success of well-known software organisations such as Apache, Mozilla, Linux and Guice. As these organisations have become more dependent on software, the effective management of Software Evolution (SE) becomes more critical to an organization’s success. Therefore, the provision of well-evolved OSS has become an urgent issue in these days and will be so in the future. Therefore, the major challenge in OSS is how to evolve its environment, especially improvements in the security and quality of these systems. The main aim of this paper is to measure the evolution of OSS using, Eclipse Metrics (EM), with Guice software (GS) as a case study. In addition, this paper gives a brief literature review on OSS and how it has evolved.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2009 International Conference on New Trends in Information and Service Science},
+pages = {211–218},
+numpages = {8},
+series = {NISS '09}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1109/HICSS.2015.624,
+author = {Steinmacher, Igor and Conte, Tayana Uch\^{o}a and Gerosa, Marco Aur\'{e}lio},
+title = {Understanding and Supporting the Choice of an Appropriate Task to Start with in Open Source Software Communities},
+year = {2015},
+isbn = {9781479973675},
+publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
+address = {USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/HICSS.2015.624},
+doi = {10.1109/HICSS.2015.624},
+abstract = {Open Source Software (OSS) projects leverage the contribution of outsiders. In fact, the sustainability of many projects relies on retaining some of these newcomers. Usually these communities do not coordinate the work of the newcomers, who go to the issue trackers and self-select a task to start with. We found that "finding a way to start" was reported as an important issue by practitioners. To further investigate this specific barrier, we conducted a qualitative analysis with data obtained from semi-structured interviews with 36 subjects from 14 different projects, including newcomers and experienced members. We used procedures of Grounded Theory--open and axial coding--to analyze the data. We found that newcomers are not confident enough to choose their initial task and they need information about the tasks or direction from the community to support choosing a task more suitable for them. We also present a set of strategies identified in the literature, interviews, and state-of-the-practice that can provide newcomers with such information, enabling them to be more confident when choosing their first tasks and collaborate with the community.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2015 48th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences},
+pages = {5299–5308},
+numpages = {10},
+keywords = {Open Source Software, coordination, joining process, new developer, newcomers, onboarding, task selection},
+series = {HICSS '15}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1007/11788713_108,
+author = {Rissanen, Jyrki},
+title = {NeurOSS — open source software for neuropsychological rehabilitation},
+year = {2006},
+isbn = {3540360204},
+publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
+address = {Berlin, Heidelberg},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/11788713_108},
+doi = {10.1007/11788713_108},
+abstract = {In recent years hundreds of successful community-driven open source software projects have incarnated. However, it is quite hard to find similar success stories in the field of neuropsychological rehabilitation. This paper describes the core ideas of the NeurOSS project. The project aims at building an open source software platform for developing tools for neuropsychological rehabilitation, and gathering up a community of people from all over the world to contribute to shared collection of open source plug-in components extending and utilizing the core services of the platform},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Computers Helping People with Special Needs},
+pages = {740–743},
+numpages = {4},
+location = {Linz, Austria},
+series = {ICCHP'06}
+}
+

SLR_references_total/both_waves_references/t2-acm-2.bib

@@ -0,0 +1,861 @@
+@inproceedings{10.1145/1125170.1125182,
+author = {Li, Yan and Tan, Chuan-Hoo and Teo, Hock-Hai and Mattar, A. Talib},
+title = {Motivating open source software developers: influence of transformational and transactional leaderships},
+year = {2006},
+isbn = {1595933492},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/1125170.1125182},
+doi = {10.1145/1125170.1125182},
+abstract = {Open Source Software (OSS) is developed by geographically distributed unpaid programmers. The success of such a seemingly chaotic OSS project will largely depend on how the project leader organizes and motivates the developers to contribute. Grounded on leadership and motivation theories, we proposed and tested a research model that seeks to explain the behavioral effects of a leader on the developers' motivation to contribute. Survey data collected from 118 OSS developers on Sourceforge.net was used to test the research model. The results indicate that leaders' transformational leadership is positively related to developers' intrinsic motivation and leaders' active management by exception, a form of transactional leadership, is positively related to developers' extrinsic motivation.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2006 ACM SIGMIS CPR Conference on Computer Personnel Research: Forty Four Years of Computer Personnel Research: Achievements, Challenges \& the Future},
+pages = {34–43},
+numpages = {10},
+keywords = {leadership, motivation, open source software development},
+location = {Claremont, California, USA},
+series = {SIGMIS CPR '06}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1109/COMPSAC.2008.171,
+author = {Nakagawa, Elisa Yumi and Machado de Sousa, Elaine Parros and de Brito Murata, Kiyoshi and de Faria Andery, Gabriel and Morelli, Leonardo Bitencourt and Maldonado, Jos\'{e} Carlos},
+title = {Software Architecture Relevance in Open Source Software Evolution: A Case Study},
+year = {2008},
+isbn = {9780769532622},
+publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
+address = {USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/COMPSAC.2008.171},
+doi = {10.1109/COMPSAC.2008.171},
+abstract = {Software architecture has received increasing attention of practitioners and researchers, since it has played a significant role in determining the success and quality of software systems. At the same time, the success of Open Source Software (OSS) has also sparked interest of researchers in the universities and in the software industry. OSS has been largely used and developed and, as a consequence, the OSS quality has been a concern and an interesting subject for researchers. However, in spite of narrow relation between software architecture and software quality, there is lack of more detailed works that investigate how software architecture can influence OSS quality. In this paper, we present a case study reporting how software architecture is directly related to OSS quality. We have hence proposed architecture refactoring activity in order to repair software architectures, aiming at improving mainly maintainability, functionality and usability of these systems.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2008 32nd Annual IEEE International Computer Software and Applications Conference},
+pages = {1234–1239},
+numpages = {6},
+keywords = {software architecture, open source software, open source software quality},
+series = {COMPSAC '08}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1109/ARES.2007.84,
+author = {Wahyudin, Dindin and Tjoa, A Min},
+title = {Event-Based Monitoring of Open Source Software Projects},
+year = {2007},
+isbn = {0769527752},
+publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
+address = {USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/ARES.2007.84},
+doi = {10.1109/ARES.2007.84},
+abstract = {Project management traditionally has a strong focus on human reporting that fits well a tightly coupled form of organization to ensure the quality of project reporting. For loosely coupled forms of organization, such as open source systems (OSS) development projects, there are very few approaches to ensure the quality of project reporting; a promising approach can be to augment human reporting with data analysis based on the communication and state changes in an OSS project. In this paper we propose a concept and an initial measurement approach for event-based monitoring of OSS projects to better understand the actual benefit of tool-supported gathering, correlating and analyzing processes event data from the OSS community as a supplement for traditional software project monitoring data collection. We report on an empirical feasibility study investigating success and risk indicators of five OSS projects listed in the Apache Incubator.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the The Second International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security},
+pages = {1108–1115},
+numpages = {8},
+series = {ARES '07}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/1632149.1632165,
+author = {Munga, Neeshal and Fogwill, Thomas and Williams, Quentin},
+title = {The adoption of open source software in business models: a Red Hat and IBM case study},
+year = {2009},
+isbn = {9781605586434},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/1632149.1632165},
+doi = {10.1145/1632149.1632165},
+abstract = {Free / Libre open source software (FLOSS/OSS) has gained increasing popularity and utilisation in commercial and governmental organisations. Universities like Harvard and Stanford now offer courses on open source as a business and also on how businesses can compete with open source firms. However, very little research has been published in regards to the influence of OSS on business strategies; the use of OSS as a viable business or its value proposition within a commercial entity. The business model, a powerful tool for extracting economic value from the potential of technological innovation, clearly plays an important role in the success of a business. In this paper we investigate the role of open source in the business models of Red Hat and IBM and describe how OSS has contributed to their success. A framework recently developed by some of the authors is used to evaluate and identify the key factors important to the integration of OSS strategies into traditional business models.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2009 Annual Research Conference of the South African Institute of Computer Scientists and Information Technologists},
+pages = {112–121},
+numpages = {10},
+keywords = {business models, case study, open source software},
+location = {Vanderbijlpark, Emfuleni, South Africa},
+series = {SAICSIT '09}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1109/APSEC.2004.93,
+author = {Ishikawa, Masahiko},
+title = {Software Product Line and Open Source Software},
+year = {2004},
+isbn = {0769522459},
+publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
+address = {USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/APSEC.2004.93},
+doi = {10.1109/APSEC.2004.93},
+abstract = {A similar set of open source software is selected on many systems even if these systems in which the software is applied are in different domains. It must be primary type of core asset on Product Line Software Engineering. And next, I want to discuss about success of many network appliances run on open source OS.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 11th Asia-Pacific Software Engineering Conference},
+pages = {567},
+numpages = {1},
+series = {APSEC '04}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1109/HICSS.2010.385,
+author = {Van Antwerp, Matthew and Madey, Greg},
+title = {The Importance of Social Network Structure in the Open Source Software Developer Community},
+year = {2010},
+isbn = {9780769538693},
+publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
+address = {USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/HICSS.2010.385},
+doi = {10.1109/HICSS.2010.385},
+abstract = {This paper outlines the motivations and methods for analyzing the developer network of open source software (OSS) projects. Previous work done by Hinds [5] suggested social network structure was instrumental towards the success of an OSS project, as measured by activity and output. The follow-up paper by Hinds [4] discovered that his hypotheses, based on social network theory and previous research on the importance of subgroup connectedness, were vastly different than the results of his study of over 100 successful OSS projects. He concluded that the social network structure had no significant effect on project success. We outline how his approach disregarded potentially important factors and through a new study evaluate the role of the OSS developer network as it pertains to long-term project popularity. We also present an initial investigation into the adequacy of using the SourceForge activity percentile as a long-term success metric. In contrast with Hinds, we show that previously existing developer-developer ties are an indicator of past and future project popularity.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2010 43rd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences},
+pages = {1–10},
+numpages = {10},
+series = {HICSS '10}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.5555/2337223.2337491,
+author = {Serrano Zanetti, Marcelo},
+title = {The co-evolution of socio-technical structures in sustainable software development: lessons from the open source software communities},
+year = {2012},
+isbn = {9781467310673},
+publisher = {IEEE Press},
+abstract = {Software development depends on many factors, including technical, human and social aspects. Due to the complexity of this dependence, a unifying framework must be defined and for this purpose we adopt the complex networks methodology. We use a data-driven approach based on a large collection of open source software projects extracted from online project development platforms. The preliminary results presented in this article reveal that the network perspective yields key insights into the sustainability of software development.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 34th International Conference on Software Engineering},
+pages = {1587–1590},
+numpages = {4},
+location = {Zurich, Switzerland},
+series = {ICSE '12}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1109/HICSS.2007.426,
+author = {Asundi, Jai and Jayant, Rajiv},
+title = {Patch Review Processes in Open Source Software Development Communities: A Comparative Case Study},
+year = {2007},
+isbn = {0769527558},
+publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
+address = {USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/HICSS.2007.426},
+doi = {10.1109/HICSS.2007.426},
+abstract = {In spite of the overwhelming success of Free/Open Source Software (F/OSS) like Apache and GNU/Linux, there is a limited understanding of the processes and methodologies that specify this form of software development. In this paper, we examine the process of patch reviews as a proxy for the extent of code-review in F/OSS projects. While existing descriptions of patch review processes are mostly narrative and based on individual experiences, we systematically analyze the email archives of five F/OSS projects to characterize this process. While doing so, we make a distinction between contributions (patches or review comments) by core members and casual contributors to grasp the role of core members in this process. Our results show that while the patch review processes are not exactly identical across various F/OSS projects, the core members across all projects play the vital role of gate-keepers to ensure a high level of review for submitted patches.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 40th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences},
+pages = {166c},
+series = {HICSS '07}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/1227310.1227495,
+author = {Ellis, Heidi J. C. and Morelli, Ralph A. and de Lanerolle, Trishan R. and Damon, Jonathan and Raye, Jonathan},
+title = {Can humanitarian open-source software development draw new students to CS?},
+year = {2007},
+isbn = {1595933611},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/1227310.1227495},
+doi = {10.1145/1227310.1227495},
+abstract = {In this paper, we present an example humanitarian open-source software project that has been used since January 2006 at a small liberal-arts college as an experiment in undergraduate CS education. Sahana (Sinhalese for relief) is a free and open-source disaster management system developed in Sri Lanka by a group of IT professionals following the 2004 Asian tsunami. It is a web-based tool that addresses the IT coordination problems that typically occur in trying to recover from a large-scale disaster. We are currently exploring the wider use of Sahana as a sustainable model and platform for teaching about open-source software development while at the same time allowing CS students and educators to make a socially useful contribution of their time, effort, and expertise. This paper presents our experiences with Sahana including the benefits for both academia and industry.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 38th SIGCSE Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education},
+pages = {551–555},
+numpages = {5},
+keywords = {curriculum development, open source software, software engineering},
+location = {Covington, Kentucky, USA},
+series = {SIGCSE '07}
+}
+
+@article{10.1145/1227504.1227495,
+author = {Ellis, Heidi J. C. and Morelli, Ralph A. and de Lanerolle, Trishan R. and Damon, Jonathan and Raye, Jonathan},
+title = {Can humanitarian open-source software development draw new students to CS?},
+year = {2007},
+issue_date = {March 2007},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+volume = {39},
+number = {1},
+issn = {0097-8418},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/1227504.1227495},
+doi = {10.1145/1227504.1227495},
+abstract = {In this paper, we present an example humanitarian open-source software project that has been used since January 2006 at a small liberal-arts college as an experiment in undergraduate CS education. Sahana (Sinhalese for relief) is a free and open-source disaster management system developed in Sri Lanka by a group of IT professionals following the 2004 Asian tsunami. It is a web-based tool that addresses the IT coordination problems that typically occur in trying to recover from a large-scale disaster. We are currently exploring the wider use of Sahana as a sustainable model and platform for teaching about open-source software development while at the same time allowing CS students and educators to make a socially useful contribution of their time, effort, and expertise. This paper presents our experiences with Sahana including the benefits for both academia and industry.},
+journal = {SIGCSE Bull.},
+month = mar,
+pages = {551–555},
+numpages = {5},
+keywords = {curriculum development, open source software, software engineering}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.5555/776816.776950,
+author = {Feller, Joseph and Fitzgerald, Brian and Hissam, Scott and Lakhani, Karim},
+title = {The 3rd workshop on Open Source Software Engineering},
+year = {2003},
+isbn = {076951877X},
+publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
+address = {USA},
+abstract = {Building on the success of "Making Sense of the Bazaar" and "Meeting Challenges and Surviving Success" --- the 1st and 2nd Workshops on Open Source Software Engineering (ICSE 2001 and ICSE 2002) --- this workshop ("Taking Stock of the Bazaar') brings together researchers and practitioners for the purpose of discussing the diverse array of techniques --- as well as supporting tools and social/organizational contexts --- which can be observed in the domain of open source software.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Software Engineering},
+pages = {785–786},
+numpages = {2},
+location = {Portland, Oregon},
+series = {ICSE '03}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1109/HICSS.2009.63,
+title = {An Exploratory Study on the Two New Trends in Open Source Software: End-Users and Service},
+year = {2009},
+isbn = {9780769534503},
+publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
+address = {USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/HICSS.2009.63},
+doi = {10.1109/HICSS.2009.63},
+abstract = {Many have been envisaging the emergence of Open Source Software (OSS) for general end-users and the enhancements in providing services and support, as the most critical factors for OSS success, and at the same time, the most critical issues which are holding back the OSS movement. While these two distinct waves in OSS evolution have become more observable, researchers have not yet explored the characteristics of these two distinct new waves. The current study found evidence for these two waves and further explored the two waves by empirically examining two hundred projects hosted in Sourceforge.net. We compared the characteristics of OSS projects that are intended for two disparate audiences: developers and end-users and found that projects for end-users supported more languages but also had more restrictive licenses as compared to projects for developers.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 42nd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences},
+pages = {1–10},
+numpages = {10},
+series = {HICSS '09}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/2788993.2789830,
+author = {Barcomb, Ann},
+title = {A multiple case study of small free software businesses as social entrepreneurships},
+year = {2015},
+isbn = {9781450336666},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/2788993.2789830},
+doi = {10.1145/2788993.2789830},
+abstract = {Free/libre and open source software are frequently described as a single community or movement. The difference between free software and open source ideology may influence founders, resulting in different types of companies being created. Specifically, the relationship between free/libre software ideology and social entrepreneurships is investigated. This paper presents seven case studies of businesses, five of which were founded by people who identify with the free/libre software movement. The result is a theory that small businesses founded by free/libre software advocates have three characteristics of social entrepreneurships. First, social benefit is prioritized over wealth creation. Second, the business's social mission is not incidental but is furthered through its for-profit activities, rather than supported by the company's profits. Third, the company's success is defined in part by the success of its social mission. Free/libre software entrepreneurs who recognize their activities as social entrepreneurships can benefit from the existing literature on the unique challenges faced by socially-oriented businesses.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 11th International Symposium on Open Collaboration},
+articleno = {1},
+numpages = {8},
+keywords = {free software, open source software, public good, small business, social entrepreneurship, social ventures},
+location = {San Francisco, California},
+series = {OpenSym '15}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1109/SITIS.2008.57,
+author = {Wagener, G\'{e}rard and Dulaunoy, Alexandre and Engel, Thomas},
+title = {An Instrumented Analysis of Unknown Software and Malware Driven by Free Libre Open Source Software},
+year = {2008},
+isbn = {9780769534930},
+publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
+address = {USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/SITIS.2008.57},
+doi = {10.1109/SITIS.2008.57},
+abstract = {Reverse engineering is often the last resort for analyzing unknown or closed source software. Such an investigation is motivated by a risk evaluation of closed sourceprograms or by evaluating consequences and countermeasures against infections by malicious programs that are often closed source. This article presents a success storywhere we used and modified free software serving as environment for analyzing unknown software. We explain howa malware sandbox can be constructed based on free software. Moreover we describe how we modified free softwareto improve malware analysis with additional features or ex-tensions. Free software helped us to increase the accuracyof malware or unknown software analysis.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE International Conference on Signal Image Technology and Internet Based Systems},
+pages = {597–605},
+numpages = {9},
+keywords = {free software, malware, network security, reverse engineering, sandbox, sofware analysis},
+series = {SITIS '08}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/512035.512055,
+author = {Nakakoji, Kumiyo and Yamamoto, Yasuhiro and Nishinaka, Yoshiyuki and Kishida, Kouichi and Ye, Yunwen},
+title = {Evolution patterns of open-source software systems and communities},
+year = {2002},
+isbn = {1581135459},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/512035.512055},
+doi = {10.1145/512035.512055},
+abstract = {Open-Source Software (OSS) development is regarded as a successful model of encouraging "natural product evolution". To understand how this "natural product evolution" happens, we have conducted a case study of four typical OSS projects. Unlike most previous studies on software evolution that focus on the evolution of the system per se, our study takes a broader perspective: It examines not only the evolution of OSS systems, but also the evolution of the associated OSS communities, as well as the relationship between the two types of evolution.Through the case study, we have found that while collaborative development within a community is the essential characteristic of OSS, different collaboration models exist, and that the difference in collaboration model results in different evolution patterns of OSS systems and communities. To treat such differences systematically, we propose to classify OSS into three types: Exploration-Oriented, Utility-Oriented, and Service-Oriented. Such a classification can provide guidance on the creation and maintenance of sustainable OSS development and communities.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the International Workshop on Principles of Software Evolution},
+pages = {76–85},
+numpages = {10},
+keywords = {case study, open-source software (OSS), open-source software community, software evolution},
+location = {Orlando, Florida},
+series = {IWPSE '02}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.5555/776816.776867,
+author = {Ye, Yunwen and Kishida, Kouichi},
+title = {Toward an understanding of the motivation Open Source Software developers},
+year = {2003},
+isbn = {076951877X},
+publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
+address = {USA},
+abstract = {An Open Source Software (OSS) project is unlikely to be successful unless there is an accompanied community that provides the platform for developers and users to collaborate. Members of such communities are volunteers whose motivation to participate and contribute is of essential importance to the success of OSS projects. In this paper, we aim to create an understanding of what motivates people to participate in OSS communities. We theorize that learning is one of the motivational forces. Our theory is grounded in the learning theory of Legitimate Peripheral Participation, and is supported by analyzing the social structure of OSS communities and the co-evolution between OSS systems and communities. We also discuss practical implications of our theory for creating and maintaining sustainable OSS communities as well as for software engineering research and education.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Software Engineering},
+pages = {419–429},
+numpages = {11},
+location = {Portland, Oregon},
+series = {ICSE '03}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.5555/1260984.1261215,
+author = {German, Daniel M.},
+title = {Using software distributions to understand the relationship among free and open source software projects},
+year = {2007},
+isbn = {0769528309},
+publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
+address = {USA},
+abstract = {Success in the open source software world has been measured in terms of metrics such as number of downloads, number of commits, number of lines of code, number of participants, etc. These metrics tend to discriminate towards applications that are small and tend to evolve slowly. A problem is, however, how to identify applications in these latter categories that are important. Software distributions specify the dependencies needed to build and to run a given software application. We use this information to create a dependency graph of the applications contained in such a distribution. We explore the characteristics of this graph, and use it to define some metrics to quantify the dependencies (and dependents) of a given software application. We demonstrate that some applications that are invisible to the final user (such as libraries) are widely used by end-user applications. This graph can be used as a proxy to measure success of small, slowly evolving free and open source software.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 29th International Conference on Software Engineering Workshops},
+pages = {24},
+series = {ICSEW '07}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1109/MSR.2007.32,
+author = {German, Daniel M.},
+title = {Using Software Distributions to Understand the Relationship among Free and Open Source Software Projects},
+year = {2007},
+isbn = {076952950X},
+publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
+address = {USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/MSR.2007.32},
+doi = {10.1109/MSR.2007.32},
+abstract = {Success in the open source software world has been measured in terms of metrics such as number of downloads, number of commits, number of lines of code, number of participants, etc. These metrics tend to discriminate towards applications that are small and tend to evolve slowly. A problem is, however, how to identify applications in these latter categories that are important. Software distributions specify the dependencies needed to build and to run a given software application. We use this information to create a dependency graph of the applications contained in such a distribution. We explore the characteristics of this graph, and use it to define some metrics to quantify the dependencies (and dependents) of a given software application. We demonstrate that some applications that are invisible to the final user (such as libraries) are widely used by end-user applications. This graph can be used as a proxy to measure success of small, slowly evolving free and open source software.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Mining Software Repositories},
+pages = {24},
+series = {MSR '07}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1007/978-3-319-39483-1_63,
+author = {Laugasson, Edmund and Quaicoe, James Sunney and Jeladze, Eka and Jesmin, Triinu},
+title = {Bridging Digital Divide in Schools in Developing Countries: Perceptions of Teachers of Free Software Opportunities},
+year = {2016},
+isbn = {978-3-319-39482-4},
+publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
+address = {Berlin, Heidelberg},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39483-1_63},
+doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-39483-1_63},
+abstract = {21st century information society requires more and more use of ICT (information and communication technology) in everyday life. Nowadays there is much talk about the digital divide, which means economical and social disparities in digital technology use and availability in society of a particular country and among different countries. In this paper we sought to explore teachers knowledge and use of ICT resources in the context of free/libre and open-source software (FLOSS). When relying permanently on free tools there are several benefits which in turn will grow sustainable information society and will fortify economy in larger scale. For the mentioned purpose we use Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) first version. We found that TAM model is not ideal to accomplish mentioned tasks, especially in educational institutions. If teachers will be aware of FLOSS then they can increase ICT resources use in schools in a meaningful way. This in turn will reduce also disparity in schools and we may call it as a digital turn.},
+booktitle = {Learning and Collaboration Technologies: Third International Conference, LCT 2016, Held as Part of HCI International 2016, Toronto, ON, Canada, July 17-22, 2016, Proceedings},
+pages = {695–706},
+numpages = {12},
+keywords = {Technology Acceptance Model, Adoption, Digital divide, Free/libre and open-source software},
+location = {Toronto, ON, Canada}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1109/HICSS.2006.213,
+author = {Lin, Lihui},
+title = {Impact of Users' Expertise on the Competition between Proprietary and Open Source Software},
+year = {2006},
+isbn = {0769525075},
+publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
+address = {USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/HICSS.2006.213},
+doi = {10.1109/HICSS.2006.213},
+abstract = {Despite the availability of source code, deploying open source software (OSS) in an enterprise environment requires expertise. Recent surveys show that the skills of IT staff in an organization are one of the key factors in OSS adoption decisions. This paper develops a model where users choosing between proprietary software and OSS are heterogeneous in their expertise. The paper finds that as users become more skilled in OSS, the price of proprietary software will decline. Second, the equilibrium market structure is influenced by both users' expertise and network effects. It is not surprising that proprietary software can drive OSS out of the market in presence of network effect, but counter-intuitively, this happens when users are highly skilled in OSS. Third, in presence of network effect, OSS may survive in the market only when it is customizable by skilled users and therefore provides significant higher benefits to users than proprietary software.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 39th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences - Volume 08},
+pages = {166.1},
+series = {HICSS '06}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/2948076.2948090,
+author = {Haskel, Lisa and Graham, Paula},
+title = {Whats GNU got to do with it? participatory design, infrastructuring and free/open source software},
+year = {2016},
+isbn = {9781450341363},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/2948076.2948090},
+doi = {10.1145/2948076.2948090},
+abstract = {In this paper we link Participatory Design (PD) to Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) via Infrastructuring. We describe the characteristics of FOSS focusing on extensibility, generativity and their communities of practice. We discuss how FOSS products and communities provide valuable resources to PD projects beyond the design phase. We use evidence from our long-running, community based PD project to show how FOSS provides essential elements of infrastructure that contribute to the sustainability of this project and suggest that the mutual learning outcomes of PD, together with FOSS resources, can support users' participation after design. We contribute to PD by providing a point of view from developers and facilitators, who combine FOSS and PD, that furthers an understanding of how these two areas are related.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 14th Participatory Design Conference: Short Papers, Interactive Exhibitions, Workshops - Volume 2},
+pages = {17–20},
+numpages = {4},
+keywords = {Drupal, free and open source software, infrastructuring, participatory design, sustainability},
+location = {Aarhus, Denmark},
+series = {PDC '16}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/973620.973725,
+author = {Yordanova, Lina and Boychev, Georgi and Tsvetanova, Yanka and Hrisuleva, Vania and Kiryakova, Gabriela},
+title = {Development of a web-based course on informatics via open-source software package MOODLE},
+year = {2003},
+isbn = {9549641333},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/973620.973725},
+doi = {10.1145/973620.973725},
+abstract = {The current study discusses the implementation of an Open-source Learning Management System platform MOODLE for establishment of Web-based course on Communication and Information Systems subjects. Our shared experience about searching, choosing, installation and implementation of an Open Source platform is a good example for starting with e-Learning development as the used strategy led to success. Future work could be encouraging and training students to use the designed and created course.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 4th International Conference Conference on Computer Systems and Technologies: E-Learning},
+pages = {629–633},
+numpages = {5},
+keywords = {LMS platform, e-Learning, open-source, web-based course},
+location = {Rousse, Bulgaria},
+series = {CompSysTech '03}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.5555/1565142.1565145,
+author = {Michlmayr, Martin},
+title = {Software Process Maturity and the Success of Free Software Projects},
+year = {2005},
+isbn = {1586035592},
+publisher = {IOS Press},
+address = {NLD},
+abstract = {The success of free software and open source projects has increased interest in utilizing the open source model for mature software development. However, the ad hoc nature of open source development may result in poor quality software or failures for a number of volunteer projects. In this paper, projects from SourceForge are assessed to test the hypothesis that there is a relationship between process maturity and the success of free software and open source projects. This study addresses the question of whether the maturity of particular software processes differs in successful and unsuccessful projects. Processes are identified that are key factors in successful free software projects. The insights gained from this study can be applied as to improve the software process used by free software projects.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2005 Conference on Software Engineering: Evolution and Emerging Technologies},
+pages = {3–14},
+numpages = {12},
+keywords = {Free Software, Open Source, Process Maturity, Quality Improvement}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.5555/647881.737775,
+author = {Chandra, Subhachandra and Chen, Peter M.},
+title = {Whither Generic Recovery from Application Faults? A Fault Study using Open-Source Software},
+year = {2000},
+isbn = {0769507077},
+publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
+address = {USA},
+abstract = {This paper tests the hypothesis that generic recovery techniques, such as process pairs, can survive most application faults without using application-specific information. We examine in detail the faults that occur in three, large, open-source applications: the Apache web server, the GNOME desktop environment, and the MySQL database. Using information contained in the bug reports and source code, we classify faults based on how they depend on the operating environment. We find that 72-87\% of the faults are independent of the operating environment and are hence deterministic (non-transient). Recovering from the failures caused by these faults requires the use of application-specific knowledge. Half of the remaining faults depend on a condition in the operating environment that is likely to persist on retry, and the failures caused by these faults are likely to require application-specific recovery. Unfortunately, only 5-14\% of the faults were triggered by transient conditions, such as timing and synchronization that naturally fix them during recovery. Our results indicate that classical application-generic recovery techniques, such as process pairs, will not be sufficient to enable applications to survive most failures caused by application faults.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2000 International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks (Formerly FTCS-30 and DCCA-8)},
+pages = {97–106},
+numpages = {10},
+keywords = {Faults, Heisenbugs, Recovery, Software, Transient},
+series = {DSN '00}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/2538862.2544315,
+author = {DeCausemaker, Remy and Jacobs, Stephen},
+title = {Adventures in hackademia: leveraging humanitarian free/open source software development in the class room (abstract only)},
+year = {2014},
+isbn = {9781450326056},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/2538862.2544315},
+doi = {10.1145/2538862.2544315},
+abstract = {This poster will briefly describe the components of the Humanitarian Free/Open Source Software Development (HFOSS) course offered by the Department of Interactive Games and Media at Rochester Institute of Technology in Upstate NY. It will depict this model of an "Open" Course (i.e. Open Courseware, Open Curriculum, Open Classroom, and Open Code) informed both by academic theory, and industry best practice. It will show the results of designers, developers, and project leaders, working in tandem with professors, staffers, and administrators to offer students a chance to apply research, and put theory into practice. It will discuss strategies of engagement, metrics of success and failure, and what resources are available for others to do the same.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 45th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education},
+pages = {723–724},
+numpages = {2},
+keywords = {foss, free/open source software, open source},
+location = {Atlanta, Georgia, USA},
+series = {SIGCSE '14}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1109/APSEC.2004.58,
+author = {Senyard, Anthony and Michlmayr, Martin},
+title = {How to Have a Successful Free Software Project},
+year = {2004},
+isbn = {0769522459},
+publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
+address = {USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/APSEC.2004.58},
+doi = {10.1109/APSEC.2004.58},
+abstract = {Some free software projects have been extremely successful. This rise to prominence can be attributed to the high quality and suitability of the software. This quality and suitability is achieved through an elaborate peer-review process performed by a large community of users, who act as co-developers to identify and correct software defects and add features. Although this process is crucial to the success of free software projects, there is more to the free software development than the creation of a 'bazaar'. In this paper we draw on existing free software projects to define a lifecycle model for free software. This paper then explores each phase of the lifecycle model and agrees that, while the bazaar phase attracts the most attention, it is the initial modular design that accommodates diverse interventions. Moreover, it is the period of transition from the initial group to the larger community based development that is crucial in determining whether a free software project will succeed or fail.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 11th Asia-Pacific Software Engineering Conference},
+pages = {84–91},
+numpages = {8},
+keywords = {development process, free software, software lifecycle},
+series = {APSEC '04}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1109/SBES.2010.26,
+author = {Terceiro, Antonio and Rios, Luiz Romario and Chavez, Christina},
+title = {An Empirical Study on the Structural Complexity Introduced by Core and Peripheral Developers in Free Software Projects},
+year = {2010},
+isbn = {9780769542737},
+publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
+address = {USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/SBES.2010.26},
+doi = {10.1109/SBES.2010.26},
+abstract = {Background: Several factors may impact the process of software maintenance and evolution of free software projects, including structural complexity and lack of control over its contributors. Structural complexity, an architectural concern, makes software projects more difficult to understand, and consequently more difficult to maintain and evolve. The contributors in a free software project exhibit different levels of participation in the project, and can be categorized as core and peripheral developers. Research aim: This research aims at characterising the changes made to the source code of 7 web server projects written in C with respect to the amount of structural complexity added or removed and the developer level of participation. Method: We performed a observational study with historical data collected from the version control repositories of those projects, recording structural complexity information for each change as well as identifying each change as performed by a core or a peripheral developer. Results and conclusions: We have found that core developers introduce less structural complexity than peripheral developers in general, and that in the case of complexity-reducing activities, core developers remove more structural complexity than peripheral developers. These results demonstrate the importance of having a stable and healthy core team to the sustainability of free software projects.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2010 Brazilian Symposium on Software Engineering},
+pages = {21–29},
+numpages = {9},
+keywords = {Core and Periphery, Empirical Software Engineering, FLOSS, Free Software, Open Source software, Structural Complexity},
+series = {SBES '10}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/581339.581436,
+author = {Feller, Joseph},
+title = {Meeting challenges and surviving success: the 2nd workshop on open source software engineering},
+year = {2002},
+isbn = {158113472X},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/581339.581436},
+doi = {10.1145/581339.581436},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Software Engineering},
+pages = {669–670},
+numpages = {2},
+location = {Orlando, Florida},
+series = {ICSE '02}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1109/HICSS.2014.406,
+author = {Carillo, Kevin Daniel Andr\'{e} and Huff, Sid and Chawner, Brenda},
+title = {It's Not Only about Writing Code: An Investigation of the Notion of Citizenship Behaviors in the Context of Free/Libre/Open Source Software Communities},
+year = {2014},
+isbn = {9781479925049},
+publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
+address = {USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/HICSS.2014.406},
+doi = {10.1109/HICSS.2014.406},
+abstract = {Attracting a large number of new contributors has been seen as a way to ensure the survival, long-term success, and sustainability of Free/Libre/Open Source Software (FLOSS) communities. However, this appears to be a necessary, but not a sufficient condition, as the well-being of FLOSS communities also relies on members behaving as "good citizens," to nurture and protect the community. This paper investigates the notion of FLOSS community citizenship behaviors in light of the organizational citizenship behaviors literature. Relying on 11 semi-structured interviews with FLOSS project leaders and community managers, the papers identifies key instances of citizenship behaviors along two dimensions: CCB-I (community citizenship behaviors oriented towards the benefits of other individuals), and CCB-P (community citizenship behaviors oriented towards the benefits of the project and its community).},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2014 47th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences},
+pages = {3276–3285},
+numpages = {10},
+keywords = {citizenship behaviors, free software, open source software communities},
+series = {HICSS '14}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/3663529.3663777,
+author = {Khan, Nafiz Imtiaz and Filkov, Vladimir},
+title = {From Models to Practice: Enhancing OSS Project Sustainability with Evidence-Based Advice},
+year = {2024},
+isbn = {9798400706585},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3663529.3663777},
+doi = {10.1145/3663529.3663777},
+abstract = {Sustainability in Open Source Software (OSS) projects is crucial for long-term innovation, community support, and the enduring success of open-source solutions. Although multitude of studies have provided effective models for OSS sustainability, their practical implications have been lacking because most identified features are not amenable to direct tuning by developers (e.g., levels of communication, number of commits per project). 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+In this paper, we report on preliminary work toward making models more actionable based on evidence-based findings from prior research. Given a set of identified features of interest to OSS project sustainability, we performed comprehensive literature review related to those features to uncover practical, evidence-based advice, which we call Researched Actionables (ReACTs). The ReACTs are practical advice with specific steps, found in prior work to associate with tangible results. Starting from a set of sustainability-related features, this study contributes 105 ReACTs to the SE community by analyzing 186 published articles. Moreover, this study introduces a newly developed tool (ReACTive) designed to enhance the exploration of ReACTs through visualization across various facets of the OSS ecosystem. The ReACTs idea opens new avenues for connecting SE metrics to actionable research in SE in general.},
+booktitle = {Companion Proceedings of the 32nd ACM International Conference on the Foundations of Software Engineering},
+pages = {457–461},
+numpages = {5},
+keywords = {Literature Review, Open Source Software, Research Actionable, Sustainability},
+location = {Porto de Galinhas, Brazil},
+series = {FSE 2024}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.5555/998675.999508,
+author = {Feller, Joseph and Fitzgerald, Brian and Hissam, Scott and Lakhani, Karim},
+title = {Collaboration, Conflict and Control: The 4th Workshop on Open Source Software Engineering},
+year = {2004},
+isbn = {0769521630},
+publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
+address = {USA},
+abstract = {Building on the success of the first three workshops inthe series, which were held at ICSE 2001 (Toronto), ICSE2002 (Orlando) and ICSE 2003 (Portland), the 4thWorkshop on Open Source Software Engineering,("Collaboration, Conflict and Control") brings togetherresearchers and practitioners for the purpose ofdiscussing the platforms and tools, techniques andprocesses, and the organizational structures that are usedto support and sustain communication, collaboration andconflict resolution within and between open sourcesoftware communities.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on Software Engineering},
+pages = {764–765},
+numpages = {2},
+series = {ICSE '04}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/3383219.3383242,
+author = {Alami, Adam and Cohn, Marisa Leavitt and W\k{a}isowski, Andrzej},
+title = {How Do FOSS Communities Decide to Accept Pull Requests?},
+year = {2020},
+isbn = {9781450377317},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3383219.3383242},
+doi = {10.1145/3383219.3383242},
+abstract = {Pull requests are a method to facilitate review and management of contribution in distributed software development. Software developers author commits, and present them in a pull request to be inspected by maintainers and reviewers. The success and sustainability of communities depends on ongoing contributions, but rejections decrease motivation of contributors. We carried out a a qualitative study to understand the mechanisms of evaluating PRs in open source software (FOSS) communities from developers and maintainers perspective. We interviewed 30 participants from five different FOSS communities. The data shows that acceptance of contributions depends not only on technical criteria, but also significantly on social and strategic aspects. This paper identifies three PR governance styles found in the studied communities: (1) protective, (2) equitable and (3) lenient. Each one of these styles has its particularities. While the protective style values trustworthiness and reliability of the contributor, the lenient style believes in creating a positive and welcoming environment where contributors are mentored to evolve contributions until they meet the community standards. Despite the differences, these governance styles have a commonality, they all safeguard the quality of the software.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Evaluation and Assessment in Software Engineering},
+pages = {220–229},
+numpages = {10},
+keywords = {FOSS governance, Open source software, code review, community management, decision making, pull request},
+location = {Trondheim, Norway},
+series = {EASE '20}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1109/ICSE.2019.00100,
+author = {Barcomb, Ann and Stol, Klaas-Jan and Riehle, Dirk and Fitzgerald, Brian},
+title = {Why do episodic volunteers stay in FLOSS communities?},
+year = {2019},
+publisher = {IEEE Press},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSE.2019.00100},
+doi = {10.1109/ICSE.2019.00100},
+abstract = {Successful Free/Libre and Open Source Software (FLOSS) projects incorporate both habitual and infrequent, or episodic, contributors. Using the concept of episodic volunteering (EV) from the general volunteering literature, we derive a model consisting of five key constructs that we hypothesize affect episodic volunteers' retention in FLOSS communities. To evaluate the model we conducted a survey with over 100 FLOSS episodic volunteers. We observe that three of our model constructs (social norms, satisfaction and community commitment) are all positively associated with volunteers' intention to remain, while the two other constructs (psychological sense of community and contributor benefit motivations) are not. Furthermore, exploratory clustering on unobserved heterogeneity suggests that there are four distinct categories of volunteers: satisfied, classic, social and obligated. Based on our findings, we offer suggestions for projects to incorporate and manage episodic volunteers, so as to better leverage this type of contributors and potentially improve projects' sustainability.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 41st International Conference on Software Engineering},
+pages = {948–954},
+numpages = {7},
+keywords = {community management, episodic volunteering, open source software, volunteer management},
+location = {Montreal, Quebec, Canada},
+series = {ICSE '19}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/3611643.3617848,
+author = {Feng, Zixuan},
+title = {The State of Survival in OSS: The Impact of Diversity},
+year = {2023},
+isbn = {9798400703270},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3611643.3617848},
+doi = {10.1145/3611643.3617848},
+abstract = {Maintaining and retaining contributors is crucial for Open Source (OSS) projects. However, there is often a high turnover among contributors (in some projects as high as 80\%). The survivability of contributors is influenced by various factors, including their demographics. Research on contributors’ survivability must, therefore, consider diversity factors. This study longitudinally analyzed the impact of demographic attributes on survivability in the Flutter community through the lens of gender, region, and compensation. The preliminary analysis reveals that affiliated or Western contributors have a higher survival probability than volunteer or Non-Western contributors. However, no significant difference was found in the survival probability between men and women.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 31st ACM Joint European Software Engineering Conference and Symposium on the Foundations of Software Engineering},
+pages = {2213–2215},
+numpages = {3},
+keywords = {Disengagement, Open Source, Survivability},
+location = {San Francisco, CA, USA},
+series = {ESEC/FSE 2023}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/1540438.1540461,
+author = {Beaver, Justin M. and Cui, Xiaohui and St Charles, Jesse L. and Potok, Thomas E.},
+title = {Modeling success in FLOSS project groups},
+year = {2009},
+isbn = {9781605586342},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/1540438.1540461},
+doi = {10.1145/1540438.1540461},
+abstract = {A significant challenge in software engineering is accurately modeling projects in order to correctly forecast success or failure. The primary difficulty is that software development efforts are complex in terms of both the technical and social aspects of the engineering environment. This is compounded by the lack of real data that captures both the measures of success in performing a process, and the measures that reflect a group's social dynamics. This research focuses on the development of a model for predicting software project success that leverages the wealth of available open source project data in order to accurately forecast the behavior of those software engineering groups. The model accounts for both the technical elements of software engineering and the social elements that drive the decisions of individual developers. Agent-based simulations are used to represent the complexity of the group interactions, and the behavior of each agent is based on the acquired open source software engineering data. For four of the five project success measures, the results indicate that the developed model represents the underlying data well and provides accurate predictions of open source project success indicators.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Predictor Models in Software Engineering},
+articleno = {16},
+numpages = {8},
+keywords = {Bayesian belief networks, FLOSS, agent-based simulation, data-based models, software engineering},
+location = {Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada},
+series = {PROMISE '09}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/3183440.3195047,
+author = {Zhang, Yuxia and Tan, Xin and Zhou, Minghui and Jin, Zhi},
+title = {Companies' domination in FLOSS development: an empirical study of OpenStack},
+year = {2018},
+isbn = {9781450356633},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3183440.3195047},
+doi = {10.1145/3183440.3195047},
+abstract = {Because of the increasing acceptance and possibly expanding market of free/libre open source software (FLOSS), the spectrum and scale of companies that participate in FLOSS development have substantially expanded in recent years. Companies get involved in FLOSS projects to acquire user innovations [3, 12], to reduce costs [8, 11], to make money on complementary services [13], etc. Such intense involvement may change the nature of FLOSS development and pose critical challenges for the sustainability of the projects. For example, it has been found that a company's full control and intense involvement is associated with a decrease of volunteer inflow [13]. Sometimes a project may fail after one company pulls resources from the project [13]. This raises concerns about the domination of one company in a project. In large projects like OpenStack, there are often hundreds of companies involved in contributing code. Despite substantial researches on commercial participation, whether or not one company dominates a project and the impact of such domination has never been explicitly explored. We investigate four main projects of OpenStack, a large ecosystem that has had a tremendous impact on computing and society, to answer the following research questions: Does one company dominate the project's development (RQ1)? If the answer to RQ1 is yes, does the domination affect the community (RQ2)?},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 40th International Conference on Software Engineering: Companion Proceeedings},
+pages = {440–441},
+numpages = {2},
+location = {Gothenburg, Sweden},
+series = {ICSE '18}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.5555/3666122.3666579,
+author = {Engelken, Rainer},
+title = {Gradient flossing: improving gradient descent through dynamic control of jacobians},
+year = {2023},
+publisher = {Curran Associates Inc.},
+address = {Red Hook, NY, USA},
+abstract = {Training recurrent neural networks (RNNs) remains a challenge due to the instability of gradients across long time horizons, which can lead to exploding and vanishing gradients. Recent research has linked these problems to the values of Lyapunov exponents for the forward-dynamics, which describe the growth or shrinkage of infinitesimal perturbations. Here, we propose gradient flossing, a novel approach to tackling gradient instability by pushing Lyapunov exponents of the forward dynamics toward zero during learning. We achieve this by regularizing Lyapunov exponents through backpropagation using differentiable linear algebra. This enables us to "floss" the gradients, stabilizing them and thus improving network training. We demonstrate that gradient flossing controls not only the gradient norm but also the condition number of the long-term Jacobian, facilitating multidimensional error feedback propagation. We find that applying gradient flossing prior to training enhances both the success rate and convergence speed for tasks involving long time horizons. For challenging tasks, we show that gradient flossing during training can further increase the time horizon that can be bridged by backpropagation through time. Moreover, we demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach on various RNN architectures and tasks of variable temporal complexity. Additionally, we provide a simple implementation of our gradient flossing algorithm that can be used in practice. Our results indicate that gradient flossing via regularizing Lyapunov exponents can significantly enhance the effectiveness of RNN training and mitigate the exploding and vanishing gradients problem.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 37th International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems},
+articleno = {457},
+numpages = {28},
+location = {New Orleans, LA, USA},
+series = {NIPS '23}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/3576915.3623188,
+author = {Yang, Su and Xiao, Yang and Xu, Zhengzi and Sun, Chengyi and Ji, Chen and Zhang, Yuqing},
+title = {Enhancing OSS Patch Backporting with Semantics},
+year = {2023},
+isbn = {9798400700507},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3576915.3623188},
+doi = {10.1145/3576915.3623188},
+abstract = {Keeping open-source software (OSS) up to date is one potential solution to prevent known vulnerabilities. However, it requires frequent and costly testing and may introduce compatibility issues. Consequently, developers often choose to backport security patches to the vulnerable versions instead. Manual backporting is time-consuming, especially for large OSS such as the Linux kernel. Therefore, automating this process is urgently needed to save considerable time. Existing automated approaches for backporting patches involve either automatic patch generation or automatic patch migration. However, these methods are often ineffective and error-prone since they failed to locate the precise patch locations or generate the correct patch, operating only on the syntactic level.In this paper, we propose a patch type-sensitive approach to automatically backport OSS security patches, guided by the patch type and patch semantics. Specifically, our approach identifies patch locations with the aid of program dependency graph-based matching at the semantic level. It further applies fine-grained patch migration and fine-tuning based on patch types. We have implemented our approach in a tool named TSBPORT and evaluated it on a large-scale dataset consisting of 1,815 pairs of real-world security patches for the Linux kernel. The evaluation results show that TSBPORT successfully backported 1,589 (87.59\%) patches, out of which 587 (32.34\%) could not be backported by any state-of-the-art approaches, significantly outperforming state-of-the-art approaches. In addition, experiments also show that TSBPORT can be generalized to backport patches in other OSS projects with a success rate of 88.18\%.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2023 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security},
+pages = {2366–2380},
+numpages = {15},
+keywords = {patch backporting, patch semantics, patch type},
+location = {Copenhagen, Denmark},
+series = {CCS '23}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.5555/1260984.1261210,
+author = {English, Robert and Schweik, Charles M.},
+title = {Identifying Success and Tragedy of FLOSS Commons: A Preliminary Classification of Sourceforge.net Projects},
+year = {2007},
+isbn = {0769528309},
+publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
+address = {USA},
+abstract = {Free/Libre and Open Source Software (FLOSS) projects are a form of commons where individuals work collectively to produce software that is a public, rather than a private, good. The famous phrase "Tragedy of the Commons” describes a situation where a natural resource commons, such as a pasture, or a water supply, gets depleted because of overuse. The tragedy in FLOSS commons is distinctly different -- it occurs when collective action ceases before a software product is produced or reaches its full potential. This paper builds on previous work about defining success in FLOSS projects by taking a collective action perspective. We first report the results of interviews with FLOSS developers regarding our ideas about success and failure in FLOSS projects. Building on those interviews and previous work, we then describe our criteria for defining success/tragedy in FLOSS commons. Finally, we discuss the results of a preliminary classification of nearly all projects hosted on Sourceforge.net as of August 2006.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 29th International Conference on Software Engineering Workshops},
+pages = {131},
+series = {ICSEW '07}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1007/978-3-031-78090-5_10,
+author = {Miura, Chiaki and Ito, Kensuke},
+title = {Incentivize Peer Review Without Rewarding: Using OSS-Like Citation Pull Request},
+year = {2024},
+isbn = {978-3-031-78089-9},
+publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
+address = {Berlin, Heidelberg},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-78090-5_10},
+doi = {10.1007/978-3-031-78090-5_10},
+abstract = {Scholarly communication is experiencing significant growth in publication volume. However, due to a lack of incentives, the current peer review system struggles to secure a sufficient number of diverse referees. Learning from the recent success in Open-Source Software (OSS) development, several alternative review models have been proposed, though none have focused on the mechanisms behind contribution-driven development. We introduce Push Citation, which combines a reversed citation with a revision to prior articles. Citation metrics incentivize article owners to perform reviews and encourage contributors to make suggestions. An experiment on workload balancing demonstrates that Push Citation is robust against the increasing demand for reviews and the uneven distribution of the burden. Potential drawbacks and countermeasures are also discussed.},
+booktitle = {Information Integration and Web Intelligence: 26th International Conference, IiWAS 2024, Bratislava, Slovak Republic, December 2–4, 2024, Proceedings, Part I},
+pages = {110–124},
+numpages = {15},
+keywords = {Incentivize Peer Review, Open Science, Open-Source Software, Scholarly Communication},
+location = {Bratislava, Slovakia}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1109/FLOSS.2007.9,
+author = {English, Robert and Schweik, Charles M.},
+title = {Identifying Success and Tragedy of FLOSS Commons: A Preliminary Classification of Sourceforge.net Projects},
+year = {2007},
+isbn = {0769529615},
+publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
+address = {USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/FLOSS.2007.9},
+doi = {10.1109/FLOSS.2007.9},
+abstract = {Free/Libre and Open Source Software (FLOSS) projects are a form of commons where individuals work collectively to produce software that is a public, rather than a private, good. The famous phrase "Tragedy of the Commons" describes a situation where a natural resource commons, such as a pasture, or a water supply, gets depleted because of overuse. The tragedy in FLOSS commons is distinctly different -- it occurs when collective action ceases before a software product is produced or reaches its full potential. This paper builds on previous work about defining success in FLOSS projects by taking a collective action perspective. We first report the results of interviews with FLOSS developers regarding our ideas about success and failure in FLOSS projects. Building on those interviews and previous work, we then describe our criteria for defining success/tragedy in FLOSS commons. Finally, we discuss the results of a preliminary classification of nearly all projects hosted on Sourceforge.net as of August 2006.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Emerging Trends in FLOSS Research and Development},
+pages = {11},
+series = {FLOSS '07}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1109/ICSE-SEET52601.2021.00009,
+author = {Tan, Shin Hwei and Hu, Chunfeng and Li, Ziqiang and Zhang, Xiaowen and Zhou, Ying},
+title = {GitHub-OSS fixit},
+year = {2021},
+isbn = {9780738133201},
+publisher = {IEEE Press},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSE-SEET52601.2021.00009},
+doi = {10.1109/ICSE-SEET52601.2021.00009},
+abstract = {Many studies have shown the benefits of introducing open-source projects into teaching Software Engineering (SE) courses. However, there are several limitations of existing studies that limit the wide adaptation of open-source projects in a classroom setting, including (1) the selected project is limited to one particular project, (2) most studies only investigated on its effect on teaching a specific SE concept, and (3) students may make mistakes in their contribution which leads to poor quality code. Meanwhile, software companies have successfully launched programs like Google Summer of Code (GSoC) and FindBugs "fixit" to contribute to open-source projects. Inspired by the success of these programs, we propose GitHub-OSS Fixit, a team-based course project where students are taught to contribute to open-source Java projects by fixing bugs reported in GitHub. We described our course outline to teach students SE concepts by encouraging the usages of several automated program analysis tools. We also included the carefully designed instructions that we gave to students for participating in GitHub-OSS Fixit. As all lectures and labs are conducted online, we think that our course design could help in guiding future online SE courses. Overall, our survey results show that students think that GitHub-OSS Fixit could help them to improve many skills and apply the knowledge taught in class. In total, 154 students have submitted 214 pull requests to 24 different Java projects, in which 93 of them have been merged, and 46 have been closed by developers.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 43rd International Conference on Software Engineering: Joint Track on Software Engineering Education and Training},
+pages = {1–10},
+numpages = {10},
+keywords = {open-source software, program repair, software engineering},
+location = {Virtual Event, Spain},
+series = {ICSE-JSEET '21}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/3611643.3616288,
+author = {Fronchetti, Felipe and Shepherd, David C. and Wiese, Igor and Treude, Christoph and Gerosa, Marco Aur\'{e}lio and Steinmacher, Igor},
+title = {Do CONTRIBUTING Files Provide Information about OSS Newcomers’ Onboarding Barriers?},
+year = {2023},
+isbn = {9798400703270},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3611643.3616288},
+doi = {10.1145/3611643.3616288},
+abstract = {Effectively onboarding newcomers is essential for the success of open source projects. These projects often provide onboarding guidelines in their ’CONTRIBUTING’ files (e.g., CONTRIBUTING.md on GitHub). These files explain, for example, how to find open tasks, implement solutions, and submit code for review. However, these files often do not follow a standard structure, can be too large, and miss barriers commonly found by newcomers. In this paper, we propose an automated approach to parse these CONTRIBUTING files and assess how they address onboarding barriers. We manually classified a sample of files according to a model of onboarding barriers from the literature, trained a machine learning classifier that automatically predicts the categories of each paragraph (precision: 0.655, recall: 0.662), and surveyed developers to investigate their perspective of the predictions’ adequacy (75\% of the predictions were considered adequate). We found that CONTRIBUTING files typically do not cover the barriers newcomers face (52\% of the analyzed projects missed at least 3 out of the 6 barriers faced by newcomers; 84\% missed at least 2). Our analysis also revealed that information about choosing a task and talking with the community, two of the most recurrent barriers newcomers face, are neglected in more than 75\% of the projects. We made available our classifier as an online service that analyzes the content of a given CONTRIBUTING file. Our approach may help community builders identify missing information in the project ecosystem they maintain and newcomers can understand what to expect in CONTRIBUTING files.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 31st ACM Joint European Software Engineering Conference and Symposium on the Foundations of Software Engineering},
+pages = {16–28},
+numpages = {13},
+keywords = {FLOSS, novices, onboarding, open source, software engineering},
+location = {San Francisco, CA, USA},
+series = {ESEC/FSE 2023}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1109/GHTC.2011.82,
+author = {Babu, Satish},
+title = {FOSS as a Tool for Development: The Kerala Experience},
+year = {2011},
+isbn = {9780769545950},
+publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
+address = {USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/GHTC.2011.82},
+doi = {10.1109/GHTC.2011.82},
+abstract = {The mainstreaming of Free and Open Source Software(FOSS) has been one of the most visible changes inthe domain of software in the last decade. Starting out as arallying point for techno-activists, FOSS is today a valued optionsupported by Governments, Businesses as well as the civil societyin most parts of the word. The State of Kerala in southernIndia, already quite unique on a variety of social, democratic andpolitical indicators, was the first to adopt FOSS as an instrumentof State policy in 2001. As it celebrates a decade of FOSS in 2011,Kerala demonstrates the remarkable transition of FOSS into acost-effective, pragmatic, and technologically sound strategy thatsimultaneously upholds the principles of freedom and democracy.Given that software is set to permeate most aspects of humanendeavor, the use of FOSS is an example for a highly sustainable -- socially, politically and technologically -- model of use of ICTs forhumanity.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE Global Humanitarian Technology Conference},
+pages = {108–110},
+numpages = {3},
+keywords = {FOSS, Free Software, Kerala, Open Source, Sustainable Development},
+series = {GHTC '11}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1109/GHTC.2011.78,
+author = {Tucker, Allen and Morelli, Ralph and Lanerolle, Trishan de},
+title = {The Humanitarian FOSS Project: Goals, Activities, and Outcomes},
+year = {2011},
+isbn = {9780769545950},
+publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
+address = {USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/GHTC.2011.78},
+doi = {10.1109/GHTC.2011.78},
+abstract = {Begun in 2006, the Humanitarian Free and Open Source Software Project (HFOSS Project) is an educational initiative whose goal is to engage undergraduates in computer science by building free and open source software that benefits humanity, both locally and globally. During its short lifetime, the Project has inspired increasing numbers of students and instructors to make significant contributions to several humanitarian open source software development projects. In the last four years, the HFOSS Project has received material support from several partners, including the National Science Foundation, Accenture, Google, and Mozilla. This support has enabled the Project to expand its reach to add new college and university partners and to add more humanitarian software projects. Contributions to the HFOSS Project come from professionals in academia, IT organizations, and non-profit organizations that engage undergraduate students in courses, research projects, and summer internship experiences. Its curriculum is accessible to a wide range of undergraduates, since it includes courses for non- majors as well as computer science and engineering majors. This paper describes all these activities and their impact on undergraduate computing education, local non-profit organizations, and global FOSS communities. It concludes by identifying the progress that the HFOSS Project has made toward developing a sustainable infrastructure.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE Global Humanitarian Technology Conference},
+pages = {98–101},
+numpages = {4},
+keywords = {curriculum, education, humanitarian, open source, software engineering, tools and techniques},
+series = {GHTC '11}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1007/978-3-031-64171-8_4,
+author = {Kree, Lukas and Helmke, Ren\'{e} and Winter, Eugen},
+title = {Using Semgrep OSS to Find OWASP Top 10 Weaknesses in PHP Applications: A Case Study},
+year = {2024},
+isbn = {978-3-031-64170-1},
+publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
+address = {Berlin, Heidelberg},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-64171-8_4},
+doi = {10.1007/978-3-031-64171-8_4},
+abstract = {Given PHP’s continuous success, it remains an important task to ensure security in its applications. While code reviews are a common measure to catch bugs during development, they lack scalability, are error-prone, and time-consuming [2, 38, 41]. Thus, static analysis tools like Semgrep emerged to provide programmatic feedback on code. But static analyses often show low precision, which can jeopardize utility.In this case study, we investigate precision rates for Semgrep OSS for common web weaknesses from the OWASP Top 10 [35]. We explore method and tool limitations in weakness detection, OWASP classes, and Semgrep’s public PHP rule set. We apply the latter to 300 open source applications, invest 34 h in manual sample validation, and derive precision rates for each OWASP class.Our validation shows that the rules correctly detected weaknesses for seven OWASP classes with 86\% precision, demonstrating the tool’s utility. Yet, we estimate that most findings are not exploitable (81\%). Thus, there is still considerable assessment overhead for users. Our work further highlights that only a subset of weaknesses are detectable, as dimensions such as runtime context and insecure design remain hidden. Finally, we advise practitioners to not exclusively rely on public rules, as translating application-specific business logic and design choices may open up to the detection of previously uncovered weaknesses.},
+booktitle = {Detection of Intrusions and Malware, and Vulnerability Assessment: 21st International Conference, DIMVA 2024, Lausanne, Switzerland, July 17–19, 2024, Proceedings},
+pages = {64–83},
+numpages = {20},
+location = {Lausanne, Switzerland}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/3611643.3617849,
+author = {Nguyen, Emily},
+title = {Do All Software Projects Die When Not Maintained? Analyzing Developer Maintenance to Predict OSS Usage},
+year = {2023},
+isbn = {9798400703270},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3611643.3617849},
+doi = {10.1145/3611643.3617849},
+abstract = {Abstract:  Past research suggests software should be continuously maintained in order to remain useful in our digital society. To determine whether these studies on software evolution are supported in modern-day software libraries, we conduct a natural experiment on 26,050 GitHub repositories, statistically modeling library usage based on their package-level downloads against different factors related to project maintenance.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 31st ACM Joint European Software Engineering Conference and Symposium on the Foundations of Software Engineering},
+pages = {2195–2197},
+numpages = {3},
+keywords = {Open Source, Open Source Sustainability, Survival Analysis},
+location = {San Francisco, CA, USA},
+series = {ESEC/FSE 2023}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/3589335.3651559,
+author = {Russo Latona, Giuseppe and Gote, Christoph and Zingg, Christian and Casiraghi, Giona and Verginer, Luca and Schweitzer, Frank},
+title = {Shock! Quantifying the Impact of Core Developers' Dropout on the Productivity of OSS Projects},
+year = {2024},
+isbn = {9798400701726},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3589335.3651559},
+doi = {10.1145/3589335.3651559},
+abstract = {Open Source Software (OSS) projects play a critical role in the digital infrastructure of companies and services provided to millions of people. Given their importance, understanding the resilience of OSS projects is paramount. A primary reason for OSS project failure is the shock caused by the dropout of a core developer, which can jeopardize productivity and project survival. Using a difference-in-differences (DiD) analysis, this study investigates the repercussions of this shock on the productivity of 8,234 developers identified among 9,573 OSS GitHub projects. Our findings reveal the indirect impact of the core developer's dropout. The remaining developers experienced a 20\% productivity drop. This observation is troubling because it suggests that the shock might push other developers to drop out, putting the collaboration structure of the project at risk. Also, projects with higher productivity before the shock experienced a larger drop-down after the shock. This points to a tradeoff between productivity and resilience, i.e., the ability of OSS projects to recover from the dropout of a core developer. Our findings underscore the importance of a balanced approach in OSS project management, harmonizing productivity goals with resilience considerations.},
+booktitle = {Companion Proceedings of the ACM Web Conference 2024},
+pages = {706–709},
+numpages = {4},
+keywords = {causal inference, online collaboration networks, resilience},
+location = {Singapore, Singapore},
+series = {WWW '24}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/3478905.3478923,
+author = {Liu, Peng and Gui, Liang},
+title = {Structural Analysis of Collaboration Network in OSS Communities∗},
+year = {2021},
+isbn = {9781450390248},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3478905.3478923},
+doi = {10.1145/3478905.3478923},
+abstract = {The success of open-source software (OSS) depends on the self-organizing collaboration of developers and the structure of developer collaboration network are intensively investigated in the literature. However, the research on the relationship between network structure and developers’ contribution is still insufficient. This paper investigates developer collaboration networks in three OSS communities by data analytics. The results indicate that real networks are mainly characterized by the modular small-world structure, which is inherently correlated with the sub-project participation of developers. Most module members are single-dimensional developers whose coding-collaboration focuses on a small number of sub-projects (called the main dimension of the module), while a small proportion of module members are multi-dimensional developers who conduct coding-collaboration in the main dimension of different modules. These results may deepen our understandings of the collaborative pattern of OSS communities, and also have some reference value for the studies of open collaborative innovation in large-scale crowds.},
+booktitle = {2021 4th International Conference on Data Science and Information Technology},
+pages = {84–91},
+numpages = {8},
+location = {Shanghai, China},
+series = {DSIT 2021}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1109/ICSE48619.2023.00218,
+author = {Guizani, Mariam and Castro-Guzman, Aileen Abril and Sarma, Anita and Steinmacher, Igor},
+title = {Rules of Engagement: Why and How Companies Participate in OSS},
+year = {2023},
+isbn = {9781665457019},
+publisher = {IEEE Press},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSE48619.2023.00218},
+doi = {10.1109/ICSE48619.2023.00218},
+abstract = {Company engagement in open source (OSS) is now the new norm. From large technology companies to startups, companies are participating in the OSS ecosystem by open-sourcing their technology, sponsoring projects through funding or paid developer time. However, our understanding of the OSS ecosystem is rooted in the "old world" model where individual contributors sustain OSS projects. In this work, we create a more comprehensive understanding of the hybrid OSS landscape by investigating what motivates companies to contribute and how they contribute to OSS. We conducted interviews with 20 participants who have different roles (e.g., CEO, OSPO Lead, Ecosystem Strategist) at 17 different companies of different sizes from large companies (e.g. Microsoft, RedHat, Google, Spotify) to startups. Data from semi-structured interviews reveal that company motivations can be categorized into four levels (Founders' Vision, Reputation, Business Advantage, and Reciprocity) and companies participate through different mechanisms (e.g., Developers' Time, Mentoring Time, Advocacy \& Promotion Time), each of which tie to the different types of motivations. We hope our findings nudge more companies to participate in the OSS ecosystem, helping make it robust, diverse, and sustainable.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 45th International Conference on Software Engineering},
+pages = {2617–2629},
+numpages = {13},
+keywords = {open source, OSS, companies in open source, motivations, diversity},
+location = {Melbourne, Victoria, Australia},
+series = {ICSE '23}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/3510003.3510196,
+author = {Xiao, Wenxin and He, Hao and Xu, Weiwei and Tan, Xin and Dong, Jinhao and Zhou, Minghui},
+title = {Recommending good first issues in GitHub OSS projects},
+year = {2022},
+isbn = {9781450392211},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3510003.3510196},
+doi = {10.1145/3510003.3510196},
+abstract = {Attracting and retaining newcomers is vital for the sustainability of an open-source software project. However, it is difficult for newcomers to locate suitable development tasks, while existing "Good First Issues" (GFI) in GitHub are often insufficient and inappropriate. In this paper, we propose RecGFI, an effective practical approach for the recommendation of good first issues to newcomers, which can be used to relieve maintainers' burden and help newcomers onboard. RecGFI models an issue with features from multiple dimensions (content, background, and dynamics) and uses an XGBoost classifier to generate its probability of being a GFI. To evaluate RecGFI, we collect 53,510 resolved issues among 100 GitHub projects and carefully restore their historical states to build ground truth datasets. Our evaluation shows that RecGFI can achieve up to 0.853 AUC in the ground truth dataset and outperforms alternative models. Our interpretable analysis of the trained model further reveals interesting observations about GFI characteristics. Finally, we report latest issues (without GFI-signaling labels but recommended as GFI by our approach) to project maintainers among which 16 are confirmed as real GFIs and five have been resolved by a newcomer.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 44th International Conference on Software Engineering},
+pages = {1830–1842},
+numpages = {13},
+keywords = {good first issues, onboarding, open-source software},
+location = {Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania},
+series = {ICSE '22}
+}
+

SLR_references_total/both_waves_references/t2-acm-3.bib

@@ -0,0 +1,428 @@
+@inproceedings{10.1145/1508865.1508977,
+author = {Morelli, Ralph and de Lanerolle, Trishan},
+title = {Foss 101: engaging introductory students in the open source movement},
+year = {2009},
+isbn = {9781605581835},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/1508865.1508977},
+doi = {10.1145/1508865.1508977},
+abstract = {Can engaging students in free and open source software(FOSS) pique their interest in computer science? This paper describes an introductory computer science course that introduced students to using FOSS, to contributing to a humanitarian FOSS project, and to studying the broader impact of FOSS on our society. Students learned basic webprogramming skills (PHP/MySQL) and made small but significant contributions to a global FOSS project. Mistakes were made and opportunities were missed. But overall theexperiment was a success and the experience was enjoyable and educational for students and instructor alike. By building on what worked well, this course could serve as a model for incorporating study of FOSS into the introductory computing curriculum.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 40th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education},
+pages = {311–315},
+numpages = {5},
+keywords = {open source software, open source movement, curriculum development},
+location = {Chattanooga, TN, USA},
+series = {SIGCSE '09}
+}
+
+@article{10.1145/1539024.1508977,
+author = {Morelli, Ralph and de Lanerolle, Trishan},
+title = {Foss 101: engaging introductory students in the open source movement},
+year = {2009},
+issue_date = {March 2009},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+volume = {41},
+number = {1},
+issn = {0097-8418},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/1539024.1508977},
+doi = {10.1145/1539024.1508977},
+abstract = {Can engaging students in free and open source software(FOSS) pique their interest in computer science? This paper describes an introductory computer science course that introduced students to using FOSS, to contributing to a humanitarian FOSS project, and to studying the broader impact of FOSS on our society. Students learned basic webprogramming skills (PHP/MySQL) and made small but significant contributions to a global FOSS project. Mistakes were made and opportunities were missed. But overall theexperiment was a success and the experience was enjoyable and educational for students and instructor alike. By building on what worked well, this course could serve as a model for incorporating study of FOSS into the introductory computing curriculum.},
+journal = {SIGCSE Bull.},
+month = mar,
+pages = {311–315},
+numpages = {5},
+keywords = {open source software, open source movement, curriculum development}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/1833272.1833275,
+author = {Capiluppi, Andrea and Baravalle, Andres and Heap, Nick W.},
+title = {From "community" to "commercial" FLOSS: the case of Moodle},
+year = {2010},
+isbn = {9781605589787},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/1833272.1833275},
+doi = {10.1145/1833272.1833275},
+abstract = {This paper documents the evolution of Moodle, an advanced Content Management System, and its transition from a purely volunteer-based project to one driven by commercial interests and stakeholders. The study of its evolution provides evidence of the sustainability of its process: increasing amounts of provided effort by developers correspond to similarly increasing produced outputs to the Moodle system. It is also evident how this OSS system, apart from achieving the transition to a successful multisite, collaborative and community-based OSS project, depends more on its community than its commercial partners.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Emerging Trends in Free/Libre/Open Source Software Research and Development},
+pages = {11–16},
+numpages = {6},
+location = {Cape Town, South Africa},
+series = {FLOSS '10}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/3510458.3513020,
+author = {Guizani, Mariam and Zimmermann, Thomas and Sarma, Anita and Ford, Denae},
+title = {Attracting and retaining OSS contributors with a maintainer dashboard},
+year = {2022},
+isbn = {9781450392273},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3510458.3513020},
+doi = {10.1145/3510458.3513020},
+abstract = {Tools and artifacts produced by open source software (OSS) have been woven into the foundation of the technology industry. To keep this foundation intact, the open source community needs to actively invest in sustainable approaches to bring in new contributors and nurture existing ones. We take a first step at this by collaboratively designing a maintainer dashboard that provides recommendations on how to attract and retain open source contributors. For example, by highlighting project goals (e.g., a social good cause) to attract diverse contributors and mechanisms to acknowledge (e.g., a "rising contributor" badge) existing contributors. Next, we conduct a project-specific evaluation with maintainers to better understand use cases in which this tool will be most helpful at supporting their plans for growth. From analyzing feedback, we find recommendations to be useful at signaling projects as welcoming and providing gentle nudges for maintainers to proactively recognize emerging contributors. However, there are complexities to consider when designing recommendations such as the project current development state (e.g., deadlines, milestones, refactoring) and governance model. Finally, we distill our findings to share what the future of recommendations in open source looks like and how to make these recommendations most meaningful over time.Open Source Software (OSS) plays an important role in the development and maintenance of software products that are widely deployed in different domains from computer science to astrophysics and cutting edge medicines research. Chances are there is an open source project for anyone to contribute to. With the recent deployment of the popular Linux open source project on Mars even the sky is no limit. However, OSS projects largely depend on volunteers and attracting, retaining, and keeping contributors engaged is a severe challenge. In this paper, we present the design and evaluation of a dashboard to support community managers, such as maintainers, to track and acknowledge newcomers' contributions. With the support of tools such as ours, maintainers will be better prepared to attract and retain their emerging community.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2022 ACM/IEEE 44th International Conference on Software Engineering: Software Engineering in Society},
+pages = {36–40},
+numpages = {5},
+keywords = {social good, open source, maintainers},
+location = {Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania},
+series = {ICSE-SEIS '22}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1109/ICSE-NIER58687.2023.00010,
+author = {Sajadi, Amirali and Damevski, Kostadin and Chatterjee, Preetha},
+title = {Interpersonal Trust in OSS: Exploring Dimensions of Trust in GitHub Pull Requests},
+year = {2023},
+isbn = {9798350300390},
+publisher = {IEEE Press},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSE-NIER58687.2023.00010},
+doi = {10.1109/ICSE-NIER58687.2023.00010},
+abstract = {Interpersonal trust plays a crucial role in facilitating collaborative tasks, such as software development. While previous research recognizes the significance of trust in an organizational setting, there is a lack of understanding in how trust is exhibited in OSS distributed teams, where there is an absence of direct, in-person communications. To foster trust and collaboration in OSS teams, we need to understand what trust is and how it is exhibited in written developer communications (e.g., pull requests, chats). In this paper, we first investigate various dimensions of trust to identify the ways trusting behavior can be observed in OSS. Next, we sample a set of 100 GitHub pull requests from Apache Software Foundation (ASF) projects, to analyze and demonstrate how each dimension of trust can be exhibited. Our findings provide preliminary insights into cues that might be helpful to automatically assess team dynamics and establish interpersonal trust in OSS teams, leading to successful and sustainable OSS.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 45th International Conference on Software Engineering: New Ideas and Emerging Results},
+pages = {19–24},
+numpages = {6},
+keywords = {pull requests, open source software, trust},
+location = {Melbourne, Australia},
+series = {ICSE-NIER '23}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/3611643.3616250,
+author = {Fang, Zihan and Endres, Madeline and Zimmermann, Thomas and Ford, Denae and Weimer, Westley and Leach, Kevin and Huang, Yu},
+title = {A Four-Year Study of Student Contributions to OSS vs. OSS4SG with a Lightweight Intervention},
+year = {2023},
+isbn = {9798400703270},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3611643.3616250},
+doi = {10.1145/3611643.3616250},
+abstract = {Modern software engineering practice and training increasingly rely on Open Source Software (OSS). The recent growth in demand for professional software engineers has led to increased contributions to, and usage of, OSS. However, there is limited understanding of the factors affecting how developers, and how new or student developers in particular, decide which OSS projects to contribute to, a process critical to OSS sustainability, access, adoption, and growth. To better understand OSS contributions from the developers of tomorrow, we conducted a four-year study with 1,361 students investigating the life cycle of their contributions (from project selection to pull request acceptance). During the study, we also delivered a lightweight intervention to promote the awareness of open source projects for social good (OSS4SG), OSS projects that have positive impacts in other domains. Using both quantitative and qualitative methods, we analyze student experience reports and the pull requests they submit. Compared to general OSS projects, we find significant differences in project selection (𝑝 < 0.0001, effect size = 0.84), student motivation (𝑝 < 0.01, effect size = 0.13), and increased pull-request acceptance rates for OSS4SG contributions. We also find that our intervention correlates with increased student contributions to OSS4SG (𝑝 < 0.0001, effect size = 0.38). Finally, we analyze correlations of factors such as gender or working with a partner. Our findings may help improve the experience for new developers participating in OSS4SG and the quality of their contributions. We also hope our work helps educators, project leaders, and contributors to build a mutually-beneficial framework for the future growth of OSS4SG.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 31st ACM Joint European Software Engineering Conference and Symposium on the Foundations of Software Engineering},
+pages = {3–15},
+numpages = {13},
+keywords = {CS Education, Open Source Software, Social Good},
+location = {San Francisco, CA, USA},
+series = {ESEC/FSE 2023}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1109/HICSS.2012.644,
+author = {Schilling, Andreas and Laumer, Sven and Weitzel, Tim},
+title = {Who Will Remain? An Evaluation of Actual Person-Job and Person-Team Fit to Predict Developer Retention in FLOSS Projects},
+year = {2012},
+isbn = {9780769545257},
+publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
+address = {USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/HICSS.2012.644},
+doi = {10.1109/HICSS.2012.644},
+abstract = {Many businesses and private households rely on Free Libre Open Source Software (FLOSS). Due to a lack of sustained contributors, however, most FLOSS projects do not survive. The early identification of developers who are likely to remain is thus an eminent challenge for the management of FLOSS initiatives. Previous research has shown that individuals' subjective assessment is often inaccurate emphasizing the need to objectively evaluate retention behavior. Consistent with the concepts Person-Job (P-J) and Person-Team (P-T) fit from the traditional recruitment literature, we derive objective measures to predict developer retention in FLOSS projects. In an analysis of the contribution behavior of former Google Summer of Code (GSoC) students we reveal that the level of development experience and conversational knowledge is strongly associated with retention. Surprisingly, our analysis reveals that students with abilities that are underrepresented in the project and students with a higher academic education do not remain considerably longer.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2012 45th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences},
+pages = {3446–3455},
+numpages = {10},
+keywords = {Team staffing, Recruiting, Open source software development, Open source, Open Source Software, OSS/FLOSS, IS personnel, Developer Retention},
+series = {HICSS '12}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/2214091.2214119,
+author = {Schilling, Andreas},
+title = {Links to the source - a multidimensional view of social ties for the retention of FLOSS developers},
+year = {2012},
+isbn = {9781450311106},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/2214091.2214119},
+doi = {10.1145/2214091.2214119},
+abstract = {Free Libre Open Source Software (FLOSS) is of vital importance for the daily life of many private and corporate users. However, the majority of all FLOSS initiatives fail, most commonly due to a lack of sustained developers. In contrast to previous research which used an individual centric or a structural perspective, this dissertation combines motivational and relational aspects to build a comprehensive understanding for FLOSS developers' ongoing project commitment. A unified research model is developed by drawing on established theories from organizational and sociological literature, in particular by combining Self-Determination-Theory (SDT) and Social-Identity-Theory (SIT). Both SDT and SIT have been found valuable concepts for staffing decisions in organizations. In addition to the development and evaluation of the research model, this dissertation derives operational strategies for project managers of FLOSS initiatives on how to enhance the retention behavior of their contributor base.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 50th Annual Conference on Computers and People Research},
+pages = {103–108},
+numpages = {6},
+keywords = {turnover intention, social-identity-theory, self-determination-theory, retention, open source, job satisfaction, it personnel},
+location = {Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA},
+series = {SIGMIS-CPR '12}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1109/CHASE.2015.9,
+author = {Hata, Hideaki and Todo, Taiki and Onoue, Saya and Matsumoto, Kenichi},
+title = {Characteristics of Sustainable OSS Projects: A Theoretical and Empirical Study},
+year = {2015},
+isbn = {9781467370318},
+publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
+address = {USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/CHASE.2015.9},
+doi = {10.1109/CHASE.2015.9},
+abstract = {How can we attract developers? What can we do to incentivize developers to write code? We started the study by introducing the population pyramid visualization to software development communities, called software population pyramids, and found a typical pattern in shapes. This pattern comes from the differences in attracting coding contributors and discussion contributors. To understand the causes of the differences, we then build game-theoretical models of the contribution situation. Based on these results, we again analyzed the projects empirically to support the outcome of the models, and found empirical evidence. The answers to the initial questions are clear. To incentivize developers to code, the projects should prepare documents, or the projects or third parties should hire developers, and these are what sustainable projects in Git Hub did in reality. In addition, making innovations to reduce the writing costs can also have an impact in attracting coding contributors.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE/ACM 8th International Workshop on Cooperative and Human Aspects of Software Engineering},
+pages = {15–21},
+numpages = {7},
+keywords = {Population Pyramids, OSS, Game Theory},
+series = {CHASE '15}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/3463274.3463326,
+author = {Sharma, Pankajeshwara and Savarimuthu, Tony and Stanger, Nigel},
+title = {Influence of Roles in Decision-Making during OSS Development — A Study of Python},
+year = {2021},
+isbn = {9781450390538},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3463274.3463326},
+doi = {10.1145/3463274.3463326},
+abstract = {Governance has been highlighted as a key factor in the success of an Open Source Software (OSS) project. It is generally seen that in a mixed meritocracy and autocracy governance model, the decision-making (DM) responsibility regarding what features are included in the OSS is shared among members from select roles; prominently the project leader. However, less examination has been made whether members from these roles are also prominent in DM discussions and how decisions are made, to show they play an integral role in the success of the project. We believe that to establish their influence, it is necessary to examine not only discussions of proposals in which the project leader makes the decisions, but also those where others make the decisions. Therefore, in this study, we examine the prominence of members performing different roles in: (i) making decisions, (ii) performing certain social roles in DM discussions (e.g., discussion starters), (iii) contributing to the OSS development social network through DM discussions, and (iv) how decisions are made under both scenarios. We examine these aspects in the evolution of the well-known Python project. We carried out a data-driven longitudinal study of their email communication spanning 20 years, comprising about 1.5 million emails. These emails contain decisions for 466 Python Enhancement Proposals (PEPs) that document the language’s evolution. Our findings make the influence of different roles transparent to future (new) members, other stakeholders, and more broadly, to the OSS research community.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Evaluation and Assessment in Software Engineering},
+pages = {50–59},
+numpages = {10},
+keywords = {social network analysis, roles, rationale, onion model, influence, decision-making, Python, PEP, Open Source Software (OSS)},
+location = {Trondheim, Norway},
+series = {EASE '21}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.5555/2819321.2819325,
+author = {Hata, Hideaki and Todo, Taiki and Onoue, Saya and Matsumoto, Kenichi},
+title = {Characteristics of sustainable OSS projects: a theoretical and empirical study},
+year = {2015},
+publisher = {IEEE Press},
+abstract = {How can we attract developers? What can we do to incentivize developers to write code? We started the study by introducing the population pyramid visualization to software development communities, called software population pyramids, and found a typical pattern in shapes. This pattern comes from the differences in attracting coding contributors and discussion contributors. To understand the causes of the differences, we then build game-theoretical models of the contribution situation. Based on these results, we again analyzed the projects empirically to support the outcome of the models, and found empirical evidence. The answers to the initial questions are clear. To incentivize developers to code, the projects should prepare documents, or the projects or third parties should hire developers, and these are what sustainable projects in GitHub did in reality. In addition, making innovations to reduce the writing costs can also have an impact in attracting coding contributors.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the Eighth International Workshop on Cooperative and Human Aspects of Software Engineering},
+pages = {15–21},
+numpages = {7},
+location = {Florence, Italy},
+series = {CHASE '15}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/3233391.3233531,
+author = {Johri, Aditya and Teo, Hon Jie},
+title = {Achieving Equilibrium through Coworking: Work-Life Balance in FLOSS through Multiple Spaces and Media Use},
+year = {2018},
+isbn = {9781450359368},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3233391.3233531},
+doi = {10.1145/3233391.3233531},
+abstract = {Participants in FLOSS (Free/Libre Open Source Software) projects are atypical in their collaborative practices given the high demand for virtual work. Through a study of workers from two organizations working on FLOSS projects we identify the boundaries, in terms of productivity and quality of life, of virtual work and actions workers take in order to find a work-life balance. We found that although workers valued the flexibility of working from home, they had difficulty focusing on their work for sustained time periods and often felt isolated. This motivated them to use coworking spaces - physical spaces used as work space by workers not on the same team or even the same firm - as a critical part of their space ecology. In conjunction with their media ecology - a mix of communication technologies including IRC - the space/media mix allowed them to balance their work and personal lives. We draw implications for better supporting FLOSS and virtual work practices through design of media/space and work practices.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 14th International Symposium on Open Collaboration},
+articleno = {7},
+numpages = {11},
+keywords = {Work-Life balance, Virtual work, Media-Space Mix, FLOSS teams, Coworking spaces},
+location = {Paris, France},
+series = {OpenSym '18}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1109/SoHeal.2019.00009,
+author = {Iaffaldano, Giuseppe and Steinmacher, Igor and Calefato, Fabio and Gerosa, Marco and Lanubile, Filippo},
+title = {Why do developers take breaks from contributing to OSS projects? a preliminary analysis},
+year = {2019},
+publisher = {IEEE Press},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/SoHeal.2019.00009},
+doi = {10.1109/SoHeal.2019.00009},
+abstract = {Creating a successful and sustainable Open Source Software (OSS) project often depends on the strength and the health of the community behind it. Current literature explains the contributors' lifecycle, starting with the motivations that drive people to contribute and barriers to joining OSS projects, covering developers' evolution until they become core members. However, the stages when developers leave the projects are still weakly explored and are not well-defined in existing developers' lifecycle models. In this position paper, we enrich the knowledge about the leaving stage by identifying sleeping and dead states, representing temporary and permanent brakes that developers take from contributing. We conducted a preliminary set of semi-structured interviews with active developers. We analyzed the answers by focusing on defining and understanding the reasons for the transitions to/from sleeping and dead states. This paper raises new questions that may guide further discussions and research, which may ultimately benefit OSS communities.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Software Health},
+pages = {9–16},
+numpages = {8},
+keywords = {project abandonment, open source, developers turnover, communities},
+location = {Montreal, Quebec, Canada},
+series = {SoHeal '19}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/2957792.2957809,
+author = {Vaseva, Lyudmila},
+title = {Out of Altruism or Because it Reads Well on the CV? The Motivations for Participation in the Freifunk Community Compared to FLOSS},
+year = {2016},
+isbn = {9781450344517},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/2957792.2957809},
+doi = {10.1145/2957792.2957809},
+abstract = {Motivation of free, libre and open source software developers has been widely studied over the years. The reasons people engage in this seemingly altruistic behavior have been elaborated and classified. The present work addresses a slightly different issue: what motivates individuals to participate in community network projects? Are the reasons similar to or quite distinct from these relevant to contributors to free software? Based on recently conducted interviews with community network activists from the Germany based project Freifunk and established FLOSS motivation research, we will analyse the specifics of the Freifunk project and the factors which spur its members to action. The obtained insights could then hopefully be used to understand the underlying group processes and help build sustainable communities.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 12th International Symposium on Open Collaboration},
+articleno = {5},
+numpages = {4},
+keywords = {motivation, freifunk, floss, community networks},
+location = {Berlin, Germany},
+series = {OpenSym '16}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/2491055.2491085,
+author = {Azarbakht, Amir},
+title = {Drawing the big picture: analyzing FLOSS collaboration with temporal social network analysis},
+year = {2013},
+isbn = {9781450318525},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/2491055.2491085},
+doi = {10.1145/2491055.2491085},
+abstract = {How can we understand FOSS collaboration better? Can social issues that emerge be identified and addressed before it is too late? Can the community heal itself, become more transparent and inclusive, and promote diversity? We propose a technique to address these issues by quantitative analysis of social dynamics in FOSS communities. We propose using social network analysis metrics to identify growth patterns and unhealthy dynamics; giving the community a heads-up when they can still take action to ensure the sustainability of the project.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on Open Collaboration},
+articleno = {30},
+numpages = {1},
+keywords = {temporal analysis, social network analysis, social dynamics, reliability, measurement, human factors, free/open source software, forking, FLOSS},
+location = {Hong Kong, China},
+series = {WikiSym '13}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/2652524.2652544,
+author = {Bosu, Amiangshu and Carver, Jeffrey C.},
+title = {Impact of developer reputation on code review outcomes in OSS projects: an empirical investigation},
+year = {2014},
+isbn = {9781450327749},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/2652524.2652544},
+doi = {10.1145/2652524.2652544},
+abstract = {<u>Context:</u> Gaining an identity and building a good reputation are important motivations for Open Source Software (OSS) developers. It is unclear whether these motivations have any actual impact on OSS project success. <u>Goal:</u> To identify how an OSS developer's reputation affects the outcome of his/her code review requests. <u>Method:</u> We conducted a social network analysis (SNA) of the code review data from eight popular OSS projects. Working on the assumption that core developers have better reputation than peripheral developers, we developed an approach, Core Identification using K-means (CIK) to divide the OSS developers into core and periphery groups based on six SNA centrality measures. We then compared the outcome of the code review process for members of the two groups. <u>Results:</u> The results suggest that the core developers receive quicker first feedback on their review request, complete the review process in shorter time, and are more likely to have their code changes accepted into the project codebase. Peripheral developers may have to wait 2 - 19 times (or 12 - 96 hours) longer than core developers for the review process of their code to complete. <u>Conclusion:</u> We recommend that projects allocate resources or create tool support to triage the code review requests to motivate prospective developers through quick feedback.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 8th ACM/IEEE International Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering and Measurement},
+articleno = {33},
+numpages = {10},
+keywords = {social network analysis, peer impression, open source, network structure, code review},
+location = {Torino, Italy},
+series = {ESEM '14}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1109/ICSM.2013.45,
+author = {Gharehyazie, Mohammad and Posnett, Daryl and Filkov, Vladimir},
+title = {Social Activities Rival Patch Submission for Prediction of Developer Initiation in OSS Projects},
+year = {2013},
+isbn = {9780769549811},
+publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
+address = {USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSM.2013.45},
+doi = {10.1109/ICSM.2013.45},
+abstract = {Maintaining a productive and collaborative team of developers is essential to Open Source Software (OSS) success, and hinges upon the trust inherent among the team. Whether a project participant is initiated as a developer is a function of both his technical contributions and also his social interactions with other project participants. One\^{a}€™s online social footprint is arguably easier to ascertain and gather than one\^{a}€™s technical contributions e.g., gathering patch submission information requires mining multiple sources with different formats, and then merging the aliases from these sources. In contrast to prior work, where patch submission was found to be an essential ingredient to achieving developer status, here we investigate the extent to which the likelihood of achieving that status can be modeled solely as a social network phenomenon. For 6 different OSS projects we compile and integrate a set of social measures of the communications network among OSS project participants and a set of technical measures, i.e. OSS developers patch submission activities. We use these sets to predict whether a project participant will become a developer. We find that the social network metrics, in particular the amount of two-way communication a person participates in, are more significant predictors of one\^{a}€™s likelihood to becoming a developer. Further, we find that this is true to the extent that other predictors, e.g. patch submission info, need not be included in the models. In addition, we show that future developers are easy to identify with great fidelity when using the first three months of data of their social activities. Moreover, only the first month of their social links are a very useful predictor, coming within 10\% of the three month data\^{a}€™s predictions. Finally, we find that it is easier to become a developer earlier in the projects lifecycle than it is later as the project matures. These results should provide insight on the social nature of gaining trust and advancing in status in distributed projects.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE International Conference on Software Maintenance},
+pages = {340–349},
+numpages = {10},
+series = {ICSM '13}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1109/ICSE43902.2021.00096,
+author = {Huang, Yu and Ford, Denae and Zimmermann, Thomas},
+title = {Leaving My Fingerprints: Motivations and Challenges of Contributing to OSS for Social Good},
+year = {2021},
+isbn = {9781450390859},
+publisher = {IEEE Press},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSE43902.2021.00096},
+doi = {10.1109/ICSE43902.2021.00096},
+abstract = {When inspiring software developers to contribute to open source software, the act is often referenced as an opportunity to build tools to support the developer community. However, that is not the only charge that propels contributions--- growing interest in open source has also been attributed to software developers deciding to use their technical skills to benefit a common societal good. To understand how developers identify these projects, their motivations for contributing, and challenges they face, we conducted 21 semi-structured interviews with OSS for Social Good (OSS4SG) contributors. From our interview analysis, we identified themes of contribution styles that we wanted to understand at scale by deploying a survey to over 5765 OSS and Open Source Software for Social Good contributors. From our quantitative analysis of 517 responses, we find that the majority of contributors demonstrate a distinction between OSS4SG and OSS. Likewise, contributors described definitions based on what societal issue the project was to mitigate and who the outcomes of the project were going to benefit. In addition, we find that OSS4SG contributors focus less on benefiting themselves by padding their resume with new technology skills and are more interested in leaving their mark on society at statistically significant levels. We also find that OSS4SG contributors evaluate the owners of the project significantly more than OSS contributors. These findings inform implications to help contributors identify high societal impact projects, help project maintainers reduce barriers to entry, and help organizations understand why contributors are drawn to these projects to sustain active participation.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 43rd International Conference on Software Engineering},
+pages = {1020–1032},
+numpages = {13},
+location = {Madrid, Spain},
+series = {ICSE '21}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.5555/2337223.2337284,
+author = {Zhou, Minghui and Mockus, Audris},
+title = {What make long term contributors: willingness and opportunity in OSS community},
+year = {2012},
+isbn = {9781467310673},
+publisher = {IEEE Press},
+abstract = {To survive and succeed, software projects need to attract and retain contributors. We model the individual's chances to become a valuable contributor through their capacity, willingness, and the opportunity to contribute at the time of joining. Using issue tracking data of Mozilla and Gnome, we find that the probability for a new joiner to become a Long Term Contributor (LTC) is associated with her willingness and environment. Specifically, during their first month, future LTCs tend to be more active and show more community-oriented attitude than other joiners. Joiners who start by commenting on instead of reporting an issue or ones who succeed to get at least one reported issue to be fixed, more than double their odds of becoming an LTC. The macro-climate with high project relative sociality and the micro-climate with a large, productive, and clustered peer group increase the odds. On the contrary, the macro-climate with high project popularity and the micro-climate with low attention from peers reduce the odds. This implies that the interaction between individual's attitude and project's climate are associated with the odds that an individual would become a valuable contributor or disengage from the project. Our findings may provide a basis for empirical approaches to design a better community architecture and to improve the experience of contributors.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 34th International Conference on Software Engineering},
+pages = {518–528},
+numpages = {11},
+location = {Zurich, Switzerland},
+series = {ICSE '12}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.5555/1260984.1261217,
+author = {Bird, Christian and Gourley, Alex and Devanbu, Prem},
+title = {Detecting Patch Submission and Acceptance in OSS Projects},
+year = {2007},
+isbn = {0769528309},
+publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
+address = {USA},
+abstract = {The success of open source software (OSS) is completely dependent on the work of volunteers who contribute their time and talents. The submission of patches is the major way that participants outside of the core group of developers make contributions. We argue that the process of patch submission and acceptance into the codebase is an important piece of the open source puzzle and that the use of patch-related data can be helpful in understanding how OSS projects work. We present our methods in identifying the submission and acceptance of patches and give results and evaluation in applying these methods to the Apache webserver, Python interpreter, Postgres SQL database, and (with limitations) MySQL database projects. In addition, we present valuable ways in which this data has been and can be used.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 29th International Conference on Software Engineering Workshops},
+pages = {26},
+series = {ICSEW '07}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1109/MSR.2007.6,
+author = {Bird, Christian and Gourley, Alex and Devanbu, Prem},
+title = {Detecting Patch Submission and Acceptance in OSS Projects},
+year = {2007},
+isbn = {076952950X},
+publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
+address = {USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/MSR.2007.6},
+doi = {10.1109/MSR.2007.6},
+abstract = {The success of open source software (OSS) is completely dependent on the work of volunteers who contribute their time and talents. The submission of patches is the major way that participants outside of the core group of developers make contributions. We argue that the process of patch submission and acceptance into the codebase is an important piece of the open source puzzle and that the use of patch-related data can be helpful in understanding how OSS projects work. We present our methods in identifying the submission and acceptance of patches and give results and evaluation in applying these methods to the Apache webserver, Python interpreter, Postgres SQL database, and (with limitations) MySQL database projects. In addition, we present valuable ways in which this data has been and can be used.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Mining Software Repositories},
+pages = {26},
+series = {MSR '07}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.5555/977397.977723,
+author = {Capiluppi, Andrea and Morisio, Maurizio and Lago, Patricia},
+title = {Evolution of understanding in OSS projects},
+year = {2004},
+isbn = {076952107X},
+publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
+address = {USA},
+abstract = {Empirical papers on Open Source software should tryand formulate reasons for successes as Linux, Apacheand some other flagship projects.What we need to understand about this topic is on the process ofproducing software through cooperation of differentefforts.Albeit many success reasons for these projectsare inherently due to the application domain that theproject develops, architectural and conceptual views ofthe code have to be considered as key factors whenconsidering community efforts and joint decisions.In this work we focus our attention on what isperceived of a source code when investigating itsstructure.We do this considering that structure as aproxy for the conceptual architecture of theapplication.A metric is developed based on somecurrent assumptions, and it is test over a sample ofOpen Source projects.What is interesting to note, isthat refactoring efforts are clearly visible whenintended as reduction of complexity of source code.Our second observation is that, based on what an OpenSource software currently does, i.e. its applicationdomain, there's a threshold value that several projectstend to.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the Eighth Euromicro Working Conference on Software Maintenance and Reengineering (CSMR'04)},
+pages = {58},
+series = {CSMR '04}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1109/ICCGI.2006.36,
+author = {Kim, Dae-Woo and Lim, Hyun-Min and Lee, Sang-Kon},
+title = {Performing Verification and Validation for KT-OSS Development},
+year = {2006},
+isbn = {0769526292},
+publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
+address = {USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCGI.2006.36},
+doi = {10.1109/ICCGI.2006.36},
+abstract = {This paper describes verification and validation activities in KT-OSS (Korea Telecom Operations Supports System) development. In this paper, the verification and verification phases for KT-OSS development are based on the general software development lifecycle and add an additional phase to the lifecycle. To success KT-OSS development, we needed appropriate tests which focused on functionality, reliability, usability, efficiency in the development process of KT-OSS. This paper describes various tests performed in the KT-OSS development process and tests for maintaining the developed system according to the phases. And to control the quality for KT-OSS, we organized a testing \& evaluation department which is independent from a development department. Through these testing activities, we have developed KT-OSS and released it successfully.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the International Multi-Conference on Computing in the Global Information Technology},
+pages = {37},
+keywords = {Verification, Validation, Testing, Software Development Lifecycle, OSS},
+series = {ICCGI '06}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1145/2652524.2652549,
+author = {Al Alam, S. M. Didar and Shahnewaz, S. M. and Pfahl, Dietmar and Ruhe, Guenther},
+title = {Monitoring bottlenecks in achieving release readiness: a retrospective case study across ten OSS projects},
+year = {2014},
+isbn = {9781450327749},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/2652524.2652549},
+doi = {10.1145/2652524.2652549},
+abstract = {Context: Not releasing software on time can cause substantial loss in revenue. Continuous awareness of the product release status is required. Release readiness is a time-dependent attribute of the status of the product release, which aggregates the degree of satisfaction of a portfolio of release process and product measures.Goal: At different stages of a release cycle, the goal is to understand frequencies and pattern of occurrence of factors affecting project success by restricting the status of release readiness (called bottlenecks).Method: As a form of explorative case study research, we analyzed ten open source software (OSS) projects taken from the GitHub repository. As a retrospective study covering a period of 28 weeks, we monitored eight release readiness attributes and identified their impact on release readiness over time across the ten projects.Results: Feature completion rate, Bug fixing rate, and Features implemented were observed as the most frequent bottlenecks. The most frequent transition between bottlenecks is from Pull-request completion rate to Bug fixing rate. With the exception of Pull-request completion rate, no significant differences were found in occurrence of bottleneck factors between early and late stage of the release cycle.Conclusions: We received an initial understanding of the most frequent bottleneck factors for release readiness and their likelihood of subsequent occurrence. This is intended to guide the effort spent on improving release engineering.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 8th ACM/IEEE International Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering and Measurement},
+articleno = {60},
+numpages = {4},
+keywords = {retrospective analysis, release readiness, exploratory case study, bottleneck identification},
+location = {Torino, Italy},
+series = {ESEM '14}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.5555/1260984.1261214,
+author = {Rigby, Peter C. and Hassan, Ahmed E.},
+title = {What can OSS mailing lists tell us? A preliminary psychometric text analysis of the Apache developer mailing list},
+year = {2007},
+isbn = {0769528309},
+publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
+address = {USA},
+abstract = {Developer mailing lists are a rich source of information about Open Source Software (OSS) development. The unstructured nature of email makes extracting information difficult. We use a psychometrically-based linguistic analysis tool, the LIWC, to examine the Apache httpd server developer mailing list. We conduct three preliminary experiments to assess the appropriateness of this tool for information extraction from mailing lists. First, using LIWC dimensions that are correlated with the big five personality traits, we assess the personality of four top developers against a baseline for the entire mailing list. The two developers that were responsible for the major Apache releases had similar personalities. Their personalities were different from the baseline and the other developers. Second, the first and last 50 emails for two top developers who have left the project are examined. The analysis shows promise in understanding why developers join and leave a project. Third, we examine word usage on the mailing list for two major Apache releases. The differences may reflect the relative success of each release.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 29th International Conference on Software Engineering Workshops},
+pages = {23},
+series = {ICSEW '07}
+}
+
+@inproceedings{10.1109/MSR.2007.35,
+author = {Rigby, Peter C. and Hassan, Ahmed E.},
+title = {What Can OSS Mailing Lists Tell Us? A Preliminary Psychometric Text Analysis of the Apache Developer Mailing List},
+year = {2007},
+isbn = {076952950X},
+publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
+address = {USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/MSR.2007.35},
+doi = {10.1109/MSR.2007.35},
+abstract = {Developer mailing lists are a rich source of information about Open Source Software (OSS) development. The unstructured nature of email makes extracting information difficult. We use a psychometrically-based linguistic analysis tool, the LIWC, to examine the Apache httpd server developer mailing list. We conduct three preliminary experiments to assess the appropriateness of this tool for information extraction from mailing lists. First, using LIWC dimensions that are correlated with the big five personality traits, we assess the personality of four top developers against a baseline for the entire mailing list. The two developers that were responsible for the major Apache releases had similar personalities. Their personalities were different from the baseline and the other developers. Second, the first and last 50 emails for two top developers who have left the project are examined. The analysis shows promise in understanding why developers join and leave a project. Third, we examine word usage on the mailing list for two major Apache releases. The differences may reflect the relative success of each release.},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Mining Software Repositories},
+pages = {23},
+series = {MSR '07}
+}
+

SLR_references_total/both_waves_references/t2-acm-4.bib

@@ -0,0 +1,192 @@
+@article{10.1145/3555190,
+author = {Frluckaj, Hana and Dabbish, Laura and Widder, David Gray and Qiu, Huilian Sophie and Herbsleb, James D.},
+title = {Gender and Participation in Open Source Software Development},
+year = {2022},
+issue_date = {November 2022},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+volume = {6},
+number = {CSCW2},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3555190},
+doi = {10.1145/3555190},
+abstract = {Open source software represents an important form of digital infrastructure as well as a pathway to technical careers for many developers, but women are drastically underrepresented in this setting. Although there is a good body of literature on open source participation, there is very little understanding of the participation trajectories and contribution experiences of women developers, and how they compare to those of men developers, in open source software projects. In order to understand their joining and participation trajectories, we conducted interviews with 23 developers (11 men and 12 women) who became core in an open source project. We identify differences in women and men's motivations for initial contributions and joining processes (e.g. women participating in projects that they have been invited to) and sustained involvement in a project. We also describe unique negative experiences faced by women contributors in this setting in each stage of participation. Our results have implications for diversifying participation in open source software and understanding open source as a pathway to technical careers.},
+journal = {Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact.},
+month = nov,
+articleno = {299},
+numpages = {31},
+keywords = {open source software, open collaboration, inclusion, gender, diversity}
+}
+
+@article{10.1145/3555129,
+author = {Yin, Likang and Chakraborti, Mahasweta and Yan, Yibo and Schweik, Charles and Frey, Seth and Filkov, Vladimir},
+title = {Open Source Software Sustainability: Combining Institutional Analysis and Socio-Technical Networks},
+year = {2022},
+issue_date = {November 2022},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+volume = {6},
+number = {CSCW2},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3555129},
+doi = {10.1145/3555129},
+abstract = {Sustainable Open Source Software (OSS) forms much of the fabric of our digital society, especially successful and sustainable ones. But many OSS projects do not become sustainable, resulting in abandonment and even risks for the world's digital infrastructure. Prior work has looked at the reasons for this mainly from two very different perspectives. In software engineering, the focus has been on understanding success and sustainability from the socio-technical perspective: the OSS programmers' day-to-day activities and the artifacts they create. In institutional analysis, on the other hand, emphasis has been on institutional designs (e.g., policies, rules, and norms) that structure project governance. Even though each is necessary for a comprehensive understanding of OSS projects, the connection and interaction between the two approaches have been barely explored.In this paper, we make the first effort toward understanding OSS project sustainability using a dual-view analysis, by combining institutional analysis with socio-technical systems analysis. In particular, we (i) use linguistic approaches to extract institutional rules and norms from OSS contributors' communications to represent the evolution of their governance systems, and (ii) construct socio-technical networks based on longitudinal collaboration records to represent each project's organizational structure. We combined the two methods and applied them to a dataset of developer digital traces from 253 nascent OSS projects within the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) incubator. We find that the socio-technical and institutional features relate to each other, and provide complimentary views into the progress of the ASF's OSS projects. Refining these combined analyses can help provide a more precise understanding of the synchronization between the evolution of institutional governance and organizational structure.},
+journal = {Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact.},
+month = nov,
+articleno = {404},
+numpages = {23},
+keywords = {socio-technical systems, institutional design, OSS sustainability}
+}
+
+@article{10.1145/3610092,
+author = {Hsieh, Jane and Kim, Joselyn and Dabbish, Laura and Zhu, Haiyi},
+title = {"Nip it in the Bud": Moderation Strategies in Open Source Software Projects and the Role of Bots},
+year = {2023},
+issue_date = {October 2023},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+volume = {7},
+number = {CSCW2},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3610092},
+doi = {10.1145/3610092},
+abstract = {Much of our modern digital infrastructure relies critically upon open sourced software. The communities responsible for building this cyberinfrastructure require maintenance and moderation, which is often supported by volunteer efforts. Moderation, as a non-technical form of labor, is a necessary but often overlooked task that maintainers undertake to sustain the community around an OSS project. This study examines the various structures and norms that support community moderation, describes the strategies moderators use to mitigate conflicts, and assesses how bots can play a role in assisting these processes. We interviewed 14 practitioners to uncover existing moderation practices and ways that automation can provide assistance. Our main contributions include a characterization of moderated content in OSS projects, moderation techniques, as well as perceptions of and recommendations for improving the automation of moderation tasks. We hope that these findings will inform the implementation of more effective moderation practices in open source communities.},
+journal = {Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact.},
+month = oct,
+articleno = {301},
+numpages = {29},
+keywords = {automation, coordination, moderation, open source}
+}
+
+@article{10.1145/3449249,
+author = {Geiger, R. Stuart and Howard, Dorothy and Irani, Lilly},
+title = {The Labor of Maintaining and Scaling Free and Open-Source Software Projects},
+year = {2021},
+issue_date = {April 2021},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+volume = {5},
+number = {CSCW1},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3449249},
+doi = {10.1145/3449249},
+abstract = {Free and/or open-source software (or F/OSS) projects now play a major and dominant role in society, constituting critical digital infrastructure relied upon by companies, academics, non-profits, activists, and more. As F/OSS has become larger and more established, we investigate the labor of maintaining and sustaining those projects at various scales. We report findings from an interview-based study with contributors and maintainers working in a wide range of F/OSS projects. Maintainers of F/OSS projects do not just maintain software code in a more traditional software engineering understanding of the term: fixing bugs, patching security vulnerabilities, and updating dependencies. F/OSS maintainers also perform complex and often-invisible interpersonal and organizational work to keep their projects operating as active communities of users and contributors. We particularly focus on how this labor of maintaining and sustaining changes as projects and their software grow and scale across many dimensions. In understanding F/OSS to be as much about maintaining a communal project as it is maintaining software code, we discuss broadly applicable considerations for peer production communities and other socio-technical systems more broadly.},
+journal = {Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact.},
+month = apr,
+articleno = {175},
+numpages = {28},
+keywords = {free software, infrastructure, labor, maintenance, open source}
+}
+
+@article{10.1145/3434167,
+author = {Ahmed, Alex A. and Kok, Bryan and Howard, Coranna and Still, Klew},
+title = {Online Community-based Design of Free and Open Source Software for Transgender Voice Training},
+year = {2021},
+issue_date = {December 2020},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+volume = {4},
+number = {CSCW3},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3434167},
+doi = {10.1145/3434167},
+abstract = {This paper describes Project Spectra, a collective of open source developers that aims to build free and open source voice training technology for transgender people. We demonstrate how a design prioritizing the agency of trans users was made possible through sustained community collaboration. Using an autoethnographic approach, we discuss our community-based design process, which was documented with memos, online meetings and text conversations, sketches, and other data sources. We illustrate how we articulated our values as a group: deciding our programming framework (including a Statement of Principles), elaborating our "Experience Goals" (the feelings we wanted our design to elicit), and determining the features we wanted to implement in our app. We conclude with a reflection on the benefits and challenges of conducting community-based design research through an open-source organizational model.},
+journal = {Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact.},
+month = jan,
+articleno = {258},
+numpages = {27},
+keywords = {transgender, free and open source software, feminist epistemologies, community-based collaborative design, autoethnography}
+}
+
+@article{10.1145/3145476,
+author = {Braught, Grant and Maccormick, John and Bowring, James and Burke, Quinn and Cutler, Barbara and Goldschmidt, David and Krishnamoorthy, Mukkai and Turner, Wesley and Huss-Lederman, Steven and Mackellar, Bonnie and Tucker, Allen},
+title = {A Multi-Institutional Perspective on H/FOSS Projects in the Computing Curriculum},
+year = {2018},
+issue_date = {June 2018},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+volume = {18},
+number = {2},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3145476},
+doi = {10.1145/3145476},
+abstract = {Many computer science programs have capstone experiences or project courses that allow students to integrate knowledge from the full breadth of their major. Such capstone projects may be student-designed, instructor-designed, designed in conjunction with outside companies, or integrated with ongoing free and open source (FOSS) projects. The literature shows that the FOSS approach has attracted a great deal of interest, in particular when implemented with projects that have humanitarian goals (HFOSS). In this article, we describe five unique models from five distinct types of institutions for incorporating sustained FOSS or HFOSS (alternatively H/FOSS) project work into capstone experiences or courses. The goal is to provide instructors wishing to integrate open source experiences into their curriculum with additional perspectives and resources to help in adapting this approach to the specific needs and goals of their institution and students. All of the models presented are based on sustained engagement with H/FOSS projects that last at least one semester and often more. Each model is described in terms of its characteristics and how it fits the needs of the institution using the model. Assessment of each model is also presented. We then discuss the themes that are common across the models, such as project selection, team formation, mentoring, and student assessment. We examine the choices made by each model, as well as the challenges faced. We end with a discussion how the models have leveraged institutional initiatives and collaborations with outside organizations to address some of the challenges associated with these projects.},
+journal = {ACM Trans. Comput. Educ.},
+month = jul,
+articleno = {7},
+numpages = {31},
+keywords = {FOSS, HFOSS, Open source, capstones, humanitarian, projects}
+}
+
+@article{10.1145/3290837,
+author = {Gasson, Susan and Purcelle, Michelle},
+title = {A Participation Architecture to Support User Peripheral Participation in a Hybrid FOSS Community},
+year = {2018},
+issue_date = {December 2018},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+volume = {1},
+number = {4},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3290837},
+doi = {10.1145/3290837},
+abstract = {Participation by product users is critical to success in free, open-source software (FOSS) software communities as they originate and develop valuable ideas for product innovation that are unlikely to originate from the core software development community. Users tend to be involved at the periphery of FOSS communities, suggesting new product ideas, highlighting problems with user documentation, or explaining when the product design fails to fit with the needs of their local user application domain. As an increasing number of FOSS projects employ a hybrid participation model that combines volunteer effort with paid software development effort or product support, it can be difficult for non-developer users to participate in product innovation. In colocated organizations, it is theorized that peripheral participants learn how to engage with the practices and cultural identity of a community through a sociocultural apprenticeship known as legitimate peripheral participation. But we have little literature that explores how legitimate peripheral participation is enabled in online communities.The research study presented in this article explores how participation by peripheral users in a hybrid FOSS project is afforded by participation architecture channels and community mechanisms that mediate two forms of engagement: a “cognitive apprenticeship” that introduces participants to situated domain activity, such as the community processes involved in product innovation, and a “social apprenticeship” by which participants become enculturated in the system of meanings, values, norms, and behaviors that govern community/participant identity. We identified five stages of community innovation, analyzing sociotechnical affordances of the online participation architecture that enable peripheral participants to internalize the meanings of community practice and to develop a social identity within the FOSS community. Our contribution to theory is provided by the substantive explanation of the cognitive and social translations that enable legitimate peripheral participation in online communities, mediated by sociotechnical access channels and mechanisms that afford two contrasting forms of opportunities for action: those resulting from interactions between a goal-oriented actor and the technology platform features or channels of participation, and those associated with the social structures, roles, and relationships underpinning community interactions. Neither of these is sufficient without the other. Our contribution to practice is provided by an explanation of how four distinct categories of affordance provide these cognitive and social apprenticeship benefits, allowing participation architecture designers to cater to all forms of peripheral user participation. We conclude that the technical affordances of a typical FOSS community participation architecture are insufficient to mediate peripheral participation by nontechnical users. Meaningful participation is mediated by interactions between boundary spanners who play knowledge-brokering and organizational bridging roles. The combination of technical and social affordances enables peripheral participants to acquire an interior view of community practices and social culture and in turn to introduce new ideas, new values, and new rationales to produce a generative dance of innovation that percolates through the community.},
+journal = {Trans. Soc. Comput.},
+month = dec,
+articleno = {14},
+numpages = {46},
+keywords = {Legitimate peripheral participation, affordances, hybrid-FOSS community, innovation, participation architecture, user participation}
+}
+
+@article{10.1145/3705303,
+author = {Chen, Yunqi and Wan, Zhiyuan and Zhuang, Yifei and Liu, Ning and Lo, David and Yang, Xiaohu},
+title = {Understanding the OSS Communities of Deep Learning Frameworks: A Comparative Case Study of PyTorch and TensorFlow},
+year = {2025},
+issue_date = {March 2025},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+volume = {34},
+number = {3},
+issn = {1049-331X},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3705303},
+doi = {10.1145/3705303},
+abstract = {Over the past two decades, deep learning has received tremendous success in developing software systems across various domains. Deep learning frameworks have been proposed to facilitate the development of such software systems, among which, PyTorch and TensorFlow stand out as notable examples. Considerable attention focuses on exploring software engineering practices and addressing diverse technical aspects in developing and deploying deep learning frameworks and software systems. Despite these efforts, little is known about the open source software communities involved in the development of deep learning frameworks.In this article, we perform a comparative investigation into the open source software communities of the two representative deep learning frameworks, PyTorch and TensorFlow. To facilitate the investigation, we compile a dataset of 2,792 and 3,288 code commit authors, along with 9,826 and 19,750 participants engaged in issue events on GitHub, from the two communities, respectively. With the dataset, we first characterize the structures of the two communities by employing four operationalizations to classify contributors into various roles and inspect the contributions made by common contributors across the two communities. We then conduct a longitudinal analysis to characterize the evolution of the two communities across various releases, in terms of the numbers of contributors with various roles and role transitions among contributors. Finally, we explore the causal effects between community characteristics and the popularity of the two frameworks.We find that the TensorFlow community harbors a larger base of contributors, encompassing a higher proportion of core developers and a more extensive cohort of active users compared to the PyTorch community. In terms of the technical background of the developers, 64.4\% and 56.1\% developers in the PyTorch and TensorFlow communities are employed by the leading companies of the corresponding open source software projects, Meta and Google, respectively; 25.9\% and 21.9\% core developers in the PyTorch and TensorFlow communities possess Ph.D. degrees, while 77.2\% and 77.7\% contribute to other machine learning or deep learning open source projects, respectively. Developers contributing to both communities demonstrate spatial and temporal similarities to some extent in their pull requests across the respective projects. The evolution of contributors with various roles exhibits a consistent upward trend over time in the PyTorch community. Conversely, a noticeable turning point in the growth of contributors characterizes the evolution of the TensorFlow community. Both communities show a statistically significant decreasing trend in the inflow rates of core developers. Furthermore, we observe statistically significant causal effects between the expansion of communities and retention of core developers and the popularity of deep learning frameworks. Based on our findings, we discuss implications, provide recommendations for sustaining open source software communities of deep learning frameworks, and outline directions for future research.},
+journal = {ACM Trans. Softw. Eng. Methodol.},
+month = feb,
+articleno = {70},
+numpages = {30},
+keywords = {Deep learning, community evolution, GitHub, developer classification}
+}
+
+@article{10.1145/3415251,
+author = {Trinkenreich, Bianca and Guizani, Mariam and Wiese, Igor and Sarma, Anita and Steinmacher, Igor},
+title = {Hidden Figures: Roles and Pathways of Successful OSS Contributors},
+year = {2020},
+issue_date = {October 2020},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+volume = {4},
+number = {CSCW2},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3415251},
+doi = {10.1145/3415251},
+abstract = {Open Source Software (OSS) development is a collaborative endeavor where expert developers, distributed around the globe create software solutions. Given this characteristic, OSS communities have been studied as technical communities, where stakeholders join and evolve in their careers based on their (often voluntary) code contributions to the project. However, the OSS landscape is slowly changing with more people and companies getting involved in OSS. This means that projects now need people in non-technical roles and activities to keep the project sustainable and evolving. In this paper, we focus on understanding the roles and activities that are part of the current OSS landscape and the different career pathways in OSS. By conducting and analyzing 17 interviews with OSS contributors who are well known in the community, we provide empirical evidence of the existence and importance of community-centric roles (e.g advocate, license manager, community founder) in addition to the well-known project-centric ones (e.g maintainer, core member). However, the community-centric roles typically remain hidden, since these roles may not leave traces in software repositories typically analyzed by researchers. We found that people can build a career in OSS through different roles and activities, with different backgrounds, including those not related to writing software. Furthermore, people's career pathways are fluid, moving between project and community-centric roles. Our work highlights that communities and researchers need to take action to acknowledge the importance of these varied roles, making these roles visible and well-recognized, which can ultimately help attract and retain more people in the OSS projects.},
+journal = {Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact.},
+month = oct,
+articleno = {180},
+numpages = {22},
+keywords = {role, open-source, collaborative development, career}
+}
+
+@article{10.1145/2876443,
+author = {Zhou, Minghui and Mockus, Audris and Ma, Xiujuan and Zhang, Lu and Mei, Hong},
+title = {Inflow and Retention in OSS Communities with Commercial Involvement: A Case Study of Three Hybrid Projects},
+year = {2016},
+issue_date = {May 2016},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+volume = {25},
+number = {2},
+issn = {1049-331X},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/2876443},
+doi = {10.1145/2876443},
+abstract = {Motivation: Open-source projects are often supported by companies, but such involvement often affects the robust contributor inflow needed to sustain the project and sometimes prompts key contributors to leave. To capture user innovation and to maintain quality of software and productivity of teams, these projects need to attract and retain contributors. Aim: We want to understand and quantify how inflow and retention are shaped by policies and actions of companies in three application server projects. Method: We identified three hybrid projects implementing the same JavaEE specification and used published literature, online materials, and interviews to quantify actions and policies companies used to get involved. We collected project repository data, analyzed affiliation history of project participants, and used generalized linear models and survival analysis to measure contributor inflow and retention. Results: We identified coherent groups of policies and actions undertaken by sponsoring companies as three models of community involvement and quantified tradeoffs between the inflow and retention each model provides. We found that full control mechanisms and high intensity of commercial involvement were associated with a decrease of external inflow and with improved retention. However, a shared control mechanism was associated with increased external inflow contemporaneously with the increase of commercial involvement. Implications: Inspired by a natural experiment, our methods enabled us to quantify aspects of the balance between community and private interests in open- source software projects and provide clear implications for the structure of future open-source communities.},
+journal = {ACM Trans. Softw. Eng. Methodol.},
+month = apr,
+articleno = {13},
+numpages = {29},
+keywords = {Hybrid project, commercial involvement, contributor inflow, contributor retention, extent and intensity of involvement, natural experiment}
+}
+

SLR_references_total/both_waves_references/t2-socabs.bib

@@ -0,0 +1,373 @@
+
+@article{pereira-garcia_free_2020,
+	title = {{FREE} {SOFTWARE} {LAW} {PROJECTS} {IN} {COLOMBIA}},
+	volume = {35},
+	issn = {01026909},
+	url = {http://turing.library.northwestern.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/free-software-law-projects-colombia/docview/2401795429/se-2?accountid=12861},
+	doi = {10.1590/3510406/2020},
+	abstract = {This article covers an analysis of the bills presented before the Republic of Colombia Congress as efforts to regulate free software in the country, which were not successful in their legislative process. It analyzes whether the transits generated in the legislative proposals and the reasons why they were not approved, emphasizing the position of groups that defend free software. Therefore, a revision of legislative documents published in the Colombian official media was proposed, taking into account the approach of several actors involved in controversies from a virtual ethnography perspective, in which virtual spaces are included as a mechanism to understand the dynamics between the actors involved in the debate. In the end, it is affirmed that the failure of free software bills in Colombia highlights the interests of dominant groups that establish influential alliances in the course of technological regulation, in addition to a technological discourse with market interests.Alternate abstract:El presente artículo es un análisis sobre los proyectos de ley presentados ante el Congreso de la República con la intención de legislar el software libre en Colombia, los cuales no fueron exitosos en su trámite legislativo. Se analizan los tránsitos generados en las propuestas legislativas y las razones por las cuales estas no fueron aprobadas, haciendo énfasis en la postura de los grupos defensores del software libre. Con este fin se propuso la revisión de documentos legislativos publicados en los medios oficiales colombianos, además del abordaje a diversos actores involucrados en las controversias desde la perspectiva de la etnografía virtual, en la cual se abordan los espacios virtuales, como mecanismo para entender las dinámicas que ocurrieron entre diversos actores involucrados en el debate. Se afirma que el fracaso de los proyectos de ley sobre software libre en Colombia evidencia los intereses de grupos dominantes que establecen alianzas influyentes en el curso de la regulación tecnológica, además, de la alineación del discurso tecnológico con intereses mercantiles.Alternate abstract:L’article analyse l’échec des projets de lois soumis au Congrès de la république de Colombie sur la réglementation du logiciel libre dans le pays. Il examine le parcours des propositions législatives et les raisons de leur non-approbation tout en mettant l’accent sur la position des partisans du logiciel libre. L’objectif est d’étudier les documents législatifs publiés dans la presse officielle colombienne en tenant compte de l’approche de différents acteurs impliqués dans les controverses depuis la perspective de l’ethnographie virtuelle, où les espaces virtuels sont un mécanisme qui permet de comprendre les dynamiques entre les participants du débat. La recherche montre que l’échec des projets de loi sur le logiciel libre en Colombie est lié aux intérêts de groupes dominants qui établissent des alliances influentes au niveau de la régulation technologique et dont le discours technologique est dominé par des intérêts commerciaux.},
+	language = {Spanish},
+	number = {104},
+	journal = {Revista Brasileira de Ciências Sociais},
+	author = {Pereira-García, Alexander},
+	year = {2020},
+	note = {Place: Sao Paulo
+Publisher: Associação Nacional de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa em Ciências Sociais - ANPOCS},
+	keywords = {Alliances, Colombia, ethnographie virtuelle, Ethnography, Etnografia Virtual, Etnografía Virtual, Free Software, Freeware, Legislação Tecnológica, Legislación Tecnológica, législation technologique, Logiciels libres, réglementation des logiciels, Regulamentação do software, Regular el software, Social Sciences: Comprehensive Works, Software, Software Libre, Software Livre, Software Regulation, Technological Legislation, Virtual Ethnography},
+	annote = {Copyright - © 2020. This work is licensed under https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.es (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.},
+	annote = {Last updated - 2023-11-15},
+	annote = {SubjectsTermNotLitGenreText - Colombia},
+}
+
+@article{wajcman_uthallig_2016,
+	title = {Uthållig kreativitet - tills döden skiljer oss åt -- {Tre} faror, två demoner, tio budord},
+	volume = {53},
+	issn = {0038-0342},
+	url = {http://turing.library.northwestern.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/uthållig-kreativitet-tills-döden-skiljer-oss-åt/docview/1819291680/se-2?accountid=12861},
+	abstract = {Anförande vid Sociologidagarna, Uppsala 10–12 mars 2016, Stefan Svallfors, Södertörns högskola \& Institutet för framtidsstudier},
+	language = {Swedish},
+	number = {2},
+	journal = {Sociologisk Forskning},
+	author = {Wajcman, Judy},
+	year = {2016},
+	note = {Place: Lund
+Publisher: Lunds Universitet},
+	keywords = {Creativity, Researchers, Sociology},
+	pages = {199},
+	annote = {Last updated - 2024-09-04},
+}
+
+@article{barron_free_2013,
+	title = {Free software production as critical social practice},
+	volume = {42},
+	issn = {03085147},
+	url = {http://turing.library.northwestern.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/free-software-production-as-critical-social/docview/2089824849/se-2?accountid=12861},
+	doi = {10.1080/03085147.2013.791510},
+	abstract = {This paper analyses the phenomenon of free and open source software (FOSS) in the light of Luc Boltanski and Ève Chiapello's The new spirit of capitalism. It argues that collaborative FOSS production by volunteer software developers is a species of critical social practice in Boltanski and Chiapello's sense: rooted in resistance to capitalist social relations, and yet also a source of values that justify the new routes to profitability associated with contemporary network capitalism. Advanced via collective projects that are sustained by hacker norms and privately legislated 'copyleft' law, the FOSS ethos is apparently antithetical to private property-based accumulation. Yet it can be shown to embody the 'new spirit of capitalism' in its most distilled form; moreover FOSS developers have instituted new forms of property and new modes of profit creation around software that are in the process of being adapted for use in other economic sectors. Meanwhile, the private law constraints on profit-seeking that have emerged from the FOSS movement are counteracting some of the social pathologies that accompany network capitalism only to consolidate others. The paper concludes by identifying likely bases for a renewal of critique given these realities.},
+	language = {English},
+	number = {4},
+	journal = {Economy and Society},
+	author = {Barron, Anne},
+	month = nov,
+	year = {2013},
+	note = {Place: Abingdon
+Publisher: Taylor \& Francis LLC},
+	keywords = {Accumulation, Business And Economics, Capitalism, copyleft, Economic sectors, Economic theory, Free, Free and open-source software, free software, Free software, immaterial labour, Law, new spirit of capitalism, open source, Open source software, Private property, Profitability, Profits, Property, Renewal, reputational capital, Resistance, Social relations, Software},
+	pages = {597--625},
+	annote = {Copyright - © 2013 Taylor \& Francis},
+	annote = {Last updated - 2024-12-06},
+}
+
+@article{barron_free_2013-1,
+	title = {Free software production as critical social practice},
+	volume = {42},
+	issn = {0308-5147, 0308-5147},
+	url = {http://turing.library.northwestern.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/free-software-production-as-critical-social/docview/1512220562/se-2?accountid=12861},
+	doi = {10.1080/03085147.2013.791510},
+	abstract = {This paper analyses the phenomenon of free and open source software (FOSS) in the light of Luc Boltanski and Eve Chiapello's The new spirit of capitalism. It argues that collaborative FOSS production by volunteer software developers is a species of critical social practice in Boltanski and Chiapello's sense: rooted in resistance to capitalist social relations, and yet also a source of values that justify the new routes to profitability associated with contemporary network capitalism. Advanced via collective projects that are sustained by hacker norms and privately legislated 'copyleft' law, the FOSS ethos is apparently antithetical to private property-based accumulation. Yet it can be shown to embody the 'new spirit of capitalism' in its most distilled form; moreover FOSS developers have instituted new forms of property and new modes of profit creation around software that are in the process of being adapted for use in other economic sectors. Meanwhile, the private law constraints on profit-seeking that have emerged from the FOSS movement are counteracting some of the social pathologies that accompany network capitalism only to consolidate others. The paper concludes by identifying likely bases for a renewal of critique given these realities. Adapted from the source document.},
+	language = {English},
+	number = {4},
+	journal = {Economy and Society},
+	author = {Barron, Anne},
+	month = nov,
+	year = {2013},
+	note = {Publisher: Routledge/Taylor \& Francis, Abingdon UK},
+	keywords = {0715:social change and economic development, article, Capitalism, Computer Software, Cooperation, Economic Sectors, Law, Profits, social change \& economic development, Social Networks, Values, Volunteers},
+	pages = {597--625},
+	annote = {CODEN - ECSCAK},
+	annote = {Date revised - 2014-04-01},
+	annote = {Last updated - 2016-09-28},
+	annote = {SubjectsTermNotLitGenreText - Capitalism; Computer Software; Profits; Law; Social Networks; Volunteers; Values; Economic Sectors; Cooperation},
+}
+
+@article{conaldi_dual_2013,
+	title = {The dual network structure of organizational problem solving: {A} case study on open source software development},
+	volume = {35},
+	issn = {0378-8733, 0378-8733},
+	url = {http://turing.library.northwestern.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/dual-network-structure-organizational-problem/docview/1429630051/se-2?accountid=12861},
+	abstract = {We reconstruct the dual network structure generated by the association between 72 contributors and 737 software bugs engaged during a full development cycle of the free/open source software project Epiphany. Estimates of structural parameters of Exponential Random Graph Models for two-mode networks reveal the structural logics shaping activities of collaborative problem solving. After controlling for contributor-specific and software bug-specific characteristics, we find that contributors ('problem solvers') tend to distribute their activity over multiple software bugs. At the same time, however, we find that software bugs ('problems') tend not to share multiple contributors. This dual tendency toward de-specialization and exclusivity is sustained by specific local network dependencies revealed by our analysis which also suggests possible organizational mechanisms that may be underlying the puzzling macro-structural regularities frequently observed, but rarely explained, in the production of open source software. By combining these mechanisms with the influence of contributors characterized by different levels of involvement in the project, we provide micro-level evidence of structural interdependence between 'core' and 'peripheral' members identified exclusively on the basis of their individual level of contribution to the project. [Copyright Elsevier B.V.]},
+	language = {English},
+	number = {2},
+	journal = {Social Networks},
+	author = {Conaldi, Guido and Lomi, Alessandro},
+	month = may,
+	year = {2013},
+	note = {Publisher: Elsevier, Amsterdam The Netherlands},
+	keywords = {0665:complex organization, article, Computer Software, Cooperation, Organizational Structure, Property, social network analysis, Two-mode networks Exponential Random Graphs Free/open source software Organizational problem solving},
+	pages = {237--250},
+	annote = {CODEN - SONED4},
+	annote = {Date revised - 2013-09-01},
+	annote = {Last updated - 2016-09-28},
+	annote = {SubjectsTermNotLitGenreText - Computer Software; Property; Organizational Structure; Cooperation},
+}
+
+@article{bixler_toward_2012,
+	title = {Toward a {Community} of {Innovation} in {Community}-{Based} {Natural} {Resource} {Management}: {Insights} from {Open} {Source} {Software}},
+	volume = {71},
+	issn = {0018-7259, 0018-7259},
+	url = {http://turing.library.northwestern.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/toward-community-innovation-based-natural/docview/1283642756/se-2?accountid=12861},
+	abstract = {Community-based natural resource management (CBNRM) is an environmental governance approach that deals with complex and interwoven ecological problems through a participatory environmental management framework. Practitioner, donor, and academic interest in this strategy is on the rise, and successful CBNRM organizations are experiencing internal and external pressures to help "transfer" their knowledge and experiences to other contexts and scales. If organized through the traditional top-down diffusion of innovation approach, many barriers to CBNRM transfer exist, beginning with organizational costs that may outweigh potential benefits. However, reframed as a more "open" and emergent process, the burdens of transfer may be reduced and benefits increased. We draw on an analogy from the Open Source Software (OSS) movement to suggest an organizational rationale for exchange and principles such as "porting," the "kernel," "copyleft," and "forking" that can guide CBNRM and for community-based organizations challenged to share their approach to conservation. Adapted from the source document.},
+	language = {English},
+	number = {3},
+	journal = {Human Organization},
+	author = {Bixler, R Patrick and Taylor, Peter Leigh},
+	month = oct,
+	year = {2012},
+	note = {Publisher: Society for Applied Anthropology, Oklahoma City OK},
+	keywords = {2656:environmental interactions, article, Community Organizations, community-based natural resource management watershed management transferability open source software, Environmental Factors, environmental interactions, Governance, Information Dissemination, Innovations, Knowledge, Natural Resources, Property, Resource Management},
+	pages = {234--243},
+	annote = {CODEN - HUORAY},
+	annote = {Date revised - 2013-02-01},
+	annote = {Last updated - 2016-09-28},
+	annote = {SubjectsTermNotLitGenreText - Resource Management; Natural Resources; Property; Innovations; Governance; Knowledge; Environmental Factors; Community Organizations; Information Dissemination},
+}
+
+@article{bixler_toward_2012-1,
+	title = {Toward a {Community} of {Innovation} in {Community}-{Based} {Natural} {Resource} {Management}: {Insights} from {Open} {Source} {Software}},
+	volume = {71},
+	issn = {00187259},
+	url = {http://turing.library.northwestern.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/toward-community-innovation-based-natural/docview/1055806751/se-2?accountid=12861},
+	doi = {10.17730/humo.71.3.200w0j1266306t79},
+	abstract = {Community-based natural resource management (CBNRM) is an environmental governance approach that deals with complex and interwoven ecological problems through a participatory environmental management framework. Practitioner, donor, and academic interest in this strategy is on the rise, and successful CBNRM organizations are experiencing internal and external pressures to help "transfer" their knowledge and experiences to other contexts and scales. If organized through the traditional top-down diffusion of innovation approach, many barriers to CBNRM transfer exist, beginning with organizational costs that may outweigh potential benefits. However, reframed as a more "open" and emergent process, the burdens of transfer may be reduced and benefits increased. We draw on an analogy from the Open Source Software (OSS) movement to suggest an organizational rationale for exchange and principles such as "porting," the "kernel," "copyleft," and "forking" that can guide CBNRM and for community-based organizations challenged to share their approach to conservation. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]},
+	language = {English},
+	number = {3},
+	journal = {Human Organization},
+	author = {Bixler, R Patrick and Taylor, Peter Leigh},
+	year = {2012},
+	note = {Place: Oklahoma City
+Publisher: Taylor \& Francis Ltd.},
+	keywords = {Collaboration, Colorado, Community, Community engagement, Community organizations, Conservation, Diffusion, Environmental aspects, Environmental governance, Environmental resource management, Governance, Information dissemination, Innovations, Montana, Natural resource, Natural resource management, Open source, Open source software, Open-source software, Principles, Property, Public domain, Research, Research methodology, Resource management, Sciences: Comprehensive Works, Software, Startups, Studies, Success, Taylor, Peter, United States--US, Watershed management, Watersheds},
+	pages = {234--243},
+	annote = {CODEN - HUORAY},
+	annote = {Copyright - Copyright Society of Applied Anthropology Fall 2012},
+	annote = {Document feature - References; Maps},
+	annote = {Last updated - 2024-12-06},
+	annote = {Name - Colorado State University},
+	annote = {People - Taylor, Peter},
+	annote = {SubjectsTermNotLitGenreText - Montana; United States--US; Taylor, Peter; Colorado},
+}
+
+@article{carlotto_activist-driven_2011,
+	title = {Activist-driven innovation: an interpretive history of free software},
+	volume = {26},
+	issn = {01026909},
+	url = {http://turing.library.northwestern.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/activist-driven-innovation-interpretive-history/docview/1732127821/se-2?accountid=12861},
+	doi = {10.1590/S0102-69092011000200005},
+	abstract = {The understanding that there are two distinct regimes for the production of software is increasingly common in literature. What is not so common, and is therefore the most original contribution of this paper is, on the one hand, the historical approach to the configuration of those regimes and, on the other hand, the analysis of the factors determining the technical and commercial success of one regime over the other. Furthermore, we have worked with two additional hypotheses: first, that the development of free software historically belongs to the public/scientific knowledge production regime - i.e., free software mimicking the organization of the scientific community because it has its historical roots in it; and secondly, that in a "market competition" environment the public and scientific regime has proven more efficient and has therefore forced companies working in the private/business regime to adopt free or open source software.},
+	language = {Portuguese},
+	number = {76},
+	journal = {Revista Brasileira de Ciências Sociais},
+	author = {Carlotto, Maria Caramez and Ortellado, Pablo},
+	year = {2011},
+	note = {Place: Sao Paulo
+Publisher: Associação Nacional de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa em Ciências Sociais - ANPOCS},
+	keywords = {Free software, Innovation, Inovação, Intellectual property, Knowledge production regimes, Logiciel libre, Propriedade intelectual, Propriété intéllectuelle, Regimes de produção de conhecimento, Régimes de production du savoir, Social Sciences: Comprehensive Works, Software livre},
+	pages = {77--102},
+	annote = {Copyright - Copyright Associação Nacional de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa em Ciências Sociais - ANPOCS 2011},
+	annote = {Last updated - 2023-06-14},
+}
+
+@article{carlotto_activist-driven_2011-1,
+	title = {Activist-driven innovation: an interpretive history of free software},
+	volume = {26},
+	issn = {0102-6909, 0102-6909},
+	url = {http://turing.library.northwestern.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/activist-driven-innovation-interpretive-history/docview/1037876933/se-2?accountid=12861},
+	doi = {10.1590/S0102-69092011000200005},
+	abstract = {The understanding that there are two distinct regimes for the production of software is increasingly common in literature. What is not so common, and is therefore the most original contribution of this paper is, on the one hand, the historical approach to the configuration of those regimes and, on the other hand, the analysis of the factors determining the technical and commercial success of one regime over the other. Furthermore, we have worked with two additional hypotheses: first, that the development of free software historically belongs to the public/scientific knowledge production regime -- i.e., free software mimicking the organization of the scientific community because it has its historical roots in it; and secondly, that in a 'market competition' environment the public and scientific regime has proven more efficient and has therefore forced companies working in the private/business regime to adopt free or open source software. Adapted from the source document.},
+	language = {Portuguese},
+	number = {76},
+	journal = {Revista Brasileira de Ciencias Sociais},
+	author = {Carlotto, Maria Caramez and Ortellado, Pablo},
+	year = {2011},
+	note = {Publisher: ANPOCS, Sao Paulo Brazil},
+	keywords = {1772: sociology of science, article, Computer Software, Economic Development, Free software, Innovation, Innovations, Intellectual property, Knowledge production regimes, Markets, Property, Scientific Community, Scientific Knowledge, sociology of technology},
+	pages = {77--102},
+	annote = {CODEN - RBCSEQ},
+	annote = {Date revised - 2012-09-01},
+	annote = {Last updated - 2016-09-28},
+	annote = {SubjectsTermNotLitGenreText - Computer Software; Innovations; Markets; Economic Development; Property; Scientific Knowledge; Scientific Community},
+}
+
+@article{perez-bustos_building_2010,
+	title = {Building {Spaces} of {Exclusivity}: {An} {Ethnographic} {Approach} to {Indian} and {Colombian} {Women}'s {Role} and {Experience} in {Local} {Free} {Software} {Communities}},
+	issn = {0120-4807, 0120-4807},
+	url = {http://turing.library.northwestern.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/building-spaces-exclusivity-ethnographic-approach/docview/1364699164/se-2?accountid=12861},
+	abstract = {This paper aims to account for the ways women integrating the free software community in two countries from the global South negotiate with feminizing paradigms imposed to them by the collectives interested in popularizating free technologies. Through an ethnographic approach to vital experiences of women in the Indian collective Linux-Chix, and holding a dialog with the experiences of non-organized women in the free software community in Colombia, this paper suggests these negotiations are going to be materialized primarily in the constitution of survival strategies from which certain civilizing projects are particularly vindicated, some of which seem to promote a Western paradigm of female subjectivity. Adapted from the source document.},
+	language = {Spanish},
+	number = {69},
+	journal = {Universitas Humanistica},
+	author = {Perez-Bustos, Tania},
+	month = jan,
+	year = {2010},
+	note = {Publisher: Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota Colombia},
+	keywords = {Females, India, Ethnography, article, Computer Software, Colombia, 0410: group interactions, 2983: feminist/gender studies, Free Software, women, feminism, social group identity \& intergroup relations (groups based on race \& ethnicity, age, \& sexual orientation), sociology of gender \& gender relations, Subjectivity},
+	pages = {115--137},
+	annote = {Date revised - 2013-06-01},
+	annote = {Last updated - 2016-09-28},
+	annote = {SubjectsTermNotLitGenreText - Females; Computer Software; Ethnography; India; Subjectivity; Colombia},
+}
+
+@article{leach_freedom_2009,
+	title = {Freedom {Imagined}: {Morality} and {Aesthetics} in {Open} {Source} {Software} {Design}},
+	volume = {74},
+	issn = {0014-1844, 0014-1844},
+	url = {http://turing.library.northwestern.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/freedom-imagined-morality-aesthetics-open-source/docview/61770588/se-2?accountid=12861},
+	doi = {10.1080/00141840902751188},
+	abstract = {This paper is about the interaction between the human imagination and technology among a self-described 'community': that of developers of Free or Open Source Software. I argue that the moral imagination observable in this phenomenon can be understood with reference to its emergence around specific methods of technical production. Principles of openness, truth, freedom and progress, which are also understood as central to the technical production of good software, are reinforced (as a ethical orientation) by their contribution to making 'good' software. A reciprocal dynamic ensues in which better software is seen as dependent on particular social practices and ideologies while these practices and ideologies are given salience by their success in fostering valuable production. Processes key to the generation of this social form are examined before a number of key features of the practice of programming, such as its often combative and individualistic character, and an absence of women in developer communities, are considered in the light of the analysis. Adapted from the source document.},
+	language = {English},
+	number = {1},
+	journal = {Ethnos},
+	author = {Leach, James and Nafus, Dawn and Krieger, Bernhard},
+	month = mar,
+	year = {2009},
+	note = {Publisher: Routledge/Taylor \& Francis, Abingdon UK},
+	keywords = {Ethics, Technology, Imagination, article, Property, Computer Software, sociology of technology, 1772:sociology of science, Ideologies, Morality, Social Dynamics},
+	pages = {51--71},
+	annote = {CODEN - ETNOAE},
+	annote = {Date revised - 2010-10-21},
+	annote = {Last updated - 2016-09-28},
+	annote = {Number of references - 51},
+	annote = {SubjectsTermNotLitGenreText - Computer Software; Ideologies; Property; Imagination; Ethics; Social Dynamics; Technology; Morality},
+}
+
+@article{mcinerney_technology_2009,
+	title = {Technology {Movements} and the {Politics} of {Free}/{Open} {Source} {Software}},
+	volume = {34},
+	issn = {0162-2439, 0162-2439},
+	url = {http://turing.library.northwestern.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/technology-movements-politics-free-open-source/docview/61706341/se-2?accountid=12861},
+	doi = {10.1177/0162243907309852},
+	abstract = {Many technologies in our everyday lives are expressions of deliberate and protracted political struggles among interested groups. While some technologies are inherently political, other technologies become politicized through competition among different groups and organizations. How do seemingly apolitical technologies become politicized? In this article, the author examines the case of the "circuit riders," a progressive technology movement in the United States that promotes information technology use among nonprofit and grassroots organizations, to show how a particular technology is politicized through field-level interactions. Applying and contributing to actor-network theory, the author finds that translation takes place as an organizational process by which actors associate the ideals of the technology in question with their political ideals and then attempt to enroll other actors to accept the resultant associations. Successful association depends on both discursive and organizational practices. [Reprinted by permission of Sage Publications Inc., copyright 2009.]},
+	language = {English},
+	number = {2},
+	journal = {Science, Technology, and Human Values},
+	author = {McInerney, Paul-Brian},
+	month = mar,
+	year = {2009},
+	note = {Publisher: Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks CA},
+	keywords = {Social Movements, Politics, Technology, Networks, article, Computer Software, sociology of technology, 1772:sociology of science, actor-network theory, free/open source software, politics, association, social movement},
+	pages = {206--233},
+	annote = {CODEN - STHVDQ},
+	annote = {Date revised - 2010-10-21},
+	annote = {Last updated - 2016-09-28},
+	annote = {Number of references - 85},
+	annote = {SubjectsTermNotLitGenreText - Computer Software; Politics; Networks; Social Movements; Technology},
+}
+
+@article{gallego_designing_2008,
+	title = {Designing a forecasting analysis to understand the diffusion of open source software in the year 2010},
+	volume = {75},
+	issn = {0040-1625, 0040-1625},
+	url = {http://turing.library.northwestern.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/designing-forecasting-analysis-understand/docview/61698239/se-2?accountid=12861},
+	doi = {10.1016/j.techfore.2007.02.002},
+	abstract = {Open source software (OSS) is being considered the new paradigm of software distribution. As contrasted with the traditional software marketing model, OSS pursues the freedom to have access to open source and offers several advantages to enterprises. These advantages include saving costs related to Information Systems and Technologies (IS/IT) and the possibility of adapting to changing organizational requirements. However, the recent forthcoming of OSS prevents us from knowing the real impact it has today on social and organizational fields. Having considered this obstacle, the authors have defined a foreseeable setting for OSS diffusion and adoption by means of a forecasting study based on the Delphi method for the year 2010. The findings reveal the levels of OSS diffusion for this year according to the main applications, geographic regions and industries. In a complementary manner, the authors have studied the elements of success as well as the most relevant obstacles for diffusing and adopting technological solutions based on OSS. [Copyright 2007 Elsevier Inc.]},
+	language = {English},
+	number = {5},
+	journal = {Technological Forecasting and Social Change},
+	author = {Gallego, M Dolores and Luna, Paula and Bueno, Salvador},
+	month = jun,
+	year = {2008},
+	note = {Publisher: Elsevier Science Publishing, Amsterdam The Netherlands},
+	keywords = {Diffusion, Information Technology, article, Computer Software, sociology of technology, Technological Innovations, 1772:sociology of science, Forecasting, Critical success factors, Technological Change},
+	pages = {672--686},
+	annote = {CODEN - TFSCB3},
+	annote = {Date revised - 2008-11-06},
+	annote = {Last updated - 2016-09-28},
+	annote = {SubjectsTermNotLitGenreText - Information Technology; Computer Software; Forecasting; Technological Innovations; Technological Change; Diffusion},
+}
+
+@article{gallego_designing_2008-1,
+	title = {Designing a forecasting analysis to understand the diffusion of open source software in the year 2010},
+	volume = {75},
+	issn = {00401625},
+	url = {http://turing.library.northwestern.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/designing-forecasting-analysis-understand/docview/205257823/se-2?accountid=12861},
+	doi = {10.1016/j.techfore.2007.02.002},
+	abstract = {Open source software (OSS) is being considered the new paradigm of software distribution. As contrasted with the traditional software marketing model, OSS pursues the freedom to have access to open source and offers several advantages to enterprises. These advantages include saving costs related to Information Systems and Technologies (IS/IT) and the possibility of adapting to changing organizational requirements. However, the recent forthcoming of OSS prevents us from knowing the real impact it has today on social and organizational fields. Having considered this obstacle, the authors have defined a foreseeable setting for OSS diffusion and adoption by means of a forecasting study based on the Delphi method for the year 2010. The findings reveal the levels of OSS diffusion for this year according to the main applications, geographic regions and industries. In a complementary manner, the authors have studied the elements of success as well as the most relevant obstacles for diffusing and adopting technological solutions based on OSS. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]},
+	language = {English},
+	number = {5},
+	journal = {Technological Forecasting and Social Change},
+	author = {Gallego, M Dolores and Luna, Paula and Bueno, Salvador},
+	month = jun,
+	year = {2008},
+	note = {Place: New York
+Publisher: Elsevier Science Ltd.},
+	keywords = {Open source software, Sociology, Studies, Open source, Software, Open-source software, Technology adoption, Technology transfer, 5240:Software \& systems, 9130:Experiment/theoretical treatment, Public domain, 7100:Market research, Delphi method, Software distribution, Success factors, Forecasting techniques},
+	pages = {672},
+	annote = {Copyright - Copyright Elsevier Science Ltd. Jun 2008},
+	annote = {Last updated - 2024-12-06},
+}
+
+@article{noauthor_review_2007,
+	title = {Review: {Niels} {C}. {Taubert} (2006). {Produktive} {Anarchie}? {Netzwerke} freier {Softwareentwicklung} [{Productive} {Anarchy}? {Networks} of {Open} {Source} {Software} {Development}]},
+	volume = {8},
+	url = {http://turing.library.northwestern.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/review-niels-c-taubert-2006-produktive-anarchie/docview/869226706/se-2?accountid=12861},
+	abstract = {Open source software is software designed to allow anyone to use and make changes in the software. This practice often renders the product superior to more centralized models such as those used in commercial software companies. How is such a phenomenon possible in a time where nothing seems to be acquirable save by purchase? Niels C. TAUBERT's book Productive Anarchy? Networks of Open Source Software Development aims at a sociological understanding of the prerequisites and conditions for the success of open source software. One of the conclusions of TAUBERT's book is that the process of open software development needs to be understood as adaptive and experimental. A continuous feedback between the context of production and the context of application is the basis for robust and successful software production. One of the surprising results of the book is that the most important requirement for this feedback process is a set of norms--neutrality, communism, disinterestedness, and universalism--norms that Robert MERTON associated with academic science in the 1940s. If TAUBERT is right that these norms are to be found outside the world of institutional science in open source software development projects today, then his case study can be seen as an indicator for a new form of knowledge production in the 21st century, where the social relevance and responsibility of a research process are keys to successful innovation. With this book, which deserves a wide readership, TAUBERT makes an important contribution to our understanding of the successful organization of technology development.              URN: urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs0701109},
+	language = {English},
+	number = {1},
+	journal = {Forum : Qualitative Social Research},
+	year = {2007},
+	note = {Place: Berlin
+Publisher: Freie Universität Berlin},
+	keywords = {Innovation, Open-source software, Knowledge economy, Software development, Software industry, Social Sciences: Comprehensive Works, Naturally occurring radioactive material, Norm, Robert Merton},
+	annote = {Copyright - Copyright Freie Universität Berlin 2007},
+	annote = {Last updated - 2024-08-26},
+}
+
+@article{gross_review_2007,
+	title = {Review: {Niels} {C}. {Taubert} [2006]. {Productive} {Anarchy}? {Networks} of {Open} {Source} {Software} {Development}},
+	volume = {8},
+	issn = {1438-5627, 1438-5627},
+	url = {http://turing.library.northwestern.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/review-niels-c-taubert-2006-productive-anarchy/docview/61664267/se-2?accountid=12861},
+	abstract = {Open source software is software designed to allow anyone to use and make changes in the software. This practice often renders the product superior to more centralized models such as those used in commercial software companies. How is such a phenomenon possible in a time where nothing seems to be acquirable save by purchase? Niels C. TAUBERT's book Productive Anarchy? Networks of Open Source Software Development aims at a sociological understanding of the prerequisites and conditions for the success of open source software. One of the conclusions of TAUBERT's book is that the process of open software development needs to be understood as adaptive and experimental. A continuous feedback between the context of production and the context of application is the basis for robust and successful software production. One of the surprising results of the book is that the most important requirement for this feedback process is a set of norms-neutrality, communism, disinterestedness, and universalism-norms that Robert MERTON associated with academic science in the 1940s. If TAUBERT is right that these norms are to be found outside the world of institutional science in open source software development projects today, then his case study can be seen as an indicator for a new form of knowledge production in the 21st century, where the social relevance and responsibility of a research process are keys to successful innovation. With this book, which deserves a wide readership, TAUBERT makes an important contribution to our understanding of the successful organization of technology development. References. Adapted from the source document.},
+	language = {German},
+	number = {1},
+	journal = {Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung/Forum: Qualitative Social Research},
+	author = {Gross, Matthias},
+	month = jan,
+	year = {2007},
+	note = {Publisher: Free University of Berlin, Germany},
+	keywords = {Norms, Social Networks, article, Computer Software, Technological Innovations, research methods/tools, 0104: methodology and research technology, Computer Assisted Research, open source software, science studies, innovation, scientific ethos},
+	annote = {Date revised - 2007-08-02},
+	annote = {Last updated - 2016-09-28},
+	annote = {SubjectsTermNotLitGenreText - Computer Software; Computer Assisted Research; Technological Innovations; Social Networks; Norms},
+}
+
+@article{osterloh_trust_2004,
+	title = {Trust and {Community} in {Open} {Source} {Software} {Production}},
+	volume = {26},
+	issn = {0171-5860, 0171-5860},
+	url = {http://turing.library.northwestern.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/trust-community-open-source-software-production/docview/60088240/se-2?accountid=12861},
+	abstract = {Open source software production is a successful new innovation model which disproves that only private ownership of intellectual property rights fosters innovations. It is analyzed here under which conditions the open source model may be successful in general. We show that a complex interplay of situational, motivational, \& institutional factors have to be taken into account to understand how to manage the 'tragedy of the commons' as well as the 'tragedy of the anticommons'. It is argued that the success of this new innovation model is greatly facilitated by a well balanced portfolio of intrinsic \& extrinsic motivation, low costs for contributors \& governance mechanisms that do not crowd out intrinsic motivation. 96 References. Adapted from the source document.},
+	language = {English},
+	number = {1},
+	journal = {Analyse \& Kritik},
+	author = {Osterloh, Margit and Rota, Sandra},
+	month = dec,
+	year = {2004},
+	keywords = {Motivation, Copyrights, Public Goods, Trust, Property Rights, article, Computer Software, sociology of technology, Technological Innovations, 1772:sociology of science, High Technology Industries},
+	pages = {279--301},
+	annote = {Date revised - 2007-10-30},
+	annote = {Last updated - 2016-09-28},
+	annote = {Number of references - 91},
+	annote = {SubjectsTermNotLitGenreText - Trust; High Technology Industries; Technological Innovations; Motivation; Computer Software; Copyrights; Property Rights; Public Goods},
+}
+
+@article{osterloh_trust_2004-1,
+	title = {Trust and {Community} in {Open} {Source} {Software} {Production}*},
+	volume = {26},
+	issn = {01715860},
+	url = {http://turing.library.northwestern.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/trust-community-open-source-software-production/docview/208532393/se-2?accountid=12861},
+	doi = {10.1515/auk-2004-0115},
+	abstract = {Open source software production is a successful new innovation model which disproves that only private ownership of intellectual property rights fosters innovations. It is analyzed here under which conditions the open source model may be successful in general. We show that a complex interplay of situational, motivational, and institutional factors have to be taken into account to understand how to manage the 'tragedy of the commons' as well as the 'tragedy of the anticommons'. It is argued that the success of this new innovation model is greatly facilitated by a well balanced portfolio of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, low costs for contributors and governance mechanisms that do not crowd out intrinsic motivation.[PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]},
+	language = {English},
+	number = {1},
+	journal = {Analyse und Kritik},
+	author = {Osterloh, Margit and Rota, Sandra},
+	year = {2004},
+	note = {Place: Stuttgart
+Publisher: Walter de Gruyter GmbH},
+	keywords = {Open source software, Motivation, Community, Open source, Trust, Social Sciences: Comprehensive Works},
+	pages = {279--301},
+	annote = {Copyright - Copyright Lucius \& Lucius Verlagsgesellschaft mbH Dec 2004},
+	annote = {Document feature - references},
+	annote = {Last updated - 2023-11-19},
+}